TRACKING ID: LAC-IEE-17-33

1

PERSUAP APPROVAL AND IEE AMENDMENT PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA

Project/ Activity Name: Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) for USAID/Colombia

Implementation Start/End: 01/2016 to 06/2017 Solicitation/Contract/Award Number: Various contracts and cooperative agreements relating to

agricultural activities under the DOs Implementing Partner(s): Various implementing partners relating to agricultural

activities under the DOs Geographic Location(s): Colombia Tracking ID/link: LAC-IEE-17-33 Tracking ID/link of Related SS: N/A Tracking ID/link of Related IEE: LAC-IEE-09-62 Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses: N/A

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

Implementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Colombia/Office of Environment

Funding Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Colombia/Office of Environment

Funding Account(s): Various funding accounts relating to agricultural activities under the DOs

Funding Amount: Various funding relating to agricultural activities under the DOs

Amendment Funding Amount:

N/A Amendment Funding Date:

N/A

Other Affected Unit(s): N/A Lead BEO Bureau: Diana Shannon Prepared by: María Elena Santana Date Prepared: 07/07/2017

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: Initial Environmental Examination Amendment

Environmental Determination(s): Negative Determination

Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: N/A Amendment Expiration Date: 07/07/2020

TRACKING ID: LAC-IEE-17-33

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION TEMPLATE 2

1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this amendment is to request approval for the USAID/Colombia Mission-wide Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan - PERSUAP update.

The initial PERSUAP document was prepared by the USAID Colombia mission in 2007, under an existing IEE numbered LAC-IEE-09-62, issued as Negative Determination with Conditions. After almost 10 years of successful application by USAID’s implementing partners, the PERSUAP needed to be updated to cover current and planned USAID/Colombia agricultural activities, addressing: a) changes in pesticides approved by the EPA and the GOC through the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development; b) changes in project activities, including crops supported and Active Ingredients (AIs) needed; and c) current PERSUAP good practice and BEO expectations.

2.0 CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE • This Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) addresses the pesticide safe

use and handling issues for agricultural activities under all Development Objectives (DOs) that may utilize pesticides in USAID/Colombia.

• This PERSUAP addresses: a) changes in pesticides approved by the EPA and the GOC through the Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura (ICA), and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development; b) changes in project activities, including crops supported and Active Ingredients (AIs) needed; and c) current PERSUAP good practice and BEO expectations.

• This PERSUAP complies with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures under Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), section 216.3(b)): • Establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use in USAID/Colombia

for agricultural programmatic activities, that includes an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

• Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides, such that said use/support: (1) embodies the principles of safe pesticide use, and (2) per USAID policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

• This new PERSUAP appropriately fulfills all the requirements defined by USAID/Colombia.

3.0 REVISIONS According to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(9), there is no need to change a determination of the environmental impacts because this PERSUAP does not incorporate a change in scope or nature, so all environmental impacts were previously addressed.

No additional conditions of approval are required.

TRACK NG ID_ lAC-IEE:-17- > 3

USAID APPROVAL OF INITiAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT/ACTIVITY NAME:

Approval.

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Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities i

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

USAID/COLOMBIA AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

June 2017

This document has been developed by The Cadmus Group, Inc., under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018) for USAID review. Until and unless this document is approved under the processes established by 22 CFR 216, it may not represent the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT

The Executive Summary and Sections 2-4 of this document are intended for USAID reviewers.

CORs/AORs and Implementing Partners (IPs) should first read this introduction and then turn directly to and read Section 5: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP).

The SUAP is the definitive, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements for the procurement, use, or support for the use of pesticides on USAID/Colombia agricultural activities. It references key tools provided in the Annexes to support compliance.

SCOPE SUMMARY

The Government of Colombia (GOC) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) began implementing a peace agreement on December 1, 2016, thus ending almost 50 years of internal conflict. The Colombian conflict began in the mid-1960s and has been characterized by a struggle to exert influence in Colombian territory; the principal actors have included the Colombian government, paramilitary groups, crime syndicates, and left-wing guerrillas such as FARC and the National Liberation Army. The long-running conflict has impeded government presence, economic progress, and development in many regions of Colombia. As a result, rural areas in Colombia were acutely affected.

The US Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) for 2014-2018 will focus on reducing economic disparity by supporting Colombian efforts to improve rural livelihoods, particularly for women and ethnic minorities who are disproportionately impoverished. As there are activities under all Development Objectives (DOs) that may include the use of pesticides, the PERSUAP is applicable to these activities.

The USAID CDCS identified four DOs to meet the US Mission goal of building a “Colombia more capable of implementing a durable and inclusive peace.” The four DOs are as follows:

• DO1: Effective presence of democratic institutions and processes in targeted areas; • DO2: Reconciliation advanced among victims, ex-combatants, and other citizens; • DO3: Improved conditions for inclusive rural economic growth; and • DO4: Environmental resiliency and low-emissions development strengthened.

The DO1 is intended to strengthen Colombia’s democratic institutions and state presence in areas transitioning out of conflict; particularly, they support increased, transparent, and accountable public investment and service provision; access to justice; and respect for human rights. Furthermore, DO2 supports the peace process by assisting the GOC with implementation of the 2011 Victims and Land Restitution Law, as well as reconciliation and reparation processes, with an emphasis on Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities who disproportionately suffered the effects of conflict.

DO3 was developed based on the hypothesis that economic opportunities and growth in rural areas are critical to addressing long-term drivers of conflict. Efforts under DO3 will include developing a modern system to maintain land ownership and titling data; building local government capacity to compete for and invest available public funds in productive infrastructure; and continuing support of public-private partnerships to increase access to competitive agricultural markets and strengthen the capacity of producer associations to provide services and benefits to their members.

Finally, under DO4, USAID will implement the US Government Presidential Initiative for Global Climate Change, supporting the protection of Colombia’s biodiversity. Proposed activities under DO4 include sustaining low-carbon development by increasing investments in clean energy and lowering emissions, improving community resilience to changing weather patterns, and protecting significant ecosystems. Given Colombia’s status as a middle-income country and its growing capacity for

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities iii

addressing its own development challenges, USAID plans to gradually transition its relationship with Colombia from one of assistance to one of increasing partnership.

USAID will support partnerships with the private sector to increase investment in conflict geographies, pairing small producers and ethnic minorities with private firms to help them access higher-paying markets for competitive agricultural products. To that end, USAID will work to strengthen producer associations, a linchpin of the rural economy, to provide services and benefits to their members (mainly small farmers), including securing markets, negotiating with buyers, and providing extension services. These efforts will support rural economic development, provide alternative livelihoods and help farmers escape poverty.

This Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) addresses the pesticide safe use and handling issues for agricultural activities under all DOs.

PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS

Productive agricultural activities require effective pest management across target crops, which, under some circumstances, requires the use of chemical controls. Pest management needs for certain agricultural activities are detailed in Annex A: Pests and Diseases of Target Crops, and Available and Recommended Control Methods.

PURPOSE

In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)(22 CFR 216.3(b)), this PERSUAP:

• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized by USAID/Colombia.

• Establishes requirements attendant to support of these pesticides, such that said pesticide use/support; (1) embodies the principles of safe pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

STRUCTURE

The Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER, Sections 3 and 4) establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use, which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (A through L) required at 22 CFR 216.3(b).

PROGRAMMATIC SCOPE

This PERSUAP covers agricultural project activities undertaken as part of the CDCS, and it focuses on the use of pesticides and IPM methods in agriculture. The PERSUAP is also designed such that it may be used to cover future USAID/Colombia activities across DOs targeting the same or similar crops (and pests), using or supporting the use of Active Ingredients (AIs) addressed in this document, so long as those programs comply with the requirements established herein.

Current or future economic growth programs may include other agricultural activities such as seed treatment or use of pesticides for post-harvest storage, or use of pesticides in other activities that may require pest control. Should future projects necessitate use of pesticide AIs or products not covered by this PERSUAP, or covered for different uses, an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary, otherwise other pesticide AIs or products must be considered.

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP; Section 5) provides a succinct, definitive stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template (sub-section 5.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. This may be accomplished using the Monitor system environmental management plan. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete the environmental management plan per Monitor and submit to the Agreement Officer’s Representative/ Contract Officer's Representative (AOR/COR) and Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) for approval.

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LIST OF APPROVED PESTICIDES

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticides listed in Table 6 (as AIs) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Colombia agricultural projects. This approval is subject to compliance with any conditions enumerated in this list and those enumerated in the Environmental Management Plan from the MONITOR system; similar information is outlined in the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) provided in Section 5. A summary of these conditions is provided in section 5.3. Table 15 and Table 16 in Annex B provide human health and ecological toxicological summaries as well as US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) registration status for each pesticide reviewed by this PERSUAP.

Furthermore, approved biological pesticides are registered with both US EPA and Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA). Additional information on biological pesticides approved for use in Colombia is available on ICA’s website (Other Areas - Plant Protection - Fertilizers and Bioinsumos Farm, http://www.ica.gov.co/getdoc/a5c149c5-8ec8-4fed-9c22-62f31a68ae49/Fertilizantes-y-Bio-insumos-Agricolas.aspx). ICA’s list identifies both the input and the specific crop for which the biological pesticide has been found to be effective via research trials.

PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USE

AIs are chemicals in the pesticide products. Pesticide product labels include the name of each AI and its concentration in the product.

• The same AI may be found in hundreds of pesticide products with different names. • Products with similar brand names may have different AIs. • Products with the same name and AIs may have different concentrations. • Some AIs work on a broad spectrum of pests. Others are more targeted, killing only certain

organisms.

Conventional pesticides are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate pests. Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Generally, biopesticides are made of living things, come from living things, or are found in nature. They tend to pose fewer risks than conventional chemicals. Very small quantities can be effective and they tend to break down more quickly, which means less pollution. Biopesticides are generally classified as biochemical, microbial, and plant-derived protectants. Microbial biopesticides that include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and yeast can be manufactured from various strains that are initially screened from different natural habitats. This results in isolate specificity of application including geographical locations. In the United States, AIs can be in products that are designated as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) as well as in products designated as general use pesticides. RUPs are pesticides which are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or a person under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. In the United States, certification programs are administered by the federal government, individual states, and by company policies that vary from state to state.1 Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations, or uses.

Both glyphosate and 2,4-D are herbicides that have been classified as possibly carcinogenic by the WHO, but that have few substitutes at this time. As such, they are conditionally approved under this PERSUAP; however, USAID will annually review their status, both with ICA and the US EPA. If the status changes, then IPs must follow the restrictions applicable to the new status for glyphosate and 2,4-D.

Please note that the list of products available in Colombia in Table 6 (in Section 5.2) should not be construed as a recommendation of the products listed. These products represent

1 EPA. (n.d.). Pesticide Worker Safety. Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report. Retrieved August 17, 2015, from http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report

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products currently available in Colombia, but they should undergo additional review in the context of Cautionary Advice and Restrictions provided in column 2 of the approved pesticides table in Section 5.2.

For recommendations for AIs, please see Annex A, Table 12, which includes recommendations for particular crops. Selection of specific products must be guided by careful examination of the product label, Material Safety Data Sheet and product registration status with US EPA. If the product is not registered by US EPA, it is necessary to compare the product to those available in the United States in order to establish whether it should be approved for general or restricted use.

In the United States, some pesticide products are designated as RUPs due to the potential to cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and injury to applicators or bystanders without added restrictions. As mentioned above, RUPs are not available for purchase or use by the general public. Therefore, in this PERSUAP, pesticides that would be classified as RUPs in the United States are not approved for use by smallholder farmers.

The skull and crossbones symbol and the word “Poison” identify pesticide products that are determined to be in Toxicity Class I based on at least one of the following acute toxicity studies: acute oral, acute dermal or acute inhalation. They are also required if methanol (methyl alcohol used as a solvent) is present at 4% or more.

In the United States, RUPs may only be used be certified professional applicators. Unfortunately, there is no adequate private or governmental control in Colombia over certification of pesticide applicators for high toxicity risk pesticides (categorized as Ia or Ib by the WHO). In practice, these types of high risk pesticides are often used by small farmers, including women, adolescents, and even children. Additionally, many families plant their crops near their homes or water sources, where pesticide application increases risk to human and environmental health. Furthermore, there is limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE), increasing the risk of unsafe pesticide exposure. For these reasons, and the risks of poor management, RUPs should not be approved for use by smallholder farmers in Colombia.

Only general use pesticides are approved for use by smallholder farmers by this PERSUAP. RUP products containing AIs listed in Table 6 may only be used by professionally trained, pest control specialists. Further, RUPs should only be considered in the case of a crop plague or disease that cannot be controlled through IPM methods or non-RUPs authorized in this PERSUAP. In these cases, RUP application should be completed by trained, professional pesticide applicators who use adequate PPE and follow all the appropriate mitigation measures for the safety of humans, plant and animal life, and the local environment. IPs are responsible for training and safe use of pesticides.

Training requirements are specified in the SUAP (Section 5). Furthermore, all pesticides that are suspected carcinogens and/or classified as highly dangerous have been rejected in this PERSUAP. For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table 15 and Table 16.

All approved AIs in this PERSUAP were reviewed for their properties in both the US EPA database and the ICA database. Note that when evaluating any pesticide product, one must evaluate all its AIs against the list of approved AIs in Table 6.

PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNED

Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “list of approved pesticides” described above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use across all DO programs. For reference, Table 7 documents pesticides (as AIs) that were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and US EPA and ICA registration status for each pesticide are presented in Table 15 in Annex B and in Table 16.

The pesticides rejected from use include AIs that are not registered by ICA or US EPA, those classified as US EPA Toxicity Class I (extremely toxic) AIs, and/or those classified as WHO Toxicity Class Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly hazardous) substances. AIs that are known to be potential or

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities vi

possible carcinogens, and/or are found mostly in products designated as RUPs, are also rejected by this PERSUAP.

Furthermore, AIs that are internationally classified as Prior Informed Consent chemicals by the Rotterdam Convention (Table 5) or Persistent Organic Pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (Table 4) are rejected.

SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS OF USE FOR PESTICIDES:

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with USAID funds in USAID/Colombia activities. These pesticides are delineated in Section 5.2. (Pesticide “support” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all AIs are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information to help IPs develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid;

D. Projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate personal PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices;

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring. F. Regardless of the level of USAID funding (whether USAID is a minor donor or major donor),

all activities that include pesticide use are required to meet the guidelines of this PERSUAP. G. USAID regulations are intended to flow down from the direct recipients of funding to any

sub-recipients (e.g., through subsequent grants or loans). Therefore, all projects that provide grants and loans for agricultural activities are responsible for ensuring enforcement of the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

These conditions are detailed in the SUAP template (see Section 5.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. In general, a project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed environmental management plan (EMP) based on the SUAP template via the MONITOR system, informing the AOR/COR and MEO, 30 days before the implementation of the activity. The project implementer must update the EMP annually. If for some reason the MONITOR system is not available, a SUAP must be completed and submitted to the AOR/COR and MEO based on the template in Section 5.4. The SUAP template may also be used on an ongoing basis to track and guide implementation.

With respect to pesticides, the EMP generated by MONITOR satisfies the requirement for an environmental management plan (EMP). Project EMPs must simply incorporate the MONITOR EMP by reference. When there is direct purchase by the farmers, they must maintain a record of the purchase as outlined in Annex C, Table 20. Additionally, when the product is provided by a technician or other third party, the farmer must record the product information using the same record.

Low-risk AIs not requiring approval under this PERSUAP. Note that some particularly low-risk AIs are exempt from regulation under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and therefore can be used by IPs without approval via this PERSUAP. These are listed at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015-12-15.pdf. (A list of pesticide inert ingredients that are exempt from FIFRA is available at: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/section25b_inerts.pdf.)

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT &

SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

USAID/COLOMBIA AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

Supported by the US Agency for International Development

Bogota, Colombia Prepared by: The Cadmus Group, Inc.

Under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018)

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ II

How To Use This Document ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Scope Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. ii Pest Management Needs ............................................................................................................................................................. iii Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................................................... iii Structure ......................................................................................................................................................................................... iii Programmatic Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Approved Pesticides ........................................................................................................................................................ iv

Pesticides Approved for Agricultural Use .......................................................................................................................................... iv Pesticides Rejected and Banned .................................................................................................................................................. v Summary of Conditions of Use for Pesticides: ....................................................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... IX

TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... XI

FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................. XI

ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................ XIII

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

How To Use This Document ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Regulatory Requirements, the PERSUAP Concept, and Analytical Approach ......................................................... 2

Regulatory Requirements Attendant to USAID-Funded Support for Pesticides ..................................................................... 2 USAID Policy: Integrated Pest Management ................................................................................................................................... 2 The PERSUAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 USAID/Colombia Pest Management Needs for Agricultural Projects ....................................................................................... 3

1.3 Development of This PERSUAP .......................................................................................................................................... 3

SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ..................................................................................... 5

2.1 Priority Geographic Places/Areas of Project Intervention ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 Agriculture in Colombia ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

Climate and Rainfall ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7

SECTION 3: PER, PART 1—PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS, PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ................................................................................................................. 8

3.1 Identification of Target Activities ........................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2 Grants and Loans ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 IPM Practices ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.4 Current Pesticide Use/Availability .................................................................................................................................... 10 3.5 Available Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Application Equipment .......................................................... 11 3.6 Pesticide Knowledge and Awareness ............................................................................................................................... 11 3.7 Agricultural Extension ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.8 List of Candidate Pesticides ............................................................................................................................................... 11

SECTION 4: PER, PART 2—THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS ............................................................. 12

Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ............................................................................................................................. 12 Colombia Registration Status ............................................................................................................................................................ 12 US EPA Registration Status ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Toxicity/Safety ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Need ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Efficacy in Local Circumstances ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Availability .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is Part of an IPM Program ................................................... 14 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Crop Production .................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, Either Human or Environmental, Associated with the Proposed Use, and Measures Available to Minimize Such Hazards ................................................................. 15

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Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticides for the Proposed Use ................................................................... 17 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems ......................... 18

Environmental Impact of Pesticides ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Pesticides in Soil .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Pesticide Drift ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Effect on Non-Target Terrestrial Organisms ................................................................................................................................ 19 Water Pollution ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Humid and Arid Ecosystems ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Fungicides ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Herbicides .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Organic Pesticides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Toxicology Information ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Factor H: The Conditions under Which the Pesticide Is To Be Used, Including Climate, Flora, Fauna, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Topography ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Soils .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Climate .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Climate Change .................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Protected Areas .................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Agricultural Land Use .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Factor I: The Availability and Effectiveness of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods ..................... 24 Factor J: The Requesting Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide ....................................................................................................................................... 24

Pesticide Registration Process ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 Relevant Institutions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Regulatory Enforcement ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 International Conventions and Treaties ......................................................................................................................................... 26

Factor K: The Provisions Made for Training of Users and Applicators .......................................................................... 29 Factor L: The Provisions Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of the Pesticides ...................................... 30

SECTION 5: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) ........................................................................... 31

5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 5.2 Allowed Pesticides ............................................................................................................................................................... 31

Pesticides Approved for Agricultural Use ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Pesticides Rejected and Banned ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

5.3 Summary of Compliance Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 61 5.4 Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker .......................................................................................... 63

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 71

ANNEX A: PESTS AND DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS, AND AVAILABLE AND RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHODS ......................................................................................... 73

ANNEX B: PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGY ...................................................................... 199

B.1 Orientation: Pesticide Toxicity and Risk ....................................................................................................................... 199 B.2 Summary Toxicology Profiles of Pesticides Assessed by This PERSUAP ............................................................... 201

ANNEX C: MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING ....................... 238

C.1 Integrated Pest Management ........................................................................................................................................... 238 C.2 Understanding Pesticide Risks ........................................................................................................................................ 239 C.3 Understanding Pesticide Label and Material Safety Data Sheet ............................................................................... 240 C.4 Pesticide Safety and Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment ............................................................................ 241 C.5 Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift ........................................................................ 243 C.6 Pesticide Transport and Storage .................................................................................................................................... 243 C.7 First Aid ............................................................................................................................................................................... 244 C.8 Proper Pesticide Container Disposal ............................................................................................................................ 246 C.9 Monitoring and Data Record Keeping .......................................................................................................................... 246

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TABLES TABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP .......................................................................................................... 8 TABLE 2. US EPA TOXICITY CATEGORIES .................................................................................................................... 16 TABLE 3. WHO CLASSIFICATION SCHEME* ................................................................................................................. 17 TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION .............................. 26 TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION* ............................ 27 TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B) ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP .................................................................................................... 44 TABLE 8. IPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENTS AND RELEVANT RESOURCES ............................................................. 62 TABLE 9. PERSUAP COMPLIANCE TRACKER—PART 1 ............................................................................................. 63 TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II ................................................................................................................................................... 64 TABLE 11. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP ...................................................................................................... 73 TABLE 12. CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................ 74 TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGS ................................................................................................................... 199 TABLE 14. CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY: US EPA AND WHO ....................................................... 200 TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES .................................................................................................................................................... 201 TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES ................................................................................................................................................. 232 TABLE 17. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS ..................................... 242 TABLE 18. FIRST AID MEASURES FOR HANDLING PESTICIDES .......................................................................... 245 TABLE 19. PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERS ........... 246 TABLE 20. EXAMPLE OF MONITORING AND RECORD KEEPING CHART ..................................................... 246

FIGURES FIGURE 1. COLOMBIA MAP ................................................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURE 2. USAID TARGET REGIONS MAP ....................................................................................................................... 6 FIGURE 3. PESTICIDE LABEL EXAMPLE ......................................................................................................................... 241 FIGURE 4. SYMBOLS RELATING THE RISKS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PESTICIDE ................ 241 FIGURE 5. PPE INFOGRAPHIC ......................................................................................................................................... 242

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ACRONYMS AI Active Ingredient AOR/COR Agreement Officer’s Representative/Contract Officer’s

Representative

CAN La Comunidad Andina de Naciones

CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CFU Colony-Forming Unit

DO Development Objective

EMP Environmental Management Plan

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICA Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales

IEE Initial Environmental Examination IP Implementing Partner

IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan

IR Intermediate Result

LD Lethal Dose

MADS Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development

MEO Mission Environmental Officer

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet PAN Pesticide Action Network International PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan PIC Prior Informed Consent POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment REI Restricted Entry Interval RUP Restricted Use Pesticide

SUAP Safer Use Action Plan USAID United States Agency for International Development US EPA WHO

United States Environmental Protection Agency World Health Organization of the United Nations

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Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 1

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT

The Executive Summary and Sections 2-4 of this document are intended for USAID reviewers.

CORs/AORs and Implementing Partners (IPs) should first read this introduction and then turn directly to and read Section 5: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP).

The SUAP is the definitive, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements for the procurement, use, or support for the use of pesticides on USAID/Colombia agricultural activities. It references key tools provided in the Annexes to support compliance.

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (under Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), section 216.3(b)), this Colombia agricultural portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized for USAID/Colombia agricultural programmatic activities.

• Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides, such that said use/support: (1) embodies the principles of safe pesticide use, and (2) per USAID policy, is within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use are established through the first sections of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (see Box 1) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) in Section 5 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Rather than completing and submitting a SUAP, each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete the environmental management plan in MONITOR and submit to its Agreement Officer’s Representative/Contract Officer’s Representative (AOR/COR) and Mission Environmental Officer (MEO). In Colombia, the MONITOR environmental management plan may be substituted for the SUAP template. If for some reason, MONITOR is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template in Section 5.

BOX 1. The 12 Pesticide ANALYSIS FACTORS

A. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration status of the proposed pesticides

B. Colombia’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide and ICA registration status of the proposed pesticides

C. Basis for selection of pesticides

D. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an IPM program

E. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

F. Any acute and long-term toxicological issues with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

G. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

H. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

I. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

J. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

K. Provision for training of users and applicator

L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide

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1.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS, THE PERSUAP CONCEPT, AND ANALYTICAL APPROACH

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT TO USAID-FUNDED SUPPORT FOR PESTICIDES

All USAID-funded activities are subject to pre-implementation environmental review, starting with a screening process that determines the level of potential environmental risk. Activities considered as having moderate or unknown risks are subject to an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), including use of pesticides. USAID’s pre-implementation environmental review procedures are defined by 22 CFR 216.

If USAID funds are to be used to procure, directly fund or support the use of pesticides, 22 CFR 216.3(b) requires that 12 factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to control risks to human health and the environment (see Box 1).2 The PER analyzes the 12 factors and the SUAP establishes the attendant requirements or conditions for USAID-supported activities. Pesticides are agents used to kill or control any pest, including insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, microbiocides, rodenticides, and various other substances used to control pests.3 Pesticides are by design poisons, and their use entails a degree of risk to the environment including humans, animals, birds, fish, bees, and other living organisms.

USAID POLICY: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Since the early 1990s USAID has been committed to the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. There is not a single standard international definition for IPM, but there is wide agreement on its basic elements. Under IPM:

• “First line” defenses against pest damage are a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

• Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed per established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism.

• Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.

IPM is strongly promoted as part of 22 CFR 216.3 Factor C.

THE PERSUAP

The USAID Africa Bureau initially developed the PERSUAP framework for pesticide compliance; the PERSUAP was subsequently adopted by other USAID Bureaus. Formally, the PERSUAP constitutes an amendment to a program’s or project’s IEE, to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b) with particular emphasis on assuring that pesticide use occurs within an IPM framework.

A PERSUAP consists of two core parts, a PER and a SUAP. The PER characterizes pest management needs for the subject USAID projects, the availability of pesticides, the level of pesticide awareness among potential beneficiaries, and the critical local context. This information then informs the assessment

2 Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by US EPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see Box 1).

3 "Types of Pesticides" About Pesticides. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/types-pesticide-ingredients, accessed 2 May 2017

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of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (A through L, see box above) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). The PER thereby establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use.

The SUAP (Section 5) provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements.

In Colombia, rather than completing the SUAP using the template in Section 5, each project subject to this PERSUAP must instead complete an environmental management plan based on the template via the MONITOR system and submit to its AOR/COR and MEO 30 days prior to project initiation or by the date specified by the MEO. If the MONITOR system is for some reason unavailable, the project implementer must complete and submit a SUAP using the template.

USAID/COLOMBIA PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS FOR AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS

The USAID Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) identified four Development Objectives (DO) to meet the US Mission goal of building a “Colombia more capable of implementing a durable and inclusive peace.” The four DOs are as follows:

• DO1: Effective presence of democratic institutions and processes in targeted areas; • DO2: Reconciliation advanced among victims, ex-combatants, and other citizens; • DO3: Improved conditions for inclusive rural economic growth; and • DO4: Environmental resiliency and low-emissions development strengthened.

The DOs are intended to strengthen Colombia’s democratic institutions and state presence in areas transitioning out of conflict; particularly, they support increased, transparent, and accountable public investment and service provision; access to justice; and respect for human rights. Furthermore, DO2 supports the peace process by assisting the Government of Colombia with implementation of the 2011 Victims and Land Restitution Law as well as reconciliation and reparation processes, with an emphasis on Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities who disproportionately suffered the effects of the conflict.

This PERSUAP addresses the pesticide safe use and handling issues for activities under USAID/Colombia CDCS DOs. Agricultural activities in key value chains are part of the latest in the series of investments under the 2014-2018 CDCS.

The assessment of “pesticide and pest management local context” that begins with the PER is a key feature of the PERSUAP approach. This assessment is needed because it provides essential input to the 12-factor analysis. The purpose of the 12-factor analysis is to select appropriate pesticides and safe use measures. This approach requires taking into consideration the context in which the products will be used, the elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and stakeholders involved.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PERSUAP

During January 2016, the PERSUAP team completed visits to different Colombian agricultural zones where USAID is supporting rural economic growth projects, in Nariño, Guajira, Tolima, Caquetá, and Arauca. The site visits were representative of USAID programs in Colombia. The team visited production sites, various parts of the agricultural value chain (e.g., processing facilities). The team consulted with various project coordinators, implementers, farmers, and other stakeholders involved in agricultural activities. During these site visits, the team found that the agricultural communities lacked technical agricultural assistance from municipal, departmental and the national levels of the Colombian government. Furthermore, implementation of improved agricultural practices was further hampered by low education levels, as farmers do not have ready access to agricultural information.

After the field visits, the PERSUAP team continued its research through meetings, phone calls, communication and review of databases of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA); agricultural departments of various Colombian universities; and international information from the US EPA, European Union (EU), World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and Pesticide Action Network International (PAN).

PERSUAP development is based on analyzing and characterizing the active ingredients (AIs) of the subject pesticides with respect to: chemical class, ICA registration status, US EPA registration, Restricted

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Use Pesticide (RUP) status, EU registration status, WHO and US EPA acute human toxicity classifications, chronic human health issues, groundwater pollution potential, and eco-toxicity to different classes of organisms. It also includes identification of potential IPM measures for specific pest-crop combinations, as recommended by international agricultural research centers and similar sources.

This PERSUAP reviews pesticides to be used for the main production crops identified by USAID/Colombia. The PERSUAP examines and determines whether each pesticide formulation (i.e., AI) is appropriate for USAID-supported activities. The criteria for approval of pesticide use (broadly defined) for USAID support are as follows:

• Pesticide (AI and product) must be registered in Colombia; • AIs must be registered by US EPA for same or similar use; and • Similar product containing this AI (or AIs) must be registered in the United States.

Additional conditions apply to use of pesticides by smallholder farmers: In the United States, some pesticide products are designated as RUPs due to the potential to cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and injury to applicators or bystanders without added restrictions. RUPs are not available for purchase or use by the general public in the United States. Therefore, in this PERSUAP pesticides that would be classified as RUPs in the United States are not approved for use by smallholder farmers.

In the United States, RUPs may only be applied by certified professional pesticide applicators. Unfortunately, there is no adequate private or governmental control in Colombia over certification of pesticide applicators for high toxicity risk pesticides. In practice, these types of high risk pesticides are often used by small farmers, including women, adolescents, and even children. Additionally, many families plant their crops near their homes or water sources, where pesticide application increases risk to human and environmental health. Furthermore, there is limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE), increasing the risk of unsafe pesticide exposure. For these reasons, and the risks of poor management, RUPs are not be authorized for use by smallholder farmers in Colombia.

RUPs should only be considered in the case of a crop plague or illness that cannot be controlled through IPM methods or non-RUPs authorized in this PERSUAP. In these cases, RUP application should be oriented toward, and supervised by, personnel with the appropriate capacity to mitigate risk. The operation should be completed by trained, professional pesticide applicators who use adequate PPE and follow all the appropriate mitigation measures for the safety of humans, plant and animal life, and the local environment. IPs are responsible for training and safe use of pesticides.

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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

2.1 PRIORITY GEOGRAPHIC PLACES/AREAS OF PROJECT INTERVENTION

The PERSUAP team visited representative USAID agricultural projects in geographically distinct and diverse areas of Colombia (Figure 1). USAID is supporting assistance programs in zones impacted by conflict and illegal activity. As progress is made toward the Colombian Peace Accord, USAID will likely support activities in priority geographies in Colombia (Figure 2):

1) Andean Region, covering the three ranges of the Andes Mountains in Colombia;

2) Caribbean Region, covering the area adjacent to the Caribbean Sea;

3) Pacific Region, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean;

4) Orinoquia Region, which includes the Eastern plains;

5) Amazon Region; and

6) Island Region, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

FIGURE 1. COLOMBIA MAP

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FIGURE 2. USAID TARGET REGIONS MAP

2.2 AGRICULTURE IN COLOMBIA

Agricultural potential is continuing to expand in Colombia. Currently, 4.9 million hectares are designated for crop cultivation and 38.6 million hectares are intended for cattle ranching. However, since only 19.3 million of the 38.6 million hectares are appropriate for cattle ranching, the 2019 Strategic Livestock Plan has an objective to “give back to nature 10 million hectares through the development of environmentally sustainable strategies” (Gomez, 2014; Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MADS), 2013, p. 73).

Between 2010 and 2013, land area devoted for cultivation grew from 3,915,858 hectares (62% permanently cultivated land, 38% temporary) to 4,309,916 hectares (with a similar split of 63% permanent and 37% temporary) (Cajamarca, 2015). Agricultural output for Colombia in 2013 was 26,584,615 metric tons. The primary crops for export account for 56.4% of the cultivated land area and include the following:

• Coffee, accounting for 28.4% of cultivated land • Plantain/banana, 14% of cultivated land • Palm oil, 14% of cultivated land

Earnings from the coffee sector have varied greatly between 2010 and 2014, while other agricultural products reflect a steadier, slight growth in earnings of 1.9% (Cajamarca, 2015).

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Small scale farmers, known as campesinos, account for 63% of agricultural production in Colombia (Bedoya, 2010). Campesinos can be categorized into three types:

• Traditional campesino economy: These are family farms using manual labor to harvest basic food crops for self-consumption and little surplus or savings;

• Campesino economy with savings: This type exhibits the primary characteristics of the traditional campesino model, but with a slightly larger production scale, allowing for surplus goods to enter small local markets as well as savings and the utilization of some salaried labor; and

• Semi-salaried producers: Campesinos with insufficient land to support their families must supplement their earnings with seasonal salaried labor (Cabrera, 2010).

Campesino-produced crops tend to be mixed and rotated via inter-planting crops combined with ranching, both of which are good sustainable practices and encourage food security and diversity. However, more than 90% of what campesinos produce enters the market and less than 10% is consumed by the campesinos. This imbalance likely contributes to the 50% of the Colombian population facing food insecurity.

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Colombia’s climate is tropical and isothermal, but annual precipitation is variable because of its proximity to the Equator. Climatic differences are related to altitude and the displacement of the inter-tropical convergence zone between the two major air masses from which the northeast and southeast trade winds originate. Tropical rainforest is found in the Amazon region, the northern Pacific coast, and the central Magdalena valley and is characterized by an annual rainfall of over 2,500 millimeters and annual average temperatures above 23º C. A tropical monsoon climate, marked by one or more dry months, but still supporting rainforest vegetation, occurs along the southern Pacific coast, on the Caribbean coast, and at places in the interior—the Quindío Department and near Villavicencio, Meta Department.

Tropical savannas with alternating wet and dry seasons constitute the predominant feature of the Atlantic lowlands; the dry season lasts from November to April, and the wet season (broken by dry periods) from May to October. This climate is found also in the Eastern Plains or Llanos region and in part of the upper Magdalena valley. It is characterized by an annual rainfall of 1,000 to 1,800 millimeters and annual average temperatures usually above 23º C. A drier savanna climate prevails on the Caribbean coast. There, rains normally occur in two brief periods (in April and in October–November, respectively) but rarely exceed 760 millimeters annually. The average temperature is 27º C, with the daily range greatest where the humidity is low. This type of climate also occurs in the deep gorges of such rivers as the Patía, Cauca, Chicamocha, and Zulia and in parts of the upper Magdalena valley. Near-desert conditions exist in the far northern department of La Guajira, bordering Venezuela.

2.3 PESTICIDES AND THE COLOMBIA ENVIRONMENT

ICA is the authority that develops pesticide regulation, registers pesticides and provides toxicity profiles for pesticide use within Colombia. While the framework is fairly robust, in practice, implementation is weak because of lack of extension capacity. Thus, the farmers receive very limited advice on pesticide selection and application. In general, in case of pest presence, producers reach out to local commercial stores for information on pest management and to purchase products. Input suppliers’ advice usually follows IPM principles and/or pesticide application procedures recommended by ICA and other research centers. Nevertheless, the risk of erroneous pesticide use exists because producers lack extension support and/or proper training for application of agricultural inputs (including pesticides) to their crops.

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SECTION 3: PER, PART 1—PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS, PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY This section provides key information that serves as critical input to the 12-factor analysis (per 22 CFR 216.3(b)) undertaken in Section 5. This includes the list of target crops covered and their pest management needs, along with candidate pesticides to be assessed for Colombia. This section also includes information regarding the local context (e.g., knowledge and awareness of pesticide safe use principles) that is critical to decisions regarding which pesticides can be safely used in Colombia.

3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET ACTIVITIES

USAID’s support for rural economic development is largely focused on strengthening agricultural supply chains from production to processing and transport of goods. Current activities under DO3 support a subset of the crops listed in Table 1; however, there is potential for the program to expand to include a broader range of crops. Thus, this PERSUAP is designed to apply to current and future agricultural activities supported by USAID/Colombia. The programmatic activities below may require use of pesticides:

• Agricultural production • Rehabilitation of former mining lands with tree species (agroforestry) • Post-harvest storage • Minimal till practices • Silvopastoral programs • Agricultural seed treatment • Establishment of nurseries

TABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP

FRUIT • Avocado • Lulo • Mango • Papaya (palm-like) • Pineapple • Soursop

CITRUS FRUIT • Lemon • Orange • Tangerine

PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS • Banana and plantain • Pitaya (dragon fruit) • Plantain • Sugar cane (for panela, not

for sugar)

TREE/SHRUB PLANTATIONS • Coffee • Cacao • Rubber

PALM TREE PLANTATIONS • Açai (naidi, murrapo) • Chontaduro (peach palm) • Coconut

FOREST TREE PLANTATIONS • Acacia (Acacia mangium) • Other forest trees

PASSIFLORA (VINES/SHRUBS) • Curuba (passion fruit) • Granadilla • Narangilla • Passion fruit (maracuyá),

Gulupa

BERRIES • Blackberries • Blueberries

VEGETABLES • Asparagus (Asparagaceae) • Bell peppers • Chili peppers/ bell pepper/

black pepper • Onion and scallion (Allium

vegetables) • Tomato

ROOT VEGETABLES • Beets • Cassava • Yam/sweet potato

CUCURBITS • Cucumber • Melon • Pumpkin • Squash • Watermelon • Zucchini

LEGUMES • Beans • Peas

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TABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP

GRAIN • Corn • Quinoa • Rice

MEDICINAL PLANTS, SPICES AND HERBS

• Achiote (annatto) • Anamú (Petiveria alliacea) • Castor oil • Curcuma (turmeric) • Lemon grass • Ginger • Rue (Ruta graveolens) • Stevia • Vetiver

FLOWERS, EDIBLE AND DECORATIVE

• Heliconia and other flower species

MUSHROOMS TROPICAL PASTURE

3.2 GRANTS AND LOANS

USAID regulations are intended to flow down from the direct recipients of funding to any sub-recipients (e.g., through subsequent grant or loans). Therefore, all projects that provide grants and loans for agricultural activities are responsible for ensuring enforcement of the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

3.3 IPM PRACTICES

Crop protection specialists are increasingly aiming to develop pest control methods that are more compatible with the goals of sustainable, productive, stable and equitable agriculture. To meet these goals, they must seek to integrate a range of complementary pest control methods. This is the concept behind IPM. IPM focuses on six control areas:

• Cultural pest control: is the use of farming or cultural practices associated with crop production that make the environment less favorable for survival, growth, or reproduction of pest species. For example, these practices may include intercropping, vegetation management, crop rotation, and the manipulation of sowing and harvest dates to minimize damage.

• Biological control: the conservation of natural enemies, manipulation of natural enemy populations, and the introduction of exotic organisms. The goal is the reduction of pest numbers by predators, parasites, or pathogens.

• Physical and mechanical control: the application of direct or indirect measures that kill the pest, disrupt its physiology other than by chemical means, exclude it from an area, or adversely alter the pest's environment.

• Host plant resistance: the breeding and use of crop varieties that are less susceptible to pests (insects, diseases, nematodes, parasitic weeds, birds).

• Judicious use of pesticides: Chemical, microbial, and botanical pesticides used along with information on the economic threshold, which is the pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level. The economic injury level is the smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs.4 The economic threshold is a key IPM decision-making tool. Thresholds are based on considerable amounts of research and/or field experience. If the economic threshold is approached, but not reached, pesticides should not be applied at that time. Instead, the field should be re-scouted within a few days to determine the status of the

4 http://cropwatch.unl.edu/archive/-/asset_publisher/VHeSpfv0Agju/content/the-economic-injury-level-and-the-economic-threshold-in-ipm

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infestation. Pest populations can decline naturally due to mortality from natural enemies and unfavorable weather conditions. Also, many pests, such as caterpillars, change from an active feeding (larva) to a non-feeding stage (pupa) during their development. Such changes will often produce a natural decline in infestations as pupation occurs.5

• Legal/regulatory control: Enforcement of measures and policies that range from quarantine to land and water management practices. Quarantines may include the prevention of the entry and establishment of undesirable plant and animal pests in a country or area and eradication, containment, or suppression of pests already established in limited areas. This approach to pest management must involve area-wide operations that include many rural households and are enacted for the common good of both farmers and society at large.

In principle, the following broad program of action is advocated for developing IPM techniques and/or practices for crop protection:

• Identify the major pests and quantify losses caused by them in each agro-ecosystem;

• Study the biology, behavior and population dynamics of the pests to understand the features that may be exploited for pest management;

• Establish the role of local natural enemies and develop mass-rearing, or mass-culture, for disease agents on insects;

• Study and develop other suitable components of IPM, such as intercropping and other cultural practices;

• Integrate these components into an appropriate IPM technology and test for compatibility and efficacy under different ecological conditions; and

• Develop a simple protocol for monitoring the impact of IPM technology in the field.6

Several strategies have been developed for the conservation of soil and water to maintain productivity including leaving fallow pasture areas.

3.4 CURRENT PESTICIDE USE/AVAILABILITY

Agriculture is a major component of the Colombian economy and includes the ornamental flower industry, agribusiness, and small-scale producers. Much of the agricultural production relies heavily on pesticides. Additionally, while regulation for pesticide use exists in Colombia, it is not fully or consistently enforced. Furthermore, several pesticides banned in other countries are still in use in Colombia.7 Pesticides are available in Colombia, and information on proper application techniques is generally available. However, when pesticides are re-packaged and sold informally or in small amounts, information regarding proper application and use is often lost. Overall, pesticide use is widespread in Colombia and campesino farm workers vary greatly in their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions regarding risks of pesticide use and exposure.

Other problems include the illegal market for pesticides in Colombia, which consists of false labeling or alteration of pesticide products, the sale of obsolete pesticides; and the sale of pesticides with high toxic risk for humans, animals, and ecosystems.

5 http://ipm.tamu.edu/about/glossary/economic-thresholds/

6 GTZ. 1992. Abstracts on Sustainable Agriculture. http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/CD3WD/AGRIC/G49ABE/EN/B5_11.HTM 7 Polanco, Y; Salazar, J, and Curbow, B. 2014. A quantitative analysis of Colombian campesinos' use of pesticides: perceived control and confidence in use. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Publica: 32(3). http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-386X2014000300012

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3.5 AVAILABLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AND APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

USAID requires that all appropriate PPE for a particular product formulation be utilized, and when necessary, PPE be provided. Further, all beneficiaries must receive proper training in pesticide use.

Farmers are at risk of exposure to occupational hazardous factors including pesticides, dust, bacteria, and mold. The proportion of farmers using PPE in Colombia is difficult to track, but in USAID-supported activities the use of PPE has become part of the culture. Farmers interviewed during field trips were well informed about the risks involved in pesticide applications and reported that they use PPE regularly. PPE is provided as part of USAID activities and is also available commercially at local agricultural supply stores. In cases where PPE is not used regularly, project implementers should evaluate the root cause of failure to use PPE (e.g., cost, lack of knowledge, inappropriate equipment) and adapt the PPE to the context of the project. Furthermore, when possible, IPs should refer to the label for required PPE, so they can determine appropriate PPE substitutes. For example, in some cases washable coveralls may be used instead of plastic suits, and farmers can use face shields instead of goggles.

3.6 PESTICIDE KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

In Colombia, knowledge of safe pesticide use and awareness of risks to human health and the environment differ by crop and by region. Small farmers distant from extension services, in the event of a pest attack, may end up consulting the local commercial store, which may not be fully informed about proper use and PPE. In USAID-supported activities, participants interviewed by the PERSUAP team reported that they had received training and were aware of the proper methods of applying pesticides.

3.7 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Colombia has a long tradition of providing extension services that originated with support from the United States, based on models of the land grant colleges. The model in Colombia was adapted in a fragmented and incomplete form.

The extension services in Colombia have been weak and provide low coverage for small producers for most crops. There are a few exceptions: coffee, African palm, sugar cane, and rice.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development have decentralized technical assistance to local governments at the municipality level through Unidades Municipales de Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria or Centros Provenciales.

Availability of agricultural extension services becomes an issue for small producers in some distant geographical areas that have limited road access. This infrastructure limitation is characteristic of the areas USAID supports with agricultural and development activities. In this context, extension services may be interrupted and not delivered on a continuous basis, with ineffective results.

3.8 LIST OF CANDIDATE PESTICIDES

The “Listado de Registros Nacionales” for target crops was reviewed for this PERSUAP. Pesticides that are approved by ICA but that are not registered by US EPA were rejected by this PERSUAP. Additionally, some pesticides that are approved by ICA but are RUPs in the United States, or that were deemed otherwise inappropriate for smallholder use, were rejected by this PERSUAP. All pesticides banned or not registered in Colombia, were rejected by this PERSUAP.

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SECTION 4: PER, PART 2—THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS This section integrates the information from Section 3 into the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). This analysis is required as part of the approval process for pesticides supported by USAID activities. The analysis also provides information used to determine the specific conditions attendant to pesticide use. Factor A: US EPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

In the United States, the US EPA regulates pesticides through the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended. USAID-funded programs are limited to procuring, using, and/or supporting the use of pesticides containing AIs and/or products registered by the US EPA under FIFRA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because some crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the United States. Therefore, pesticides may not be registered for the exact use anticipated by the USAID project.

Moreover, US EPA designates some products as RUPs. US EPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label. In the United States, the pesticides and AIs that are labeled RUP can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification (such as for row crops, tree crops, or structural pests).

USAID regulations do not prohibit use of RUPs; however, 22 CFR 216 requires a full environmental assessment before use of a RUP can be supported with USAID funds, except for RUPs so designated solely for reason of user hazard. RUPs designated solely for reason of user hazard can be authorized for procurement or use with USAID funding on the basis of a user hazard analysis in the PERSUAP. In this case, the recipient government must be made aware of the hazard, and a mitigation action will be made and implemented with additional technical assistance.

The analysis of smallholder pesticide knowledge and awareness in Colombia (see Section 3.6) indicates that it would not be appropriate to authorize USAID funds to support hazardous RUPs for smallholder production. RUPs are allowed in these programs only with a caveat that they will be used, recommended for use, or supported for use by trained pest control specialists. In these cases, it is the responsibility of the IP to provide the proper training for use and application of these products. Unfortunately, Colombian agricultural authorities do not have adequate safeguards against the use and discharge of pesticides that are highly toxic to humans and ecosystems into the environment.

Table 15 (Annex B) provides the US EPA registration status of all candidate pesticides, including RUP designation. Under this Factor A analysis, pesticides that are not registered in Colombia or by US EPA are disallowed.

FACTOR B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDES

The following criteria were applied to develop the final list of approved pesticides. These criteria are applied throughout the PER analysis:

COLOMBIA REGISTRATION STATUS

ICA is a subsidiary of the agriculture ministry and is the Autoridad Nacional Competente charged with registering pesticides and related supplies in Colombia, with the cooperation of las Áreas de Salud y Ambiente Nacionales Agency. The Grupo de Inocuidad and Dirección Técnica de Inocuidad e Insumos Veterinarios, under the Área de Protección Vegetal of the ICA, is responsible for the registration process. This group evaluates technological and scientific information and registers chemical pesticides for agricultural use at industry request. Similarly, this group tracks the safety and efficacy testing of pesticides, before and after registration, and determines whether they conform to the current regulations.

Together with Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, Colombia belongs to La Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN). Via the Secretary General of CAN, Colombia controls the effects of pesticides in the registry of pesticides.

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• Decision 436 of 1998: The objective of the “Andean Rule for the Register and Control of Chemical Pesticides for Agricultural Use” is to establish harmonized requirements and processes for the registration and control of agricultural chemical pesticides, correctly orient their use and management so as to prevent and minimize damages to health and environment under authorized conditions, and facilitate their trade in the region.

• Resolution 630 of 2003: The “Andean Technical Manual for the Register and Control of Agricultural Chemical Pesticides” contains all the application requirements registration of a biological or chemical pesticide product for agricultural use.

• Decision 684 of 2008: The “Modification of Decision 436” extends the window for the process of reevaluation of agricultural chemical pesticides.

• Decision 767 of 2011: Refines the terms and definitions of Decision 436 and provides guidelines for the regional register in the case of a phytosanitary emergency in the Andean region.

• Decision 804 of 2015: This regulation requires ICA to publish periodic updates to a “Listado de Registros Nacionales.” This list provided a basis for pesticide review for this PERSUAP.

US EPA REGISTRATION STATUS

Pesticides must have active registration in the United States for the same or similar crops and pests.

TOXICITY/SAFETY

Pesticide selection must be appropriate not only to the Colombia context but also to the targeted beneficiaries and local conditions.

Most beneficiaries of USAID’s agricultural programs are small farmers, including indigenous Colombians of different ethnicities and customs who do not speak Spanish and reside in regions far from departmental capitals. These farmers have few economic resources and a low level of formal education. Further, their homes are often close to or within cultivation areas, which increases health risks of pesticide use. It is also possible to find schools close to agricultural areas. In the coffee-producing zones of Antioquia, there have been cases of high toxicity levels in tissue of children after the application of pesticides in the surrounding areas.

These small farmers do not have adequate training to safely use pesticides, nor the economic resources to acquire adequate PPE. Cultural aspects should also be taken into account because many beneficiaries do not use protection elements or safety measures because these techniques were not used by their forebears.

Other problems include the illegal market for pesticides in Colombia, which consists of false labeling or alteration of pesticide products, the sale of obsolete pesticides; and the sale of pesticides with high toxic risk for humans, animals, and ecosystems. For the above reasons, US EPA Toxicity Class I (extremely toxic) AIs and WHO Toxicity Class Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly hazardous) are excluded from use by smallholders.

Also excluded from use are AIs that are internationally classified as Prior Informed Consent (PIC) chemicals by the Rotterdam Convention (Table 5), Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention (Table 4), and known carcinogens that are designated as RUPs.

Additional scrutiny is placed on EPA acute toxicity Class II products, which are endorsed only in the following circumstances:

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1. The classification is for irritation rather than toxicity per se. 2. The classification is for products with higher concentrations of the AI, so if available

products/formulations are known to have a lower concentration, or lower concentrations formulations are mandated, those products/formulations will fall into class III.

3. The mode of use (e.g., restriction to seed treatment) limits adverse human or eco-toxicological effects.

NEED

The pesticide must serve a known pest management need for target USAID/Colombia activities. Both current and potential future needs will be considered by the PERSUAP.

EFFICACY IN LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Pesticides must be shown to be effective for crops/seeds under climates/conditions similar to those found in USAID/Colombia intervention areas.

The Agricultural Protection and Regulation division of ICA (Protección y Regulación Agrícola del ICA) works to guarantee agricultural safety of Colombia at the national level, reducing the risks of introduction, dispersion, and establishment of plague, diseases, and maladies to ensure phytosanitary quality and safety of plant products.

This sub-agency, follows international norms adopted by Colombia, to complete the following steps for the economically and socially important plagues: official control, obligatory notification, and registration. It administrates the control and eradication programs for infestations specifically for crops of economic and social interest. It also coordinates with the private sector and other authorities to fulfill the sanitary and phytosanitary measures for the -management of the Regulación Sanitaria y Fitosanitaria for agriculture.

AVAILABILITY

Pesticides must be available in Colombia markets. Pesticides procured or supported with USAID funds must be legal (registered) in the host country.

Each pesticide endorsed for use under this PERSUAP was re-evaluated against these criteria over the course of the 12-factor analysis presented in this PER.

FACTOR C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM

In accordance with this PERSUAP, IPs must promote IPM practices in their activities through demonstrations and direct training of farmers, input dealers and extension agents. The existing IP programs and all future agricultural programs must introduce IPM practices to farmers and suggest methods for non-chemical controls. Farmers are expected to adopt IPM and are encouraged to use biological/natural products.

The strategy of USAID partners working with farmers in Colombia will be to stress agronomic improvements based on the adoption of better technologies such as improved crop varieties, agronomic practices, and use of indigenous pest control practices, avoiding synthetic petroleum-based pesticides.

The IPs should incorporate proper pesticide management within their core farmer training programs and recommendations. Agricultural activities support should fully incorporate IPM as the basis for effective pest management. An IP will often have little control over the actions of beneficiaries in the field. In these situations, IPs will promote and support the use of integrated pest management plans (IPMPs) to the greatest extent practicable.

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An IPMP is a systematic plan which brings together different pest control tactics into one program.8 Direct pesticide use and direct extension activities by USAID/Colombia programs will be governed by IPM-based crop- and pest-specific IPMPs. The crop-by-crop pest and control measures tables in Annex A are intended to serve as suggestions for and drafts of these plans, which will be refined by the agriculture sector IPs.

IPMPs will necessarily be at a level of technical complexity appropriate to the local context, but will embody core IPM principles: emphasis on use of non-chemical controls (building on existing practices, see Section 3.3), with need-based, targeted use of relative-least-toxicity pesticides.

IP pesticide recommendations must stress to farmers pest recognition and a few well-timed applications, rather than applying pesticides for blanket protection from seeding to harvest. For promotion of IPM, pesticide accounting programs and decision tools for use of common pesticides need to be implemented by the IPs.

IPs support technical assistance in a broad range of crops but have focused on traditional crops such as coffee, cacao, rubber and other forest species, pastures, fruits, and subsistence crops such as plantain and cassava. This support is directed to small farm families that prefer inexpensive IPM practices. Chemical pesticide use in Colombia is an expensive option for small farm families.

IPM practices for the crops supported by IPs have been developed and evaluated by Colombian research centers and institutions such as Cenicafe (Federacafe), Fedecacao, Corpoica, and Asohofrucol. As a result of this continued support, IPM practices by crop are implemented in a very standard form despite the variety of entities providing funding. Programs supported by USAID IPs or by the Colombian Government will not have major differences in IPM approaches. Several pesticides not approved by the PERSUAP are approved by ICA and the Colombian regulations. This situation calls for closer monitoring and pesticide data collection in the field.

FACTOR D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

CROP PRODUCTION

The smallholder producers visited during site visits were well informed about the health and environmental issues associated with the use of chemical pesticides. Furthermore, they understood why PPE is important, and some producers had their own PPE. The most common pests mentioned during the field visits were ants and weeds; typically, famers managed weeds via physical removal with tools while ants were managed with a variety of practices, including commercial repellants and artisanal products. For smallholder farmers, commercial pesticides are often too expensive and/or unavailable locally, so they turn to artisanal practices. Farmers stated that implementation of IPM practices requires greater effort, but also recognized that avoiding or reducing the application of chemical pesticides is beneficial to both humans and the environment.

FACTOR E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS

Table 15 in Annex B summarizes the toxicological profile of the full candidate pesticide list. For situations in which IPs have direct control over pesticide use, they will be required to implement/observe core risk mitigation measures identified by the product label and the extended pesticide profiles available on the Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Where MSDSs are not available in-country from dealers, they

8 "Private Pesticide Applicator Safety Education Manual." Private Pesticide Applicator Manual. University of Minnesota. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppatmanual.html.

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can be found online, requested from the manufacturer. In some cases, the MSDS for a similar product can be substituted for the product used. In situations in which IP oversight is limited, IPs will be required to take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures. The toxicological information in Annex B, supplemented by additional information on pesticide labels and profiles in MSDSs, allows screening of the candidate pesticides against additional criteria enumerated under Factor B—Basis for Selection of the Pesticide.

Before registering a pesticide product and allowing a manufacturer to bring its product to the market, an assigned government agency (US EPA in the United States, ICA in Colombia) evaluates product toxicity. Potential registrants must generate scientific data necessary to address concerns pertaining to the identity, composition, potential adverse effects, and environmental fate of each pesticide.

Pesticide manufacturers are required to generate scientific data about acute, sub-chronic, and chronic effects of each product. Acute effects are harmful effects in an organism from a single or short-term exposure and include oral (ingestion), dermal (skin) toxicity and irritation, skin sensitization (an allergic response following skin contact), inhalation, and eye irritation.

The usual expression of acute toxicity is LD50, which is the lethal dose in milligrams per body weight in kilograms (mg/kg) required to kill 50% of a test population. Toxicity tests are conducted on experimental animals, such as white rats, mice and rabbits. Because toxicity depends upon body weight, the amount of chemical considered lethal for a child is less than the amount for an adult.

The signal word (e.g., “Danger,” “Warning,” “Caution”) on the pesticide label applies to the most toxic method or route of exposure Generally, if ingested, Class I substances can be lethal to an average-sized adult person at a dose of less than 5 g (0.18 oz.), Class II at 5–30 g (0.18 - 1.058 oz.), and Class III at more than 30 g (1.058 oz.).9 The table below provides details on US EPA acute toxicity categories I to IV.

TABLE 2. US EPA TOXICITY CATEGORIES10

STUDY CATEGORY I CATEGORY II CATEGORY III CATEGORY IV

Acute oral Up to and including 50 mg/kg

>50 through 500 mg/kg

>500 through 5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg

Acute dermal Up to and including 200 mg/kg

>200 through 2,000 mg/kg

>2,000 through 5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg

Acute inhalation (based on 4-hour exposure)

Up to and including 0.05 mg/L

>0.05 through 0.5 mg/L >0.5 through 2 mg/L >2 mg/L

Primary eye irritation

Corrosive (irreversible destruction of ocular tissue) or corneal involvement or irritation persisting for more than 21 days

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 8-21 days

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 7 days or less

Minimal effects clearing in less than 24 hours

Primary skin irritation

Corrosive (tissue destruction into the dermis and/or scarring)

Severe irritation at 72 hours (severe erythema or edema)

Moderate irritation at 72 hours (moderate erythema)

Mild or slight irritation at 72 hours (no irritation or slight erythema)

In Colombia, all registered pesticides are classified using the WHO classification scheme, presented in the following table:

9 http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/docs/Background_and_Support.pdf 10 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/chap-07-jul-2014.pdf

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TABLE 3. WHO CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*

CLASS LD50 FOR RAT (MG/KG BODY WEIGHT)

ORAL DERMAL

Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less

Ib Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 – 200 10 - 100 40 - 400

II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500 200 – 2000 10 - 1000 400 4000

III Slightly hazardous Over 500 Over 2000 Over 1000 Over 4000

* The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines (Classification 2009)

The WHO classification of acute danger is based on the AI and provides parameters for solid and liquid forms. It does not include effects on the skin or the eyes, in contrast to the US EPA’s classification. The classification of water risk by the WHO is based on the AI and LD50 values for solid and liquid forms.

The publication “The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009” describes the methodology for determining the toxicological category of product formulations. This methodology is based on the concentration of the AI(s) present in the mixed solution.

Sub-chronic effects are those caused by exposure to a toxic substance for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity tests include tests for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and general metabolism studies.

Ecological toxicity includes potential for air, water and soil pollution, and the effect of such pollution on non-target organisms including mammals, birds, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles, non-target insects, and non-target plants.

Pesticides banned by the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions are banned for use in Colombia. See Factor J—International Conventions and Treaties and Table 4 and Table 5.

All RUP products are allowed for use only by trained professionals. Products with acute toxicity Class I (which have red labels, the words “danger” or “poison”, and skull and crossbones on the pictogram) are rejected by this PERSUAP for use except where specified for use by trained professionals.11 Products with toxicity Class II and potential chronic effects are allowed for use only by trained professionals using proper PPE.

The SUAP in Section 5 identifies restrictions on the set of AIs that are supported for use only by trained agricultural or pest control professionals, based on toxicity screening. The SUAP details measures for minimizing pesticide risks. These measures will include: (1) adoption of IPM approach that emphasizes prevention, (2) sanitation and exclusion of pests, (3) use of traditional practices, and (4) utilizing pesticides only as a last resort when other options have failed. Note that the toxicity table in Annex B also provides a key reference for development of crop- and pest-specific pest management plans.

FACTOR F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES FOR THE PROPOSED USE

Pest management needs are documented on a crop-by-crop basis in Annex A. For each crop, the tables in Annex A identify pest-specific suggested controls. Three sources of data have been used to specify these

11"Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram." Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram. United States Department of Labor. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html

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proposed uses; while none of these sources is complete on their own, together they offer a high degree of assurance that the pesticides will be effective for their proposed use:

1. The proposed pesticide uses are consistent with their US EPA registrations; in each case, US EPA has registered these pesticides for use on the same or similar crops and against the same or similar pests. Such registration requires that the effectiveness of the pesticides be demonstrated. This demonstration of effectiveness is within the US agro-environmental context.

2. All pesticides endorsed for use are also registered for use by ICA.

3. Each of the recommended uses has been cross-checked against information provided by the pesticide label, and registration and label information was supplemented with information from published literature or recommendations available from other countries, as well as from online searches.

In general, development of resistance is a key threat to pesticide effectiveness. The introduction of pesticides and continuous use over time enhances the probability that resistance will develop. The use of pesticides within an IPM framework, as required by this PERSUAP, is key to preventing resistance development.

Monitoring is required to confirm that the pesticides being recommended perform as expected. Evaluation of pesticide efficacy (and of pest management plans more generally) is a required part of demonstration plot management. Monitoring for and reporting of resistance development is a required element of SUAP compliance reporting.

Counterfeit or obsolete products and product adulteration should be addressed by current programs by building awareness among farmers and the introduction of programs promoting quality control. This presents such an important challenge for Colombia that during training, ICA inform all the agricultural producers of the importance of avoiding pesticides with questionable origins or ones that were re-packaged without quality controls. If there are suspicions about a product, it is important to communicate to the municipal agricultural authorities so that they may investigate and implement the appropriate control.

FACTOR G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PESTICIDES

The detrimental environmental impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements, and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species.

PESTICIDES IN SOIL

When pesticides are applied in the field, the effect of soil-applied pesticides can sometimes be short-lived. In fact, in some instances they may enhance the population of certain soil microorganisms. Soil organisms contribute to the decomposition of dead animal and plant material into organic matter, which is an important component of soil. Other microorganisms can be involved in the natural control of soil pests. Aside from their direct effects on pest organisms, soil microbes are a major agent in degrading pesticides. The breakdown of pesticides is beneficial from a crop rotation standpoint and for food residue concerns. It also provides herbicide selectivity in some instances.

Chemical degradation of pesticides in soils is governed by a variety of factors, such as pH, presence of water, and the presence of various catalysts and reagents capable of attacking reactive compounds. Many

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insecticides have been shown to undergo photoreactions to form products that are either more toxic or less toxic than the parent compounds.12

Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns.13 Some pesticides result in detrimental impacts to birds, beneficial insects, fish and animals. Before applying a pesticide, it is important to become familiar with the area to be treated and its surroundings. Some pesticides are less "environmentally friendly" than others and may not be appropriate for sites with special concerns.

PESTICIDE DRIFT

Pesticide dust or droplets can drift through the air at the time of application or soon after to sites other than the area intended. Pesticide droplets are produced by spray nozzles used in application equipment. Pesticide drift can pose health risks when sprays and dusts are carried by the wind and deposited on other areas such as nearby homes and schools, adjacent fields, water bodies, wildlife and plants.14

EFFECT ON NON-TARGET TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS

Animals and humans can be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food. Poisoning can occur when wild animals or people enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying. Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with periods and areas in which pesticides are used. Granular formulations have been found most toxic to birds when they mistake the granules for food. Pesticides also affect birds indirectly by reducing food sources. Wild bees, certain wasps, honeybees, and other insects are important pollinating agents of crops. Some pesticides are harmful to these pollinators, causing direct losses of the insect populations and indirect losses of crop yield because of the lack of adequate pollination. Pesticides can be harmful to other beneficial organisms that include various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species. There are several different classes of pesticides that have a wide range of toxicity to honeybees. Neonicotinoids are the group of pesticides most commonly implicated as a contributing cause of widespread honeybee losses, both through direct toxic action and chronic effects on the immune system. Organophosphate compounds have a wide range of toxicity to bees. Pyrethroids are not considered to have lethal effects, and insect growth regulators have been found to have low toxicity to bees.15

WATER POLLUTION

Pesticides can pollute surface water and have adverse effects on people and animals drinking this water, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants. Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water. Amphibians have permeable skin that is highly absorbent, making them extremely susceptible to pesticides. Pesticides can also harm beneficial aquatic insects that prey on pests.

Pollution to the marine environment can come from land and air sources. Pesticide pollution can impact marine life, mangrove forests and people.

Pesticides that are mobile in soil may pollute groundwater. The occurrence of leaching into groundwater depends on type of pesticide used, soil texture, pattern of pesticide use, amount of organic matter in the soil, and depth of the water table.

HUMID AND ARID ECOSYSTEMS

Pest management in humid areas is more complex than in arid ecosystems because of the greater number of pests that need to be controlled. Most agricultural practices are similar in humid and arid areas, except frequency of pesticide application and irrigation.

FUNGICIDES

12 Perry, A.S., and R.Y. Perry. "Effects in Arid Regions." John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1989. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://dge.stanford.edu/SCOPE/SCOPE_38/SCOPE_38_4.2_Perry_155-194.pdf. 13 General Knowledge: Pesticide Use and the Environment.” Originally published in 1987 as Pesticide Use and the Environment, Nevada Pesticide Applicator’s Certification Workbook, SP‐87‐07, by W. Johnson, J. Knight, C. Moses, J. Carpenter, and R. Wilson. Updated in 2012 by M. Hefner and S. Donaldson, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and J. Carpenter, Nevada Department of Agriculture. http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf 14 US EPA. “Introduction to Pesticide Drift.” http://www2.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/introduction-pesticide-drift 15 "Types of Pesticides." Types of Pesticides. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://www.pollinator.ca/canpolin/typesofpesticides.html.

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Some fungicides can irritate skin and eyes, while others may cause throat irritation and coughing when inhaled. Prolonged inhalation of certain fungicides can cause neural and visual disturbances. The long-term effects of fungicides on humans are still unknown, but some may be mutagenic—permanently silencing or reprogramming normal genes, with the effect possibly lasting several generations.16 Pesticides can cause harm to the fetus or embryo during pregnancy, causing birth defects while the mother shows no signs of toxicity. Pregnant and lactating women must be informed not to handle pesticides determined or suspected to cause reproductive and developmental harm, e.g., birth defects and impairment of normal growth and development.

Regular use of fungicides can pose a risk to the environment, particularly if residues persist in the soil or migrate off-site and enter waterways. Reading the MSDS and the label is extremely important for minimizing adverse impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment.

HERBICIDES

Because plants and mammals differ in organization and physiology, it might be expected that herbicides would constitute little or no chemical hazard to mammals. However, surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the AIs. Some herbicide products have the signal words “Danger—Corrosive” or “Danger—Poison” on the label. Herbicides with these signal words are not approved for use by this PERSUAP. “Warning” also appears as a signal word for herbicides with label statements indicating that they can cause eye or skin irritation or burns or may be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Herbicides with the word “Caution” mean that the product has low oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity and causes little or no irritability to either the eyes or the skin.

Herbicides present concerns because of how they may concentrate in the water supply, due to runoff from agricultural use. Herbicides can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reductions in sensitive species and abundance in tolerant species. Long term effects of concern include endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. Resistance of weeds to herbicides is becoming a worldwide problem. All herbicide labels warn the user to keep the product out of lakes and streams. Many herbicides, including glyphosate, carry label statements about groundwater contamination. Care must be taken to ensure that such products are not used where groundwater contamination is likely.17 In 2015, glyphosate was identified as a potential carcinogen by US EPA, and the State of California became the first state to require labeling of glyphosate products such as Roundup as potential carcinogens. WHO's research arm also recently found that the chemical is probably carcinogenic to humans, and research has also linked glyphosate to the steep decline in monarch butterflies. Scientists have increasingly raised new alarms about potential negative health impacts tied to glyphosate, including a recent study suggesting that long-term exposure to tiny amounts of the chemical (thousands of times lower than what is allowed in drinking water in the United States) could lead to liver and kidney problems. As such, the status of glyphosate, both with ICA and the US EPA, must be reviewed annually to determine the status of this AI in both Colombia and the United States. If the status changes, then IPs must follow the restrictions applicable to the new status.

ORGANIC PESTICIDES

Pesticides that are labeled as natural or organic are not necessarily harmless to humans or the environment. Many are quite safe to use but some have hazards associated with them. Other problems can emerge from poor pesticide management practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.18

TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION

For each candidate pesticide, Table 15 in Annex B provides toxicology information for a range of non-target organisms: mammals (for which human toxicity results are proxies), birds, fish, aquatic

16 http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/rmpp_6thed_ch16_fungicides.pdf

17 https://ipm.illinois.edu/

18 Draft Guide on Managing Pesticide Resistance. https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/draft-guidance-managing-pesticide-resistance

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invertebrates, beneficial arthropods (invertebrate animals that have exoskeletons, e.g., crab, shrimp), honeybees, earthworms. The US EPA registration process requires that toxicity of a pesticide against each of these classes of organisms be assessed by a standardized test.

Four basic chemical characteristics control pesticide movement in the environment: solubility, adsorption, volatility and persistence. Solubility is the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in a solvent, usually water. Adsorption is the ability of a pesticide to bind with soil particles. Volatility is the ability of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor. Persistence is the ability of a pesticide to remain in its original active form and not break down into an inactive form.19 The likelihood that a pesticide will cause pollution is also based on how much pesticide is applied, its formulation, and how and where the pesticide is applied.

In addition to a pesticide’s toxicity to the class of non-target organism in question, the solubility, adsorption, persistence, and volatility of a pesticide in the environment and its ultimate mobility (e.g., potential to enter groundwater, move and remain in soil and sediment, stay in the air) strongly affect the significance of adverse effects on non-target organisms. Annex B provides additional information on this topic.

FACTOR H: THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED, INCLUDING CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS

Colombia has coastlines on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and snow-covered peaks in the Andes Mountains. More than 50% of the land area of Colombia is covered by forest, including the highly biodiverse forests of the Amazon and Choco regions. The country has about 50,000 cubic meters per inhabitant of (fresh) water supply available per year, which is about six times the world’s average. This has enabled provision of water to much of the rural and urban populations; hydropower is the primary source of electricity.

TOPOGRAPHY

In the rugged terrain of the Andes, rivers have historically dictated human settlement and farming. The most important river system is the Magdalena; its basin, including that of its major tributary, the Cauca, covers 260,000 square kilometers, a quarter of the country. The Magdalena flows northward between the Central and Eastern Andes for 1,600 kilometers to empty into the Caribbean near the city of Barranquilla. Within the Magdalena basin are found most of the nation's socio-economic activities and more than three-fourths of its population.

The catchment to the east of the Andes is subdivided into two sections, waters flowing into the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers respectively, which flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Main tributaries of the Orinoco are the Arauca, Meta, Vichada, Inírida, and Guaviare. Among the streams that flow into the Amazon are the Vaupés, Caquetá, and Putumayo.

The rivers that flow into the Pacific are short, descending rapidly from the Cordillera Occidental to the sea. They carry large volumes of water, however, because they drain areas of extremely heavy rainfall, as high as 7,000 millimeters/year in some areas.

SOILS

Those soils best suited to mechanized agriculture are the alluvia in the principal river valleys, such as the Magdalena, Cauca, Sinú, Cesar, and Ariguaní. The former lake beds of some of the inter-Andean basins, notably the Sabana de Bogotá and the Ubaté and Chiquinquirá valleys, also fall into this category. Soils of volcanic origin, especially in the coffee-growing districts of the Cordillera Central, can be exceptionally

19 Originally published in 1987 as Pesticide Use and the Environment, Nevada Pesticide Applicator’s Certification Workbook, SP‐87‐07, by W. Johnson, J. Knight, C. Moses, J. Carpenter, and R. Wilson. Updated in 2012 by M. Hefner and S. Donaldson, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and J. Carpenter, Nevada Department of Agriculture. http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf

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productive if protected from erosion. Soils east of the Andes are typically highly leached, low pH, ultisols and oxisols.

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE Colombia's climatic variations are determined by altitude. Seasons are defined by periods of lesser or greater rainfall, with little temperature change. The country can be divided into four zones defined by altitude. The tropical zone, where the mean annual temperature is 24° C to 27° C (75°–81° F) reaches from sea level to roughly 1,100 meters (3,500 feet). At sea level, temperatures have a mean maximum of 38° C (100° F) and a minimum of 18° C (64° F). Between 1,100 meters (3,500 feet) and 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) is the temperate zone, where the average year-round temperature is about 18° C (64° F). Between 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) and 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) is the cold country with temperatures averaging a little over 13° C (55° F). Above the 3,000-meter (10,000-feet) level the temperature varies from 13° C to -17° C (55° F to 1° F), according to altitude (Colombia-Climate 2016).

Temperature changes in Colombia due to climate change will not be uniform given the ecological altitude variations. High altitude areas are likely to experience the most extreme changes in the next 100 years (4º–5º C), while areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts are likely to experience less variation in temperature (likely 2º–3º C increase) (Bedoya, 2010).

PRECIPITATION Rainfall is heaviest on the west coast and in the Andean region. Rainy and dry seasons generally alternate in three-month cycles. Northern areas have only one long rainy season, from May through October. The annual average rainfall is 107 centimeters (42 inches).

Climate change will intensify these patterns with areas to the west of the Andes experiencing more precipitation, and those to the north and east of the peaks experiencing a decrease in precipitation. Also, the Pacific coast of Colombia will become one of the wettest regions in the world, while departments in the Caribbean region will become much drier (Cajamarca, 2015).

CLIMATE CHANGE

Colombia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change. A growing body of scientific work indicates that continued climate change is likely to have profound effects on development in Colombia. Climate change is predicted to lead to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and a rising sea level. Recent years’ emergency-level flooding due to extreme seasonal rains are just examples of how climate, together with other factors, influences the daily lives of a large part of the population. Rather than creating totally new problems, climate change will add to existing stresses, including the following:

• Agricultural and livestock sector: A good portion of the agro-ecosystems of the country are vulnerable to increased aridity, soil erosion, desertification, and changes in the hydrological system. In addition, there is a greater risk of crop flooding as well as other natural events that affect agricultural production (windstorms, hailstorms, etc.). For example, rice production will be affected because increased average temperatures stress the crop and induce pollen sterility. According to a 2014 report by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean20, the agriculture and livestock sectors will have an average loss of yield of 24% and 17%, respectively, during the analyzed period (2007–2050).

• Precipitation: During the period 2011–2100, the Caribbean region and the Amazon region will face a decrease in total precipitation in the range of 10%-40%, while the central and northern Andean regions will face an increase in the range of 10%–30%. In the Orinoco region and the rest of the country no significant precipitation changes are expected.

• Water resources: Runoff levels will increase in coastal regions, in eastern flatlands, and in regions that had prevalent floods and landslides in the last decade. In contrast, the Andean

20 Economic Commission for Latin America. 2014. The economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37056/S1420806_en.pdf

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region and the north of the country will see a decrease in runoff levels, which may cause water distribution problems and a deficit of water in associated dams, which in turn would decrease hydroelectric generation.

• Glaciers: All glaciers of the country will disappear within the next 40 years. Each year the area of glaciers diminishes by 3%. This natural source of water storage will be lost and will result in increased water scarcity in certain regions.

• Coastal systems: With the expected rise in sea level (approximately 3.5 millimeters per year at the Caribbean coast and similar at the Pacific coast), millions of inhabitants are at risk of exposure to flooding in coastal zones, not to mention industrial settlements, tourism-related infrastructure and facilities, and crops. Water sources will also be vulnerable to seawater intrusion. The study by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean indicates that a sea level rise of 1.0 meter would permanently flood 4,900 square kilometers of low-lying coast. About 1.4–1.7 million people would be affected; 7 million hectares of crops and pasture would be lost.

• Ecosystems: The loss of and/or reduction in snow-capped mountains and moorlands and their associated environmental services are possible under climate change. An increase in the median temperature of the sea may affect corals, which would also negatively impact biodiversity and fishing resources.

• Housing and settlement: The infrastructure of the country, along with its precarious settlements, may be affected by more frequent extreme events (especially floods, strong rainfall, tropical storms, windstorms, and landslides), which would further degrade the living conditions and quality of life of displaced and poor populations.

HYDROLOGY

A study by Colombia’s Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) (ENA, 2014) indicated that Colombia currently has an average water yield equal to six times the world’s average and three times the Latin American average. The vast amount of water is located in the Amazonia, Orinoquia and Pacific regions, while in the Andes and Caribbean, where urban centers are located, water is scarcer (IDEAM, 2014). Major demands come from the agricultural sector, with 46.6% of the demand. The energy sector demands 21.5%, followed by the livestock sector with 8.5% of the demand. Domestic use is only 8.2% of the total demand. Runoff is projected to decrease overall in the Andes watersheds over this century due to decreased precipitation, higher temperatures, greater evapotranspiration, degradation of highland wetlands, and loss of glaciers (World Bank, 2015). Climate change analysis done for Colombia predict different changes at the watershed level in temperature and precipitation, with higher variability in the latter (Ludena and Ordonez, 2015).

BIODIVERSITY

Colombia is an equatorial country with considerable environmental assets. It hosts about 10% of the (known) species of the planet while only covering 0.22% of its land area. Colombia has the largest number of bird and amphibious species in the world, and the third and fourth largest number of reptile and mammal species. It occupies third place in plant species (with 12% of total species), after Brazil and China.

Deforestation is the major cause of biodiversity loss in Colombia. It contributes to other environmental problems such as erosion and aquifer depletion and increases the frequency and severity of flooding and landslides. Total forest cover is about 53.17% of total land area, as compared with an estimated 90% before human settlement. Deforestation in Colombia is mainly due to expansion of the agricultural border, mostly for livestock production and illicit crop production. Other causes include lumber production, firewood consumption and forest fires.

PROTECTED AREAS

Colombia is one of the richest countries in biodiversity including cultural diversity. This diversity is represented in 59 natural areas that are part of the National Natural Parks System. The total area of the

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park system adds up to 14,268,224 hectares (142,682 square kilometers) of terrestrial surface (11.27%) and marine surface (1.5%.) Of the 59 national natural parks, 26 have indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities living in them.

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

Agricultural potential is continuing to expand in Colombia. Currently, 4.9 million hectares are designated for crop cultivation and 38.6 million hectares are designated for cattle ranching. However, since only 19.3 million of the 38.6 million hectares are actually appropriate for cattle ranching, the 2019 Strategic Livestock Plan has an objective to “give back to nature 10 million hectares through the development of environmentally sustainable strategies” (Gomez, 2014; MADS, 2013).

Between 2010-2013, land area devoted to cultivation grew from 3,915,858 hectares (62% permanently cultivated land, 38% temporary) to 4,309,916 hectares (with a similar split of 63% permanent and 37% temporary) (Cajamarca, 2015). Agricultural output for Colombia in 2013 was 26,584,615 metric tons. The primary crops for export account for 56.4% of the cultivated land area and include:

● Coffee, accounting for 28.4% of cultivated land ● Plantain/banana, 14% of cultivated land ● Palm oil, 14% of cultivated land

Earnings from the coffee sector varied greatly between 2010 and 2014, while other agricultural products reflect a steadier, slight growth in earnings of 1.9% (Cajamarca, 2015). Only 4.66% of the land area of the country is being farmed, while livestock farming occupies 30.57% of the total area, and forests 53.17%.

FACTOR I: THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS

Colombia is one of the leaders in successful introduction of IPM for a number of crops including coffee, soybean, beans, corn and cassava. Colombia is also on the leading edge of introduction of IPM practices that include biological pesticides, planting of resistant varieties and use of natural pest enemies. In 2002, a successful implementation of IPM against coffee berry borer significantly reduced the use of toxic chemicals, increasing production of high quality coffee.

Producers are receptive to IPM, adapting cultural practices and applying repellants and biologicals prepared at the farm with inputs available locally. Current high prices of pesticides in many cases make them inaccessible to small farm families. As a result of decades of research by ICA, federations, universities and other research centers offer a great deal of knowledge in non-chemical control methods. There are, however, challenges to using IPM methods, as they may be more labor-intensive than use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, there is a need to promote the benefits of IPM among farmers.

FACTOR J: THE REQUESTING COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE

PESTICIDE REGISTRATION PROCESS

As described under Factor B, together with Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, Colombia belongs to la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN). Colombia integrates the decisions of CAN via the pesticide registry.

Decision 436 of 1998 and its modifications, the “Norma Andina para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola,” establish a shared and coordinated system for the regulation, registry, and control of chemical pesticides used for agriculture in the Grupo Andino, accounting for health, agricultural, social, economic, and environmental conditions. It is based on the principles established in the international code of conduct for the distribution and use of pesticides by the FAO, and the guidelines from the international bodies to which the member states are also parties.

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This allows for a coordinated registry and control system for agricultural chemical pesticides, contributing to an improvement in their production, commercialization, use, and final disposal in the member countries of the region. This elevates the level of quality, efficiency, and safety for human health and the environment. To register a chemical pesticide, the legal representative or jurisdiction would present the national authority, in this case ICA, an application that conforms to ICA’s requirements; and the same information is required by the Andean Technical Manual (Manual Técnico Andino).

The Andean Technical Board for the Registration and Control of Agrochemicals (Técnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola) maintains all of the information submitted regarding identity; physical and chemical properties; toxicity tests; subchronic, chronic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive, and neurological effects; and studies on metabolism, biodegradability, toxic effects of the AI on other species (birds, aquatic organisms, bees, beneficial arthropods), and abiotic effects of both the AI as well as the formulated product. This further requires an evaluation of environmental risk, the WHO danger classification, and labels in compliance with labeling norms based on the toxicological category. All of these requirements are evaluated by an expert team in agriculture, human and environmental health, to be included in the registry of agricultural pesticides in Colombia.

RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS

Colombia has various governmental and private institutions that shape the process for pesticide registration, regulation, use, and control processes; these include the Ministries of Agriculture, Health, and Environment. Furthermore, there are several associations, federations, and specialized research centers that contribute to the development of different productive value chains, along with academic institutions and their agricultural, livestock management, and environmental faculties. Among the most influential are the following:

• Ministerio de Agricultura – Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) – Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA)

• Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social – Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) • Ministerio del Medio Ambiente – Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) • Asociación de Bananeros de Colombia (AUGURA) • Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores (ASOCOLFLORES) • Asociación de Cultivadores de Caña (ASOCAÑA) • Asociación Hortifrutícola de Colombia (ASOHOFRUCOL) • Asociación Nacional de Industriales (ANDI) – Cámara de Procultivos • Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores (ASOEXPORT) • Confederación Colombiana de Algodón (CONALGODON) • Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia • Federación Nacional de Arroceros (FEDEARROZ) • Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros (FEDECACAO) • Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Cereales (FENALCE) • Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (FEDEPALMA) • Federación Nacional de Productores de Panela (FEDEPANELA) • Centro Virtual de Investigaciones de la Cadena Agroalimentaria de la Papa (CEVIPAPA) • Corporación Red Especializada de Centros de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico del Sector

Agropecuario de Colombia (CENIRED), which is comprised of: • Corporación Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite (CENIPALMA) • Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Caficultura Colombiana (CENICAFE) • Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (CENICAÑA) • Centro de Investigaciones del Banano (CENIBANANO) • Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología de la Cadena Agroalimentaria de los

Cereales y las Leguminosas (CENICEL)

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• Centro de Innovación de la Floricultura Colombiana (CENIFLORES) • Corporación Centro de Investigación de la Acuicultura de Colombia (CENIACUA) • Corporación Nacional de Investigación y Fomento Forestal (CONIF)

• Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI) • Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. (COLCIENCIAS)

REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT

Pesticide laws and regulations are intended to protect human health and the environment. When businesses or persons fail to comply with these requirements, they are increasing the risk of adverse effects to themselves, co-workers, family, and the environment, as well as threatening the safety of the food supply. There is often limited knowledge and the perception of low risk associated with pesticide use among farmers. However, in the last decade Colombia has made progress on improving regulatory enforcement and regulatory packaging and labeling standards to inform farmers of the risks of pesticide use. Interventions by police, customs, and investigators are carried out at key locations and, more recently, thousands of counterfeit pesticide bottles were seized after officers uncovered a sales ring targeting farmers.21

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES

The following are the many multilateral environmental accords to which Colombia is a party:

MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The Montreal Protocol is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, designed to protect the ozone layer by reducing the production and consumption of many substances that react with ozone and are believed to be responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.

The ratification of the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer by Colombia was legalized by Law 30 of 5 March 1990. Colombia is also a signatory of the Montreal Protocol since the adoption of Law 29 of 1992 and ratified in December 1993. Bromomethane, or methyl bromide, is the only substance used in agriculture severely restricted by this protocol because of its high toxicity.

THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

The Stockholm Convention was adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Republic of Colombia signed the Convention in 2001 and ratified it with the passage of Law 1196 on 5 June 2008.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. Exposure to POPs can lead to serious health effects including certain cancers, birth defects, dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems, greater susceptibility to disease, and damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Given their ability to travel long distances through the environment, no one government acting alone can protect its citizens or its environment from POPs. In response to this global problem, the Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, requires its parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. Chemicals included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention should be removed from use and production; those included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention are restricted use. (See Table 4.)

TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION

INSECTICIDE

21 http://iriejamradio.com/60-million-dollars-work-of-counterfeit-goods-are-seized-in-the-caribbean/

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TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION

Aldrin (in Annex A) Chlordane (in Annex A) Chlordecone (in Annex A) DDT (in Annex B) Dieldrin (in Annex A) Eldrin (in Annex A) Endosulfan (in Annex A) Alpha Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers, some are pesticides) (in Annex A) Heptachlor (in Annex A) Hexachlorobenzene (in Annex A) Lindane (in Annex A) Mirex (in Annex A) Toxaphene (in Annex A)

FUNGICIDES

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) (in Annex A)

ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE The text of the Rotterdam Convention was adopted on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Convention entered into force on 24 February 2004. It creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the PIC procedure.

The Rotterdam Convention was adopted in Colombia by Law 1159 on 20 September 2007 and declared constitutional by the Constitutional Court Judgment C-538/08.

The primary objectives of the convention include:

• Promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm;

• Contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export, and by disseminating these decisions to parties. (See Table 5.)

TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION*

HERBICIDES

2,4,5-T and its salts and esters Alachlor Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt) Dinoseb and its salts and esters

FUNGICIDES

Benomyl (powder formulations containing a combination at or above 7%) Binapacryl Captafol Thiram (powder formulations containing a combination at or above 15%)

INSECTICIDES

Aldicarb

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TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION*

Aldrin Azinphos-methyl Carbofuran (powder formulations containing a combination: at or above 10 per cent) Chlordane Chlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDT Dieldrin 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) Endosulfan Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers, some are pesticides) Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Lindane Methamidophos (soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l) Methyl parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC): at or above19.5% AI and dusts: at or above 1.5% AI) Monocrotophos Parathion Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Phosphamidon (soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1,000 g active ingredient/l) Toxaphene

RODENTICIDE

Fluoroacetamide

*Revised 2013

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FACTOR K: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS

A core strategy of USAID-funded projects is to promote knowledge about pesticide use, risks, and safety among farmers as well as to strengthen the agricultural extensions and encourage farmers to ask them for advice. While the pesticides put forward for approval by this PERSUAP are generally of lower toxicity, the pesticide toxicology profiles presented in Annex B clearly demonstrate that pesticide use presents some human health and environmental risks. These risks, combined with the overall extremely poor awareness of pesticide risks and safe use principles among beneficiary populations (see Sections 3.5 and 3.6), mean that an aggressive program of pesticide safe use training is essential for the following groups:

• Project staff who will apply or handle pesticides or serve as extension agents;

• Beneficiary farmers who will use/apply pesticides;

• Those being trained as extension agents by the projects;

• Beneficiary agro-input dealers.

Key training topics must include the following:

• Definition of pesticides.

• Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons.

• Concepts of AIs vs. formulated products.

• Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective only against a certain class of organism.

• Concept of proper application rates and pesticide resistance and techniques for avoiding misapplication.

• Survey of the core elements of safe pesticide use: IPM, safe purchase, transport, storage, mixing, application, reentry and pre-harvest intervals, clean-up and disposal, including specific treatment of PPE.

• Pesticide first aid and spill response.

• Reading and interpreting pesticide labels—particularly to understand PPE requirements, other precautions, dosage rates, identification of AIs, and expiration dates.

• Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

• Record keeping and monitoring.

Each project must develop a training plan meeting its specific needs:

• The training plan must cover the categories of individuals enumerated above.

• Training curricula must cover all relevant key topics outlined above and discussed in more detail in Annex C.

• Training must reach all relevant individuals within six months of the effective date of this PERSUAP.

• Brief refresher training must be provided at least annually.

• Projects are encouraged to consider the training-of-trainers approach.

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In Colombia, IPs work with Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, which offers trainings for users and applicators of pesticides. Specialized private organizations also implement training activities in environmental management. Technical assistance providers and extension services, such as Federacafe and Asohofrucol, offer trainings in pesticide management and safe use.

FACTOR L: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDES

The project implementers must maintain records of all pesticide use, monitor pesticide effectiveness, and scout for resistance. Training in monitoring must be provided to farmers. Where literacy or language is a limiting factor, training should be developed to address this concern. Some products are considered low risk for resistance development, while others allow a limited number of applications per season because of the high risk of resistance development. In such cases, project implementers must alternate with pesticides from different chemical groups.

IPs will be required to report initially and every six months thereafter on compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP; the SUAP (Section 5) includes a tracking reporting form (Section 5.4) that dictates the content of such reporting.

As part of this reporting, IPs directly supporting farm-level pesticide use or extension will be required to report on instances of observed pesticide resistance. USAID monitoring and evaluation field visits will examine pesticide compliance.

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SECTION 5: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This SUAP is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements. It is synthesized from the analysis presented in sections 3 and 4 (the “Pesticide Evaluation Report.”)

• Section 5.2, immediately below, lists allowed pesticides.

• Section 5.3 summarizes the mandatory safe use conditions attendant to use/support of these pesticides.

• Section 5.4 further defines these conditions in the attached template, entitled “Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker,” to be used for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance.

In Colombia, rather than submitting a SUAP, each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed environmental monitoring plan (EMP) via the MONITOR system to its AOR/COR by the date specified on the attached tracker template and must provide an annual update. If for some reason the MONITOR system is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template is provided in Table 10.

With respect to pesticides, the EMP generated by MONITOR satisfies the requirement for an EMP. The project EMP should simply incorporate the EMP in the MONITOR system by reference.

5.2 ALLOWED PESTICIDES

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, pesticides listed in Table 6 (as AIs) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Colombia activities, subject to compliance with any conditions enumerated in these tables and those enumerated in the “Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker” that comprises Section 5.4. (A summary of these conditions is provided in Section 5.3.) Human health and ecological toxicological summaries and US EPA registration status for each are presented in Table 15 in Annex B.

PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USE

RUPs are pesticides that are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certified pesticide applicator or a person under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations or uses.

Products can be designated RUP because of human acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) health risk; physical hazards, such as risks of fire or explosion; and eco-toxicity hazards, such as potential risks of water pollution and risk to flora and fauna.

In Colombia, only general use pesticide products are approved for use by farmers. RUPs can be used only by professionally trained pest control specialists.

Class I (EPA) and Ia and Ib (WHO) products are not approved for use by farmers by this PERSUAP.

Smallholder farmers must be trained to use Class II and III products. The training must require farmers to interpret product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, eco-toxicity, and required safety measures. Training requirements are specified within this SUAP. For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table 15 and Table 16. A summary of the approved AIs is listed below.

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

HERBICIDES

Ametrina (Ametryne)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters. • Moderately Toxic: Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton

Amethryn 500, Ametrol 500 SC, Cane 500 SC, Cañero 500 SC, Cascabel 500 SC, Cascabel 80-WG, Gesapax 500 SC, Metrimex WG.

Bentazona (Bentazon)

• Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusks Basgran SL Bentazon 480 SL-DVA

Bispiribac sódico (Bispyribac- Sodium)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Army 400 SC, Arropron 100 SC, Baikal SC, Biribac 100 SC, Byspiagro 100 SC, Byspiribac Vecol 400 SC, Click 10 SC, Click 40 SC, Designee 400 SC, Legend 400 SC, Mezbac 400 SC, Nominee SC 400

Cihalofop-butil (Cyalofop-butyl)

Bold 180 EC, Buzzard EC, Cyhalofop-butil 180 EC-DVA Desafío EC, Diafop 180 EC.

Cletodim (Clethodim)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Arrow 120 EC, Atenas EC, Diestro 120 EC, Icasso 240 EC, Kiko 240 EC, Matagram Vecol 120 EC, Prodym 240 EC, Select 2 EC, Selec One Pack EC.

Clomazona (Clomazone)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees,

Brillante 480 EC, Clanker EC, Clomazone 480 EC-DVA, Clomazone Vecol 480 EC, Command EC, Dakota 48 EC, Gamit Star EC, Jaque 480 EC, Pincel 500 EC, Reactor 480 EC, Tropero 480 EC,

Clorimuron etil (Chlorimuron- Ethyl)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Classic WG, Helmssic WG.

2,4-Dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D)

• Some products are Acute Toxicity Category I for irreversible eye damage (acid and salt forms); do not use products that have signal word Danger. To avoid this issue, only use ester forms.

• Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC- 2B - March 2015)

• Acid and amine salts: Practically Non-Toxic to Slightly Toxic: Fish and invertebrates Practically Non-Toxic: Amphibians, Bees Practically Non-Toxic to Moderately Toxic: Birds, Mammals Slightly to Highly Toxic: Aquatic plants

• Ester forms: Slightly to highly toxic: Fish Slightly to moderately toxic: Invertebrates

• Practically Non-Toxic: Amphibians, Bees • Practically Non-Toxic to Moderately Toxic:

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Birds, Mammals • Highly toxic: Aquatic plants

Dicamba (Dicamba)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Banvel 480 SC. Is authorized when not combined with Atrazine

Fluazifop-p-butil (Fluazifop-p-butyl)

• Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin

• Slightly Toxic: Bees

Fusilade 2000 EC

Fluometuron (Fluomethuron)

• Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Cotoran 500 SC, Meturon 500 SC, Cottonex 50 SC, Uronmate 500 SC.

Glifosato (Glyphosate)

• Some products are Acute Toxicity Category I for irreversible eye damage; do not use products that have signal word Danger

• Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC- 2A -March 2015)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Cortador 480 SL, Dogo 480 SL, Estelar SL, Faena 480 SL, Faiter SL, Geox 480 SL, Glifocafe SL, Glificida 480 SL, Glifosato Vecol 480 SL, Glifosol SL, Glyfos SL, Glyfosan SL and WG, Glyphogan SL, Glyphonex SL, Halosate 480 SL, Panzar SL and WG, Piton 480 SL, Socar SL, Touchdown IQ SL.

Linurón (Linuron)

• Potential reproductive or developmental toxin • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusks, and

Zooplankton

Afalon 50 WP, Afalon 500 SC.

Mesotriona (Mesotrione)

• Found in some RUP products • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Callisto 480 SC.

Metolaclor (Metolachlor)

• Found in some RUP products • Contaminant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Metholaclor Vecol 960 EC, Metolagan 960 EC, Dual Gold 960 EC.

Metsulfuron metil (Metsulfuron-methyl)

• Slightly Toxic: Bees Accurate 60 WG, Ally XP, Emboscada WG, Furonmetil 60 WG, Met-Met 600 WG, Metsuagro 600 WG, Metsul 50 WP, Metsulfuron metil 60% WG-DVA, Metsulfuron Vecol 60% WG, Partner 50 WG, Rometsol 600 WG, Rozar 60 WG, Treux 60 WG.

Nicosulfuron (Nicosulfuron)

• Do not use when in RUP products containing atrazine

• Potential pollutant of underground waters

Accent 75 WG, Helm Nicofur 40 SC, Narval 75 WG, Zeamax 75 WP.

Pendimetalina (Pendimethalin)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

• Slightly Toxic: Bees

Free 400 EC, Helmpower 330 EC, Hertalin 500 SC, Linap 9 ME, Pendimetalina 400 EC, Pendimetalina Evofarms 40 EC, Pendimetalina Vecol 400 EC, Prowl 400 EC, Prowl H20 CS, Sellalin 500 EC, Spectro 40 EC,

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Stomp 400 EC.

Prometrina (Prometryn)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Gesagard 500 SC

Propanil (Propanil)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans,

Zooplankton

Boss 500 EC, Brioso 80 WG, Propanex 500 EC, Propanil 480 Proficol EC, Spada 60 WG.

Quinclorac (Quinclorac)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Cut Evofarms 250 EC, Exocet 35 SC, Facet SC, Queen 350 SC, Quinclorac 250 SC- DVA.

Triasulfuron (Triasulfuron)

• Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton Logran 75 WG.

Triclopir (Trichlopyr)

• Some products are RUP, do not use when product has signal word Danger on the label

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Atalar EC (Triclopír + Propanil), Calriz EC (Triclopir + Propanil).

Trifloxisulfuron (Trifloxysulfuron)

• Potential groundwater contaminant Krismat 75 WG (Trifloxisulfuron + Ametrina).

FUNGICIDES

Azoxistrobina (Azoxystrobin)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Amistar 250 SC, Amistar 50 WG, Amistar Ztra SC (Azoxistrobina + Ciproconazol) (Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol): Azimut 320 SC, Helmstar Duo 360 SC, Imperio SC, Optix 28 SC, Quattro Gold 240 SC, Tebutrobin Vecol 300 SC, Xstratra Gold 240 SC.

Azufre (Sulfur)

• Contaminant of underground waters Agrozul 720 SC, Azuco Líquido, Azufre 720 SC-DVA, Bali WP, Elosal 720 SC, Kumulus DF, Microthiol 80 WG, Polythion SC, Top Sul SC.

Bitertanol (Bitertanol)

Bitertanol 300 EC-DVA

Boscalid (Boscalid)

Cantus WG, Cumora SC, Bellis WG (Boscalid + Piraclostrobina)

Captan (Captan)

• Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusks,

Zooplankton

Captan 480 SC Phytocare, Captan 50 WP Phytocare, Coraza 480 SC, Maestro 50% WP, Orthocide 50% WP

Carboxín (Carboxin)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish • With Thiram: Use only at concentrations

below %15

Vitavax 300 WP, Vitavax 400 WP. (Carboxin+Thiram): Carbovax SC and TS,

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Progro WP

Cimoxanil (Cymoxanil)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

(Cimoxanil+Propamocarb): Canton 450 SC, Passat 450 SC, True 61WG

Ciproconazol (Cyproconazole)

• Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Cyproconazole 100 SL-DVA, Shypro SL, Alto 100 SL, (Ciproconazol + Azoxistrobina): Amistar Ztra, Arco 100 SL, Fortin 280 SC, Helmforce Xtra 280 SC.

Ciprodinil (Cyprodinil)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Switch 62.5 WG: (Cyprodinil+ Fludioxonil)

Cloruro de Calcio (Calcium Chloride)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Earthworms, Crustaceans

Cloruro de cobre (Copper Chloride)

• Copper chloride is an irritant to mucous membranes.

Diclorán (Dichloran)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Botran 75WP

Difenoconazol (Difenoconazole)

• Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Aval 250 EC, Canciller EC, Conazole Evofarms 250 EC, Curygen EC, Dida Evofarms 250 EC, Difecol EC, Difenoconazol Vecol 250 EC, Difex 250 EC, Divino 250 EC, Helcore 250 EC, Kurdo 250 EC, Paladium 250 EC, Score 250 EC, Shardif 250 EC, Sico 250 EC, Skel 250 EC, Zolfiden 250 EC

Dimethomorf (Dimetomorf)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton

Forum 500 SC, Forum 500 WP, Zoom 650 SC (Dimetomorf + Propamocarb)

Fenamidona (Fenamidone)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters Consento SC (Fenamidona+Propamocarb), Mildex WG (Fenamidona+Fosetil Aluminio)

Fenhexamida (Fenhexamid)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Cabo SC 500 Teldor Combi SC 416.7 (Fenhexamida + Tebuconazol)

Fenpropimorph (Fenpropimorph)

• Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Volley 88 OL Vivid EC (Fenpropimorf + Piraclostrobin)

Fludioxonil (Fludioxonil)

• Some products containing this AI are RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Celest 025 FS Maxim XL 035 FS: (Fludioxonil + Metalaxil). Switch 62.5 WG:

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

(Fludioxonil + Cyprodinil)

Fluoxastrobina (Fluoxastrobin)

Fluoxastrobin 480 SC

Flutolanil (Flutolanil)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusks,

Zooplankton

Moncut 20 SC

Flutriafol (Flutriafol)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters Aspen 500 SC, Flutriafol 250 SC-DVA, Impact 125 SC, Pointer 250 SC (Flutriafol+Azoxistrobina): Authority 250 SC Metropol SC, Mixbom 325 SC Takada 500 SC-DVA.

Fosetil aluminio (Fosetyl Aluminium)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Alleato 80 WG, Elicit 80 WP, Fosal 80 WP, Fosetal 80 WP, Fosetyl Al 80 WP Phytocare, Fungazim 80 WP, Speed Evofarms 80 WP

Iodine (Yodo) • Acute iodine poisoning is very rare. Large doses can cause significant harm

Yodo

Kasugamicina (Kasugamycin)

• Moderately Toxic: Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Kasugamicin 2.0 SC-DVA, Kasumex 20 SL, Kasugal 20 SL, Mycin Evofarms 2% SL, Pummin SL, Shazugamycin 2% SL.

Mandipropamida (Mandipropamide)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters Revus 250 SC

Metalaxil (Metalaxyl)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton

Axioma 250 EC, Diligent 240 EC, Altair WP (Metalaxil + Oxicloruro de cobre), Zafiro 425 ME (Metalaxil + Propamocarb)

Metconazol (Metconazole)

Caramba 90 SL.

Metil Tolclofos (Tolclofos Methyl)

Rizolex 75 WP

Oxadixil (Oxadixyl)

Anchor WP

Oxicarboxina (Oxycarboxin)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Plantvax 75% WP

Oxicloruro de cobre (Copper oxychloride)

• Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Earthworms • Slightly Toxic: Fish • [Copper hydroxide is very persistent in water,

soil and sediments; and very toxic to aquatic organisms (Pesticide Action Network International (PAN), 2015). Should not be

Oxicloruro de cobre 58.8% WP, Oxicob WP Altair WP: (Oxicloruro de cobre + Metalaxil)

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

used.]

Piraclostrobina (Pyraclostrobin)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Comet EC, Bellis WG: Piraclostrobina + Boscalid), Vivid EC (Fenpropimorf + Piraclostrobin), Regnum EC.

Pirimetanil (Pyrimethanil)

• Slightly Toxic: Bees Bucanero 40 SC, Bullforce 40 SC, Compeer SC, Heroe 100 ME, Patagonia SC, Pirimus 400 SC, Pyrescal 400 SC, Scala 40 SC, Siganex 60 SC.

Polisulfuro de calcio (Calcium polysulfide)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees Polisulfuro de Calcio

Propamocarb (Propamocarb)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish

Promess 722 SL, Propamba N-SL, Proplant SL, Sideral 70 SL, Trepak 722 SL, Yoker SC, Canton 450 SC (Propamocarb+Cimoxanil), Passat 450 SC (Propamocarb+Cimoxanil), Prevalor SL (Propamocarb + Fosetil Aluminio), Zafiro 425 ME (Propamocarb+Metalaxil), Zoom 650 SC (Propamocarb + Dimetomorf)

Sulfato de cobre (Copper sulfate)

• Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Crustaceans • [Copper hydroxide is very persistent in water,

soil and sediments; and very toxic to aquatic organisms (PAN, 2015). Should not be used.]

Sulfato de Cobre Agrofercol

Sulfur • Human health risks include eye, skin and inhalation

• Elemental sulfur is not toxic, but its derivatives are

Agrozul 720 SC, Azuco Líquido, Azufre 720 SC, Bali WP, Elosal 720 SC, Kumulus DF, Micrithiol 80 WG, Polythion SC, Top Sul SC.

Tiram (Thiram)

• Use only at concentrations below 15% • Use only for seed treatment • Included in the Rotterdam Convention • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians • Highly Toxic: Earthworms, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees • In the US and Europe still used in

concentrations below 5%, particularly for seed treatment

Carbovax SC and TS (Thiram + Carboxin), Progro WP (Thiram + Carboxim)

Tebuconazol (Tebuconazole)

• Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Array 200 EC, Comodin 250 EW, Folicur EW 250, Keyzol EC, Quon 250 EC, Riza 25 EW, Sygan

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Evofarms 25 EC, Tacora 25 EW, Tebucoz 25 EC, (Tebuconazol + Azoxistrobina): Azimut 320 SC, Helmstar Duo 360 SC, Imperio SC, Optix 28 SC, Quattro Gold 240 SC, Tebutrobin Vecol 300 SC, Xstratra Gold 240 SC.

Tiabendazol (Thiabendazole)

• Moderately Toxic: Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Martect 20 SL, Martect 500 SC, Sharbendazol 500 SC

Triadimefon (Triadimefon)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians Bayleton EC 250, Rodifon 25 EC, Triadimefon 250 EC-DVA, Trifon 250 EC

Triadimenol (Triadimenol)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish Bayfidan DC 250, Silvacur Combi EC 300: (Triadimenol + Tebuconazol)

Trifloxistrobin (Trifloxystrobin)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish Nativo SC: (Trifloxistrobin+Tebuconazol)

Triforina (Triforine)

• Slightly Toxic: Bees Saprol DC

INSECTICIDES

Aceite mineral refinado (Refined mineral oil)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish (Non-refined mineral oil is considered carcinogenic to humans (PAN, 2015))

Agrarian oil, Horticultural oil, Cottonseed oil and Soybean oil.

Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly to Moderately Toxic: Bees

Cormoran 180 EC: (Acetamiprid +Novaluron)

Amitraz (Amitraz)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton

Amifed 200 EC, Mitac 20 EC,

Acido Bórico (Boric Acid)

• Toxic when ingested • Can cause skin and eye reaction • Prolonged exposure has been linked to illness

Acido Bórico (Borax)

Buprofezin (Buprofezine)

Buprofensh 25 SC, Oportune 25 SC.

Calcium chloride • Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory organs. Harmful if inhaled or swallowed.

Ciromazina (Cyromazine)

• Contaminant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Ciromex Brio GQA 400 SC, Cohete 75 WP, Helgard 75 WP, Trigard 75 WP.

Clofentezin (Clofentecine)

• Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Acaristop SC.

Clorfenapir (Chlorfenapyr)

• Highly Toxic: Bees

Mitipyr 240 SC, Sunfire 24 SC.

Clotianidin (Clothianidin)

• Some products containing this AI are RUPs. • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Dantotsu 50 WG

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 39

TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

• Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees

Deltametrina (Deltamethrin)

• Restricted for use in cotton, some EC products are RUPs due to toxicity to aquatic organisms

• Endocrine disruptor • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms

Decis Fluxx EC, Delta Evofarms 2.5 EC, Deltapoint 2.5 WP, Detrin 2.5 EC, Dinastía EC, Rodelta 2.5 EC.

Diflubenzuron (Diflubenzuron)

• Almost all product formulations are RUPs due to toxicity to aquatic invertebrates; only very limited uses are not RUPs.

• Very Highly Toxic: Freshwater and marine aquatic invertebrates; Zooplankton

• Slightly Toxic: Bees

Corida 480 SC, Difuse 480 SC, Dimilin 28 SC, Helmfluron 240 SC, Sirtak SC.

Dimetoato (Dimethoate)

• Few products are RUPs. • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusks,

Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Agrometox E-40 EC, Danadim Progress 400 EC, Helmtox 400 EC, Roxion 40 EC, Sistoato EC.

Flutriafol (Flutriafol)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters Aspen 500 SC, Flutriafol 250 SC-DVA, Impact 125 SC, Pointer 250 SC. (Flutriafol + Azoxistrobina): Authority 250 SC, Metropol SC, Mixbom 325 SC, Takada 500 SC-DVA.

Imidacloprid (imidacloprid)

• Implicated in possible impacts to bee population (colony collapse disorder), not to be used during flowering stage or when bees are actively foraging

• Imidacloprid is an ingredient in several RUP products especially when combined with other AIs

• Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Appalus 200 SC, Buggy 350 SC, Cigaral 600FS, Cigaral 70 WP, Confidor SC 350, Evoprid 35 SC, Evoprid 600 FS, Gatillo 350 SC, Heloprid 350 SC, Imaprid 350 SC, Imaxi 350 SC, Imidacloprid 350 SC-DVA, Imidacloprid Vecol 350 SC, Inveprid 350 SC, Midalon 350 SC, Picus 600 FS, Protreat 600 FS, Raudo GQA 727 SC, Relevo 350 SC, Sharmidacloprid 600 FS, Tanrek 500 SC (Imidacloprid+Tebuconazol): Ancla FS, Chaman FS, Rizzoprid Vecol 246 FS.

Indoxacarb (Indosacarb)

Avaunt 150 EC, Avaunt 150 SC.

Metilpirimifos (Pyrimiphos methyl)

• Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms, Mollusks

Actellic 50 EC, Arrierafin 2% DP.

Novaluron (Novaluron)

Ponto 100 EC, Rimon 10 EC, Cormoran 180 EC: (Novaluron

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

+Acetamiprid)

Piridaben (Pyridaben)

• Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Sanmite EC.

Sodium hypochlorite

• Disinfectant found in cleaning products such as bleach

• Breathing sodium hypochlorite fumes may cause poisoning, especially if the product is mixed with ammonia.

Hipoclorito de Sodio

Piriproxifen (Pyriproxyfen)

• Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Epingle 10 EC

Spinosad (Spinosad)

• Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Blackhawk WG, Spintor 120 SC, Success GF-120 0.02 CB, Tracer 120 SC.

Sulfluramida (sulfluramide)

• Moderately Toxic: Fish Atta-Kill 3% GB.

Tiametoxam (Thiamethoxam)

• Implicated in possible impacts to bee population (colony collapse disorder), not to be used during flowering stage or when bees are actively foraging. Potential pollutant of underground waters

• Highly Toxic: Bees

Actara 25 WG, Cruiser 350 FS, Helmetoxam 25 WG

Triclorfon • Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians,

Earthworms, Zooplankton

Dipterex SP 80, Profitox 80 SP.

MOLLUSCICIDE

Metaldehido (Metaldehyde)

• Potential pollutant of underground waters Matababosa 7%.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATOR

Ácido giberélico (Gyberellic acid)

Agrogiberelinas WS Agrofercol, Acigib WP and WS.

Tidiazurón (Thidiazuron)

• Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Dropp Avance, Thidiazuron 50 WP-DVA.

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES (Approved with cautionary advice)

Bacillus thuringiensis

• Incident reports in humans: allergic reactions, eye discomfort and breathing problems.

• One report of adverse effects, including reported vomiting, convulsions, collapse and coma in a man who consumed tomatoes sprayed with B. thuringiensis.

B. T Variedad Kurstaki: Dipel WG, Turilab WP, Ecotech Bio WP, Ecotech Pro SE, Baton SC, Bacillus Agrogen WP, Turivec EC, Bak-Tur WP, BT Nova WP, BT Biox WP

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

B. T. Variedad Aizawai Cepa: Agree 50 WP, Xentari WG B.T. Variedad Kurstaki Serotipos 3A, 3B. Jabelin WG, Thuricide HP WG B.T. Variedad Thuringiensis: Bitoxibacillin WP

Bacillus popilliae

• Several tests indicate that spores of B. popilliae are not dangerous to humans. Spores develop into active bacteria at temperatures only lower than human body temperature. As a precaution, users should be advised to avoid inhaling spores and prevent them from coming into contact with open wounds.

B. popilliae: Dutki WP B. popilliae + Metarhizium anisopliae: Anisagro WP.

Bacillus mycoides

• Registered in Colombia • Registration in the United States in process. • Can be used when there is a substantiated

need for this pesticide.

B. mycoides: Biostart WP

Bacillus subtilis

Acute toxicity:

• Oral / pathogenicity: it was not toxic or infectious to rats when a dose of 1.9x108 colony-forming units (CFU)/animal was administered.

• Dermal: a single dose of 2 g (3.6 x 109 CFU) / rabbit was not toxic. Category IV is related to dermal effects.

• Pulmonary toxicity / pathogenicity: It was not infectious or toxic when administered at a dose of 2.84 x 109 CFU.

• Intravenous toxicity / pathogenicity: non-infectious and non-toxic when a dose of 1.8 x 107 CFU was administered.

• Eye irritation: irritation occurred from mild to severe with a dose of 0.1 g, effect disappeared within 7 days after it was administered. It was assigned to category III.0

B. subtilis: Baktillis Mezfer SC, Bactox SL

B. subtilis cepa B-01: Subtikind EC

Metarhizium anisopilae.

Metarhizium anisopliae + B. popilliae: Anisagro WP

Beauveria bassiana

Acute toxicity:

• Oral / pathogenicity: IV; Dermal: III / IV • Pulmonary / pathogenicity: III / IV • Intraperitoneal injection, non-toxic, infectious,

or pathogenic; • Eye irritation: III • Report incidents of hypersensitivity: not

reported

Beauveria bassiana: Botanigard WP, Bovetropico WP, Micosis WP, Basibiol WP, Beauverian-Pro WP, Adral SC, Bassicore SC.

Beauveria bassiana cepa BB 9205: Muscardin WP

Beauveria bassiana cepa BB 004: Konidia SC Micros

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 42

TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Beauveria bassiana cepa BB 005: Cadete SC Micros

Burkholderia cepacia

• Based on several toxicological tests and the warning information provided on labels, it is not expected that the M54 and J82 strains are dangerous to humans. However, further studies are needed to predict which strains of B. cepacia could infect individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease.

Burkholderia cepacia: Brotrycid SL

Trichoderma harzianum

Acute toxicity:

• Oral / pathogenicity: category IV. Additional studies showed a median lethal dose (LD50) of 4 g / kg in rats, assigning category III.

• Acute inhalation: Category IV. It was not infectious or pathogenic.

• Intravenous: Category IV without infectious or pathogenic effects.

• Neither anaphylaxis nor hypersensitivity responses in animals treated with subcutaneous injection were observed.

• Dermal: Category III. Eye irritation: mild irritation was presented 11

Trichoderma harzianum: Tricho D WP, Bioregulax WP, Biofungo WP, Antagon WP, Trichodermus WP, Trichollanos WP, Protector WP, Bioderma WP, Fitobac WP, Trichofus WP, Agroint-T WP, Tribiol WG, Fungigrasp WP, Trichox WP.

Trichoderma harzianum T 39: Trichodex 25 WP

Trichoderma harzianum Cepa DSM 14944: Agroguard WP, Foliguard SC

Trichoderma harzianum Cepa BTH 003: Blinder SC Mycros

Trichoderma harzianum Cepa LCB-TH01: Bio-T SL

Trichoderma koningii

Trichoderma koningii + Trichoderma harzianum: Trichotrópico WP Trichoderma koningii + Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae: Fitotripen WP

Trichoderma lignorum

Trichoderma lignorum: Mycobac WP, Trichogen WP, Trichobiol WP.

Trichoderma viridae

• Toxicological category III (acute oral). • No hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis observed

with various doses of inoculum administered by subcutaneous injection.

Trichoderma koningii + Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae: Fitotripen WP

Trichogramma exiguum

Trichogramma exiguum (Huevos parasitados): Trichogramma Exiguum Inbecol), Trichogramma Bioagro.

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 43

TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Paecilomyces lilacinus

• Acute toxicological classification of the US EPA classifies the AI in category III (oral and dermal) and category IV (dermal and ocular)4

Paecilomyces lilacinus: Biostat WP, Paecilotrópico WP, Nemocrop WP, Safelomyces WP, Nemaroot WP, Huesped SC Mycros, Nemagrip WP.

Paecilomyces lilacinus Cepa DMS 15159: Nemata SC.

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: Successor SC, Sporada SC Mycros. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Cepa BPF 2: Acarex SC.

Phytoseiulus permisilis

Phytoseiulus permisilis: Spidex (Individuos vivos), Acariraptor (Individuos vivos)

Pseudomona fluorescens

• No adverse effects following ingestion of 8.4x1010 CFU / animal three different strains.

• Acute injection (intraperitoneal) showed no significant toxicity or lethality in mice when inoculated with a dose of 2.8x108 CFU / animal.

• It has been concluded that P. fluorescens strain A506 is not toxic or pathogenic to mammals, including children.

Pseudomona fluorescens: Rizofos LS

Pasta de Bordeaux

(Bordeaux Paste)

• Copper sulfate, an ingredient in this paste is Category I “Danger”. Can be corrosive to the skin and eyes.

• Must be used in a manner that minimizes accumulation of copper in the soil. (7 CFR 205.601(i)(2)).

Caldo de Bordeaux

(Bordeaux mix)

• Mixture of copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) 1 kg and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) 1 kg and water 100 liters (1%)

• Copper sulfate is Category I “Danger” • Lime causes skin irritation, can cause eye

damage, can cause lung irritation

Lime + Copper Sulfate

Extracto de Neem - Azadirachtina

• May be irritating to mucous membranes and eyes

Neemazal 1.2 % EC (Azadiractina A y B), Bioneem 20% EC.

Extracto de ortiga (Extracts of nettles)

Palmi-Biol SL

Extracto de Pimientos picantes (Capscicine o Capsaicin)

• Most biological pesticides are US EPA-registered in toxicity category III and IV for all exposure pathways.

Alisin EC, Xplode SL, Hidrolato de Ajo, ají Agrisan SL, CapsiAlil SL, Capsicin Parafinado Agrisan SL,

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TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

Extracto de ajo (Garlic-chili pepper extracts -Garlycin)

Palmi-Biol SL, Alisin EC, Hidrolato de Ajo, Ají Agrisan SL, L’ Ecomix SL, Agrobiológicos del ajo S.A. EC, Xplode SL, Eco A-Z SL,

Extracto de ruda (Rue Extract)

• Contains substances that can cause skin irritation and dermatitis, if handled without precautions in the sun. Gloves should be worn during handling.

• Not registered in the US as a pesticide

Rutinal EC, Palmi-Biol Sl.

Please note that the list of products in the column labeled “Products Available in Colombia” should not be construed as approved or recommended. Any product must undergo additional review in the context of the information in the “Cautionary Advice and Restrictions” column above.

For recommendations for AIs, please see Annex A, Table 12. Selection of specific products must be guided by careful examination of the product label, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), and product registration status with US EPA. If the product is not registered by US EPA, it is necessary to compare the product to those available in the Unite States in order to establish whether it should be approved for general or restricted use.

PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNED

Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use under USAID/Colombia programs. For reference, pesticides listed in the table below (as AIs) were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and US EPA registration status for each are presented in Table 15 in Annex B.

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

HERBICIDES

Acetoclor (Acetochlor) • RUP • Endocrine disruptor • Suggested carcinogen (EPA) • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Ácido cacodílico (Cacodylic acid)

• Group 1: Arsenic and its inorganic compounds are carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2012).

• Not registered in Colombia

Alaclor (Alachlor)

• RUP • Included in the Rotterdam Convention • Endocrine disruptor • Contaminant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Arsenicales • No EPA registration. Arsenic and its inorganic compounds are carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2012)

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 45

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Contaminant of underground waters

Atrazina (Atrazine)

• RUP • Endocrine disruptor (hormonal imbalances induced by atrazine

appear to be significant in the interpretation of possible carcinogenic effects on the mammary gland)

• Contaminant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians Earthworms, Mollusks,

Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Butaclor (Butachlor)

• Not EPA-registered • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Ciclosulfamuron (Cyclosulfamuron)

• No information available • No record in Colombia

Cicloxidim (Cycloxydim)

• Not EPA-registered • No information available • No record in Colombia

Cloridazona (Chloridazon)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Dalapón (Dalapon)

• Not EPA-registered No information available • No record in Colombia

Diflufenican (Diflufenican)

• Not EPA-registered • No information available

Diquat dibromuro (Diquat dibromide)

• Fatal by inhalation and ingestion. • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Earthworms, Crustaceans,

Zooplankton

Diuron (Diuron)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Contaminant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusks

Etofumesato (Ethofumesate)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Fish

Fenmedifam (Phenmedipham)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Fenotiol (MCPA thioethyl)

• Not EPA-registered • No record in Colombia • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians

Fenoxaprop-etil (Fenoxaprop-ethyl)

• Not registered in Colombia (registration canceled) • Obsolete pesticide

Glufosinato-amonio (Glyfosinate ammonium)

• Potential reproductive or developmental toxin • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 46

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

Haloxifop-metil (Haloxyfop-methyl)

• Not EPA-registered • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • No record in Colombia

Ioxinil (Ioxynil)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Lactofén (Lactofen)

• Not registered in Colombia • Moderately Toxic: Fish

MCPA Acido (2-(4-cloro-2-metilfenoxiacético)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians, Mollusks, and Zooplankton

Metobromuron (Metobromuron)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Metribuzina (Metribuzin)

• Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians and Zooplankton

Molinato (Molinate)

• Not registered in Colombia • Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Napropamida (Napropamide)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans

Naptalam (Naptalam)

• Not registered in Colombia

Nitrofeno (Nitrofen)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks, Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Oxadiazón (Oxadiazon)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans

Oxifluorfeno (Oxyfluorfen)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Paraquat dicloruro (Paraquat dichloride)

• RUP • Fatal by inhalation and ingestion (PAN, 2015) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Picloram (Picloram), Picloram

• RUP • Endocrine disruptor

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

potassium salt • Contaminant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton

Piribenzoxima (Pyribenzoxim)

• Not EPA-registered

Pretilaclor (Pretilachlor)

• Not EPA-registered • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Profoxidim (Profoxydim)

• Not EPA-registered • Endocrine Disruptor

Propaclor (Propachlor)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Simazina (Simazine)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Crustaceans

Terbutrina (Terbutryn)

• EPA registration pending • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Trialato (Triallate) • Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very persistent in water, soil and sediments; very toxic to aquatic

organisms • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Trifluralina (Trifluralin) • Endocrine disruptor • Very bioaccumulative • Highly Toxic: Fish, Earthworms • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Mollusks, Crustaceans

FUNGICIDES

Benalaxil (Benalaxyl)

• Not EPA-registered

Benomil (Benomyl)

• Not EPA-registered • Potential reproductive or developmental toxin • Included in the Rotterdam Convention • Moderately Toxic: Bees • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Bromuconazol (Bromuconazole)

• Not registered in Colombia • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Bupirimato (Bupirimate)

• Not EPA-registered

Captafol (Captafol)

• Not EPA-registered • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans • Included in the Rotterdam Convention (IARC) • Not registered in Colombia • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Carbendazim (Carbendazim) methabolite of

• RUP • Potential reproductive or developmental toxin

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

thiophanate-methyl (TM) • Accepted by the US EPA for use on different food crops leading to food

• Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Clorotalonil (Chlorothalonil)

• RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Fatal by inhalation and ingestion (PAN, 2015) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Amphibians • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Mollusks

Clozolinato (Chlozolinate)

• Not EPA-registered

Diclofluanida (Dichlofluanid)

• Not EPA-registered • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Mollusks

Dietofencarb (Diethofencarb)

• Not EPA-registered

Difenilmetano (Diphenylmethane)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Dinobuton (Dinobuton)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Dinocap (Dinocap)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Dodina (Dodine)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Mollusks

Epoxiconazol (Epoxyconazole)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Potential reproductive or developmental toxin

Etridiazol (Etridiazole)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Fenarimol (Fenarimol)

• Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Fenpropidina (Fenpropidin)

• Not EPA-registered

Fentín hidróxido (Fentin hyidroxide)

• Most products are RUPs • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 49

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Fatal by inhalation (PAN, 2015) • Very Highly Toxic: Fish • Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton

Ferbam (Ferbam)

• Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Fludioxonil (Fludioxonil)

• RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Fludioxonil (Fludioxonil)

• RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters (Cianopirrol) • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Flusilazol (Flusilazole)

• Not EPA-registered

Fluxapiroxad (Fluxapyroxad)

• Not EPA-registered

Folpet (Folpet)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Furalaxil (Furalaxyl)

• Not EPA-registered

Hexaconazol (Hexaconazole)

• Not EPA-registered

Hidróxido de cobre (Copper hydroxide)

• Registration with pending requests for cancellation (EPA). • Very persistent water, soil, sediment • Very toxic to aquatic organisms • Very hazardous in case of skin and eye contact, slightly hazardous if

inhaled

Imazalil (Imazalil)

• RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Iprodiona (Iprodione)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Isopirazam (Isopyrazam) • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Pending Registration EPA • Persistent water, soil, sediment; very toxic to aquatic organisms

Isoprotiolano (Isoprothiolane)

• Not EPA-registered • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Kresoxim metil (Kresoxim methyl)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Mancozeb (Mancozeb)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Highly Toxic: Amphibians • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Maneb (Maneb)

• Not registered in Colombia • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Metam sódico Metam-sodium

• Most products are RUPs • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Metil tiofanato Methyl thiophanate

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Metiram (Metiram)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Miclobutanil (Myclobutanil)

• Not EPA-registered • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Nuarimol (Nuarimol)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Ofurace (Ofurace)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Pencicurón (Pencycuron)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Fish

Penconazol (Penconazole)

• Not EPA-registered

Pentacloronitrobenceno (Pentachloronitrobenzene)

• Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Pirazofos (Pyrazophos)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Pirifenox (Pyrifenox)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Procimidona (Procymidone)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA)

Procloraz (Prochloraz)

• Not EPA-registered • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

Propiconazol (Propiconazole)

• Several products are RUPs • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans

Propineb (Propineb)

• Not EPA-registered • No products registered in the United States

Tetraconazol (Tetraconazole)

• RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Triciclazol (Tricyclazole) • Not EPA-registered • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Tridemorf (Tridemorph) • No registered products in the US • Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin

Vinclozolina (Vinclozolin) • Not registered in Colombia • Possible carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Potential reproductive or developmental toxin • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Zineb (Zineb)

• Not EPA-registered • Endocrine disruptor • Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Ziram (Ziram)

• Fatal by inhalation (PAN, 2015) • Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton • No information EPA

INSECTICIDES

Abamectina; (mezcla avermectina B1A, B1B) (Abamectin)

• Most products are RUP • Insecticide, acaricide produced by soil microorganisms (Streptomyces

avermitilis). • It is incompatible with many commonly used pesticides. • It should be handled by experts in biological pesticides. • Fatal by inhalation • Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Acefato (Acephate)

• Possibly carcinogenic (EPA) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees

Aldicarb (Aldicarb)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton

Aldrin (Aldrin)

• Not EPA-registered • Chemical included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Obsolete pesticide • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk • Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Benfuracarb (Benfuracarb)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Bifentrin (Bifenthrin)

• RUP • Endocrine Disruptor • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Bromuro de metilo (Methyl bromide)

• RUP • Included in the Montreal Protocol: it damages the ozone layer • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Cadusafos (Cadusafos)

• WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Contaminant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Fish • Highly Toxic: Bees

Carbaril (Carbaryl)

• RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms, Crustaceans,

Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Carbofuran (Carbofuran)

• Registration canceled in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Fatal by inhalation • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms, Mollusk, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Carbosulfan (Carbosulfan)

• Not EPA-registered • Fatal by inhalation • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Cartap (Cartap)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk • Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Ciflutrina (Cyfluthrin)

• RUP • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Clordimeform (Chlordimeform)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 53

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Obsolete pesticide • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusk

Clorfenvinfos (Chlorfenvinphos)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Clorflluazuron (Chlorfluazuron)

• Not EPA-registered • Very bioaccumulative • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans, Aquatic Insects,

Zooplankton

Clorpirifos (Chlorpyrifos)

• RUP • Very Highly Toxic: Earthworms, Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk, Zooplankton

Cypermethrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin, and Zeta-Cypermethrin

• Most products are RUP

Dasanit (Fensulfotion) (Fensulfothion)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

DDT • Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Endocrine disruptor • Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Diafentiuron (Diafenthiouron)

• Not EPA-registered • Highly Toxic: Bees

Diazinon (Diazinon)

• Some products are RUP • Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Aquatic Insects • Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Dibromocloropropano (DBCP)

• Not EPA-registered • Obsolete pesticide • Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC) • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Contaminant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk

Dicloropropeno (Dichloropropene)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Contaminant of underground waters • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Diclorvos (Dichlorvos)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC) • Fatal by inhalation • Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk

Dicofol (Dicofol)

• Not registered in Colombia • Highly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Dicrotofos (Dicrotophos)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Dieldrin (Dieldrion)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Contaminant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk

Dienoclor (Dienochlor)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk

Dodecacloropentaciclodecano (Dodecachloropentacyclodecane)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Emamectina benzoato (Emamectin benzoate)

• Most products are RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Endosulfan (Endosulfan)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • Included in the Rotterdam Convention • Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention • Fatal by inhalation • Very Highly Toxic: Fish • Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk,

Zooplankton

Endrín (Endrin)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Earthworms

Esfenvalerato (Esfenvalerate)

• RUP • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusk, Zooplankton

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Highly Toxic: Bees

Etiofencarb (Ethiofencarb)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Etión (Ethion)

• Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Bees • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Etofenprox (Ethofenprox)

• Persistent water, soil, sediment; very toxic to aquatic organisms • Highly Toxic: Bees

Etoprofos (Ethoprop)

• RUP • WHO: 1a = Extremely hazardous • Likely Carcinogen (EPA) • Fatal by inhalation • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish, Bees • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Fenamifos (Fenamiphos)

• WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Fatal by inhalation • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton

Fenbutatina óxido (Fenbutatin oxide)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • Fatal by inhalation • Very persistent water, soil, sediments • Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Fenitrotion (Fenitrothion)

• Endocrine disruptor • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk

Fenpiroximato (Fenpyroximate)

• Not registered in Colombia • Highly toxic by inhalation

Fenpropatrin (Fenpropathrin)

• RUP • Fatal by inhalation • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans, Aquatic Insects • Highly Toxic: Bees

Fentión (Fenthion)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees, Mollusk, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Fish

Fipronil (Fipronil)

• RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Flucitrinato • Not EPA-registered

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

(Flucythrinate) • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Flufenoxuron (Flufenoxuron)

• Very bioaccumulative • Very toxic to aquatic organisms

Fluoruro de sulfurilo (Sulfphuryl fluoride)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia

Fonofos (Fonofos)

• Obsolete pesticide • Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Bees

Forato (Phorate)

• RUP • WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous • Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Formetanato (Formetanate)

• RUP • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Fosalona (Phosalone)

• Not registered in Colombia • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans • Moderately Toxic: Mollusk

Fosfamidon (Phosphamidon)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Fosfuro de aluminio (Aluminium phospide)

• RUP • Fatal by inhalation • Highly Toxic: Bees

Foxim (Phoxim)

• Obsolete pesticide • Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish

Furatiocarb (Furathiocarb)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Gamma cihalotrina (Cyhalothrin gamma)

• RUP • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Heptaclor (Heptachlor)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

• Obsolete pesticide • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk

Heptenofos (Heptenophos)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Highly Toxic: Bees

Hexitiazox (Hexythiazox)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA)

Isazofos (Isazofos)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide • Potential pollutant of underground waters

Isofenfos (Isofenphos)

• Not registered in Colombia • Obsolete pesticide

Lambda cihalotrina (Cyhalothrin lambda)

• Most products are RUP • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Lindano (Lindane)

• Not registered in Colombia • Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention and Included in the

Rotterdam Convention • Endocrine disruptor • Highly Toxic: Bees

Lufenuron (Lufenuron)

• WHO: Unlisted • Very bioaccumulative • Very toxic to aquatic organisms

Malatión (Malathion)

• RUP • Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC- 2015) • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Mefosfolan (Mephosfolan)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Metafllumizona (Metaflumizone)

• Not EPA-registered • WHO: Unlisted

Metamidofos (Methamidophos)

• Registration canceled in Colombia • WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous • Fatal by inhalation • Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Metilparatión (Methyl parathion)

• RUP • Registration canceled in Colombia • WHO: 1A= Extremely hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms, Zooplankton

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

Metiocarb (Methiocarb)

• RUP • WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Metomil (Methomyl)

• RUP • WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk

Metoxiclor (Methoxychlor)

• Not registered in Colombia • Organochlorine pesticide • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms • Moderately Toxic: Mollusk • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Monocrotofos (Monocrotophos)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Fatal by inhalation • Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Naled (Naled)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Oxamil (Oxamyl)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Oxidemeton metil (Oxydemeton methyl)

• Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees • Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Fish

Oxitioquinox (Oxythioquinox)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Permetrina (Permethrin)

• RUP due to toxicity to aquatic organisms • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians • Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk

Piridifentión • Not EPA-registered

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

(Pyridiphenthion) • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: Unlisted • Highly Toxic: Bees

Pirimicarb (Pirimicarb)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very persistent water, soil, sediments • Very toxic to aquatic organisms • Moderately Toxic: Bees • Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Profenofos (Profenofos)

• RUP • Very Highly Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans • Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees • Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton

Propargita (Propargite) • RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very bioaccumulative • Very toxic to aquatic organisms • Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Bees

Spinetoram (Spinetoram)

• RUP • Potential pollutant of underground waters • Highly Toxic: Bees

Spirodiclofen (Spirodiclofen)

• Likely carcinogen (EPA) • WHO: Unlisted

Sulfotep (Sulfotep)

• Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Sulfoxaflor (Sulfoxaflor)

• Registration canceled by EPA No registered products in the US • WHO: Unlisted • Highly Toxic: Bees

Tau-fluvalinato (Tau-fluvalinate)

• Record sales in 1994. the product was not found

Tebufenpirad (Tebufenpyrad)

• Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton

Teflubenzuron (Teflubenzuron)

• Not EPA-registered

Teflutrin (Tefluthrin)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Earthworms, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Terbufos (Terbufos)

• RUP • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Bees

Tetradifon (Tetradifon)

• Not EPA-registered • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton • Slightly Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

Tiociclam oxalato ácido (Thiocyclam oxalate hydrogen)

• Not EPA-registered

Tiodicarb (Thiodicarb)

• RUP • Likely carcinogen (EPA) • Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Crustaceans, Zooplankton • Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusk

Tralometrina (Tralomethrin)

• Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton • Highly Toxic: Bees

Triazofos (Triazophos) • Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Triflumuron (Triflumuron)

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia • Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Zeta-cypermethrin • Most products are RUPs Bacillus megaterium

• No active products in the US • Registered in Colombia

Baculovirus phthorimaea • Registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Baculovirus spodopterae

• Not EPA-registered • Not registered in Colombia

Steinernema carpocapsae

• Not EPA-registered. • Not registered in Colombia

Verticillium lecanii • No active products in the US • Registered in Colombia

Trichogramma spp. • Registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Trichogramma exiguum

• Registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Trichoderma pseudokinigii

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Verticillium chlamydosporium

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Penicillium funiculosum

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Feltiella acarisuga

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Amblyseius

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Arthrobotrys irregularis

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

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TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTION

Cyrtopeltis tenuis

• Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

Eretmocerus • Not registered in Colombia • EPA: No information available

These pesticides are not authorized by the Rotterdam Convention, the Stockholm Convention, nor the Montreal Protocol. Please see Table 4 and Table 5.

5.3 SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

In summary, the mandatory mitigation measures and restrictions that apply to the above-listed pesticides are as follows:

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with USAID funds in USAID/Colombia activities. These pesticides are enumerated in Table 6 above. (Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all AIs are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.

D. Projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. USAID requires that all appropriate PPE for the particular product formulation be utilized, and when necessary, provide PPE. Further, all beneficiaries must receive proper training in pesticide use.

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

These conditions are in addition to those described in the list of approved pesticides above. They have been synthesized from the PER analysis and are detailed in the SUAP template (see Section 5.4). In Colombia, rather than completing the SUAP in section 5.4, each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit an environmental management plan (EMP) based on the SUAP template via the MONITOR system, informing the AOR/COR and MEO 30 days before the implementation of the activity and updating the EMP annually. If for some reason the MONITOR system is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template in Section 5.4. The template may also be used on an ongoing basis to track implementation.

With respect to pesticides, completing the EMP in the MONITOR system satisfies the requirement for an EMP. The project EMP should simply incorporate the pesticide EMP in the MONITOR system by reference.

The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.

Low-risk AIs not requiring approval under this PERSUAP. Note that some particularly low-risk AIs are exempt from regulation under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and therefore can be used by implementing partners without approval via this PERSUAP. These are listed at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015-12-15.pdf. (A list of pesticide inert ingredients that are exempt from FIFRA is available at: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/section25b_inerts.pdf.)

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TABLE 8. IPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENTS AND RELEVANT RESOURCES

IPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENT KEY RESOURCES PROVIDED

Pesticide recommendations and use must be governed by a set of crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (IPs are responsible for developing these plans.)

ANNEX A: sets out crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest chemical and non-chemical management methods recommended by this PERSUAP. The pests and control methods table for each crop is intended to serve as a rough draft for a crop-specific pest management plan. ANNEX B: provides toxicology information for each approved active ingredient, including human acute toxicities and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well as potential eco-toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms. This information is summarized in Table 15.

Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.

ANNEX C: Mandatory Elements of Pesticide Safe Use Training provides significant discussion of safe use training elements.

Projects must require use and maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices.

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5.4 PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER

2017 USAID/Colombia Programmatic PERSUAP Must be submitted to AOR/COR by Specified Date: and annually updated thereafter.

TABLE 9. PERSUAP COMPLIANCE TRACKER—PART 1

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:

Prime Contractor Initial Submission

Project Annual Update #1

Pesticide Compliance Lead & Contact Information

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest Management Needs on Project

Annual Update #3

Note: Pesticide “support” is the use of USAID funds to purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; and enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2017 USAID/COLOMBIA PROGRAMMATIC PERSUAP

Immediately

Inventory pesticides being supported and ensure NO SUPPORT for Class I chemicals.

(insert extra rows if needed)

Ensure that Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs), as classified by US EPA, can only be used by or under supervision of a pesticide applicator trained in safe use.

Distribute copies of the list of allowed active ingredients (AIs) with matching commercial product names to all project field extension staff and advise regarding the deadline for compliance (below).

As soon as possible but not later than [Insert Date]

Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES APPROVED BY PERSUAP.

Continue verification throughout life-of-project.

Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted integrated pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. For agricultural activities, these will be crop-and-pest specific.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

By [Insert Date]

Starting from the information in PERSUAP Annex A and drawing on PERSUAP Annex B, adopt/develop crop- and pest-specific integrated pest management plans (IPMPs).

For chemical controls, IPMPs must include the use restrictions specified in Table 9 or from the Environmental Management Plan generated by MONITOR

Translate IPMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters to help farmers anticipate and manage pests.

By [Insert Date]

Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries on IPMPs.

Provide refresher training annually.

From [Insert Date]

Require and enforce IPMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide use.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be IPMP-based.

Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is less than complete, promote and support IPMPs to the greatest practicable extent.

Ongoing over Life of Project

Modify IPMPs over life of project based on ground-truthing/field experience.

For all target activities, appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.

Ensure availability of product label and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). For all products that will be in use, the project personnel must obtain and review the product label and MSDS to ensure that pesticide users are aware of potential hazards and are undertaking all measures to minimize risks to human health and safety and to the environment.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for procurement and use of seed treated with pesticides, training in handling dressed seed is provided.

Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff and beneficiaries, including at least annual refresher training.

Develop or source curricula conforming to required training elements specified in Annex C.

Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months (or timeframe agreed upon by the Mission and IP).

All projects must require use and maintenance of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.

If carbonate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, follow procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

Implement/observe core risk mitigation measures (PPE and other precautions) identified on the pesticide label and Table 9 or the Environmental Management Plan generated by MONITOR

Where control is less complete, take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures.

Whenever providing, supporting or recommending pesticides for use, assure that appropriate PPE is available and require its use.

Whenever directly using, procuring or supplying pesticides, assure that quality application equipment is available and local capacity for application is available and maintained.

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

Projects must follow safety restrictions and precautions for all target activities

People who are not wearing PPE should not enter pesticide-treated areas during restricted entry intervals (REIs) to perform tasks that involve contact with pesticide treated surfaces. Each pesticide label specifies a REI, usually ranging from 12 to 72 hours.

Warning signs should be posted to warn people in advance about pesticide application and REI.

Products that are suspected to have potential to cause harm to unborn children will not be handled and applied by pregnant women. Pregnant women should not enter treated areas during application and REI.

Pre-harvest interval is the time required between the last application of pesticides and the safe harvesting of edible crops for immediate consumption. Farmers will be trained about the importance of adhering to the pre-harvest interval stated on the label to ensure no chemical residues are found on harvested crops.

Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.

Pesticide efficacy in demonstration must be evaluated.

Any evidence of pesticide resistance development must be tracked

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TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

and reported.

Flow-down requirements

Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide use.

Pesticide registration status in Colombia and US EPA must be updated yearly.

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REFERENCES AND RESOURCES Bedoya, Mauricio. 2010. “Capitulo cuatro: Vulnerabilidad.” Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio. UNDP Colombia. Climático. http://www.pnud.org.co//img_upload/36353463616361636163616361636163/2%C2%AA_Comunicaci%C3%B3n_Cap_4.pdf

Cajamarca, Juliana Rodríguez. 2015. “Capitulo uno: Circunstancias nacionales.” Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización de Colombia ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático IDEAM and PUND. Bogota, Colombia. http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/023423/PrimerInformeBienal.pdf

Comunidad Andina. 1998. Decision 436: Norma Andina para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Quimicos de Uso Agricola. http://intranet.comunidadandina.org/Documentos/decisiones/dec436.doc

Comunidad Andina. 1998. Resolucion 630: Manual Tecnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Quimicos de Uso Agricola. http://intranet.comunidadandina.org/Documentos/resoluciones/RESo630.doc

Cornell University Cooperative Extension. 2012. Agricultural Spray Adjuvants. http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/gen-peapp-adjuvants.aspx

CropLife. 2011. Activities and Projects: Safe Use Training: Training Brochures. http://www.croplifeafrica.org/?module=pages&method=view&conf[page]=website_activities_safe_use_training&conf[id]=49

Environmental Protection Index. 2016. Pesticide Regulation Scorecard. http://epi.yale.edu/node/11955

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Código Internacional de Conducta para el Manejo de Plaguicidas. Junio de 2013.

FAO and WHO. 2016.Codex alimentarius: Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/pesticides/en/

Gardner, R. Cornell University: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Pesticide Environmental Stewardship. Monitoring. http://pesticidestewardship.org/ipm/Pages/Monitoring.aspx

Gour, M. 2013. Effects of Modern Agriculture: Fertilizer, Pesticide Problems, Water Logging and Salinity. http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.co.il/2013/10/effects-of-modern-agriculture.html

Gómez, Ignacio. Sanclemente, Gloria. Navarrete, Fabián. Laborde, Ramón. Vieira, Simón. (March 2014.) USAID/Colombia’s 2014-2018 118/119 Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment. http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119LAC/Colombia%20FAA%20118%20119%20FB%20Assessment%20April%202014.pdf

ICA. Registro y Control de Plaguicidas e insumos en Colombia http://www.ica.gov.co/Areas/Agricola/Servicios/Regulacion-y-Control-de-Plaguicidas-Quimicos.aspx

http://www.ica.gov.co/getdoc/d3612ebf-a5a6-4702-8d4b-8427c1cdaeb1/REGISTROS-NACIONALES-PQUA.aspx

IDEAM y MinAmbiente. 2014. Estudio Nacional del Agua. Bogotá, D. C., 2014. 496 páginas. ISBN: 978-958-8067-70-4. https://www.finagro.com.co/sites/default/files/estudio_nacional_del_agua_-ideam-.pdf

Infonet. 2016. IPM – Plant Health Major Pests. www.infonet-biovision.org

IPCS. 2009. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 72

Ludeña, Carlos E.; Ordóñez, Daniel A (ed), 2015. Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia: recurso hídrico. Inter-american Development Bank at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7218#sthash.gdQcee2m.dpuf

MADS (Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development). 2013. ‘Plan Estratégico Nacional del Mercurio en la MAAPE’, Internal Document, MADS, Bogotá.

Meyer, JR. 2006. Chapter 18: Insects as pests. NC State University. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/pestintro.html

Michigan State University. 2002. Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual. http://www.stewartfarm.org/phragmites/pdf/coremanual.pdf

Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. NTP 465: Sustancias carcinogénicas: Criterios para su clasificación.

New Mexico State University. 2014. Environmental Health and Safety. http://safety.nmsu.edu/programs/chem_safety/NFPA-ratingJ-R.htm

North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension. 2016. Integrated Pest Management. https://ipm.ces.ncsu.edu/

Northeastern University. 2016. NFPA Hazard Rating System. http://www.ehs.neu.edu/laboratory_safety/general_information/nfpa_hazard_rating/

Ohio Department of Agriculture: Plant Health- Pesticide and Fertilizer Section. 2016. Restricted Use Chemicals by Product Name. http://www.agri.ohio.gov/apps/Restricted_Products_Rpt/default.aspx

Oregon State University. 2011. National Pesticide Information Center. http://npic.orst.edu/npicfact.htm

Pareja, M. 2003. Colombia Alternative Development Project PERSUAP. Chemonics International, Inc. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx490.pdf

Pesticide Action Network International (PAN). International List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides. June 2014. PAN North America. http://pesticideinfo.org/Search_Chemicals.jsp

World Bank. 2015. COLOMBIA Systematic Country Diagnostic June 22, 2015.

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ANNEX A: PESTS AND DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS, AND AVAILABLE AND RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHODS This Annex details the primary pests of all target crops on a crop-by-crop basis, available non-chemical control methods, and recommended chemical controls, where these are necessary. As such, this Annex contains both information compiled as input to the PER analysis (pests of target crops), and outputs of that analysis (available non-chemical controls, recommended chemical controls.)

The pest-control method matrices provided for each target crop are intended to serve as the basis for the crop- and pest-specific Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) required by the SUAP. This Annex is generated mostly from desk research. USAID/Colombia agriculture sector target crops listed below are profiled in this Annex.

TABLE 11. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP

FRUIT • Avocado • Lulo • Mango • Papaya (palm-like) • Pineapple • Soursop

CITRUS FRUIT • Lemon • Orange • Tangerine

PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS • Banana and plantain • Pitaya (dragon fruit) • Plantain • Sugar cane (for panela, not

for sugar)

TREE/SHRUB PLANTATIONS • Coffee • Cacao • Rubber

PALM TREE PLANTATIONS • Açai (naidi, murrapo) • Chontaduro (peach palm) • Coconut

FOREST TREE PLANTATIONS • Acacia (Acacia mangium) • Other forest trees

PASSIFLORA (VINES/SHRUBS) • Curuba (passion fruit) • Granadilla • Narangilla • Passion fruit (maracuyá),

Gulupa

BERRIES • Blackberries • Blueberries

VEGETABLES • Asparagus (Asparagaceae) • Bell peppers • Chili peppers/ bell pepper/ • Onion and scallion (Allium

vegetables) • Tomato

ROOT VEGETABLES • Beets • Cassava • Yam/sweet potato

CUCURBITS • Cucumber • Melon • Pumpkin • Squash • Watermelon • Zucchini

LEGUMES • Beans • Peas

GRAIN • Corn • Quinoa • Rice

MEDICINAL PLANTS, SPICES AND HERBS

• Achiote (annato) • Anamú (Petiveria alliacea) • Black pepper • Castor oil • Curcuma (turmeric) • Lemon grass • Ginger • Rue (Ruta graveolens) • Stevia • Vetiver

FLOWERS, EDIBLE AND DECORATIVE

• Heliconia and other flower Species

MUSHROOMS TROPICAL PASTURE

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

ACACIA (Acacia mangium) See forest species below.

AÇAI (Naidi, Murrapo) See palm cultivation below.

ACHIOTE (Annato) The achiote is a small evergreen tree that grows in tropical America and has heart-shaped leaves and white or pink flowers; seeds of the annatto tree. It requires strict cultural practices to control pests hosted in weeds.

Leaf-footed bug (Chinche patas de hoja, Leptoglosus zonatus)

Cultural: • Chiggers may be controlled

manually without the use of pesticides.

• Track colonies and physically destroy them.

• Avoid sowing near pipan, tomato, peppers, corn, “maicillo” or cashew.

Cipermetrina

Ants (Atta sp.)

Borer Ant (El Perforador de la cápsula)

Milgithea melanoleuca

Red Spider Tetranychus sp.

Red striped thrip (Thrips de banda roja) (Selenotrips rubrocinctus) Girad

Termite (Hetotermes convexinotatus Zinder)

Cultural: • Remove all wood debris from the

cultivated lots. • Use of wood stakes not

recommended during establishment.

• Keep the grafts or patterns clear of dust, dirt, or mud.

• Also, periodic inspections marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

• Place traps baited with soft wood at the edge of the lots or between the trees.

Chemical: • Granular insecticides applied at

TABLE 12. CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

the base of the trees and in the area of clearing around the base of the plant.

Anthracnose (La Antracnosis) (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides Penz)

Cultural: • Prune and destroy affected

branches and stems. • Good aeration (weeding and

clearing around the base of the plant) within the crop.

• Good fertilization. Chemical: Alternated application of fungicides.

Captan

Powder mildew (Mildiú polvoriento) (Oidium bixae Viegas):

Chemical: Application of product. Sulfur-based fungicides

Die back (Muerte regresiva o descendente)

Pestalotia sp., Verticillium sp

ASPARAGUS

(Asparagus officinalis)

The biology, extent of cultivation, and careful nutritional and phyto-sanitary management of asparagus clearly distinguish it from other vegetable crops. Unbalanced or sub-optimal fertilization results in thin, light stems, poor coloration, and torpid growth—i.e. a poor economic harvest. Over-fertilization, on the other hand, affects the tenderness and stem color and makes the crop more vulnerable to pests. Asparagus requires abundant watering, whether by rainfall or artificial means, and does well in lots with good drainage. It tolerates higher salt levels than other species, but it will not grow well in soils that are deficient in organic matter.

Fusariosis (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: • Good drainage of the soil. • Avoid flooding of the soil. • Use new soil when establishing a

new crop. • Avoid soil that is rich in clay and

not very permeable. • Disinfect vegetable material. • Eliminate the post-harvest

remnants. • Ensure the calcium/magnesium

ratio is well balanced.

Chemical: Treatment of the roots.

Captan Copper oxychloride

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Cercospora sp. Cultural: Remove pruned plant material far from the crop.

Rust Disease

(Puccinia sp.)

Cultural: • Burn all affected remnants. • Do not bury affected material as

this may create new focal points of infection.

• Utilize a localized watering system and avoid flooding the field so that the water does not act as a vector for the disease.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Sulfur Difenoconazole Tebuconazole

Nematodes Biological: Antagonistic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Diseases

Rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid planting in contaminated

soil or soil that was previously used to cultivate carrot, beet, alfalfa, potato, others.

• Disinfect farming implements. • Isolate affected plants.

Captan

Chiza or Mojojoy (Phyllophaga sp.) Biological: Metarhizium sp. Metarhizium spp.

Leaf Cutting Ants (Atta sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis Chemical: Bait poisoned with insecticide.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Sucking Chiggers (Frankinella sp.) Physical: Soak the yellow stripes with oil.

Edgeless Worm or Antenna worm (Scutigerella sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate the dry stems of the previous crop, since these may serve as shelter for the pest.

Weeds

Various sp. Cultural: • Good preparation of the soil. • Manual control of weeds.

AVOCADO

(Persea americana)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Fruit and seed worms (Stenoma sp., lepidopteran and Heilipus sp., coleopteran)

Cultural: • Collect and bury any fruit (both

fallen and still on the stem) showing perforations.

• Good fertilization. • Pruning. • Weed control. Chemical: • Spraying of pyrethroid

insecticides. • Spraying should be suspended

twenty-two days before harvesting.

Deltametrin Dimethoate

Stem worms (Copturonimus sp.coleopteran) Trachyderes sp. coleopteran, Xyleborussp. coleopteran

Cultural: • Pruning below the damaged area. • Pruning and burning of the

damaged branches. • Surgical repair and applying of

healing agents if the damage is centered in the main stem.

• In small gardens the larvae can be eliminated one by one as they leave their holes.

• Nail iron tacks or nails into the main trunk.

• Whitewash the trunks and remove any flowers or fruit from the affected branches.

Bordeaux paste

Leaf-rolling Worm (Platynota sp.) lepidopteran

Cultural: Uproot and destroy desiccated leaf packets. Chemical: Chemical control is difficult. Product rotation as a control measure against White Flies.

Basket worm (Oiketicus sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis

Marceños or Holy Week Beetles (Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Light traps, during afternoon/evening hours.

Avocado Thrip (Heliothrips sp.) Dimethoate

Arragre Bugs or Congo bee (Trigona sp.)

Preventative: Eradication of nests. Chemical: Spraying atomized insecticides over the fruit and leaves, adding molasses or honey to attract

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

bees.

Fruit Perforator (Stenomema sp.)

Cultural: Collect, destroy, and burn fallen leaves. Chemical: application of insecticides is not suggested.

Mites (Eriophyes sp., Oligonychus sp., Tetranychus sp.)

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis Chemical: Acaricides

Bacillus thuringiensis Sulfur

Diseases

Root rot or withering of the avocado, Sadness or Ink Disease (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Plantation must be located in

well-drained terrain. • Installation of artificial drains to

avoid stagnant waters. • Disinfect the soil. • Avoid planting avocado nearby

crops susceptible to fungi (citruses, apple).

• Do not plant in areas where previous crops have fallen prey to this pest.

• Uproot dead or dying trees, burning them on the spot to avoid transporting infected soil particles to uninfected areas.

• Avoid use of tools during clearing around the base of the plant to avoid damage to the root system.

• Regulate humidity in the drainage channels or during fertilizations using organic material.

• Restrict the entry of people and animals into the crop area.

Genetic: Selection of genetically resistant germplasm. Chemical: Fungicide applications to sick trees have not yielded satisfactory results.

Metalaxyl Cymoxanil

Black stain (Cercospora sp.), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning. • Weed control. • Good distancing of trees from

one another. • Good humidity control.

Copper oxychloride, Copper sulfate, Azoxystrobin

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: Spraying of copper-based fungicides.

Branch withering (Verticillium sp.)

Grit (Oidium disease sp.) Chemical: Sulfur based.

Sulfur

Fusariosis (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: • Destroy old, decaying stems. • Avoid accumulation of soil and

organic material over the stem base.

• Avoid any kind of damage to the stems and roots.

• Eradicate and burn dead trees on the spot.

• Ensure the terrain is well-drained.

Chemical: Disinfect the holes.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Weeds

Various species Mechanical: Manual control.

Nicosulfuron

BANANA AND PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiaca, Musa sp.)

Two major pests are sigatoka and Panama pest. The IPM of this crop includes preventative measures, focused on elimination or reduction of pests once they invade.

Moko ormaduraviche (Ralstonia sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate sick plants and sow

healthy stems. • Weeding. • Ensure good drainage. • Disinfect tools (formalin,

Vanodine). Genetic: There are resistant varieties.

Bacteriosisor “watery rot” of the pseudo-stem (Erwinia sp.)

Cultural: eliminate sick plants, apply agricultural lime, disinfect tools, and use healthy seeds.

Sodium hypochlorite

Star Sore

(Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate sick plants. • Inter-planted crops (coffee, shade

trees,

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

etc.). • Solarization. • Apply agricultural lime • Use healthy seeds. • Prevent cutting and sprouting of

trees.

Elephantiasis (still not identified)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. • Eliminate sick plants. • Apply agricultural lime. •

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Panama pest (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Black Sigatoka and Yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella sp.)

Cultural: • Monthly sanitary trimming

burning of affected plants >50% and timely drainage.

• Good fertilization. • Use ash in water. • Weed control. • Ensure adequate distancing. • Utilize agroforestry arrangements

as a physical barrier to the pathogen.

Genetic: Resistant varieties are available. Chemical: Alternate between systematic and protective measures so as to avoid aggravating the disease.

Azoxystrobin, Difenoconazole

Cordana Stain (Cordana sp.) Cultural: • Good agronomical management. • It affects lower leaves. Normally,

this does not produce a significant economic impact.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Banana Strike Virus(BSV)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. • Weed control.

Cigar pest (Tachisphaeras sp., Verticillium sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate flowering portions after

branch formation has begun. Chemical-physical: • Cover with pesticide treated

sacks.

Copper Products, Thiabendazole

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Crown rot

(Fusarium sp., Botrydiplodia sp.)

Cultural: • Adequate fertilization. • Avoid potassium deficiencies. Chemical: Immersion of bananas in solution.

Thiabendazole Azoxystrobin Copper chloride + Metalaxyl

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: • Phytosanitary practices

Eliminate sick plants. Sow healthy plants. Weeding. Drainage. Disinfect tools.

Nematodes Worm (Radopholus sp.) Gill Former (Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. • Adequate fertilization with

organic material. Biological: Entomopathogenic funguses.

Black Chigger (Cosmopolites sp.) Cultural: • Clearing. • Good quality seeds. • Fertilization. • Weed control. Mechanical: • Traps made with harvest

remnants. • Constant monitoring. Biological: • Beauveria bassiana. • Metarhizium anisopilae. Chemical: Baited traps.

Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Arthropods

Screw Worm (Castnia sp.) Cultural: • Clearing around the base of the

plant. • Clean base of pseudo-stem. • Sow healthy plants. • Eradicate affected plants. • Disinfect affected areas. • Good seed selection. • Seeds should come from healthy

plantations, • Good seed preparation. • Good disinfection. • Good weed control. • Build Jackson traps to capture

adult specimens.

Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis. Chemical: • Apply before the larvae enter the

pseudo-stem. • Use bait to attract the pest. •

Red Spider mite (Tetranychus sp.) Biological: • Bacillus thuringiensis. • Abundant beneficent fauna:

spiders; Stethorus sp., Oligota sp. (predators)

Chemical: Trichlorfon.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Amitraz

Basket worm (Oyketicus sp.) Biological: • Psychidosmicra sp. • Iphiaulax sp. • Spilochalcis sp. • Eurytoma sp. (larva parasites). • Beauveria bassiana

Beauveria bassiana

Fuzzy leaf worm Cultural: • Good crop management:

Fertilization. Drainage.

Biological: • Elachertus sp. • Trichogramma exiguum

(parasitoids). • Lizards, spiders and frogs

(predators). Biological: • Elachertus sp. • Trichogramma exiguum

(parasitoids). • Lizards, spiders and frogs

(predators).

Trichogramma exiguum

Cabrito Worm (Opsiphanes sp., Caligo sp.)

Cultural: • Eradicate pupae and larvae. • Pruning and removal of leaves. Biological: • Good natural control. • Protect natural enemies of the

worm.

Fruit scarring beetles (Colaspis sp.) & Mapairero or angel bee or short hair bee (Trigona sp.)

Cultural: • Take samples of pupae and larvae. • Weed control. • Adequate fertilization. • Good drainage.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Collection of branches that are at the flowering or sprouting stage.

Biological: • Frogs, lizards. • Predators.

Striped Chigger and Yellow Chigger (Metamasius sp.)

Cultural: • Unharmed seeds. • Banana pseudo-stem traps. Micobiological: Beauveria bassiana. Chemical: Not suggested.

Beauveria bassiana

Saddle Worm Biological: • Apply good natural control. • Protect natural enemies of the

worm.

Weeds

Various Manual: • Use machete or scythe, taking

care not to cut the roots, which are very shallow.

• Manual clearing around the base of the plant around the plants.

• Cultural: • Uniform distribution of the

shoots and post-harvest remnants over the cropping area.

• Vegetable covering (legumes). • Overgrazing. • Tillage.

Ametryne

BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) To prevent bean plants from deteriorating because of pest and disease infestations, an integrated management of the different types of control methods should be employed; this consists of various coordinated tasks or practices performed in a timely manner according to crop conditions to prevent or minimize pest and disease infestations.

Common Añublo, Common bacteriosis (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Use seeds that are not affected by

the pathogen. • Removal and elimination of post

harvest bean remnants. • Rotate with crops that do not

Bordeaux mixture Copper mixture Copper oxychloride

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

shelter the bacteria (cereals, vegetables).

• Plough thoroughly. Chemical: Protect the seeds or foliage.

Macrophomina Rot (Macrophomina sp.)

Cultural: • Adequate soil humidity by

supplementary watering during dry seasons.

• Destruction of post harvest bean remnants.

• Rotate with crops that do not shelter the disease such as vegetables.

• Use seeds that are not affected by the pathogen.

Carboxin Thiram (<5%)

Airborne Fungal Pests

Ringed Stain, Red Stain (Phoma sp.)

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Gray Stain (Cercospora sp.)

Dusty Stain (Ramularia sp.)

Angular Stain (Phaeoisariopsis sp.)

Stringy Wilting (Thanathephorus sp.)

White Mold (Sclerotinia sp.)

Gray mold, Leaf

Añublo (Botrytis sp.) Azaridachtine.

Grayish-brown Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Rust Disease (Uromyces sp.) Cenicilla, Dusty Mildew, oidium disease (Erysiphe sp.)

White Stain

Difenoconazole Azoxystrobin Azoxystrobin+Difenoconazole (for Stringy Wilting and molds) For gray mold: For Rust Disease: Bordeaux mixture Sulfur Oxycarboxin For Dusty Mildew: Sulfur Triforine Insecticidal soaps of natural extracts (Agroil), other insecticidal soap For Gray Stain: Copper hydroxide Triadimefon

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

(Pseudocercosporella sp.)

Yellowing, Fusarium Withering (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: • Sow in raised rows or high

furrow. • Mound up soil around the plants

and establish adequate supports for the crop.

• Avoid inflicting wounds on the plant that can serve as entrances for the pathogen.

• Rotate with nonsusceptible crops such as cereals or vegetables.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Use seeds treated with fungicides.

Captan Carboxin + Captan, Carboxin + Thiram (<5%) Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Chancro, Root Rot (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: • Use clean seeds. • Shallow sowing in raised rows or

high furrows. • Rotate with corn crop. • Application of nitrogen and

calcium fertilizers. • Apply earthing up to affected

plants. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Not suggested.

Flutolanil Carboxin + Thiram (<5%) Captan

Fusarium Root Rot Cultural: • Ample sowing distances. • Rotate affected bean fields with

corn or vegetable crops. • Clear out post harvest remnants. • Apply dolomite lime. • Apply nitrogen fertilizer in the

form of nitrates. • High earthing up for the affected

plants. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Use seeds treated.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Pythium Rot Cultural: • Sow in well-drained soil. • Widen sowing distances. • Take measures to increase

aeration of the crop. • Prompt earthing up of affected

plants.

Propamocarb Captan Metalaxyl

Southern Añublo (Sclerotium sp.) Cultural: • Immediate eradication or

elimination of affected plants. • Destruction of post harvest

remnants. • Elimination of weeds that might

be susceptible to the disease. • Ensure good drainage at the

moment of sowing. Chemical: Fungicides applied to the furrow at the moment of sowing.

Bacteriosis, Bacterial Añublo, Halo Añublo (Pseudomona sp.)

Cultural: • Use clean seeds. • Rotate with crops that do not

host the pathogen such as potato, grains, wheat, vegetables.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Copper oxychloride Kasugamycin Bordeaux mixture Copper hydroxide

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV)

Cultural: • Use of certified seeds. • Avoid terraced sowing. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: control of aphids.

Imidacloprid Dimethoate lnsecticidal soaps of natural extracts (Agroil)

Bean Severe Common Mosaic Virus (BSCMV)

Cultural: • Avoid planting bean crops nearby

soybean or corn. • Sow during rainy seasons.

Bean Small Mosaic Virus (BSMV), chlorotic speckling of the bean

Cultural: • Sowing of bean during moderately

rainy seasons with low temperatures.

•

Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV)

Cultural: • Plan sowing dates in such a way as

to ensure that the young bean plants develop during periods of low temperatures and high relative humidity.

• Keep the bean crop isolated from commercial soybean, tomato, and

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

cotton crops.

Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: • Rotate with less susceptible crops

such as pastures and cereals. • Frequent weeding. • Fertilization with large quantities

of organic material. • Sowing in and incorporation of

the soil used for cultivation of crops such as Yellow Rose, Death Flower, (Tagetes sp.), Cascabelillo (Crotalaria sp.).

Biological: • Application to the soil of

antagonistic organisms such as: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana.

Chemical: Nematicides applied in a strip on the furrow during sowing.

Paecilomyces lilacinus Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana

Arthropods

Pests of the soil Grain Worms (Delia sp.)

Slugs (Milax sp, Deroceras sp.),

Earth bugs, Diggers (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.),

Chiza or Mojojoy (Ancognata sp. and Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: • Black (ultraviolet) light traps

placed around the bean field. • Good soil preparation. • Removal of previous post harvest

remnants. Biological: Use substrata contaminated with entomopathogenic nematodes, such as:

Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus popillae.

Chemical: • Bait and application to the soil

(slugs and earth bugs). • • Application of insecticides to the

furrow during sowing (“chizas”).

For Earth bugs: Trichlorfon

False Measurer, Sticky Sticky (Trichoplusia sp., Omiodes sp.)

Biological: Various natural enemies: Wasp (Trichogramma sp) Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Leaf Eating Beetles: (Naopactus sp.)

Diabrotica sp. Cerotoma sp.)

Defoliant Worms (Pseudoplusia sp.)

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp.)

Green Parrot pest, Leaf Hopper

(Empoasca sp.)

Sapper, Bore (Liriomyza sp.)

Aphids, (Macrosiphum sp, Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Sappers (Agromyza sp., Hemichalepus sp.),

Mites (Tetranycus sp., Polyphayotarsonemus)

Cultural: • Install adhesive yellow strips to

attract and capture the White Flies.

• Crop rotation. • Sowing during rainy seasons. • Use of hay coverings (Green

Parrot pest). Biological: • Many natural enemies.

For aphids: lady bugs (Coccinélidos), wasps (Polystes sp.)

For White Flies: wasps of the genus Amitus, funguses Verticillium lecanii

Dimethoate For aphids: Imidacloprid Dimethoate Insecticidal soaps of natural extracts (Agroil) For White Flies: Pyriproxifen

Pod Pests, Pod Passers (Laspeyresia sp.) Shoot Worm, Pod Borers (Epinotia sp.)

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis Dimethoate

Thrips (Thrips sp., Frankliniella sp.) Cultural: Deploy adhesive blue strips to attract and capture adult thrips. Biological: Natural enemies. Chrisoperla externa.

Imidacloroprid Chlorfenapyr Spinosad

Weevil (Acanthoscelides sp.) Cultural: Do not leave beans in storage for too long before de-husking them. Chemical: In storage.

Weeds

Various Cultural: Weeding by hand or using a weeding hoe at 30 days after planting and again at flowering. Chemical: Pre-emergent, post-emergent.

Linuron Bentazon Fluazifop-p-butyl

BEET

(Beta vulgaris)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

inspections. In the Amazon no known pests or diseases afflict this crop.

Earth bugs, Antenna Worm, Gray Worm (Agrotis sp.),Green Worm (Phytometra sp., Laphygma sp.).

Cultural: Soil preparation labors should be carried out during a warm season.

Defoliants, Aphids (Epitrix sp.), Beetles Leaf Eaters (Diabrotica sp. Cerotoma sp.) False Measurer (Trichoplusia sp.) Stalk pest (Scrobipalpula sp.)

Suckers Aphids (Myzus sp.) Green Parrot pest (Empoasca sp.)

Thiamethoxam

Leaf Sapper (Lyriomyza sp.)

Thiamethoxam

Root Sapper (Plaumannimya sp.)

Beet Fly (Pegomya sp.) Biological: Many natural enemies. Chemical: Application of product.

Sulfur Imidachloroprid Dimethoate Trichlorfon

Cassida (Cassida sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

Dimethoate

Cleonus (Cleonus sp.) Cultural: Avoid repeating the crop. Chemical: Chemical treatment should be directed at the adults, since the larvae, although very fragile, are located inside the roots where they are difficult to reach. Treatments should be made sometime between the first appearance of adults and the beginning of their mating season. It is recommendable to alternate between different active ingredients to prevent build up of resistance.

Slugs (Deroceras sp, Chemical: Application of bait.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Limax sp, Milax sp.)

Diseases

Mildew (Peronospora sp.)

Chemical: Application of product in the case of successive attacks.

Copper oxychloride

White Stain (Cercorspora sp.)

Cultural: This fungus has a high capacity for survival in the soil: • The beet should be rotated with

other crops and • a deep and thorough tilling of the

soil should be performed after harvest.

Chemical: • Application of product. • Treatment of the seed.

Sulfur Cyproconazole Calcium Copper sulfate Copper oxychloride

Rust Disease (Uromyces sp.)

Cultural: Do not use excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, since this encourages the outbreak of this disease. Chemical: Application of product.

Calcium Copper Sulfate Difenoconazole

Nematodes (Heterodera sp., Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: • Maintain the surface free of

weeds. • In the case of high levels of

infection, plant another crop for prolonged period.

Oidium disease (Erysiphe sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Sulfur Cyproconazole

Wine Disease (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: • Disinfection of the seed. • Design a good drainage system to

avoid accumulation of water into puddles and to improve the soil structure.

• Rotate crops.

Sclerotic Disease (Sclerocium sp.)

Cultural: • Disinfection of the seed,

especially if there have been other cases in the region previously.

• Uproot and burn the infected plants, even if they are in a healthy area, next to the affected plants.

Yellowing of the beet Cultural: • Take action against the aphids. • Uproot and burn the affected

plants so that they don’t develop

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

into a focus of infection.

Heart Disease Cultural: Apply boron to the terrain in the form of boric acid (before sowing in the foundation fertilization).

Boric acid

Weeds

Grasses and broad leaves Cultural: Weeding by hands or using hoes or machines. Chemical: Application of herbicides.

BLACKBERRY (Rubus glaucus)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and variations), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections. Blackberry cultivation requires adequate control of weeds that compete with the crop for water, light, and nutrients. The lack of any of these key factors directly affects the uniform development of the branches and fruit. Weeds also serve as shelters for pests and diseases that reduce the post-harvest life of the crop and fruit. Deficient control of weeds also hinders harvest operations (berry picking).

Stem Worm or Root Neck Worm (Epialus sp., Zascelis sp.)

Cultural: • Prune the plant. • Find stems that are affected or

perforated at the base and burn them.

• Use of pest free material when sowing.

• Permanently eliminate the weeds around the base of the blackberry plants.

• Do timely and adequate fertilization.

• For new sowings, remove the post harvest remnants of previous harvests from the soil.

• Crumble the soil well in the holes where the plants are to be established.

Biological:

Metarhizium sp. Beauveria Bassiana Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Alisin (natural plant extracts)

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Metarhizium sp. • Beauveria bassiana. • Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Chemical: Use insecticide before sowing.

Fruit Fly

(Anastrepha sp.)

Cultural: • Destruction of the affected fruit. • Pick ripe blackberries twice per

week. • Lay traps with pheromones. • Not recommendable to sow

blackberry at altitudes below 1,800 m.a.s.l.

Biological: • Paecilomyces. • Eucalyptus extract. • Basil. Chemical: Applications of products with purge honey.

Paecilomyces

Delthametrin

Spinosad

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: • Good weed control. • Water by spraying in summer. • Supportive pruning. • Good fertilization. • Good humidity. Chemical: Applications of sulfur products.

Sulfur

Earth Pearl

(Eurthizococcus sp.)

Cultural: • Good fertilization. • Use of pest free sowing material. • Eradication of the crop. Biological: Paecilomyces sp.

Paecilomyces sp.

Aphids

(Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Cultural: Good fertilization. Biological: Natural enemies, such as Cycloneda sanguínea. Chemical: • Applications of products. • Apply rue, chilli pepper extract

garlic.

Dimethoate Garlic-chilli pepper (Garlycin) extracts

Virgin Burrita Bug (Compsus sp.),

Stink Bug (Proxys sp.)

Cultural: • Good management of weeds. • Clearing around the base of the

plant.

Chilli pepper – Garlic (Garlycin)

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Removal of pruned materials. • Apply rue, chilli pepper extract –

garlic.

Tender Tissue Worm (Seticosta sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of the damaged material. Biological: Wasp. Braconidae: Agathidianae.

Altica sp., Schreckenstinia sp. Cultural: Destroy any foliage that has been infested by the larvae.

DISEASES

Red Blackberry Disease

Mites (Acalitus sp.)

Cultural: Frequently examine the crop and select plants for various inflorescences observations to determine if they are being attacked by this pest. Chemical: sulfur based products.

Sulfur

Ants (Atta sp.) Cultural: Use toasted bread moistened with vinegar and living lime. Biological: Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Thrips or fire flies

(Thrips sp.)

Cultural: • Chilli pepper extract– garlic-

coconut soap. • Keep the crop free of flowering

weeds. • Deploy white sticky traps to

capture adults. • Supportive pruning. • Good fertilization. • Good humidity. Biological: • Verticillium. • Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. • Alisin. • Soy oil. Chemical: Insecticide + purging syrup

Verticillium lecanii Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus Garlic extract Carrier (soy oil) Chlorfenapyr Deltamethrin Dimethoato

Leaf beetles (Diabrotica sp.) Cultural: Chilli pepper extract – garlic.

Alisin Natural garlic extracts Deltamethrin

Monalion (Monalion sp.) Cultural: Rue extract. Deltamethrin

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Mites (Phytum sp.) Biological: • Application of antagonistic

funguses: Verticillium.

Verticillium lecanii Soybean oil. Sulfur

Withering

(Verticillium sp.)

Cultural: • Eradicate affected plants. • Plant material free of the fungus. Biological: • Applications of antagonistic

funguses to the soil: Trichoderma sp. •

Trichoderma sp.

Anthracnose

(Sclerotinia sp., Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: • Prune and destroy affected

branches and stems. • Good aeration (weeding and

clearing around the base of the plant) within the crop.

• Good fertilization. • Apply sisal, chamomile, and horse

tail extracts. Chemical: Alternated application of fungicides.

Copper fungicides Captan Bordeaux mixture, Horticultural iodine

Fuzzy Mildew

(Peronospora sp.)

Cultural: • Prune and destroy the affected

tissue. • Maintain good aeration. • Apply chamomile and horse tail

extract. Biological: Trichoderma sp. Chemical: Application of copper based fungicides.

Copper oxychloride, Fosethyl Aluminium Bordeaux mix Dimetomorf Trichoderma sp.

Gray mold

(Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate and destroy affected

fruit. • Prompt harvest of ripe fruit. • Avoid gathering fruit from the

soil. • Avoid picking wet fruit. • Establish wind breaks. • Eliminate excess unproductive

material. • Adequate pruning to ensure good

aeration in the plantation. Biological: • Antagonistic fungus:

Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp. Captan Bordeaux mixture

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: Application of protective action fungicides.

Dusty Mildew

(Oidium sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and destruction (burial) of all stems that show symptoms. Chemical: Application of sulfur based products.

Bitertanol Sulfur Azoxystrobin

Leaf Stain (Septoria sp.) Cultural: Separation and burning of the sick plants. Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Captan

Rust Disease (Mainsia sp., Gymnocoria sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning and destruction of

severely affected tissue. • Nettles extract. Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Captan Bitertanol Sulfur Copper oxychloride Horticultural iodine Bordeaux mixture Nettles extract

Mosaics, deformations,

dwarfism (virus)

Cultural: eliminate and destroy affected plants

Stem Disease

(Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: • Solarization of the substrata

before filling bags. • Eliminate post harvest remnants. Biological: • Antagonistic fungus:

Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Root Rot (Rosellina sp.) Cultural: • Pruning. • Adequate fertilization. • Soil disinfection. Biological: • Applications of antagonistic

funguses to the soil, such as: Trichoderma sp.

Chemical: Copper based fungicides.

Trichoderma sp. Copper oxychloride

Weeds

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Various species Mechanical: • Weeding using “machete” to keep

the furrow free of stem. • Woodworms. In the row, weeds

with long shoots are to be controlled every three months. Use of scythe.

Chemical: Application of herbicides with a screen.

BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium sp.) Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Birds Cultural: Control methods.

Hares Cultural: Fence the lots.

White Pig Bug (Pseudococcus sp.)

Cultural: Take at least 5 samples each year of fruit, branches, cracks, and dry leaves from the tree and around the trunk. Biological: • Parasitoids, such as:

Coccophagus sp. Tetracnemoidea sp.

• Predators, such as: Leucopis sp. Ocyptamus sp. Cryptolaemus sp. Hyperaspis sp. Scymnus sp. Sympherobiae sp. Chrysoperla sp.

Chemical: Avoid use of non-specific insecticides.

Refined mineral oil

Soft scales (Coccus sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning of infected branches. • Monitor the presence of

parasitoids on the branches (by transparency or color changes of

Refined mineral oil

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

the scales). Biological: Such as: • Coccophagus sp. • Metaphycus sp. Chemical: • When infections are severe and

no natural enemies are present. • Do not use phosphorous or

pyrethroid insecticides that eliminate beneficial fauna.

Capachito Bugs, Burrito Bugs, Cabrito Bugs, Caballito Bugs

(Asynonychus sp., Aegorhinus sp., Otiorhynchus sp.,Agrostis sp.)

Preventative: • Selective location of the

plantation. • Management and recognition of

insects and their shelters. • Elimination of affected plants. Physical: • Nets, canals. • Use of Jackson traps. Biological: Entomopathogenic funguses and nematodes. Chemical: Injection of the insecticide into the soil.

Berry Weevil (Otiorhynchus sp.)

Cultural: Use of bait traps.

Diseases

Septoriosis

Anthracnose Chemical: Application of product. Captan Dichloran Triforine

Root Rot (Phytophthora sp., Exobasidium sp.)

Preventative: • Good soil drainage. • Avoid excess drainage. • Establish healthy plants. • Avoid heavy soils. • Plant in raised rows if necessary.

Metalaxyl

Rust disease of the flowers (Botrytis sp.)

Preventative: Avoid overhead irrigation during development of the buds and flowering.

Stem Rust Disease Cultural: • Pruning of infected parts.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

(Botryosphera sp.) • Elimination of buds and fruit on young plants.

• Pruning of adult plants to reduce the load of the harvest and minimize the impact of drought and other stress factors.

Moniliniasis or Mummyberry

Chemical: Application of product. Captan Dichloran Triforine

Fussicoccum Preventative: Prune and burn affected stems.

Captan

Collecotrichum Preventative: Eradicate and burn affected stems.

Crown Gills Preventative: • Establish disease-free plants. • Avoid inflicting wounds on the

plants.

Shoe Strings (Illinois sp.) Preventative: • Use of healthy raw material. • Elimination of infected plants. • Control of aphids. • Clean farm implements before

moving from one crop to another.

Ring Stain Virus (Xiphinema sp.)

Preventative: • Take soil samples and test for

nematodes before establishing a crop.

• Establish healthy plants. • Eliminate sick plants.

Weeds

Various species Mechanical: • Timely manual cleaning of the

rows. • Use of weed tillage-cultivators. Chemical: • Systemic or contact herbicides. • Keep in mind that the root

system of blueberry is shallow.

CACAO (Theobroma cacao) Cacao crops present an excellent opportunity to implement an agricultural pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs such as chemical pesticides and

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

promotes the use of environmentally “clean” crop management practices. The following proposed “ecological cultivation” methods are well adapted to practices already employed by the cacao farmers and to what FEDECACAO (the National Federation of Cacao Growers) is promoting.

Moniliasis (Moniliophthorasp.)

Cultural: • Diminish internal humidity;. • Shade and weed control. • Prune and fertilize well. Physical: • Sanitary pruning of affected fruits

at 8 day intervals at the beginning of the rainy season or flowering period.

• During drier periods prune every 15 days.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Biological: Application of bio-controllers, such as: T. harzianum. Chemical: Fungicides have not been effective.

Trichoderma harzianum Copper sulfate

Witch’s Broom

(Crinipellis sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning and shade regulation. • Weed control. Physical: Uproot “brooms” (17 week cycle). Genetic: Use tolerant clones. Biological: Application of bio-controllers, such as: T. harzianum.

Trichoderma harzianum

Phytoftera or Grayish-brown Rot of the Stalk and Trunk Cancer (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Diminish internal humidity. • Shade and weed control. • Prune and fertilize well. • Removal of sick fruits. Physical: Same as for Monilia. It is difficult to distinguish between the symptoms of these two. Chemical: When cuts are made, it

Metalaxyl Sealing paste

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

may be necessary to use metalaxyl with sealing paste, to be spread on the trunk.

Roselinia or Star Sore

(Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: • Shade management and adequate

fertilization. • Inga, used as shade, is very

susceptible to fungus. • Maintain biological equilibrium of

the soil. Physical: • Destruction of trees if necessary,

including burning of the roots. • Allow solarization.

Trichoderma

Machete Disease

(Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: • Phytosanitary pruning. • Burning in extreme cases. • Avoid wounding the trees. Chemical: • Disinfection of tools is important

before pruning and other tasks. • Wounds caused by cuts should be

covered with sealing paste (copper oxychloride or metalaxyl).

Sodium hypochlorite Copper oxychloride Metalaxyl

Pink Disease (Corticium sp.), Verticillium sp.

Cultural: • Pruning. • Shade management. • Drainage. Chemical: Apply preparation of paste with lime, copper sulfate and water.

Methalaxyl Bordeaux Paste

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) Cultural: Disinfection of the nursery substrata.

Sclerotin Cultural: • Good cultural practices, taking

care not to wound the tree. • Avoid accumulation of water in

puddles.

Arthropods

Yellow Chigger,

RED Chigger (Monalonium sp.)

Cultural: • Reduce shade and pruning. • Nim extracts, chilli pepper, onion. Mechanical: Kill larvae by manually

Beauveria bassiana Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

squeezing the fruits. Physical: Apply torches. Biological: Apply bio-controllers, such as:

• Beauveria bassiana. • Bacillus thuringiensis. •

Leaf Cutting Ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: • Identify ant-hills locations. • Keep paths clean. • Mechanical destruction of anthills. • Prevent emergence of the winged

mating ants. • Apply plant purines, such as:

garlic, chilli pepper. Ecological: Repellant plants, such as Cannavalia. Biological: Apply bait with Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium sp., to be placed in the paths or near the entrances to the anthills. Chemical: • Apply lime to change pH and thus

diminish the funguses that are the pest’s food source.

• Contamination of the anthills using decomposed citrus peels, lime, ash, and copper sulfate.

• In very extreme cases apply targeted use of chlorpyrifos.

Copper sulfate Pyrimiphos methyl Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium sp. Garlic – chilli pepper extract

Aphids

Thrips (Selenotrips sp.) Cultural: • Avoid excess light over the crop. • Eliminate shelter plants. •

Sulfur Bordeaux mix

Chiza (Ancognata sp.) Cultural: Use light traps. Biological: • Apply bio-controllers, such as

Trichoderma harzianum. • Disinfection of the terrain:

Metarhizium anisopliae. •

Trichoderma harzianum Metarhizium anisopliae

Black Chigger

(Mecistorhinus sp.)

Biological: Apply bio-controllers, such as: • Gliocladium. • Phanuropsis semiflaviventris.

Imidachloroprid

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Fruit Passer (Sinantedum sp.) Cultural: Removal and destruction of infected fruit.

Stored Cacao Moth (Cadra sp.) Cultural: Disinfection of the storage room.

Cacao Grain Beetle (Araecerus sp.) Cultural: • Storage in clean and ventilated

rooms. • Incineration of the crop (legal).

Ardillas, birds. Cultural: Removal of over-ripe fruit.

CASSAVA (Manihot sp.) Cassava is an ideal crop for biological control methods because of its long vegetative phase (8-14 months). Key principles: a) it is not necessary to have high levels of pest resistance; b) the climate, especially rainfall, is a key factor; c) cultural control and agronomic practices play a fundamental role: selection of good sowing material, crop rotation, etc.; d) use insecticides only when it is absolutely necessary.

Mites (various species) Cultural: • Apply organic solutions, such as:

Anamú. Pig ferns. Rue. Citronela Oil. Basil. Paradise tree. Bitter sage.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Biological: There are organic materials, predators and entomopathogenic funguses under development.

Biomel. Verticillium.

Dimethoate Verticillium lecanii Soybean oil

White Flies (various species) Cultural: • Cultivate associated with caupí. • Sow during rainy season. • Good weeding. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Biological such as: • Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Metarhizium anisopilae. Physical: Use yellow traps.

Horned Worm (Erinnys ello) Cultural: • Till the soil. • Weeding. • Rotate crops. • Use black (ultraviolet) light traps. • Manual removal of larvae. Biological controllers and predators, such as: • Trichogramma sp. • Chrysopa sp. • Bacillus thuringiensis • Baculovirus.

Bacillus thuringiensis Trichogramma sp.

Thrips (various species) Cultural: • Adequate soil. • Good fertilization. • Good watering. • Avoid application of pesticides

too early. Genetic: Use resistant varieties, based on the fuzziness of the leaf buds.

Underground Chigger (Cyrtomenus sp.)

Cultural: • Intercrop with Crotalaria (has little

commercial value and slightly diminishes the cassava yields).

• Crop rotation (but do not sow in the same lot).

Genetic: Bitter varieties are the most resistant. Biological, such as:

• Metarhizium. • Bacillus thuringiensis. • Beauveria bassiana. •

Metarhizium Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana

White bugs (Chizas Blancas) or Mojorro bugs (various species

Cultural: • Till the soil to a good depth (so

that the pest is exposed to the sun).

• Plan sowing during periods when infestation is low.

• Biological entomopathogenic organisms, such as:

• Metarhizium anisopliae • Beauveria basiana

For the stakes: Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria basiana, Bacillus popilliae

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Bacillus popilliae Chemical: Disinfect seed.

Diggers (various genuses and species)

Chemical-cultural: Poisoned bait or localized applications.

Stem Woodworms (Coelosternus sp., Lagochirus sp., Chilomima sp.)

Cultural: • Remove and burn post harvest

remnants. • Capture adults with stake traps. • Select sowing stakes. Biological, such as: • Trichogramma sp. • Bacillus thuringiensis. Chemical: Chemical control is difficult. Direct application at the holes to minimize environmental impact.

Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis

Cutter Ants (Atta sp.) Cultural: • Change the pH level of the ant

nest with lime to kill the funguses that nurture the queen.

• Capture the queens when they leave the nests on their mating flight.

• Destroy nests using a rod. Chemical: Apply blower to the nest.

Diseases

Bacterial Añublo (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy stakes. • Rotate with corn or sorghum. • Install corn barriers. • Well-drainage of soil. • Wood weeding. • Good fertilization. • Eradicate sick plants. • Sow at the end of the rainy

season. Chemical: Apply to the stakes.

Copper Oxychloride Methalaxyl Captan

Super Lengthening (Sphaceloma manihoticola)

Cultural: • Use healthy stakes. • Rotate with grasses. • Plant in seasons that are less

rainy.

Metalaxyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Apply to the stakes.

Root rot (Phythophtora sp.) Cultural: • Select adequate and deep soil. • Sow on raised rows. • Drain properly. • Eradicate focal points of the

outbreak. • Use clean seed. Biological: Trichoderma. Physical: Thermal treatment of the stakes (49°C for 49 minutes). Chemical: Treat stakes, if necessary.

Frog Leather or Zaragoza Cultural: • Eliminate sick plants. • Control sucker insects.

Weeds

Various species Cultural: • Adequate selection of land. • Use of quality seed and stakes. • Optimal sowing density. • Perform several weedings with

manual implements until the crop completely closes and prevents the development of weeds because of reduced penetration of light.

Mechanical: Use of tractor or animal drawn tools (cultivators, rotor discs, claws) that pass between the rows and raised rows, beginning 15 to 30 days after planting and if the coverage permits. Chemical: Pre- and post-emergence herbicides.

Fluomethuron Linuron Fluazifop-p-butyl

CHILI PEPPER/BELL PEPPER/ BLACK PEPPER

The cultivation of pepper presents an excellent opportunity to implement a pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs, especially chemical pesticides, and promotes the use of environmentally clean crop management practices. Black pepper is a very sensitive plant. To obtain good yields it is necessary

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

to maintain constant and detailed care of the crop. The crop can be integrated into mixed crop cultivations in humid, tropical places. The accompanying vegetation must be established before the black pepper crop. Black pepper can be cultivated organically if and when basic cultural pest control principles are applied, some of which are presented below.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: • Disinfect pruning tools. • Apply agricultural lime to the

neck of the plant. • Prune and incinerate pruned

materials outside of the plantation.

• Use healthy plants or resistant varieties.

• Control nematodes.

In the case of intense infestation: Bordeaux mix

Oidiopsis (Leveillula sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of weeds and crop

remnants. • Use of healthy plants.

Sulfur Triadimefon Azoxystrobin

Gray Rot (Botryotinia sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of weeds, crop

remnants and infected plants. • Take care not to cause damage to

the plants. • Cut the stem only with sharp,

clean tools. • Control nitrogen levels. • Use plastic coverings that absorb

UV rays. • Ensure the spacing on the

plantation that allows good aeration.

• Practice adequate water management.

Ciprodinil Fludioxonil Tebuconazol

White Rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of weeds, crop

remnants and infected plants. • Use plastic coverings that absorb

UV rays. • Ensure the spacing on the

plantation that allows good aeration.

• Do adequate water management. • Solarization.

Ciprodinil Fludioxonil Tebuconazol

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Dryness or Sadness, Withering or “wilt” (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Use of healthy seedlings and

substrata. • Clear out post harvest remnants,

especially roots and stems. • Ensure the spacing on the

plantation that allows good aeration.

• Do adequate water management. • Solarization. • Sow in soil with good drainage. Chemical: Not efficient.

Bacterial Mange or Scabies (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Elimination of weeds, crop

remnants and infected plants. • Avoid high humidity levels. • Utilize healthy and disinfected

seeds. • Practice adequate management of

watering. • Do not water by spraying if

infestation occurs in nurseries. Chemical: The pest has developed some resistance to the copper products.

Copper Sulfate

Bland Rot (Erwinia sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of weeds, crop

remnants and infected plants. • Avoid damaging the plants when

cutting. • Good ventilation. • Adequate management of

watering. • Disinfect the tools with a solution

of 20% bleach. • Do not fertilize with excess

nitrogen. • Ensure the spacing on the

plantation allows good aeration. Chemical: Chemical treatment is not very effective once the disease has established itself in the plants.

Root Rot (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: • Disinfect pruning tools. • Apply agricultural lime to the

neck of the plant. • Prune and incinerate pruned

materials outside of the plantation.

Carboxin Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl In the case of severe infestation: Bordeaux mix

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Use healthy plants or resistant varieties.

• Control nematodes. Chemical: Better to rely upon preventive measures.

Stem Rot (Sclerotium sp.) Cultural: • Crop rotation. • Avoid heavy, poorly drained soils.

PMMV (virus of the light stains of the bell pepper)

Cultural: • Utilize virus-free seeds. • Utilize resistant varieties. • Disinfect the soil. • Disinfect hands and work tools

after use.

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) Cultural: • Use of resistant varieties. • Conduct soil disinfection. • Use healthy plants. Biological: Rue extract Physical: • Steam sterilization. • Solarization.

Arthropods

Chigger (Dasynus sp.) Biological: Systemic biological insecticides.

Capsaicin Azadirachtin

Segmented Perforator

(Symmestrichema sp.), Fruit

Perforator (Gnorischema sp.)

Chemical: Application of insecticides. Horticultural oil Pyrimiphos methyl Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Horned Worm (Panacea sp.) Cultural: Apply home brew insecticide (500g. of chilli pepper, 200g. natural soap) every 5 days.

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: • Disinfection of structures and

soil. • Elimination of weeds and crop

remnants. • Avoid excess nitrogen. • Monitoring of the crop during the

initial phases. Biological: There are natural enemies,

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

such as: • Amblyseius • Phytoseiulus persimillis • Feltiella acarisuga

White Spider

(Polyphagotarsonemus sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Horticultural oil Sulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp.

and Bermisia sp.)

Cultural: • Lay mesh, elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. • Do not mix crops. • Do not leave plants in the field at

the end of the cycle. • Lay chromatic yellow traps. Biological: Use natural enemies, such as:

• Encarsia • Cyrtopeltis tenuis • Eretmocerus

Horticultural oil Pyrimiphos methyl Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Aphids (Aphis sp., Macrosiphun sp.) Cultural: • Lay mesh, elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. • Lay chromatic yellow traps. Biological: Use natural enemies, such as:

• Aphidoletes aphidimyza • Aphidius • Lysiphlebus testaicepes.

Horticultural oil Sulfur Imidachloroprid Pyrimiphos methyl Azadirachtin

Thrips (Frankliniella sp.) Cultural: • Lay mesh, elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. • Do not mix crops. • Do not leave plants in the field at

the end of the cycle. • Lay chromatic blue traps.

Horticultural oil Sulfur

Caterpillars (Spodoptera sp.) Cultural: • Lay mesh, elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. • In heavy infestation eliminate and

destroy the low leaves of the plant.

• Lay pheromone traps and light traps.

• Monitor the first stages of development of the plants.

Biological: Use natural enemies, such as:

• Apantelles plutellae

Sulfur Pyrimiphos methyl Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Nuclear Polyhydrosis Virus of S. exigua

Lice (Pseudococcus sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of weeds • Maintain good clearing and

plantation hygiene. Biological: Use natural enemies, such as:

• Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. • Leptomastix dactylopii.

Chemical: Chemical treatment has proven mostly unsuccessful.

Mites Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and vegetable

debris that shelter the pest. • Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer. • Application of mineral oils. • Application of calcium hydroxide. Biological: Systemic biological insecticides. Natural predators: Amblyseius californicus.

Amitraz Sulfur Refined mineral oils

Weeds Various species Cultural: • Manual weeding with hoe,

machete or moto-scythes • Cultivate living coverage material

in between rows.

CHONTADURO (PEACH PALM)

See palm cultivation below.

CITRUCES (LEMON, TANGERINE,ORANGE) (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium)

Oranges constitute 75% of all citruses, tangerines 10%, and other species such as grapefruit and limes or lemons 15%. To maintain the crops in good sanitary condition an integrated set of practices should be employed, oriented towards sustaining a balanced ecosystem in the plantation, such as: use of resistant vegetable materials, good weed control, adequate pruning, adequate and timely fertilization, use of chemical products that do not harm beneficial organisms.

Scales or Lice (Lepidosaphes sp., Unaspis sp., Pinastis sp., Aonidiella sp., Chrysomphalus, Planococcus sp., Coccus sp., Saissetia

Cultural: • Good weed control. • Adequate fertilization. • Periodic revisions to prune

branches. • Removal of cuttings from the

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam Agrarian oils Insecticidal Soaps

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

sp., Ceroplastes sp., Icerya sp. and Orthezia sp.)

plantation. Biological: Parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic funguses, such as:

• Aschersonia sp. Chemical: Targeted insecticides and targeted applications.

Coatings of insecticidal soaps

Aphids (Toxoptera sp, Aphis sp.)

Cultural: • Periodic revisions, marking off

affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Biological: Parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic funguses, such as.

• Entomophthora sp.

Dimethoate (RUP)

White Flies (Aleurothrixus sp., Aleurocanthus sp., Dialeurodes sp., Paraleyrodes sp.)

Cultural: • Periodic revisions, marking off

affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Biological: Parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic funguses, such as:

• Aschersonia sp.

Insecticidal soap

Thrips (Heliothrips sp., Scitotrhrips sp.)

Cultural: Periodic inspections, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible. Adhesive plant extracts and soaps. Biological: Parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic.

Agrarian oils Imidachloroprid Thriamethoxan (RUP) Dimethoate (RUP)

Leaf eaters (Papillo sp., Platynota sp., Halisidota sp., Panoquina sp., Epitrix sp., Cerotoma sp. and Diabrotica sp.)

Cultural: Periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible. Biological: • Insect predators. • Spiders. • Parasitoids. • Virus. • Birds (insectivores). • Entomopathogenic funguses. • Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Foliage Sappers (Phyllocnistis sp.)

Cultural: Periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible. Biological: • Predators. • Parasitoids. • Entomopathogenic funguses. • Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: Chitin inhibitors, ecdysone formation simulators.

Citrus Root Chiggers Cultural: • Good drainage. • Adequate fertilization and

irrigation. • Adequate weeding. Biological. Entomopathogenic funguses such as:

• Beauveria bassiana. • Metharizium anisopliae.

Chemical: Not suggested.

Beauveria bassiana Metharizium anisopliae

Mites

(Phyllocoptruta sp., Poliphagotarsonemus sp., Panonychus sp., Tetranychus sp., Brevipalpus sp.)

Cultural: Constant monitoring and careful sampling and identification of the focal points. Chemical: • Targeted application of

insecticides, alone or mixed with agricultural oils.

Termites Cultural: • Remove all wood debris from the

cultivated lots. • Use of wood stakes not

recommended during establishment.

• Keep the grafts or patterns clear of dust, dirt, or mud.

• Also, periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

• Place traps baited with soft wood at the edge of the lots or between the trees.

Chemical: Granular insecticides applied at the base of the trees and in the area of clearing around the base of the plant.

Ants Cultural: • Periodic revisions. • Mark off affected branches with

colored ribbons to make them visible.

• Use of glue and repellants applied on plastic strips tied around the trunks.

Chemical:

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Apply directly into the entrance of the anthill.

• Spray formicides. • Use toxic bait. • Use insecticides diluted with

sugar or honey in water and applied around the tree trunks.

Diseases

Damping Off or Volcamiento (Phytophthora sp, Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: Avoid excess watering. Chemical: Treatment of the soil.

Thiabendazole

Root Sores (Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: • Elimination of sick trees, including

total extraction and burning of the roots and remnants.

• Expose the area to solarization for at least two months.

• Citruses and cassava should not be cultivated close together.

Physical: • Early detection allows recourse

to surgery on the affected roots. • Surrounding area should be

solarized and pruned. Biological: • Fungus: Trichoderma koningii • Bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chemical: By injection, treatment of the soil.

Pseudomonas fluorescens Trichoderma koningii

Variegated Chlorosis of the Citruses (Xillella sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and burning of affected tissues. Chemical: Application of antibiotics.

Death or Slow Decline (Tylenchulus sp.)

Chemical: Treatment of the soil, in nursery and in field.

Gummosis or Root and Stem Rot (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Adequate cultural practices. • Acquisition of plants from the

nursery that are free of funguses. • Use of virgin soil or artificial

mixtures in nurseries. • Disinfect the soil with steam or

hot water. • Improve drainage. • Clear around the base and do not

till.

Bordeaux Paste (lime + Copper sulfate) Penicillium funiculosum Trichoderma harzianum and T. viridae

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Seriously affected trees should be eradicated and the remaining hole should be solarized.

Genetic: Use resistant graft varieties. Biological: • Penicillium funiculosum. • Trichoderma harzianum. • T. viridae. Physical: Surgery and removal of the infected parts. Chemical: • Treatment in the nursery. • Immediate application of

potassium permanganate to the surgery and hormonal scarring agent or Bordeaux Paste mixed with lime.

• Direct application to the trunk. • Paint the base of the trunks with

a mixture of lime, copper sulfate, and salt.

Citrus Desiccation or Sudden Death (Ceratocystis sp.)

Preventative: • Utilize nursery material free of

the pathogen. • Avoid wounding the trees. • Do not let workers climb the

trees. • Avoid scrapes and protect any

wounds immediately with potassium permanganate.

• Pruning, de-parasiting, and pruning of sucker stems should be done during the dry season.

• Use tar or caulking paste as sealing paste for wounds.

Mechanical: Periodic revision of the trees to detect infections in the branches early on, use chainsaw in the following ways: • 1) When the lesion is located on

a branch without reaching the main stem: cut at 15 cm from the lesion.

• 2) When the lesion is located on a branch and is advancing towards the trunk: prune the affected part.

• 3) When the lesion is located on the main stem: eradicate the tree, cutting the trunk at ground level.

Sodium hypochlorite Thiabendazole

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Ember Disease

Botrytis cinerea

Chemical: repeated applications. Copper

Exocortis (Exocortis sp.) Genetic: Use tolerant graft-patterns.

Premature falling of fruit and flowers. (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid wounding the tree. • Disinfect tools used in the

pruning. • Scar any cuts made during

pruning. Chemical: When 5% of the flower buds show symptoms and flowering is abundant.

Metalaxyl

Citrus Sadness closterovirus CTV Preventative: Cross-protection or pre-immunization. Genetic: Use grafts that are tolerant to the virus.

Decline or Blight (Causal agent unknown)

Cultural: Cutting and burning of the affected plants.

Black Rot (Alternaria sp.) Coffee Rot (Phitophthora sp.) Bland Rot (Aspergillus sp.) Fusarium Rot (Fusarium sp.) Rot or Anthracnose (Glomerella sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Thiabendazole Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

COCONUT Management of coconut pests and diseases should be integrated. Among the available methods are cultural approaches such as: clearing out of alternate host weeds, drainage of areas with standing water, a condition which fosters theincidence of fungal diseases, adequate sowing distances, careful cultivation methods that avoid harming the crop, use of traps, the clearing out of dead fronds when harvesting, among other techniques. Biological methods are also recommendable, since these diminish the adverse environmental impact of pesticide based control methods.

Rats (Rattus sp.) Cultural: Metallic sheets around the trunks.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Biological: Natural enemies:

• Owls. • Hawk owls. • Snakes.

Chemical: Poisoned bait.

Rhinocerous Beetle or Horned Beetle (Strategus sp.)

Mites, Fruit Mange (Aceria sp.,Eriophyes sp.)

Biological: Hirsuetella thompsonil has been released against this pest, but without positive results in practice. Chemical: Systemic insecticides applied during the first phases of formation.

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: Determine when the mating flight season is and capture the queens when they begin to settle their new nests. Chemical: Granulated bait.

Gulapa orcasanga or Cocoanut Chigger (Rhynchophorus sp.)

Cultural: Use traps (basket traps) baited with pheromones. Biological: • Bauveira bassiana. • Micrococcus sp. • Parathesia sp. • White cocoanut fly (Aleurodicus

sp.). Chemical: Chemical control of the larvae.

Bauveira bassiana

Gualapán or Shoot Worm (Alarnus sp.)

Chemical: Apply in the shoot.

Scales (Aspidiotus sp.) Cultural: • Pruning and burning of damaged

leaves. • Ensure adequate illumination and

air circulation. • Adequate fertilization. • When the crop develops

sufficient vigor and resistance, the plants can effectively repel the pest.

Biological: Natural enemies species of the family Coccinelidae.

Vegetable oil or petroleum emulsion

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Palid Cicada (Myndus sp.) Cultural: Replace grasses with legumes.

Red Ring (Rhadinaphelenchus sp.) Cultural: • Use traps to control the beetles. • Cut and burn affected palm trees. • Adequate management of the

plantation, performing necessary tasks in a timely and effective manner (fertilization, weed control, watering —without carelessly wounding the palm trees).

• There is no cure for sick palm trees.

Genetic: Use of tolerant varieties. Chemical: • Clean and eliminate the affected

material at the top of the trees, applying Bordeaux Paste or other fungicides.

• Use the palm fronds that are dusted in insecticides as baited traps to eliminate the pest.

• Destruction of the affected palm trees by injection of hormonal herbicides into the trunk.

• Protect the crown of the trees with insecticides and nematicides.

Bordeaux Paste

Diseases

Porroca or Small Leaf Cultural: • Improve cultivation practices. • Balanced fertilization. • Timely control of weeds. • Improve drainage. • Adequate watering during

droughts, and adequate control of insects.

Arrow or Shoot Rot, Watery Fruit Stain (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Improve cultivation practices:

Weed control Adequate distancing Fertilization Drainage

• Ensure that crop meets strict phyto-sanitary standards.

• Any plant with symptoms of the diseases should be eliminated and burnt.

Bordeaux mixture Copper oxychloride Fosethyl Aluminium Propamocarb

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Avoid planting on steep slopes, puddles, or standing water for prolonged periods.

Chemical: Application of fungicides to the shoot.

Sudden Withering (Phytomonas sp.)

Cultural: Improve cultivation practices. Chemical: Cannot be controlled by chemical methods.

Bleeding of the Stem or Hemorrhage Disease (Thielaviopsis sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate infected material. Chemical: Apply on wound

Bordeaux Paste

Blue trunk rot gummosis (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid wounding the trunks of the

palm trees. • Take actions that foster air

circulation and reduce excess humidity.

• Weed control. • Adequate distancing of the palm

trees. • Improve drainage. • Control perforating insects. • Remove all necrotic tissue from

the trunks by surgery. • Clean the crown of the tree by

pruning the affected or necrotic parts.

• Bury or burn the pruned parts together with any other plant remnants found on the ground.

Chemical: • Use “machete” to remove all

infected tissue. • Seal the cuts with Bordeaux

Paste.

Bordeaux Paste (Copper Sulfate + lime)

Leaf Stain (Hemilthosporium sp.)

Cultural: • Balanced fertilization, taking

special care to avoid excess nitrogen.

• Eliminate weeds. • Avoid high crop density- • Avoid build up of puddles. •

Inflorescence Rot (Marasmius sp.) Cultural: Removal or elimination of infected material. Chemical: Apply to the crowns of the

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

trees.

Añublo or Leaf burn (Pestalotia sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid excess humidity on the

plantation (improve drainage of the soil).

• Ensure proper nutrition (mainly potassium).

• Avoid excess nitrogen. • Carefully review the palms and

cut any fronds that show signs of disease, burn the cut fronds in situ to avoid spreading the disease to other areas.

• Periodically inspect the plantation and adopt measures to prevent the resurgence of the disease.

Chemical: Apply to heavily infested fronds.

Captan Copper oxychloride Bordeaux mixture

Lethal Coconut Yellowing.

Vector: Palid Cicada

(Myndus sp.)

Cultural: Cut down and destroy sick palms, as well as healthy palms that are surrounded by sick palms. Genetic: Use of resistant or tolerant varieties (more effective).

Cracked Leaves (Botryodiplodia sp.)

Cultural: • Sufficient watering during

droughts. • Balanced fertilization. • Pruning of the affected fronds,

sealing of cuts. • Destruction of affected parts, dry,

fallen or hanging fronds, fallen fruit, or remnants.

Weeds

Various species Cultural: • Circular clearing (clearing around

the base of the plant) by hand. • Avoiding damage to the roots or

fronds. • The best yields and most

economical process are obtained by conducting two good passes of mechanical weeding machines and one manual weeding. Implement cover crops (growing legumes or related crops).

• Keep the root area of the trunks covered in mulch (fronds, burlap,

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

weed and vegetable material, grains ) out to a radius of 1.5 m.

• Ensure correct distancing of the trees when planting.

• Biological: Silviculture on coconut plantations (avoid overgrazing). Chemical: Herbicides.

COFFEE

(Coffea sp. )

Coffee is, by its nature, one of the crops best suited to conserving natural resources in the tropics. The research carried forth by CENICAFE offers alternatives for successful management of coffee pests, as long as the causes and conditions of a pest infestation are identified in a timely manner and that preventative or responsive actions are taken. These alternatives are effective, low cost, and pose minimum health and environmental risks.

Root Moth (Dysmicoccus sp.) Cultural: • Examine the young plants

(“colinos”) before planting and take special care of plants that have ants in the base of the stem.

• When producing trees (older than two years) are affected by the moths, it is recommendable to uproot them, being sure to eradicate all the roots, and replace them with a healthy “colino”.

Chemical: Apply a mix of low toxicity contact insecticide with agricultural oil.

Refined mineral oil

Bluff Ants (Acropyga sp.) Cultural: • In cases of high humidity, drain

the crop by digging channels. • In clay rich soil, improve the

physical conditions by incorporating well-decomposed material. It is not necessary to treat the entire crop, only seriously affected or dead areas.

Chisas (Anomala sp, Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: • Monitoring the populations with

light traps to take precautions at the moment of planting.

Metarhizium sp, Bacillius popilliae

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• When planting, restrain use of organic material as much as possible (chicken manure, decomposed pulp, etc.).

• Stimulate and protect the natural control exercised by parasites and predators.

• Management of coverings so that the soil is always covered.

• Use hoe to weed since this tool removes the layer of soil (up to 10 cm deep) where the pest lives, leaving them exposed to predators.

Biological: Treat the planting holes, just before sowing, with Metarhizium sp., an entomopathogenic fungus that attacks all the biological states.

Branch Passer (Xylosandrus sp.) Cultural: • Its aggregated distribution among

the crop allows the outbreak focal points to be found and the pruning of the branches with dry shoots.

• Drainage of humid areas and good fertilization help to diminish the incidence.

•

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: • It is important to avoid monocrop

cultivation, especially of highly susceptible species such as citruses, cassava, and pastures, among others.

• Repellant plants such as Tagetes

ensiformis. • Mechanical: Destroy the queen

ants in recently established anthills.

• Physical: Apply water directly into the main entrance of the anthill for 24 hours using a hose.

•

Pyrimiphos methyl

Coffee leaf Sapper (Leucoptera sp.)

Biological: • Various parasitoid species have

been registered that emerge from the mines or cocoons, all of them from the family Eulophidae of the Hymenoptera order. Common species in coffee crops are: Closterocerus cafellae Ihring Horismenus cupreus Ashmead

Dimethoate Beauveria bassiana

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Pnigalio sarasolai De Santis Zagrammosoma sp. Tetrastichus sp. Chrysocharis sp. Elachertus sp. Aprostocetus sp. Z. zebralineatum de Santis.

Chemical: In the absence of natural control factors, treat the focal points with systemic insecticide in granulated form that dissolves into the soil and thus avoids harming coffee crop bird fauna.

Branch Moths (Planococcus sp.) Chemical: • Since focal points tend to appear

in coffee crops where there has been frequent spraying of fungicides or insecticides, these lots shouldbe periodically examined and affected trees marked with a ribbon.

• Afterwards, the affected branches should be sprayed with a contact insecticide of short residual impact plus with agricultural oil.

• The stream emanating from the nozzle should be aimed at the knots of the affected branches.

• Some branches should be left without treatment so as to maintain and encourage natural control.

Dimethoate Refined mineral oil

False Measurers (Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: • The populations of this defoliating

pest diminish by spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis.

• Also, larvae are killed by Nomurea rileyi (Farlow) and Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) parasites (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

Bacillus thuringiensis

Saddle Worm (Sibine sp.) Mechanical: Collect larvae and pupae, taking care to avoid contact with the covering of the cocoon, which is an irritant. These can then be placed in closed spaces to stimulate the emergence of natural enemies. Natural Biological: There is a wide variety of natural enemies. • Larvae are preyed upon by

parasitoids such as:

Beauveria bassiana Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Apanteles sp. Casinaria sp. (Say) Ceratosmicra sp. Spilochalcis sp.

• The pupae are preyed upon by fly parasites of theTachinidae and Bombyliidae families (Diptera).

• The following predators are registered: Alcaeorrhynchus grandis

(Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and

Asps of the Polistes and Polybia genus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

B. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. attack the larvae

Prepared applications of the densonucleosis virus have been shown to be effective, multiplying rapidly and causing epizootic outbreaks among the pest population.

Bacillus thuringiensis is also efficient as a larvicide.

Floral Cushion Lice (Orthezia sp.) Cultural: • Spray the colonies with

pressurized soapy water, preventing nymphs from climbing up the tree again by applying a sticky substance or a greased plastic strip around the stem.

• Be careful not to strangle the stem by tying the strips too tightly.

Coffee Burrower (Hypothenemus sp.)

Cultural: • Based on a well-executed harvest

that avoids letting fruit fall to the soil and does not allow the burrower to escape during the stage of coffee harvest.

Biological: Spraying of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to infect the adults that are penetrating the coffee fruit. Chemical: The use of insecticides is only worthwhile in focused amounts and only when the level of infestation justifies it. Insecticides are effective only when the adult is penetrating the fruit. Legislative: Recommendations on the

Beauveria bassiana Pyrimiphos methyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Integrated Management of Burrower (IMB), based on the establishment of different levels of infestation.

Jointed Scales

(Selenaspidus sp.)

Biological: • In Colombian coffee crops, this

species does not reach large populations perhaps because of good natural control.

• The parasitoids Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw, Aphytis sp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are registered.

• The Predators Pentilia castanea Mulsant, Oeneis sp (Coleopteran: Coccinellidae) are registered.

• The entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia sp. is registered.

Root Knots (Nematodes of the genus Meloydogine sp.)

Cultural: Good soil preparation in the nurseries on each farm, since these may house one or more nematode species. Chemical: Application of a systemic nematicide before or during the first week of sowing the plants.

Diseases

Root Sores, Black Rot, Four Year Disease, Roseliniosis, Black Rot. (ascomycete funguses: Star Sore and Black Sore: Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: • Adopt Integrated Management

measures that aim to detain the pest’s progress.

• Periodic examination of the lots. • Reduce the inoculum of the pest

once the outbreak focal point has been detected.

• Elimination of sick trees and/or neighbors, preferably when the first symptoms of yellowing appear.

• It is recommendable to completely eradicate and burn all roots and residues.

• Expose the area to solar rays for a period of at least 3 months, keeping the area free from pests.

Biological: • Apply bio-controllers such as the

fungus Trichoderma koningi or the bacteriaBurkholderia cepacia (Pseudomonas cepaceae).

Trichoderma koningi Burkholderia cepacia

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: Before the new planting, apply fungicide, disinfecting (empotatondo) the soil.

Iron Stain, Chasparria (Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Careful management of nutritional factors (adequate, balanced, and timely fertilization of the crop based on soil analysis). Chemical: Timely application of fungicide in the nursery to control the disease. Systematic fungicides (triazoles and benzimidazoles), protective fungicides (dithyocarbamates) and some combinations thereof.

Cyproconazole

Leaky Disease, Cock’s Eye, Euphorbia (Mycena sp.)

Cultural: • The recommended practices are

oriented towards improving aeration and light penetration in the crop, and consist of: shade regulation, weeding, elimination of parasitic

plants, adequate and timely

fertilization, partial or total renewal of

the crop. • In zones prone to the

development of the pathogen the crop density per hectare should be reduced.

Chemical: In Colombia, it is not recommendable to use chemicals to control this disease.

Rust Disease, Orange Rust Disease (Hemileia sp.)

Genetic: Plant and sow resistant varieties, such as the “ColombianVariety”. Chemical: • Apply protective fungicides that

inhibit the germination of the pathogen in its shelter host and systemic fungicides that affect the germination of the fungus and detain its colonization in the foliage.

• Application of copper fungicides is recommended.

Cyproconazole Triadimefon Copper oxychloride

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Loose Threads Disease, Web Disease, Koleroga (Koleroga sp., Ceratobasidium sp.)

Cultural: • Increase aeration and light in the

cultivated lots. • Pruning and burning branches

with symptoms of the disease. Chemical: There are no recommendations as to chemical control of this disease in Colombia.

Butter stain

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: • Elimination of the affected plants,

including their fruit and the brush (chapolas) growing beneath them.

Genetic: Plant selected materials.

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: • All humidity-reducing practices. • Adequate management of pests. • Reduce sowing density. • Diminish shade, using shade plants

with less dense foliage, etc.

Copper rust Copper oxychloride Copper sulfate Kocide (metallic copper), Bordeaux mix

Iron Stain, Circular Stains, Grayish-brown Stains, Chasparria (Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Adequate, balanced and timely fertilization of the crop bases on soil analysis. Chemical: Protect the fruit during their first phases of development.

Triadimefon Copper oxychloride

CBD, Coffee Fruit Disease, not in Colombia (Colletotrichum sp.)

Chemical: Management of this disease has been fundamentally based on chemical control.

Copper oxychloride

Pink Disease (Corticium sp.) Cultural: Pruning of the sick parts during summer.

Copper oxychloride

CORN (Zea mays) This crop does well under minimum tilling. Among activities that should be carried out are clearing of the terrain, soil conversion practices, good timing of the sowing in accordance with the conditions of the particular zone, association with other crops such as bean, fertilization of the soil, Integrated Management of weeds, diseases, and insects, watering, and any other activity that fosters the conservation of natural resources and competitive yields.

Fuzzy Mildew Chemical: Fungicides to treat seeds. Carboxin

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Asphalt Stain, Cercosporiosis Cultural: • Incorporate post harvest

remnants that are a source of the nutrition.

• Frequently monitor the crop.

Chemical: Curative fungicides.

Foliar diseases

Leaf Ember Disease (Helminthosporium sp.), Rust Disease (Puccinia sp),

Brown Stain (Physoderma sp.),

Curvularia sp. Diseases of the stem: Phytium sp and Fusarium sp Diseases of the ears: Rot caused by Diplodia, Fusarium sp and Penicillium

Cultural: • Use of excellent quality seeds. • Adequate fertilization. • Control the soil humidity. • Good coverage of the ears. • Frequently monitor the crop.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Carbon Stalk Disease (Sphaceloteca sp.)

Cultural: • Crop rotation. • Identification, elimination, and

destruction of sick plants with initial symptoms of the disease.

• Use of certified seeds. Genetic: Use of tolerant genetic types. Chemical: Seed treatments.

Carboxin

Birds Physical: Scarecrows and noise makers.

Arthropods

Pests of the soil

Earth bugs and Diggers: (Spodoptera sp., Agrotis sp., Solenopsis sp. Euetheola sp., Blisus sp.)

Cultural: • Good soil preparation with deep

plowing and raking (when the slope and soil texture permit).

• Prompt destruction of weeds. • Crop rotation. • Use of excellent quality seeds. • Adequate fertilization. • Good soil humidity at the

moment of planting to ensure quick and uniform germination.

Biological: Applications of biological controllers, such as: • Nomuraea riley • Trichogramma atopovirilia

Trichlorfon Trichogramma Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Bacillus Thuringiensis • Baculovirus spodopterae. • Chemical: Use of poisoned bait placed at the base of the stalks. Insecticides to protect the seed.

Stem Worm (Diatraea sp.) Cultural: Control grass weed. Biological: • Trichograma exiguum attacks the

eggs of Diatraea sp. Chemical. Not efficient and not suggested because of its destructive impact on the environment.

Trichograma exiguum

Pests in the leaves

Corn Stalk Worm

(Spodoptera frugiperda)

Cultural: • Good quality, vigorous seeds. • Good crop management. • Control grass weeds. • Avoid sowing in areas that have a

history of infestation. • Excellent monitoring of the

infestation and its larval states. • Deploy traps baited with

molasses to eliminate adults. Biological: • Take advantage of the natural

enemies. • Apply Bacillus thurigiensis during

the first two stages (instar) of the larvae.

• During the vegetative state, in order to eliminate the eggs and diminish the population of the stalk pest, release biological controllers, such as: Trichogramma Telenomus remus Wasps, Crisoperla

Bacillus thurigiensis Trichogramma Deltamethrin

Pests of the stored grains

Weevil (Sitophilus sp), moths

(Sitotroga sp.)

Cultural: • Harvest the corn as soon as it’s

ready. • When harvesting, separate the

ears that are uncovered or have parts of the leaf covering damaged.

• Storage should be away from sleeping quarters and refuges of rodents, ventilated and with low humidity.

• Thoroughly clean away all kernel

Extracts of neem Azaderachtin

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

residue from previous harvests, shake out the floor, roofs, and walls.

Chemical: • Quick spraying (small nozzle)

trying not to wet the kernels. • Apply the solution to the walls,

corners, cracks and any other places where the pest is found.

• Use of repellants (neem). •

Rodents Cultural: • Keep the perimeters of the lots

clean. • Good canals (watering and

drainage). • Eliminate weeds and post harvest

remnants. • Good covering of the seed during

sowing to avoid el damage from rodents.

Biological: Protect the forest fauna such as birds of prey, snakes, mountain cats and weasels. Chemical: Utilize bait prepared with anticoagulant rat poison, taking care to alternate between these products in accordance with their active ingredient.

Weeds Various species Cultural: • Good terrain preparation before

sowing. • Crop rotation. Mechanical: “Machete”, scythe, or hoe. Chemical: Use of herbicides.

Nicosulfuron

CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus)

Pollination by insects is essential for cucumber cultivation. Thus, it is necessary to take special care when applying chemicals so as not to harm these insects. Among the methods of control are: selection of an adequate field, construction of drainage, apply organic fertilizer, use vegetation as cover crops, disinfect threshing floors, timely of weed control, use of certified seeds, ensure correct sowing distances, prune leaves and stems, earthing up the crop before

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

flowering and after weed control and leaf pruning, implement growth guiding stakes.

Fruit Worm (Diaphania sp.) Cultural: Remove and eliminate affected fruit.

Leaf Eaters (Diabrotica sp., Trichoplusia sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: Manually remove and eliminate them (look for them beneath the leaves and in the plant terminals).

Earth bugs (Agrotissp., Grillotalpa sp.)

Cultural: • Timely control of weeds. • Timely harvest (whether small or

good sized). • Destroy the remnants.

Aphids Cultural: timely control of weeds and leaf pruning.

Dimethoate

Sapper or Drawing Bug (Liriomyzasp.)

Cultural: Good agronomical practices.

Dimethoate Spinosad

Diseases

Fuzzy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora sp.)

Cultural: • Good disinfection of the substrata

and threshing floors. • Preventing excess humidity. • Apply agricultural lime to the

substrata and to the raised-rows when preparing terrain.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Dusty Mildew (Erysiphe sp.) Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Directed at the bottoms of the leaves.

Leaf Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Mosaic Cultural: • Eliminate sick plants. • Control aphids. • Use of drainage and fertilization

so as to develop vigorous plants. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Use treated seed.

Captan

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Angular Leaf Stain (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. • Do not utilize seed from affected

fruit. • Crop rotation. Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Nematodes Cultural: • Rotate with crops that are not

susceptible such as sorghum, corn, crotalaria.

• Apply agricultural lime to the soil. • Disinfect the raised-rows and soil

by solarization. Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Withering (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid very heavy soil and bad

drainage. • Use high raised rows and avoid

excess watering. Chemical: Use treated seed.

Captan Copper oxychloride + metalaxyl

Fruit Rot Cultural: • Avoid accumulation of water into

puddles. • Use high raised rows to facilitate

good drainage. • Timely harvest. • Implement growth guiding stakes

before sowing so that the plants have a place to climb up.

• Do insect control (mainly Diaphania).

Biological: Trichoderma harzianum.

Trichoderma harzianum

Weeds Various species Cultural: • Keep in mind that the root

system of cucumber is shallow; thus, weeding should not penetrate too deeply.

• Uproot weeds manually or using “machete”.

• Do solarization, using black plastic.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

CUCURBITS (MELON, WATERMELON)

(Cucumis melo) and Citrullus sp.)

Pest control in Cucurbits crops requires an Integrated Management that includes the following elements: good soil preparation that prevents the soil from being compacted (i.e. poor drainage); avoid extended periods of watering; use certified seeds and disease tolerant materials; rotate crops with those not susceptible to the pathogens (corn, sorghum); healing practices and elimination of affected plants, to avoid establishment of disease focal points, cleaning of equipment (plows, rakes, cultivators) to prevent spreading the infestation to new areas.

Cenicilla or Oidium disease

(Sphaerotheca sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Use healthy seeds. • Treat the plant structures in

nurseries. Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Sulfur

Gummy Chancro of the watermelon stem (Didymella sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy seeds. • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants, • Avoid excess humidity. • Remove affected fruit. Chemical: Disinfect crop structures.

Mildew, Fuzzy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Avoid excess humidity. • Low planting density. Physical: Eliminate affected plants at the end of cultivation.

Cymoxanil Copper oxychloride, Triadimefon Propamocarb

Fruit Rot (Erwinia sp.) Cultural: Collect and bury the affected fruit.

Withering (Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: • Rotate crops. • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Avoid excess humidity around the

plants. Physical: Eliminate sick plants, do

Sulfur Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

solarization. Genetic: Utilize resistant varieties and certified seeds. Chemical: Disinfect crop structures and tools, use fungicides (preventative).

Dusty Mildew (Oidium sp.) Chemical: Apply sulfur based fungicides, when temperatures are low.

Sulfur

Melon Sieve Virus (MSV) Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Pumpkin Yellow Mosaic Virus (PYMV)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and sick plants. Chemical: Control aphids.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) Cultural: Eliminate weeds and sick plants. Chemical: Control aphids.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Watermelon Mosaic Virus – 2 (WMV-2)

Cultural: • Good weed control, especially of

other wild Cucurbits, and aphids. • Eliminate the plants showing

general symptoms, removing them from the field.

Squash Mosaic Virus (SqMV) Cultural: • Use virus free seeds. • Avoid transmitting the pest via

manual operations.

Cucumber Yellow Vein Virus (CYVV)

Cultural: • Use mesh in nurseries. • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Physical: Destroy affected plants. Chemical: Control of the vector, White Flies, with specific insecticides.

Horticultural oil Amithraz, Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Nematodes (Meloydogine sp.) Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Disinfect crop structures and soil, use nematicides.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Biological: Apply fungus Arthrobotrys irregularis. Physical: Steam sterilization, solarization.

Arthropods

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Avoid excess nitrogen. • Monitor crops during the first

phases of development. Chemical: Disinfect crop structures, use insecticides. Biological: Take advantage of natural enemies.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Sulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants. Physical: Mesh, use yellow traps. Biological: Take advantage of natural enemies.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Aphids (Aphis sp., Myzus sp.) Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants. Physical: Mesh, use yellow traps. Biological: There are various natural enemies.

Horticultural oil - Amithraz, Horticultural oil - Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Thrips (Frankiniella sp.) Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants. Physical: Mesh and blue traps.

Horticultural oil Sulfur

Leaf Sappers (Liriomyza sp.) Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Eliminate and destroy the lower

leaves of the plant. Physical: Mesh and yellow traps. Biological: Use the diversity of natural enemies: Opius sp., Diglyphus sp.

Horticultural oil - Cyromazine Spinosad

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Caterpillars (Spodoptera, Heliothis, Agrotis sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate weeds and crop

remnants. • Eliminate the lower leaves of the

plant. • Monitor the crops during the first

phases of development. Physical: Mesh, light traps. Ecological: Use pheromones.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Amithraz Sulfur Pyrimiphos methyl

Fruit Perforators (Diaphania sp.) Biological: Use parasitoids, such as: • Cardiochiles diaphanae • Apanteles sp. • Wasps of the family Chalcidade • Flies of the family Tachinidae • Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis Amitraz

Trichoplusia sp. Biological: • Trichograma sp. • Halticus sp. • Falconia sp.

CURUBA See Pasiflora cultivation below.

FOREST SPECIES In general, pines have more pest problems while Eucalyptus have more disease problems. The promoted species are: Cumin (Aniba sp.), Moncoro (Cordia sp.), Cypress (Cupressus lusitanica), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis), Walnut (Juglans regia), Pine (Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus tecunumanii), Tolua Kapok Tree (Bombacopsis quinata), Teak (Cedrela sp.), Jacaranda (Jacaranda caucana), Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) Disease Management Recommendation: - Develop epidemiological research by zones to determine the potential for each of the pathogen-host interactions and their effects on the crop; identify biotic and non-biotic factors that regulate the populations and implement adequate management of said factors for effective pest control and crop health. Ensure adequate sowing distances. Good management practices, especially of fertilization and pruning. Implement self-sustaining control techniques.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Damping Off: a complex of funguses of the soil (Phytium, Rhizoctonia, Phythophtora, etc.)

Cultural: • Low sowing density. • Avoid accumulation of water into

puddles. • Acidic soils are preferable. • Avoid too much organic matter. Chemical: Seed treatment, soil disinfection.

Fosethyl Aluminium Sulfur Captan Thiram (<5%) Thiabendazole A complex of iodine

Gills and Root Rot: nematode Meloydogine incognita

Chemical: Disinfect soil. Sodium hypochlorite

Crown Gill: Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. Tumefaciens

Chemical: Soil disinfection in Eucalyptus sp.

Sodium hypochlorite

Stake Root Death: A complex of funguses (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, etc.)

Chemical: Apply to stakes. Sodium hypochloriteA complex of iodine, Copper oxychloride + metalaxyl

Ascending Eucalyptus Desiccation: Mycosphaerella sp.

Eucalyptus Rust Disease (Puccinia psidii)

Cultural: Use species that mature early. Genetic: Use resistant clones.

Diplodia Descending Pine Desiccation (Sphaeropsis sapinea)

Cultural: Early pruning and in low temperature seasons, remove debris. Genetic: Use resistant clones.

Oak Rust Disease (Prospodium bicolor)

Cultural: Removal of affected parts. Chemical: Application of product.

Triadimenol

Chancro of the Eucalyptus (Cryphonectria sp.)

Genetic: Use genetic resistance.

Desiccation of the Eucalyptus buds (Botryosphaeria dothidea)

Genetic resistance

Leaf Stain of the Gmelina

(Cercosporiosis rangita)

Cultural: • Prompt management of weeds. • Reasonable plantation density. • Good silvicultural management.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

•

Necrotic Leaf Stain of theEucalyptus

(Cylindrocladium spp).

Cultural: • Use species that mature early. • Thinning, establish clearings and

greater distance between trees. Genetic: There are resistant clones.

Elm Death Ophiostoma ulmi Pine Trunk Rot Heterobasidion annosum. Root Rot Armillaria mellea. Coniferous Rust Diseases Cronartium sp. Gymnosporangium sp. Coleosporium sp. Root Rot Laetiporus sp. Ganoderm sp.

Cultural: • Use good primary material. • Good production practices. • Good plantation establishment. • Management practices in

accordance with the technology packages provided for each species.

Captan Triforine Lime

Defoliants Glena bisulca (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Glena sp. (Pinus patula) Oxydia trychiata (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Oxydia platypterata (Pinus patula) Oxydia vesulia (Eucalyptus grandis) Pepo buckeyi (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Cargolia arana (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Cargolia pruna (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Cargolia sp (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Chrysomima semilutearia (Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandis and Cupressus lusitanica) Malanolophia commotaria (Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandis and Cupressus lusitanica) Neuromelia ablinearia (Pinus radiata and Pinus patula) Bassania schreiteri (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Sabulodes glaucularia (Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandisand Cupressus lusitanica) Sabulodes caberata (Eucalyptus

Cultural: • Good management of the canopy. • Pruning, interspaces and clearings • Stimulate secondary natural

vegetation. • Management of natural forest

strips. • Management of plantation

densities. • Light traps. • Removal of larvae from trees and

pupae in the soil; destruction of adults.

Microbiological: For controlling larvae use. • Beauveria bassiana • Metarhizium anisopliaae • Trichoderma harzianum. Biological: • Wasp Telenomus • Ichneumonidae • Cratichneumon sp. • Xanthoepalpus sp. • Telenomus alsophilae • Podisus sp. • Siphoniomyia melaena • Euphoracea floridensis • Cratichneumon sp. • Rogas sp. • Polistes sp.

Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliaae Trichoderma harzianum.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

grandis) • Coccygomimus sp. • Trichogramma sp. • Anastatus sp. • Anisia sp. Chemical: Not suggested; causes greater biological imbalances.

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) (All the sp.)

Cultural: • Soil preparation during rainy

season eliminates surface colonies.

• Ensure good maintenance of the crop.

• Keep the trees pruned. • Encourage native vegetation when

possible since this attracts the presence of birds and natural enemies.

• A very important crop management practice is to determine when the mating flights take place, and to capture the queens on that day when they try to start new colonies; look for small holes in the soil with loose dirt dug up by the queen.

• Place traps baited with plants that can be easily foraged by the ants, but which are toxic to them and to the fungus Attamyces bromatificus.

• Among toxic species are: the higuerilla bean and the neem tree; these should be placed near the ant nests and around the crops that are being invaded by the ants.

Biological: • Protect birds and their habitat

and food sources. Birds are capable of preying upon up to 90% of the female ants (future queens) during and after the mating flight.

• Apply bait mixed with Trichoderma harzianum.

• Application of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and Metarrizium anisopliae, applied to recently established ant nests.

Physical-mechanical: • Apply glue to the stem necks of

the trees as a barrier to prevent the ants from climbing the trees.

• An adhesive gel made from

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

natural, biodegradable ingredients is available in stores. An adequate amount should be applied to an adhesive strip 10 cm. wide which is wrapped around the tree trunk about 1.20 m from the ground, beneath the branches.

Chemical: Toxic bait (pellets) distributed near the nests. Dehydrated orange pulp can be used as bait. Application of sulfluramide eliminate the fungus that serves as a food source for the queens by changing the pH of the ant nests. This is achieved by periodically applying lime to the entrances and interior of the nest with a blower.

Rabbits Repellant odors.

Dimethoate

Chizas Cultural: Light trap for males.

Dimethoate

Aphids, Suckers, Shoot Pests Biological: Herons. Chemical: Localized applications.

Soybean oil

Termites (Termitidae sp.) Cultural: Gravity watering.

Weeds Various Mechanical: Manually eradicate with “machete” or scythe.

Metsulfuron methyl

GUANABANA (Annona muricata)

Fruit of Annona muricata, a broad leaf, flowering, evergreen tree native to the Caribbean and South America. Guanabana is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.

Pests of leaves and stems

- Áfidos or pulgones (Aphis sp., Toxoptora sp.),

- Membrácidos (Aconophora sp.),

- Lorito verde (Empoasca sp.),

- Mosca algodonosa (Aleurodicussp.),

Cultural: To control adult insects use light traps in the field. Close monitoring during growth of the tree. Biological: The following predators are registered: • Trichogramma sp. • Bacillus thuringiensis. • Himenoptera, Baconidae,

Eulophidae. • Depredators of Aphis sp.,

Diflubenzuron Triclorfon Trichogramma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

- Escama articulada (Salenaspidus sp.),

- Escama de la papaya (Phylephedra sp.),

- Cochinilla (Saissetia sp.),

- Ácaros (Eriophyes sp., Tetranychus sp.),

- Polillas (Sabulodes sp., Hylesia sp.),

- Minador (Leucoptera sp.),

- Cucarrones (Colapsis sp., Diabrotica sp.)

Toxoptora sp. (Coccinellidae, Crisopidae)., Aschertonia sp.

Chemical: Application of product under the leaves.

Chinche de encaje (Corythucha sp.)

Cultural: Monitor frequently to detect on time. Biological: Release vespidae, Parachatergus sp., Family trichogrammatidae, Epoligosita sp. Chemical: Application of product under the leaves.

Mites (Eriophyes sp.) Cultural: Close monitoring specially to growth of stems and leaves. Chemical: Identify and mark sick trees to apply product.

Sulfur

Pests of the flowers

- Polillas (Tecla sp.),

- Cucarrones (Ciclocephala sp.)

Cultural: Use light traps during the night. Biological: Release. Chemical: Baited traps with sugar.

Trichogramma

Pests of the trunk

Hormigas (Atta sp.), - Gorgojo

barrenador (Cratosomus sp.), -

Comején (Nasutitermes sp.), -

Barrenador del tallo (Trachuderes sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning and burning of the

damaged branches. • Surgical repair and applying

healing agents if the damage is centered in the main stem.

Chemical: Apply soap water to reduce Atta sp.

Bordaux paste - Pasta bordelesa

Pests of the fruit

Chinches, polillas, cucarrones, avispas, abejas, ácaros, perforadores del fruto: Cochinilla, (Trigona sp., Cerconota sp.,

Cultural: • Install light traps during the night. • Monitor during growth period. • Eliminate nests. • Bag young fruits. • Collect any affected fruits from

Triclorfon

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Bephratelloides sp.,

Saissetia sp., Phylephedra sp.), Escama articulada (Selenaspidius sp.), Mosca algodonosa (Aleurodicus sp., Aconophora sp.), Chince hediondo (Antiteuchus sp.)

the ground or form the tree to bury them.

Chemical: Application of product. Biological: • Hymenoptera • Apanteles stenomae • Xuphosomella sp. • Microhimenoptero Brachymeria

psudovata.

Diseases

Antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: • Location of crop in low relative

humidity and moderate rainfall. • Collect affected fruits. • Disinfect tools. • Adecuate nutrition. • Transplant from nurceries only

healthy trees. •

Captan

Pudrición parda del fruto (Rhizopus

sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid cuts or damage to the fruit. • Eliminate any fruits from the

ground. • Transplant from nurceries only

healthy tres. • Plant trees apart form each other

as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity levels.

• Good fertilization and irrigation.

Mancha blanca del follaje

(Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate any fruits from the

ground. • Transplant from nurceries only

healthy tres. • Plant trees apart form each other

as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity levels.

• Good fertilization and irrigation.

Pudrición radicular (Armillaria sp.,

Rizocthonia, Phytophtura)

Cultural: • Location of crop in low relative

humidity and moderate rainfall. • Collect affected fruits. • Disinfect tools. • Adecuate nutrition. • Transplant from nurceries only

healthy trees.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chancro de las ramas (Phylophthera sp.),

Secamiento de la rama (Botrydiplodia sp.), Roña o Sarna (Elsinoe sp.)

Cultural: • Sow 1,250 meters below sea

level. • Eliminate any fruits from the

ground. • Transplant from nurceries only

healthy tres. • Plant trees apart form each other

as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity levels.

• Good fertilization and irrigation.

Sodium hypochlorite

HELICONIA AND OTHER FLOWER SPECIES

Flower and tropical foliage cultivation is oriented towards ecological and clean production based on clean production principles such as acquisition and preservation of healthy plants, appropriate fertilization with organic materials, including green fertilizers, cover crops, poly-cultivation, agroforestry systems, and microbial enrichment of the soil. Cultivation of these crops is also oriented towards IPM, which includes use of bio-controllers, close monitoring and early identification of pest infestation, cultural control methods, and other techniques. This eco-friendly production does not necessarily exclude the use of pesticides; however, pesticides are used only as a last recourse when all other options have proven ineffective in producing the desired result. And even when pesticides must be used, the farmers themselves openly admit that they prefer to mainly use non-systemic products that include insecticide soap, vegetable oils (sunflower seed, soy, palm, cotton, etc.), and third generation biological insecticides and growth regulators.

Leaf Stain

(Fusarium sp.,

Cercospora sp,

Phyllostica sp.)

Cultural: Plant healthy specimens in zones not affected by the pathogen.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Moko

(Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Eradicate and bury the affected plant.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Soil Pathogens, Fungal

post-harvest attack

Sodium hypochlorite

Myrothecium sp. Cultural: • Regulate shade. • Drain the soil. • Do not apply excessive nitrogen

fertilizers.

Nematodes Cultural: Do not weed or clear clearing around the base of the plant using hoe, since this can rupture the roots and permit entry of the pathogen.

Arthropods

Spodoptera sp. Biological: Entomopathogenic fungus. Bacillus thuringiensis Trichlorfon

Lice

Weevil Chemical: Use baited traps.

Stem Woodworms

Trichoplusia nii Neem extract Azadirachtin

Heliothis Physical: Use light traps.

Screw Worm

(Castniomera sp.)

Cultural: Remove and compost affected vegetable material.

Chigger (Cholus sp. ) Cultural: Ensure good luminosity to the crop. Biological: Use of Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana

Post-harvest Insects

Ants Ecological: Alelopathically with Canavalia Ants. Physical: Manually capture the queens.

Weeds varios species Mechanical: • Eliminate weeds by hand or using

appropriate tools. • Do not eradicate all vegetable

material because this may result in soil erosion.

Chemical: Application of product, not

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

recommended.

HIGUERILLA (Ricinus communis)

Higuerilla, also known as palm cristi, castor, higuera infernal, tártago, andricino, is a forest bush that grows in most tropical regions.

Earth bugs (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: • Optimal soil preparation. • Good sowing.

Leaf Beetles (Diabrotica sp., Cerotomasp.)

Cultural: • Adequate water supply. • Elimination of weeds. Chemical: Application of product.

Leaf Eaters (Spodoptera sp.Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: • Natural enemies. • Bacillus thuringiensis •

Bacillus thuringiensis

Stink Bug (Nezara sp.) Cultural: Keep the crop and surrounding area free of weeds. Chemical: Application product.

Jogoto (Phyllophaga sp.), Antenna worm (Agrotis sp.), Soldier Worm (Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: • Good soil preparation preferably

one month before sowing to destroy pest eggs, larvae, and pupae by leaving them exposed to the sun and to animals.

Biological: Predators, such as: • Calosoma sp. • Polistes sp. Chemical: Granulated insecticides, poisoned bait.

Trichlorfon

Cigar Pest (Empoasca sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

Diseases

Ash Mold (Botrytis sp.) Cultural: • Correct sowing distance, only

one plant per site. • Keep free of weeds during rainy

seasons. • Do not plant in regions with high

atmospheric humidity. • Eliminate and destroy affected

parts, as well as the wild plants of this species.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Genetic: Sow resistant and precocious varieties.

Fusarium Stain (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: • Crop rotation. • Appropriate use of potassium. • Destruction of affected plants. Genetic: Sow resistant and precocious varieties.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Withering of the seedlings (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid poorly drained terrains in

very humid regions. • Ensure good weed control. • Sow in an appropriate season. Genetic: Utilize resistant varieties.

Rust Disease (Melampsora sp.) Cultural: • Keep free of weeds. • Ensure adequate drainage. Chemical: Application of sulfur.

Sulfur

Stains of the leaves (Cercospora sp., Xanthomonas sp.)

Genetic: Sow resistant varieties.

Virosis Genetic: Sow resistant varieties.

Weeds Various species Mechanical: Two or three clearings per cycle.

LULO (Solanum quitoense) Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), quality of seed and sowing materials, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Root Neck Worm (Faustimus sp.)

Coleopteran

Cultural: • Weed control. • Removal and burning of the

affected plants. Chemical: Application of products.

Diflubenzuron

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Stem and Branch Worms (Alcidion sp.) Coleopteran

Cultural: • Remove fallen fruit from the soil,

bury it 50 cm beneath the soil, and cover with lime.

• Supportive pruning and pruning of sucker stems.

Biological: Use entomopathogenic funguses: • Bacillus thuringiensis • Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Chemical: Applications of products that inhibit chitin synthesis, pyrethroids.

Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Diflubenzuron

Mites (Tetranychus sp., Tarsonemus sp.)

Cultural: • Removal and burning of the

affected parts. Supportive pruning. • Good fertilization and good

humidity. Chemical: Applications of acaricides.

Sulfur based products

Thrips (Deidatotrips sp.) Cultural: • Supportive pruning. • Good fertilization. • Good humidity. • Elimination of alternate host

weeds. Biological: Apply entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroeus. Chemical: Application of insecticides.

Paecilomyces fumosoroeus Chlorfenapyr Dimethoate

Earth bugs, Diggers (Agrotis sp.) Cultural: Optimal preparation of the soil. Chemical: Application of toxic bait.

Beetles (Diabrotica sp., Leptinotarsa sp, Colaspis sp., Epilachna sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of alternate host weeds. Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroeus. Chemical: Application of insecticide.

Paecilomyces fumosoroeus

Paton Chigger (Leptoglossus sp.), Chigger (Anthonomus sp.), Box Chiggers

Cultural: Supportive pruning and pruning of sucker stems. Biological: Entomopathogenic

Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

(Corythaicasp.) funguses, such as: • Bacillus thuringiensis • Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Chemical: Application of pyrethroid insecticides.

Dimethoate Deltamethrin

Fruit Flies (Anastrepha sp., Ceratitis sp.)

Cultural: • Removal of affected fallen fruit. • Deploy traps with hydrolized

protein. Chemical: Application of pyrethroid insecticides.

Dimethoato Deltamethrin Spinosad

Diseases

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: • Removal of sick fruit from the

crop area and burial. • Timely fertilization. • Weeding and clearing around the

base of the plant to achieve better aeration.

Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Copper sulfate Sulfur Captan Tebuconazol Fludioxonil

Dusty Mildew and Fuzzy Mildew (Oidium sp., Peronospora sp.)

Cultural: • Prune and diminish affected

tissue. Maintain good aeration. Chemical: Copper based fungicides.

Copper oxychloride

Cotton rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Cultural: • Removal of affected parts

together with the fungus. • Bury away from the crop.

Black Stem Stain (Phoma sp. And Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: Removal of the affected parts. Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Copper oxychloride

Leaky Disease (Phytophthora sp.) Cultural: Removal of sick stems and fruits. Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Cymoxanil

Cephalosphorum sp. Cultural: • Removal of sick parts of the plant. • Burning them somewhere away

from the crop. Chemical: Application of bactericides

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

not recommended.

Bacterial Withering (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Sow in areas that have no history

of infection by the disease. • Preventative: cleaning of the

tools. Genetic: • Use of grafts with resistant

patterns such as Solanum torvum. • Use of resistant materials (i.e. a

hybrid between S. hirsutum and S. quitoense).

Chemical: Application of fungicides.

A complex of Iodine, Propamocarb

Bacterial Cancer (Corynebacterium sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid use of scions and seeds of

affected plants during reproduction.

• Preventative: clean work tools with 5% formalin solution.

Chemical: Application of bactericide.

Yellowing of the Leavesmor Leaf Fan Virus transmitted by (Myzus sp. and Aphis sp.)

Cultural: • Use of seeds that come from

healthy plants. • Use of botanical seeds for

propagation (to avoid transmitting the disease).

• Plant the hybrid between S. quitoense and S. hirsutum, which is resistant to the virus.

Nematodes (Trichodorus sp.) Genetic: • Graft nematode-resistant patterns

such as S. Torvum. • Plant the hybrid between S.

quitoense and S. hirsutum, which is resistant.

Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as: • Paecilomyces lilacinus, • Beauveria bassiana, • Metarhizium anisopliae. Chemical: Application of nematicides.

Paecilomyces lilacinus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Dry Neck Rot of the Root (Fusarium sp.),

Cultural: Eradicate plants that are in an advanced stage of infection. Chemical: Application of systemic

Copper oxychloride + lime Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Withering vascular fungicides.

Gray mold or Rot of the flower and fruit (Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: Application of absinthe and nettles broth. Chemical: Application of systematic fungicides.

Thiabendazole

Grayish-brown Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Cultural: Establish the crop in furrows that are in line with the wind. Chemical: Application of curative fungicides.

Copper oxychloride Azoxystrobin

Weeds various species Manual: Manual control in the area at the base of the plant. Leave scythed materials in the field as covering.

MANGO (Mangifera indica)

Mango presents a good opportunity for the implementation of an integrated agricultural pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs, especially chemical pesticides, and promotes use of environmentally clean crop management practices.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: • Remove and burn sick fruit,

branches, flowers, and leaves. • Adequate sowing distances (to

ensure good aeration and sunlight penetration).

• Elimination of dry inflorescences. • Production during dry season. • Clearing after harvest. • Mechanical: Prune technically. • Good drainage to avoid

accumulation of water into puddles.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Preventative treatment with Bordeaux broth. Application of fungicides.

Bordeaux mixture Captan Copper oxychloride, Thiabendazole

Dusty Mildew (Oidium sp.) Cultural: Pruning of inflorescence remnants after the harvest. Chemical: Spraying of sulfur based fungicides.

Sulfur,

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Mange (Elsinoe sp.) Cultural: • Elimination of damaged fruit. • Pruning of inflorescence remnants

after the harvest. Chemical: Application of product.

Copper oxychloride, Thiabendazole

Trunk Cancer, Mango Branch Desiccation (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: • Sow scions that are certified

sanitary. • Eliminate and burn sick trees. • Avoid wounding. • Maintain good nutritional balance. • Harvest fruit from sick trees last

and separately. • Avoid dense planting. • Elimination of dry branches at the

tree tops (pruning and clearing). • Seal any cuts. Genetic: Sow tolerant varieties. Chemical: • Disinfect pruning tools. • Use copper based fungicides. •

Copper oxychloride

Cercosporiosis of the mango Chemical: Preventative applications of copper based broth.

Copper oxychloride

Black Bacterial Stain (Xanthomonas sp.)

Mechanical: • Install wind breaks. • Systematic pruning of infected

buds. Chemical: Copper based spraying.

Copper oxychloride

Base Rot (Rosellinia sp.) Cultural: • Eradicate affected plants. • Avoid dissemination of

contaminated soil within the plantation.

Chemical: • Isolate the area with applications

of lime. • Disinfect with formalin. •

Fumagina (Meliolo sp.) Cultural: Elimination of insects. Chemical: Application of fungicides or agrarian oils.

Horticultural oil

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Floral and Vegetative Deformation (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: • Elimination of affected buds. • Careful disinfection of tools used

in the pruning. Chemical: Not suggested. Use of fungicides has not produced satisfactory results.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Internal Fruit Rot or Internal Fruit Decay (Soft – Nose)

Cultural: Adequate fertilization program, with calcium, magnesium and boron.

Fruit Tear Cultural: • Avoid brusque changes of

humidity in the soil. • Anthracnose control. •

Arthropods

Fruit Fly (Ceratitis sp. and Anastrepha sp.)

Cultural: • Daily removal and burial (50 cm

beneath the surface) of fallen fruit or fruit with symptoms of infestation.

• Elimination of weeds. • Harvest the fruit as soon as it is

ripe. • Eliminate trees that shelter the

pest: “mombia”, “jocotes” and “guayaba”.

• Use pheromones. • Use McPhail or Steiner traps with

hydrolized protein bait mixed with borax to eliminate adults.

Chemical: • Use of insecticides. • Hangcloth sacks filled with

sawdust or bran. • Orange colored strips soaked in

an insecticide solution.

Gyberellic acid, Trichlorfon Spinosad Borax (Boric Acid)

False White Lice (Aulacaspis sp.)

Chemical: Agricultural oil alone or mixed with insecticides. Do not utilize agricultural oil during flowering.

Dimethoate Agrarian oil

Bearded Indian Worm (Megalopyge sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Deltamethrin

Thrips (Selenothrips sp.) Cultural: • Induce flowering in a

concentrated manner. • Elimination of alternate host

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

vegetation (“marañón”, “jocotes”, “espanvel”).

Biological: Natural predators, such as Amblyseius cucumeris.

Scales (Planococcus sp.) Biological: Natural predators, such as: • Encarsia sp. • Rhyzobius sp. • Aphytis sp. • Aleurodothrips sp. • Chilocorus sp. Chemical: Emulsified insecticides, systemic insecticides.

Dimethoate Gyberellic pho

White Citrus Lice (Unaspis sp.) Chemical: application of product. Agrarian oil

Burrower of the Mango (Hypocryphalus sp.)

Cultural: Cut and burn affected branches.

Trigona (Trigona sp.) Cultural: Destroy the honeycombs.

Mites (Eriophyes sp.) Cultural: Cut the branches that are over-budding.

Sulfur

Weeds Various species Mechanical: Clearing around the base of the plant, use of scythe, rake.

Manual: Uproot weeds. Chemical: Use of herbicides.

MEDICINAL PLANTS (CURCUMA,RUE, LEMMON GRASS, GINGER)

The following information includes pests affecting the cultivation of: curcuma (Curcuma longa), rue (Ruta graveolens), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratos), ginger (Amomum zingiber) and Anamú (Petiveria alliaceae). Ginger is attacked by pests and diseases that cause significant damage and is thus given more detailed consideration. In general, the pest control strategy for medicinal plants and herbs includes a series of general preventative measures that contribute to diminishing pest presence before it can manifest and that minimize use of chemicals inputs. Some general practices are: polycropping, use of traps, use of repellant crops (rue and chilli pepper), crop rotation, use of physical and cultural control methods, use of natural biological control

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

methods and bio-inputs, and minimal use of chemical pesticides as a last resort, when the other methods have proven ineffective. The chemical pesticides mentioned in this table should not be used as a standard component of the production technology.

Bacterial withering (Pseudomonas sp.)

Chemical: Antibiotic pesticides directed at the base of the plants. Cultural: Be careful when weeding and tilling.

Red Rot (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: • Rotate with non-susceptible

crops. • Prevent water drained from

infested fields from reaching the crop.

Biological: • Trichoderma lingorum, • T. koningii, • T. harzianum. Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Trichoderma lingorum Trichoderma koningii Trichoderma harzianum Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Dry Rot and Black Rot

(Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: • Good drainage. • Rotation. • Select healthy rhizomes. Biological: Bacillus subtilis

Tridemorph Carboxin + Thiram (<5%) Bacillus subtilis

Root Rot

(Phytium sp.)

Cultural: • Choose a well-drained spot. • Crop rotation. • Select healthy rhizomes.

Propanocarb

Leaf Stain (Colletotrichum sp.) Cultural: Remove and burn the affected parts. Chemical: Prophylactic spraying of Bordeaux broth can control the disease.

Difenoconazole Bordeaux mix Bacillus megaterium

Gills Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) Chemical: Apply granulated nematicide in the holes where plants are sown in accordance with the recommended dosage. This is the most significant pest of ginger crops.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Rickets Nematode

(Tylencorrynchus sp.)

Cultural: • Disinfect the soil before planting. • Repellant effect: Tagetesand

calendula. Physical: • Solarization. • Uproot the affected plants. Chemical: InsecticidalInsecticidalInsecticidal soaps complex.

Nematode Worm (R. similis) Cultural: Repellent plants such as Ricinos cummunis, Origanum vulgare, Calendula officinalis.

Various funguses

(Alternaria sp., Septoria sp, Sclerotium sp, Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotinium sp., Botrytis sp., Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Repellent plants, such as Ricinos cummunis, Nicotiana tabacum.

Bordeaux mix

Arthropods

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: • Change the pH of the ant nest by

periodically applying lime to the nest entrances.

• Capture the queens during their mating flight.

• Repellants: Mentha spicata, Eucalyptus globules.

Biological: • Protect animals that are natural

enemies: aardvarks, “armadillos”, “perdices”, etc.

• Metarhizium anisopliae. Chemical: Application of carbon sulfate and poison contact powders. Methods are very limited. Use bait.

Pyrimiphos methyl Metarhizium anisopliae

Aphids Cultural: Repellant crops as Sambucus nigra. Biological: Trichoderma, Metrhizium anisopliae.

Trichoderma sp. Metarhizium anisopliae

Others insects Cultural: Associate with crops as: • Capsicum sativus, • Allium sativus, • Curcuma longa.

Trichogramma sp. Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

•

Weeds Various Cultural: • Control by hand using “machete”

or scythe, two or three times per cycle.

• Removal and earthing up of soil. • Physical: plastic coverings

(mulching).

MUSHROOMS As with all the funguses, mushroom has no chlorophyl and must nurture itself from the mineral substances in the soil. Thus, to grow them, they must be planted over substrata that are duly prepared with the nutrients that the crop needs (generally this is adequately prepared natural or artificial dung). The use of chemical products during the mushroom crop cycle is limited by the fungus’ high vulnerability to pesticides and by the risk of accumulating dangerous pesticide residues on the product itself. Therefore, the best methods of reducing contamination are cleaning and disinfection of empty areas, appropriate disposition of residual substrata and of all possible sources of contamination, as well as good crop management by the growers.

Mites: white spider (Tyrogliphus sp.),

blond spider (Linopodes sp.),

red spider (Tarsonemus sp.),

black spider (Ceratophylla sp.)

Cultural: Optimal treatment of substrata (pasteurization and conditioning). Chemical: Not suggested. Use of acaricides not recommended.

Flies (Sciaridae, Phoridae, Cecydomidae sp.)

Cultural: • Optimal treatment of the

substrata to eliminate larvae and eggs (pasteurization and conditioning).

• Correct elimination of residues. • Identify insects, study life cycles

and ecological characteristics. • Entrance of personnel with

appropriate attire used exclusively for cultivation (coats, boots, mouth covers and hats).

• Mechanical: Installation of physical barriers that impede access to the crop.

• Seal potential insect entrances in

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

the roofs, windows, and walls. • Place mosquito mesh over

ventilation areas. Biological: Natural enemies.

Beetles (colémbolos) Cultural: • Optimal treatment of the

substrata. • Correct elimination of residues. • Adequate cleaning of the

cultivation chambers. • Baited traps. • Mechanical: place fine-mesh

fabrics over air entrances.

Nematodes

(Aphelenchus sp., Ditylenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Parapholenchelus sp.)

Cultural: • Preventative: adequate

sterilization ofthe compost, control of the crop environment.

• Exhaustive supervision of all processes.

• Ensure exact pasteurization and disinfection of the covering layer of soil.

Biological: Fungus Arthrobotrys robusta. Chemical: disinfection with formalin.

Diseases

Bacterial Stain or “Drop”, Mummification (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Adequate preparation of the

dung. • Adequate ventilation of the

installations. • Avoid excessive watering. • Adequate cleaning and rigorous

control of the covering layer of soil.

• Exhaustive supervision of all processes.

Chemical: • Isolate affected areas, placing

cooking salt over the affected area.

• Disinfect with sodium hypochlorite.

• Add chlorine (bleach) to the water when watering.

• Spray hallways of crop chambers with bleach.

•

Sodium hypochlorite Calcium chloride

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Dry rot, Dry Bubble or Paste Disease (Verticillium sp.)

Cultural: • Use healthy lands, that have not

been used recently. • Disinfect the covering layer of soil

with steam. • Exhaustive supervision of all

processes. Chemical: Disinfect the covering layer of soil with formalin.

Spider Web (Dactylium sp.) Cultural: • Exhaustive supervision of all

processes. • Adequate disinfection of the

topsoil. Chemical: Apply formalin or calcium chloride powder to terraces.

Calcium chloride

Bland Rot, Humid Paste Disease (Mycogone sp.)

Cultural: • Constant cleaning. • Make sure that the covering

material is in perfect condition. Chemical: Treat with steam or formalin.

Castaño Mold, botrytis (Plicaria sp.)

Cultural: • Do not sterilize all of the

covering layer of soil. If the mycelium of the mushroom grows very quickly, the mold does not appear.

Green Mold Cultural: • Cleaning. • Good ventilation. • Introduction of recently incubated

specimens.

Carnenillo Disease (Myceliophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid excess humidity in the

compost. • Ensure sufficient heating during

pasteurization. • Sufficient ventilation. Chemical: Destroy germs using steam and formalin.

Olive Green Mold (Chaetomium sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid fertilizers that are too

nitrogen-rich, especially at the

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

end of the elaboration of the compost.

• Keep the pasteurization temperature between 55-58ºC.

• Sow only after having eliminated all the ammonia.

•

Carmine Mold (Sporondonemasp.)

Cultural: • Avoid high levels of nitrogen in

the compost. • Adequate pasteurization. • Good ventilation. •

Mushroom Plaster (Oospora sp.)

Cultural: • Thoroughly disinfect all wood

parts (boxes, planks, etc.) to prevent early infestation.

• The compost should be well fermented and pasteurized.

Fusarium Cultural: • Sufficient ventilation. • Regular replenishment of water. • Chemical: • Disinfection of the covering layer

of soil. • Alternate between various

disinfectants.

Iodine Sodium hypochlorite, Ethanol 70%, Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Truffles Disease (Pseudobalsamia sp.)

Cultural: • Uproot and immediately burn the

reproducing components. • Maintain the temperature of the

crop beneath 16ºC. •

Copper sulfate

Virosis Cultural: • Extreme cleaning. • Clean and disinfect machines and

tools after each use. • Place footwear disinfecting tubs

before the entrance of each chamber.

• Open ventilationwith spore filters.

• Disinfect and cover the infected areas with plastic sheets.

• Before uncovering the substrata it is best to disinfect and then remove quickly.

Chemical: • After laying the compost, cover it

with paper soaked in formalin.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Sprinkle the access path with formalin or a similar disinfectant.

ONIONS (ONION, SCALLION)

An appreciable number of insect and other organism species are registered in the existing literature as actual or potential pests of the liliacea family (to which onions belong) cultivated in Colombia. However, only a few of them are capable of inflicting damage of any economic significance.

Mildew (Peronospora sp.) Cultural: • Use loose, well-drained, light soil. • Weed control. • Rotate with unrelated species. • Water crop rationally. • Adequate fertilization. • Bury remains of infected plants

with plough. Chemical: • Disinfection with protective

fungicides such as copper based products.

• Alternate between systemic and protective fungicides (no more than 3 times per crop cycle) to avoid development of resistance in the pathogen.

Copper oxychloride Sulfur Metalaxyl Fenamidone Cymoxanil Preopamocarb Mandipropamide

Rust Disease (Puccinia sp.) Cultural: Avoid soil with high nitrogen and low potassium content.

Triadimeform

White Rot

(Sclerotium sp.)

Cultural: • Long rotations with non-shelter

species. • Avoid soil that is overly humid

and that contains dung that is only slightly decomposed.

• Temperatures should be above 24ºC.

• Eliminate plants with symptoms of the disease, together with the surrounding soil.

• Incorporate cabbage post harvest crop residues to soil.

Chemical: Treat infected soil.

Carboxin

Ember Disease

(Urocystis sp.)

Cultural: • Remove and burn affected plants. • Avoid cultivation in heavy and

humid soil.

Sodium hypochlorite

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

• Avoid watering with contaminated water.

Chemical: Disinfect tools.

Pink Root (Pyrenochaeta sp.), Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: • Use of good quality seeds. • Rotate with crops belonging to

other families, besides liliaceous, and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).

• Reduce the use of fresh organic material.

• Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudo-stems when humid.

• Avoid contact between the organic material and the plant.

Genetic: Utilize resistant varieties.

Carboxin Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

White Tips (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: • Long rotations. • Use disease-free seeds. • Prevent excess humidity by

constructing channels and ditches. • Avoid high crop density. • Periodic cleaning of the farm

equipment. • Eliminate affected bulbs.

Neck rot, gray mold, Botrytis (Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: • Avoid areas of high humidity. • Use good quality seeds. • Rotate with crops belonging to

other families besides liliaceous and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).

• Reduce the use of fresh organic material.

• Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudostems when humid.

• Avoid contact between the organic material and the plant.

Tebuconazole

Purple Stain (Alternaria sp.) Cultural: • Rotate with unrelated species. • Construct good drains. • Water crops rationally. • Adequate fertilization. • Bury the remains of infected

plants with the plough. Chemical: Use protective copper based products.

Copper oxychloride, Difenoconazole, Azoxystrobin+ nDifenoconazole Trifloxystrobin

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Bulb Rot or Blue Mold (Penicillium sp.)

Cultural: • Use good quality seeds. • Rotate with crops belonging to

other families besides liliaceous and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).

• Reduce the use of fresh organic material.

• Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudo-stems when humid.

• Avoid contact between the organic material and the plant.

• Avoid excess humidity by constructing channels and ditches.

• Incorporate post-harvest cabbage residues to soil.

Bulb Shrinkage, nematodes (Ditylenchus sp.)

Cultural: • Disinfection of the vegetative

seed by heat (56ºC for 2 hours). • Eliminate plants with symptoms of

the disease together with surrounding soil.

• Crop rotation. Chemical: Treat infected soil.

Bacterial diseases (Erwinia sp., Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: • Use good quality seeds. • Rotate with crops belonging to

other families besides liliaceous and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).

• Reduce the use of fresh organic material.

• Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudo-stems when humid.

• Avoid contact between the organic material and the plant.

• Avoid excess humidity by constructing channels and ditches.

•

Arthropods

- Chisas,

White Worms, Mojojoy,

Blind Hen Pest (Ancognata sp., Clavipalpus sp., Astaena sp.)

Cultural: • Good soil preparation. • Manual removal of the pupae of

some pests. • Use of well-decomposed organic

material. • Incorporate and mix the organic

material thoroughly and well in

Bacillus thuringiensis Trichlorfon Extracts of nettles

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

- Diggers and Earth bugs (Agrotis sp., Peridroma sp.)

- Onion Root Fly (Delia sp.) - Underground Chigger or Smallpox Chigger (Cytromenus sp.)

advance of the planting. • Control the soil humidity through

correct application of watering and the construction of adequate drainage.

• Adequate and timely weed control.

• Increase the amount of seeds per surface unit when expecting infestation so as to make a better selection when thinning.

• Timely harvest to avoid damage to the bulbs.

• Collect and eliminate all the post harvest remnants.

• Utilize various traps, deployed at the perimeter of the lot, to capture adult pests.

• Apply Sisal broth to the soil before sowing and after the crop has been transplanted.

Biological: • Various natural enemies. Bacillus

thuringiensis (for Diggers and Earth bugs).

Chemical: • Use of toxic bait. • Apply extracts of plants such as

garlicchilli pepper, nettles. •

Capscicine

Slugs and snails (Deroceras sp., Limax sp., Milax sp., Vaginulus sp.)

Cultural: • Good soil preparation. • Incorporate and mix the organic

material thoroughly and well in advance of the planting.

• Control the soil humidity through correct application of watering and the construction of adequate drainage.

• Collect and eliminate all the post harvest remnants.

Chemical: Granular molluskicides, baited traps to control slugs and snails.

Methaldehyde

Thrips (Thrips sp.) Cultural: • Eliminate crop remnants. • Destruction of alternate host

weeds both in crop and surrounding areas.

• Crop rotation. • Use of blue or white sticky traps

Imidacloprid Dimethoate

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

to capture adults. Biological: Predator mites. Amblyseius cucumeris. A. barkeri. Chemical: • Use of insecticides. • Use humidifiers to improve

penetration.

Onion Sapper (Liriomyza sp.)

Cultural: • Alternate host weeds control. • Crop rotation. • Use of yellow sticky traps. Biological: There are a considerable number of larva parasitoids:

Diglyphus begini, D. intermedius, Diglyphus sp., Euparacrias sp., Crysocharis sp., Crysonotomya sp., Halticoptera sp., Oenonosgastra sp.

Chemical: Translaminant insecticide actions directed at the adults.

Cyromazine Thiamethoxam Deltamethrin

Aphids (Mycromyzus sp.)

Chemical: Application of product not recommended.

Deltamethrin

Onion fly

(Hylemia sp.)

Biological: Various natural enemies.

Weeds various species Cultural: Manually eliminate weeds mainly around the trees during the first three years. Chemical: application of product.

Pendimethalin Linuron Prometryn Fluazifop-p-butil

Palm Cultivation

ACAI and CHONTADURO

Red Ring

Bursaphelenchus

cocoanutphilus.

Ecological: Systematic trapping by use of Pheromones. Physical: Eradication and contained burning of infected palm trees

Chigger

(Rhyncophorus

palmarum)

Ecological: Lay systematic traps, using molasses with fermented pineapple or sugar cane as bait.

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Physical: Remove the remnants of dead trees and fronds old decomposing palm trees. Remove and destroy the insects found on the plantation.

Pulgon Negro

Cerataphis latanie

Parasitos perforadores

Cocotrypes spp.

Larvas de la mariposa

Brassolis astyra

PAPAYA (Carica papaya) Pests and disease control for papaya is based on a combination of the available control methods in an integrated and rational manner. By conducting pest diagnostics and identifying the factors conducive to the emergence of a phytosanitary problem, the task of formulating timely IPM recommendations is greatly facilitated. In this way unnecessary use of agrochemicals is avoided, production costs are reduced, natural resources are used rationally, and the quality of the product is improved.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Clearing of fallen fruit, old leaves, old stem sections, etc. Chemical: Disinfect tools, apply fungicides. The fungicides should be used carefully since they can potentially damage the crop and result in cross resistance within the bencimidazoles group (this has been observed with benomyl and thyabenzidol). Alternate between different modes of action. Genetic: Use tolerant varieties.

Captan Dimethoate

Foot Rot (Phytophthora sp.) Other associated pathogens: Phytium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp

Cultural: • Avoid soil with high humidity. • Recently harvested fruit should

not be placed on the soil. • Use clean soil in the nurseries. • Do not sow in contaminated soil, • Sow in loose and well-drained

Metalaxyl Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

soil. • Do not sow two times

consecutively in the same lot. Chemical: Can apply with a sprinkler. Physical: Solarization of the nurseries.

Stem Rot by Phytophthora sp. Cultural: • Use of sterilized soil. • Adequate watering without

inducing high humidity in the soil. Chemical: • Applications of copper sulfate. • Spray during rainy season. • Dissolve Derosal in cooking oil

and apply it in the affected area. •

Copper sulfate

Bud Arrepollamiento, Bull’s Eye, Bunchy top, (mycoplasm associated with the fungus)

Cultural: • Fertilize with boron and calcium. • Avoid sowing twice consecutively

in the same lot. Physical: Remove sick plants.

Diseases caused by virus: PMV (Papaya Mosaic Virus) Circular Stain of the papaya, Virus of the Circular Stain

Cultural: • Only use seeds from healthy

plants. • Protect seedlings from wounding

and aphid attacks. • Good fertilization and irrigation. • Control vector insects (aphids,

“loritos verdes”). • Destruction and burial or

removal of sick trees from the lot.

• Destruction of crop remnants. • Avoid sowing twice consecutively

in the same lot. Chemical: Apply in a circle around the areas where a sick plant has been detected to control the vector.

Rot (Ascochyta sp). Chemical: Application of product not recommended.

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp., Rotylenchulus sp.)

Cultural: • Crop rotation. • Avoid sowing twice consecutively

in the same lot. • Take periodic soil and root

samples during rainy seasons.

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Arthropods

Papaya Fly (Toxotrypana sp.) Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis sp.)

Cultural: Weed control. Physical: Removal of all the affected fruit, both on the ground and on the stem, and bury them in a hole. Genetic: Choose varieties with thicker pulp and skin. Biological: Wasp Aceratoneuromiya. Chemical: To stop infestations. Apply only at the perimeters. Some chemicals cause phyto-toxicity in the crop: chlorpyrifos, phorate, parathion and methyl parathion.

Trichlorfon Dimethoate Spinosad

Aphids (Aphis sp., Myzussp.) Vector of PMV

Physical: Eliminate sick plants. Dimethoate

White Scales (Pseudaulacaspis sp.) Cultural: Eliminate / destroy old or abandoned plantations.

Agrarian oil (does not affect beneficent organisms)

White Papaya Fly (Aleurodicus sp.)

Cultural: • Watering. • Adequate fertilization. Biological: Release of Encarsia sp.

Dimethoate

Leaf Hopper, Green Parrot pest (Empoasca sp).

Cultural: Trap crops and border crops based on grasses.

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: Good fertilization and timely irrigation. Biological: Various natural controllers.

Cahudo Worm (Erinnys sp.) Biological: Aply natural enemies, such as Trichogramma, Apanteles americanus. This is normally sufficient to control the pest.

Thrips, White Flies (Trialeurodes sp.)

Dimethoate

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

PASSION FRUIT and other Pasifloras (GRANADILLA, MARACUYA, GULUPA, CURUBA)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Earth bugs and Diggers (Agrotis sp., Feltia sp.) Lepidoptera

Cultural: Optimal preparation of the soil. Chemical: Use poisoned bait made of rice, weeds, and insecticide. Only up to three months before production begins to avoid contaminating the fruit.

Chiza orMojojoy (Ancognatha, Eutheola and Anomala) Coleopteran

Cultural: Pruning, removal, and destruction of the affected parts. Chemical: Application of insecticides.

Wax Lice or turtles (Ceroplastes sp.) Homopteran

Cultural: • Light traps. • Preventative application of

insecticide during sowing. Chemical: Application of products.

Dimethoate + Refined mineral oil

Thrips (Frankliniella sp., Thrips sp.) Thysanoptera

Cultural: • Appropriate, well regulated

shade. • Reduce the humidity by pruning. Biological: Chrysoperla externa.

Dimethoate

Green Parrot pest (Empoasca sp.) Homopteran

Dimethoate

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: • Prune very affected leaves. • Good fertilization. • Dood humidity. Biological: Control with Coccinellidae. Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus californicusi, Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus. Chemical: Application of acaricides during intense summers.

Chlorfenapyr Dimethoate Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Leaf Worms or Harvester Worm (Agraulis sp.) Lepidopteran

Cultural: Manual removal, elimination, and destruction of larvae, after placing them in mesh containers to produce parasites. Inspect plants periodically. Biological: In severe cases resort to application of Bacillus thuringiensis, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Diflubenzuron

Ovary Flies (Lonchaca sp.) Deltamethrin Spinosad

Shoot Pests (Spodoptera, Copitarsia sp., Tuta sp.)

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis

Sappers (Liriomyza sp.) Chemical: Application of products. Buprofezine Deltamethrin

Floral Bud Flies (Dasiops sp., Lonchae sp.) Dipteran

Cultural: • The cultivated areas should be

above 2000 m.a.s.l., and free of the fly.

• Sowing distances atic 6 cubic meters (278 pl/Ha).

• Constant monitoring once flower buds begin to emerge.

• Use of support frames. • Maintenance or phyto-sanitary

pruning. • Noble cover crops (clover, burrs,

suelda con suelda). • Lay plastic beneath the plants to

collect pupae. • Eliminate and fallen buds, flowers,

and fruit. • Deploy McPhail traps hydrolized

protein and borax. • Eliminate sick and unproductive

elements. • Adequatefertilization. • Application of lime to the soil. Biological: Trichoderma, release of wasps (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae). Bacillus thuringiensis.

Dimethoate Deltamethrin Spinosad Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma

Stem Woodworms (Melanogromyza sp., Phthorimaca sp.)

Biological: Syntomus sp. Chemical: Inject the solution to force the larvae out of the plant.

Imidacloprid Deltamethrin

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Aphids (Aphis sp., Myzus sp.) Biological: Release wasps of the genus Aphidius sp., Praon sp. Chemical: Application of products.

Imidahloroprid, Acetamiprid Deltamethrin

Moths or White Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Biological: Encarsia formosa, Amitus fuscipenistoTrialeurodes. Chemical: Application of products.

Buprofezin Acetamiprid Deltamethrin

Leaf eaters (Epitrix sp., Diabrotica sp., crickets of the family Gryllidae)

Chemical: Application of product. Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Deltamethrin

Fruit Eaters

(Heliothis sp., Lineodes sp.)

Chemical: Application of product.

Mites (Aculops sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

Stem Worm (Faustinus sp., Epiallis sp.)

Chemical: Inject into the stem.

Earth Pearl or White Pearl (Margarodes sp., Eurhizococcus sp.)

Chemical: Preventative (50 g applied to the hole before planting).

Black Bee (Trigona sp.) Hymenopteran

Cultural: Locate and destroy nests. Buprofezin Deltamethrin

Nocturnal Beetles Coleopteran Cultural: Light traps. Chemical: Application of insecticide.

Fruit Flies (Anastrephasp.) Dipteran

Cultural: Use of McPhail traps (sugar and yeast). Collect and destroy the fallen fruit. Hydrolized protein bait trap

Deltamethrin

Striped Beetles (Macrodactylus sp.) Coleopteran

Cultural: Manual removal. Chemical: Application of products.

Trichlorfon

Chizas

(Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: • Optimal preparation of the

terrain. • Elimination of shelter weeds. Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: Granulated for better incorporation.

Diseases

Desiccation (Nectria sp.)

Anamorph (Fusarium sp.)

Preventative: Disinfect the seeds, soil or substrata that are to be used. Cultural: • Good drainage of the soil. • Disinfect the soil. • Eradication of irrecoverable trees,

let land lie fallow and apply lime. • Disinfect boots and footwear

when entering the field with formalin and living lime.

• Sow seedlings above the soil level with temporal earthing up.

• Do not wound the roots nor the neck of the plant.

• Use seeds of plants that are free of the fungus.

Carboxin Sodium hypochlorite Captan Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl Trichoderma harzianum

Grayish-brown Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Biological: Trichoderma harzianum Desiccation (Nectria sp.) Anamorph (Fusarium sp.)

Chemical: If a plant with symptoms is detected then apply formalin or hypochlorite, and then after 8 days uproot and burn it. Application of fungicide with brush in the crop, including healthy trees.

Difenoconazole Captan

Nematodes (Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: • Do not wound the roots to

reduce access to nematodes. • Avoid associating the crop with

solanaceous plants (“naranjilla”, “tomate”, “chili”).

• Spread lime over the plantation each year.

• Apply sufficient organic fertilizer. Biological: Paecilomyces lilacinus.

Stem and Fruit Mange, Anthracnose (Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: • Regular pruning of stems and

leaves. • Avoid over-bedding

(“sobreencamado”). • Bury or burn post harvest and

pruning remnants, outside

Captan Cimoxanyl Fosethyl Aluminium Metalaxyl

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RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

plantation field. • Eliminate unproductive trees and

any affected materials. • Build good drainage to prevent

the accumulation of water into puddles on the plantation.

• Spread lime over the soil. Chemical: Application of protective fungicides to the fruit.

Mange

(Cladosporium sp.)

Cultural: • Eliminate post harvest remnants. • Use healthy seeds for

propagation. • Sanitary pruning throughout the

cultivation process.

Difenoconazole Propamocarb

Gray mold

(Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: • Pruning or total clearing of the

unproductive and affected parts, burning and burying it.

• Avoid excess humidity. • Avoid accumulation of water into

puddles on the plantation. Biological: Trichoderma sp.

Fenhexamid + Tebuconazole Thiabendazole Trichoderma sp

Chicken Eye

(Phomopsis sp.)

Chemical: Application of product.

Difenoconazole

Descending Death (a complex ofPhoma sp. + Gloesporium sp.)

Chemical: Application of product.

Difenoconazole

Black Fruit Rot (Glomerella sp.) Cultural: Do not pack fruit when it’s humid. Chemical: Applications made before the harvest.

Difenoconazole

Gray Stain (Cercospora sp.) Cultural: • Curative pruning that increases

aeration and penetration of light on the plantation.

• Improve drainage. • Use healthy seeds. • Destroy pruned material. • Maintain nutritional balance of the

plant especially as regards elements such as potassium.

Difenoconazole, Thiabendazole

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Desiccation of the Fruit Stalk

(Pestalotia sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Difenoconazole

Virus (SMV,Tymovirus) Cultural: • Establish the nursery isolated

from cultivations of “maracuyá” passion fruit, “granadilla” passion fruit, and any other forest pasiflor that may be infected with the virus, using the fruit of longlived, productive, and disease-free plants.

• The crop should not be planted until all plants with symptoms of viral infection have been removed.

• Keep the crop free of weeds and forest pasiflor plants that can serve as shelter for aphids and sources of nutrition for the virus.

• Prune with tools that have been disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or calcium at 1%, or with a detergent of acidic pH.

Chemical: Control of vectors.

Acetamiprid Buprofezin Deltamethrin

Weeds various species Manual or mechanical control: • Using hoe or “machete”, avoid

penetrating the soil and damaging the roots or creating entrances for the pathogen.

• Use of black plastic coverings on each of the planted terraces.

• Use of scythe.

Fluazifop-p-butyl

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

This crop requires integrated control based on cultural practices that reduce the incidence of the pests and diseases and provide the crop with the capacity to tolerate further attacks of pathogens. These practices include: rotation with less susceptible crops, fertilization, appropriate watering and weed control, elimination of nutrition sources (destruction of remnants, elimination of affected structures), and sowing during the seasons thatare least favorable to the development of the pathogen.

Pineapple Worm

(Melanoloma sp.)

Cultural: • Establish crops in areas with

favorable conditions, applying

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

agronomic practices that foster normal development of the plant (use of healthy and uniform shoots (“colinos”), regulation of the flower period, among other practices).

• Remove and destroy affected fruit, either burying it or cutting it into small pieces and exposing the pieces to the sun so as to accelerate decomposition and death of worms and larvae therein.

• Do not leave crops or fruit abandoned.

• Destroy the remnants after the last cutting.

• Use of baited traps (hydrolyzed proteins).

• Bag the fruit. Legal: quarantine (movement of infested fruit is restricted). Chemical: Use toxic bait, such as hydrolyzed proteins mixed with approved insecticide.

Pineapple Chigger

(Metamasius sp.)

Cultural: Do not leave overripe fruit in the field. Biological: Beauveria bassiana directly or mixed in bait. Use of traps. Chemical: Systemic products.

Beauveria bassiana

Pineapple Flour Lice (Dysmicoccus sp., associated with the fire ant Solenopsis)

Cultural: • Do not use seedlings that

originate from affected plants by lice.

• In lots with attack, the affected vegetable material should be cut and disinfected as soon as possible.

• Lots with high incidence should be rotated with grasses or forage legumes, allowing the lot to recuperate.

• Disinfection of vegetable material. Biological: Preventive application of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus when the population of the insect is still low. Genetic: Use of resistant varieties. Chemical: Use of products to

Fosethyl Aluminio Dimethoate Agrarian oil

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

disinfect the reproductive material. Control ants (use of bait such as fipronyl).

Edgeless Pest (Scutigerella sp.) Cultural: • Avoid transporting the fruit from

infested areas to uninfested areas. • Good soil preparation such as

habitat modification, ensuring that no clods of soil remain in the field.

Chemical: Application of products.

Pineapple Worm II (Thecla sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

Paca or fusariosis (Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp.)

Cultural: • Visual selection of shoots

(“colinos”) for sowing, ensuring that they come from healthy, disease-free, mother plants.

• Categorize the shoots (“colinos”) according to their size so as to obtain as uniform a plantation development as possible.

• Destroy damaged or penetrated fruit.

• Destruction of crop remnants. • Rapid propagation by stem

sections, trying to obtain accelerated multiplication of clones.

• Cultivate tissues for later propagation in beds in the field.

• Good drainage. • Raise the pH level above 5.5. Genetic: Use resistant varieties. Chemical: Clean and disinfect the shoots (colinos) with phosphate insecticide and fungicide. Continued use of fungicides generates resistance.

Thiabendazole Sulfur Captan Copper, Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp., (Pratylenchus sp, Rotylenchus sp. )

Cultural: • Let the soil lie fallow for six

months to eliminate nematodes. • Do not plant consecutive

pineapple crops in the same soil. • Alternate with crops that do not

shelter nematodes (cassava). • Do not alternate with crops like

corn, plantain or sugar cane. •

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Black Rot or Fruit Rot

(Thielaviopsis sp.)

Cultural: • Adequate selection and

destruction of the affected fruit. • Good drainage. Chemical: Cut fruit with long stalks, applying copper to the cuts. Systemic action nematicides.

Copper composites, Triadimefon

Rot of the shoot

(Phytopthora sp.)

Cultural: • Good drainage. • Disinfection of the colino. • Sow in beds or elevated furrows. Chemical: Application of product.

Fosethyl Aluminium

Weeds various species Manual: high sowing density. Manual weeding, being careful not to wound the plant, should be performed frequently.

Ametrina

PEAS (Pisum sativum) Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspection.

Grain Worms (Delia sp.) Cultural: constant monitoring.

Chizas: (Astaena sp., Ancognata sp., Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Soil preparation

Aphids (Myzus sp, Aphis sp.) Biological: Erynia neafidis, Beauveria bassiana, Aphidius colemani.

Dimethoate Beauveria bassiana

Sapper Fly (Liriomyza sp.) Biological: Dacnusasp., Opius pallipes, Diglyphus isaea.

Spinosad

Worm (Epinotia sp.) Biological: Metahrizium anisopliae, Absinthe

Metahrizium anisopliae

Thrips Biological: Orius sp. Amblyseius sp. Azaridachtin

Leaf Worms (Heliothis sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana

Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana Edible oil

Diseases

Yellowing

(Fusarium sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Chemical: seed treatment.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Biological: Bacillus subtilis. Chemical: application of fungicides not recommended.

Difenoconazole Bacillus subtilis

Ascochyte Disease (Ascochyta sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Biological: Bacillus subtilis, Bisabol. Chemical: application of fungicides not recommended.

Difenoconazole Bacillus subtilis

Fuzzy Mildew

(Peronospora sp.)

Biological: Botrytis cinerea Tridemorph

Cenicilla (Oidium sp.) Biological: Cryptococcus sp. Chemical: application of products.

Sulfur micronizado (micronized)

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) Biological: Azaridachtine Insecticidal soaps, Azaridachtin

Opaque stain (Alternaria sp.) Biological: Pseudonomas fluorescens. Chemical: application of product.

Insecticidal soaps

Root rot (Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.)

Biological: Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Gliocladium virens. Chemical: application of product.

Trichoderma viride Trichoderma harzianum Thyabendazole Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyly

Neck rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Biological: Trichoderma viride, Laetisaria arvalis. Chemical: application of product.

Trichoderma viride

Rust Disease (Uromyces Biological: Verticillium lecanii, T. lletiopsis sp.)

Chemical: application of product. Copper sulfate, Cyproconazole

Marginal root rot (Aphanomyces sp.)

Biological: Burkholderia cepacia, Trichoderma harzianum. Chemical: application of product.

Propamocarb Burkholderia cepacia, Trichoderma harzianum

Weeds (Grasses and

Wide leaves.)

Cultural: manual weeding using a common hoe or weeding hoe. Adequate lot preparation. Use of good quality seeds. Crop rotation. Chemical: Aplication of product.

Linuron Prometryn (Wide leaf)

PITAYA (Hylocereus triangularis)

The pitaya is a robust plant with no known serious sanitary problems; it is adaptable to a wide range of altitudes and rainfall levels. However, there are more phytosanitary problems and less production in zones of high rainfall. Some pests require control measures. The main pests are presented below.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Rats, birds (various

species)

Cultural: sow the fruit when it is already in a semi-ripe state. Deploy rat traps. Chemical: poisoned bait to control the rodents.

Fruit Fly or Fruit Worm

(Anastrepha sp.)

Cultural: baited traps.

Mites

(Tenuipalpidae sp.)

Cultural: isolate the outbreak focal point to impede dissemination.

Sulfur

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: visit the ant nest location, find the main entrance, pump smoke into the nest with a device, and seal. Chemical: toxic bait.

Slugs (Mylax sp.) Chemical: Application of product Methaldehyde

Stem and Fruit Worm

(Noctuidae sp.)

Cultural: periodic revisions of the plantation to eliminate them.

NA

Chigger Stem Worm

(Methamasus sp.)

Cultural: immediately locate the damage and eliminate the damaged part infested with larvae.

NA

Chigger

(Leptoglossus sp.)

Scales (Cuadraspidiotus sp.) Cultural: spray lime and water. Constant monitoring.

NA

Diseases

Rot by bacteriosis Cultural: pruning, clearing of branches, reduce shade. Well-drained soil. Chemical: bactericides.

Branch Tip Yellowing Cultural: eliminate by cutting off the affected part. Chemical: apply sealing paste.

Bordeaux paste

Weeds various species Mechanical: manual clearing around the base of the plant, taking care not to damage the shallow roots. The in-between rows should be kept clean and weeded by machete or scythe.

QUINOA Quinoa requires extra care of the soil to avoid build up of puddles when it rains. Insects and diseases do not often affect this crop; nonetheless, the limits and possibilities of biological pest control are being studied. Certain preconditions should

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

be established in order to keep pest problems under control. These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomic practices and inspections.

Earth bugs and Diggers

(Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: good soil preparation to destroy weeds, eggs, and larvae, and to conserve the soil humidity. Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Slugs (Deroceras sp.) Cultural: good soil preparation. Chemical: application of product.

Methaldehyde

Army Worm (Copitarsia sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis. Dimethoate Bacillus thuringiensis

Diseases

Mildew (Peronospora sp.) Chemical: Application of product. Bordeaux mix

Weeds

Common cold climate weeds (kikuyo, raygrass, avfena, malva, turnip)

Cultural: careful weeding so as not to damage the roots, which are very shallow and fragile.

Fluazifop-p-butyl

RICE (Oryza sativa) The National Rice Growers’ Federation of Colombia (FEDEARROZ) and the National Rice Fund promote Integrated Management of Rice Cultivation within the agro-ecological rice growing conditions of the country, including infrastructure, surrounding environment, and cultural patterns of the rice growers.

Diseases

White leaf disease

(WLD)

Cultural: clear out debris, keep channels and crops free of grass weeds (alternative sogata pest hosts), fangueo. Supervise progress through sampling (see instructions because this can be complicated). Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: employ natural enemies of the vector insect (sogata). Beauveria bassiana (Empoascavine), Metarhizium anisopliae (Pretty Girl vine). Chemical: alternate products used against sogata pest to reduce chances of the pest building up resistance to the treatment.

Beauveria bassiana (vine Empoasca) Metarhizium Anisopliae (vine Niña Bonita) Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Añublo or Rice Burn

(Pyricularia sp.)

Cultural: good water management, fertilization, sowing density. Good soil preparation. Genetic: resistant crops. Chemicals: not recommended

Azoxystrobin

Brown satin, Helmintosporiosis (Bipolaris sp.)

Cultural: use of certified seeds. Crop rotation. Good water management. Adequate nurturing of plants. Careful selection of sowing date so that the productive phase does not coincide with periods of high relative humidity Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: application of product.

Azoxystrobin

Pod Burn

(Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: adequate sowing densities, balanced fertilization (avoid high levels of nitrogen), careful selection of sowing date, soil and residue management. Elimination of the sclerotium found on the soil after harvest. Crop rotation. Terrain leveling and fangueo, deep plowing and annual leveling of the soil. Genetic: resistant crops (indica > japonica, late maturation > early maturation, high growth > low growth). Biological: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum. Chemical: the only solution in some regions.

Pseudomonas fluorescens Trichoderma harzianum Cyproconazole, Flutalonil Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid Azoxystrobin Difenoconazole

Pod Rot

(Sarocladium sp)

Cultural: eliminate harvest remnants, good nutrition, avoid high sowing density. Avoid letting the crop suffer from lack of water. Use good quality seeds, free of the pathogen. Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: as a last recourse. Insect control (stem burrowrs, chiggers, mites, sogata pest)

Beauveria bassiana (vineEmpoasca), Metarhizium anisopliae (vine Niña Bonita), Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid Azoxystrobin

Arthropods

Sogata pest

(Tagosodes sp.)

Cultural: clear out harvest remnants and weeds. Careful selection of sowing date. Take samples with entomological nets and take any necessary actions. Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: natural enemies: Paranagrus perforator, Tytthus parviceps, Haplogonatopus hernandezae, Elenchus sp., spiders. Chemical: only when everything else proves ineffective.

Beauveria bassiana (vine Empoasca) Metarhizium anisopliae (vine Pretty Girl) Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid Thiamethoxam

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Moths

(Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: elimination of harvest remnants and weeds; careful selection of sowing date; good post harvest water management. Pheromone traps. Constant supervision. Biological: predators: Coleomegilla, Chelonus, Telenomus. Bacillus thuringiensis. Larva parasitoids Euplectrussp., Meteorus sp.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Deltamethrin

Rice leaf Sapper

(Hydrellia sp.)

Cultural: adequate weed control, level ground with good drainage, optimal sowing densities and uniform water levels. Field monitoring (performed weekly between weeks 2 and 4 after rice planting, to observe the population dynamics of the pest). This pest attacks with greater intensity during the rainy seasons. Water management. Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: egg and larva parasite wasps. GenusChorebus aquaticus, Opius Hydrelliae. Release of Trichogrammasp. into the field.

Trichogramma sp. Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Mites

(Schizotetranychus sp.)

Cultural: avoid water stress. The rains regulate the population. Biological: natural enemies

NA

Aquatic Chigger

(Lissorhoptrus sp.)

Cultural: do not drain fields; careful selection of sowing date; clear out post harvest remnants and weeds. Constant supervision. Biological: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Neocultilla sp. Cultural: intensive soil preparation, flooding of lots. Weed control.

Eutheola sp. Cultural: avoid sowing in lots where there is a high incidence of insect larv Biological: Metarhizium anisopliae. Natural enemies: birds, batrachiae, nematodes (Hexamermis sp.)

Metarhizium anisopliae Deltamethrin Clothianidin

Phyllophaga sp. Cultural: flooding of lots. Weed control. Intensive soil preparation that induces the destruction of the larvae.

Thiamethoxam

Leeches (Aenedamia sp, Zulia sp., Deois sp.)

Cultural: elimination of grasses near the rice fields. Avoid excessive use of nitrogen-rich fertilizer.

Stink Bug orTibraca

(Tibraca sp.)

Cultural: carefully manage the sowing density. Elimination of abandoned lots. Weed control.

Beauveria Metarhizium

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Biological: entomopathogenic funguses.

Paecilomyces sp.

Burrowers (Diatrea sp., Elasmopalpus sp., Rupela sp.)

Cultural: destruction of remnants and post harvest remnants. Crop rotation. Flooding of the terrain. Biological: natural enemies. ParasitoidsTelenomus sp., Trichogramma sp.

Telenomus sp., Trichogramma sp.

Rice Chigger

(Oebalus sp.)

Cultural: clear out post harvest remnants before sowing. Weed control. Constant supervision. Genetic: resistant crops. Biological: Metarhizium anisopliae. Parasite Telenomus

Metarhizium anisopliae

Weeds

(Echinocloa sp) Propanil Bispyribac sodium

Red rice Cultural: soil preparation byfangueo, dikes (raised soil), permanent flooding, followed by establishment of a water layer. Pregermination. Direct sowing in saturated soil. Competitiveness of the variety. Crop rotation (sorghum, corn, soy). Manual weeding. Chemical: application of herbicides

Metsulfuron methyl Bispyribac sodium

RUBBER

(Hevea brasiliensis)

Rubber can be grown together with other species such as fruits, timber species, and grains—especially those that are adapted to the conditions of the region. Before sowing rubber in an agroforestry arrangement, a detailed study of the terrain should be made to identify favorable areas where the species can be planted in optimal conditions. While rubber is not demanding in its cultivation requirements, its development and production is improved if planted in nutrient-rich soil.

Horned Worm (Erinnys sp.) Cultural: till the soil, weed control, rotate crops. Biological: (a) Parasitoids, Trichogramma sp., and predators and (b) microorganisms, Bacillus thuringiensis. Mechanical: manual removal of larvae. Physical: black light trap.

Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Chemical: apply with blower to the anthills.

Deltamethrin Lime Beauveria bassiana, Thichoderma sp., Metarhizium sp.

Termites (Coptotermes sp.) Cultural: destruction of termite anthills. Chemical: apply with blower to the anthills.

Dimethoate Beauveria bassiana

Diseases

South American leaf disease

(Microcyclus sp.)

Genetic: resistant clones or grafts

Black Crust

(Phyllachora sp.)

Areola Stain

(Thanatephorus sp.)

Chemical: several applications during rainy season

Copper based fungicides Triadimefon

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: pruning of the affected branches. Chemical: applications of fungicides.

Copper sulfate Cooper oxychlorides Thiabendazole i

Leaf Stain (Corynespora sp.) Cultural: pruning of the affected branches. Chemical: very sensitive to several fungicides, not recommended.

Leaf Burn or Black Stripe in the Blood Sifter (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: do not establish plantations in very humid areas or using susceptible clones, select short-leaved clones, prune low infected branches. Disinfect tools used in the process of sifting. Chemical: fungicide solutions, applied with brush, sifting screen.

Metalaxyl

Weeds Various species

SQUASH (Cucurbita maxima)/

PUMPKIN/

ZUCCHINI

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections. Squash grows in any soil that is of decent quality, that does not dry out quickly, and that is located in a sunny area. Fungus diseases can be prevented by placing supports under the fruit that prevent it from touching

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

the ground.

Aphids

(Aphis sp.)

Cultural: place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses. Elimination of weeds and remnants of the previous crop. Lay chromatic yellow traps. Biological: predator species: Aphidoletes aphidimyza. -Parasitoid species: Aphidius matricariae, Aphidius colemani, Lysiphlebus testaicepes.

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam Deltamethrin

Leaf Beetles

(Acalymmasp.,

Cerotoma sp.,

Diabroticasp.,

Diphaulaca sp.,

Epitrix sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Good agronomic practices and timely inspections. Chemical: application of product.

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Chiggers (Acanthocephala sp.,

Acanthocerus sp.,

Corythucha sp.)

Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Stem Worm (Melittia sp.) Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Deltamethrin

Cutting Worm or Biringo (Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. In heavy infestation, eliminate and destroy the lower leaves of the plant. Lay pheromone and light traps. Monitor the first phases of development of the crop, during which it is vulnerable to irreversible damage. Biological: parasites: Apantelles plutellae. Chemical: pyrethroids

Amitraz Trichlorfon Deltamethrin Bacillus thuringiensis

Leaf-eating Worms

(Agrotis sp., Feltia sp., Spodoptera sp., Pseudoplusia sp., Trichoplusia sp.)

Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections. Azaridachtine.Biological products: Bacillus thuringiensis. Chemical: pyrethroids

Amitraz, Bacillus thuringiensis

Fruit Worm (Diaphania sp.) Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections. Chemical: pyrethroids

Deltamethrin

Green Parrot Pest Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Thiamethoxam Imidachloroprid

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Leaf Sappers

(Liriomyza sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. In heavy infestations, eliminate and destroy the lower leaves of the plant. Lay chromatic yellow traps. Biological: natural enemies. Parasitoid species: Diglyphus isaea, Diglyphus minoeus, Diglyphus crassinervis, Chrysonotomyia formosa, Hemiptarsenus zihalisebessi. Chemical application of product.

Thiamethoxam Imidachloroprid

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: disinfection of structures and soil before planting in fields with a history of red spider infestations. Elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Close monitoring of crops during first phases of development. Biological: natural enemies. Main predator species of red spider eggs, larvae, and adults: Amblyseius californicus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Feltiella acarisuga. Chemical: application of product.

Horticultural oil, Amitraz, Sulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Cultural: place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses. Clearing of weeds and crop remnants. Do not place different crops in the same greenhouse. Do not leave sprouts at the end of the cycle since these young sprouts attract White Flies adults. Lay chromatic yellow traps. Chemical: application of product.

Horticultural oil

Thrips

(Frankliniella sp.)

Cultural: clearing of weeds and crop remnants. Lay chromatic blue traps. Place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses. Biological: natural enemies: Amblyseius barkeri, Aeolothrips sp., Orius sp.

Sulfur Deltamethrin Thiamethoxam Imidachloroprid

Diseases

Bacterial Withering Cultural: elimination and destruction of diseased plants. Chemical: control the beetle vectors. Chemical: control the beetle vectors.

NA

Dusty Mildew

(Erysiphe sp.)

Fuzzy Mildew

(Pseudoperonospora sp.),

Cultural: use healthy seeds. Eliminate the vegetable debris and weeds in and around the crop. Chemical: copper or sulfur based fungicides. Do not apply within eight days of the harvest.

Sulfur Copper oxychloride Copper sulfate Bordeaux mixture

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Mosaic (virus)

Nematodes

(Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Soil disinfection in lots that have suffered invasion in the past. Use healthy plants. Vapor sterilization. Solarization (elevate the soil temperature by placing a transparent plastic sheet over the soil for at least 30 days). Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

Fruit Rot

(Choanephora sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Chemical: copper or sulfur based fungicides. Do not apply within eight days of the harvest.

Sulfur Copper oxychloride Copper sulfate Bordeaux mixture

Stem Rot

(Fusarium sp., Phoma sp., Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotium sp., Thielavipsis sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants. Adequate ventilation and drainage. Solarization. Chemical: seed disinfection

Captan Tebuconazol Thiram (<5%) Thyabendazole Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyly

Curled Tips

(Virus)

Cultural: use virus free seeds. Monitoring and control during the early cultivation and nursery phases. Lay chromatic yellow traps to capture and monitor the pest (White Flies). In large fields, a period of rest should be allowed between one cucurbitaceous crop and the next to break the pest’s natural cycle. Eliminate vegetable debris and weeds in and around the crop. Uproot and eliminate the plants affected by the virus and the surrounding plants at the beginning of cultivation. Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Chemical: treatments with specific contact insecticides before removing the vegetable debris.

Horticultural oil

Cenicilla or oidium

Cucurbit Disease

(Sphaerotheca sp.),

(Cercosporiosis sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Use of healthy plants. Treatment of the structures.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Gray Rot (Botrytis sp.) Cultural: elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants. Take special care during the pruning, making clean cuts, leveled with the stem, which is possible when the relative humidity is not very high; apply fungicide paste. Control nitrogen levels. Adequate ventilation and drainage.

Tebuconazole

Bland Rot Cultural: elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants. Avoid wounding while pruning. Adequate ventilation and drainage. Disinfect the tools with a bleach dilution of 20%. Do not fertilize with excess nitrogen. Chemical: chemical treatments are not very effective once the disease has installed itself in the plants

NA

Weeds

(Grasses and grains)

Cultural: Weedings every 15 days until the row is sealed.

STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana) In Colombia, stevia is a plant that tolerates a wide variety of climates, from sea level up to 2,100 meters. However, it is very susceptible to root and leaf diseases when cultivated in rainy areas and in heavy soils. Given its characteristics, (low growth and consecutive harvests), management of weeds figures as the most delicate task within the overall sanitary management.

Marceños Beetles (Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: utilize ultraviolet light traps. Biological: application to the soil:Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus Papillae.

Metarhizium anisopliae Bacillus popilliae

Termites (Amitermes sp.) Cultural: remove all the timber residues and any decomposing organic material before planting. Place baited adhesive traps around the infested lots. Frequent monitoring. Biological: Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana

Compsus, Leaf Cow Bug (Compus sp.)

Cultural: periodic monitoring of stems and leaves to detect the pest in a timely manner. Manual removal of adults.

Beauveria bassian, Metarhizium anisopliae

Leaf Cutting Ant

(Atta sp.)

Biological: application of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae (directed at the soil). Nematode Heterorhabditis sp. Natural enemies: Tetrasticus sp., Ceratogramma sp.

Trichoderma sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana Pyriphos methyl

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Aphids (Aphididae sp.) Cultural: raking up and tilling as part of soil preparation, thereby ensuring the elimination of emerging ants. Locate and eliminate the queen (up to three months after the colony is formed). Biological: fungus Trichoderma sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana. Predators: flies, beetles, ants, chiggers, mites, birds (cirirí, bichofué, pinches, cucaracheros, swallows, ant eating birds, scarlet bee birds, etc.), mammals (armadillo, aardvark), spiders, scorpions, lizards, toads, frogs.

Dimethoate eImidachloroprid

Diseases

Leaf Stain

(Alternaria sp., Septoria sp, Sclerotium sp,)

Cultural: frequent supervision of the plantation to detect and eliminate immediately any plants suspected of infection (burn and bury). Moderate watering by spraying to avoid conditions of high relative humidity. Adequate weed control. Sanitary post harvest pruning of affected leaves. Chemical: apply copper oxychloride based fungicides.

Copper oxychloride

Cenicilla, Oidium disease (Oidium sp.)

Cultural: water by spraying to diminish the severity of the affliction. Chemical: spraying of sulfur based fungicide products.

Sulfur

Sclerotium Rot

(Sclerotium sp.)

Cultural: treatment of the substrata (sand, soil) that is to be used in the rooting beds. Humid solarization of the substrata. Eliminate plants with symptoms of the disease together with the surrounding soil. Moderate watering by spraying. Chemical: treatment of the substrata.

Rhizoctonia Rot

(Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: treatment of the substrata (sand, soil) that is to be used in the rooting beds. Eliminate affected plants. Moderate watering by spraying.

Propamocarb

Weeds Various Species Cultural: good terrain preparation, good quality seedlings, optimal sowing density, timely sowing, adequate levels of fertilization. Use a cover crop or other soil cover, such aspacholí grass, rice husks, shavings, or other organic material. Avoid the dissemination of new species through the substrata during production of seedlings or sowing material.

Linuron

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Mechanical: mechanical and manual weeding between the plants. Physical: solarization, cover the soil with black plastic. Chemical: herbicides.

SUGAR CANE (for panela, not for sugar)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Cabrito Worm (Caligo sp.) Cultural: manual control of pupae and larvae. Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Stem Worms

(Diatraea sp.)

Biological: release of wasps Trichogramma sp., Cotesia flavipes, Lixophaga ditraeae, fly Paratheresia claripalpis and Metagonistylum minense and the fly Jaynesleskia jaynesi.

Trichogramma sp.

Sucker Insects, Saliva

Bug (Aeneolamia sp.)

Biological: Metarrhizium anisopliae. Metarrhizium anisopliae

Yellow Aphids (Sipha sp.)

Sugar Cane Chigger

(Metamasius sp.)

Cultural: traps laid with pieces of guadua.

NA

Remnant Rickets

(Clavibacter sp.)

Cultural: seed treatment with hot water prior to sowing.

NA

Diseases

Red Rot

(Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization. Genetic: sowing of resistant varieties.

Pineapple Disease

Or Black Heart (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization. Genetic: sowing of resistant varieties.

Carboxin Captan Triadimefon

Grayis brown stripe

(Cochiobolus sp.)

Cultural: improve drainage and physical conditions of the soil. Genetic: resistant varieties.

NA

Carbon Disease

(Ustilago sp.)

Cultural: eradication of sick plants. Crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization. Genetic: resistant varieties.

Triadimefon

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chemical: immersion. Seed treatments with protective fungicides.

Ring Stain (Leptosphaera sp.) Cultural: crop rotation. Good fertilization. Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

NA

Rust Disease

(Puccinia sp.)

Cultural: healthy reproductive material, disinfect cutting tools. Crop or varieties rotation Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization. Genetic: use resistant varieties.

NA

Sugar Cane Mosaic

Virus (SCMV)

Cultural: elimination of sick plants, use of reproductive material free of the disease. Genetic: sowing of resistant varieties.

NA

Eye Stain (Helminthosporium sp.) Cultural: avoid excess nitrogen fertilization. Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

NA

Nematodes

(Tylenchorhynchus sp.

Pratylenchus sp.

Helicotylenchus sp.)

Chemical: application of product.

Weeds

Cyperus sp.

Cultural: adequate preparation of the soil. Apply recommended sowing systems and distances. Good quality seeds. Nurseries, Drainage. Adequate control of pests and diseases. Manual: 2 – 4 weedings with spade. Mechanical: using scythe or tractor implements. Chemical: application of product.

Ametryne Mesotrione

TOMATO

(Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato is exposed to very high pressure from diseases and pests. This makes it necessary to implement an IPM program that integrates chemical options with cultural practices and use of natural enemies, all within a coherent framework designed to offer long-term protection. By restraining use of pesticides during the first phases of cultivation, the populations of natural enemies are preserved. Intensive monitoring and management should be part of tomato production.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Early Ember Disease, alternariosis (Alternaria sp.)

Cultural: use certified seeds and treat them with disinfectant prior to sowing. Fertilize with potassium. Avoid sowing in soils where infections have occurred in the past. Adequate management of watering. Eliminate the weeds, plants, and sick fruit. Manage humidity well. Do not leave sick plants in the crops, systematically prune away the affected parts of the plant. Genetic: use of tolerant materials. Chemical: use of narrow spectrum fungicides.

Captan Difenoconazole, Azoxystrobin, Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole

Fuzzy Mildew

(Cladosporium sp.)

Cultural: the table variety used in this country has demonstrated good tolerance. Chemical: applications of copper products.

Copper sulfate Copper oxychloride Dimetomorf

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp) Cultural: crop rotation, disinfection of the seed and of the seed nursery.

Captan

Smooth Rot

(Erwinia sp.)

Chemical: spraying of chemical products in proportion to the intensity of the infestation. Chemical: spraying of chemical products.

Late Ember Disease, Drop or mildew

(Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: elimination of sick plants and fruit. Adequate management of ventilation and watering. Phytosanitary pruning. Utilize healthy plants. Manage Solanacae crops that are nearby and eliminate the remnants of previous crops. Chemical: it is advisable to use adherents to improve the activity of the product.

Captan Copper oxychloride, Copper sulfate Mandipropamid

Withering

(Fusarium sp.,

Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation, eliminate sick plants and crop remnants, utilize certified seeds and healthy plants. Adequate control of the humidity and temperature. Do not establish nurseries in infected soil. Solarize to disinfect the nursery. Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Physical: solarization. Chemical: disinfection of structures and work tools. Chemical treatment is ineffective.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Bland Rot Cultural: Sprinkle lime to adjust the pH level of the soil. Adequate fertilization. Maintain good drainage. Maintain constant humidity in the soil.

NA

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Root Rot (Sclerotiumsp.) Cultural: crop rotation. All affectedplants should be eliminated and their roots burned. This pathogen is highly persistent in the soil. Genetic: use resistant varieties. Chemical: apply directly to the base of the soil.

Tebuconazole Captan Ciprodinil

Mildew

(Fulvia sp.)

Cultural: sow certified seeds since this disease can be transmitted by poor seeds. Reduce the humidity within the crop by pruning. Remove the low leaves of the plant to eliminate the first affected leaves. Genetic: sow resistant varieties.

Iodine Organic

Damping off or Sudden Death (Phytophthora sp, Phytium sp, Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: avoid high humidity. Soil disinfection. Avoid high crop density in the nursery, the seedlings should be sown preferably in the row so as to allow free circulation of the air. Disinfect the soil by solarization. Chemical: treat seed with protective product.

Copper oxychloride Copper sulfate

Bacterial Chancro (Clavibacter sp.)

Cultural: use certified seeds and uninfested soil. Chemical: sterilize with hot water or with a solution of chlorine and water.

NA

Oidiopsis (Leveillula sp.) Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Use of healthy plants. Chemical: application of product.

Sulfur, Triadimefon

Speckled Virus (TSWV) Cultural: do not plant specimens that show symptoms on their leaves. Avoid proliferation of weeds. Completely destroy affected plants. Control thrips. Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

Azadirachtin

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) Cultural: use plants that are free of the pathogen. Use resistant varieties. Soil disinfection.

Gray Rot (Botryotinia sp.) Cultural: elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants. Adequate management of humidity and free water. Prune old leaves before they can be affected by another fungus. Timely pruning of the side buds (sucker stems), to prevent possible infections, avoiding any scraping of the stems or wounds that can provide an easy entrance for the fungus. Sprinkling of lime on acidic soil to increase the calcium content of the plants, which can reduce their susceptibility to the pathogen once

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

they are affected by it.

Arthropods

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.) Cultural: periodic revisions. Disinfection of structures and soil. Elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Monitoring during the first phases of the crop. Biological: main predator of eggs, larvae, and adults: Amblyseius californicus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Feltiella acarisuga. Chemical: application of product.

Sulfur Pyridaben

Vasate (Aculops sp.) Cultural: disinfect clothes, footwear and any other gear carried into the crop by workers. Affected plants should be eliminated

Earth bugs, Biringo Worm and Shoot Worm (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: correct preparation of the soil. Biological: no effective measures are known. Chemical: applications using bait targeted at detected focal points (in the afternoon).

Trichlorfon

Aphids (Macrosiphum sp., Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Cultural: use mesh coverings in the nurseries. Elimination of weeds and remnants of previous crops. Lay chromatic yellow traps. Apply nettle infusions. Biological: there are some organisms that can control aphids, among which: Hymenoptera: Aphidius colemani, A. matricariae Dipteran: Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Lysiphlebus testaicepes. Chemical: application of product.

Dimethoate Sulfur

False Measurer (Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: there are many biological enemies: Trichogramma sp. Copidosoma truncatellum, Meteoros leaviventris Euplectrus sp., the fungus Nomuraea rileyi Trichoplusia.

Trichogramma sp.

Horned Worm

(Manduca sp.)

Biological: very effective natural enemy: wasp of the genus. Apanteles sp. Chemical: apply in cases of severe infestation.

Trichlorfon

Stem Woodworms

(Melanagromyza sp.)

Cultural: affected plants should be uprooted and burned. Eliminate alternative host plants such as Amarantus.

Trichlorfon

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Stalk pest (Scrobipalpula sp.) Cultural: avoid various succeeding sowing dates. Do not leave debris in the field that can be contaminated. Do not transplant material from infested seed beds. Biological: Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae. Reports of success using larvae parasitoids such asSyntompus sp. The parasitoids find the orifices left by the larvae before pupating and attach themselves to the larvae or pupae inside of the stem. Biological: Egg parasite: Trichogramma sp. Larva control: Apanteles sp. Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis

White Flies

(Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Vector of the spoon virus (TYLCY)

Cultural: avoid various succeeding sowing dates of susceptible crops, can rotate with crops such as: corn, onion, bell pepper, sweet peppers and chilli peppers, sugar cane, sorghum, etc. Eliminate host weeds (milkweed, brush, burs). Destroy remnants or crop remnants. Enrich the soil with organic material. Do not abandon sprouts at the end of the cycle. Inspect the bottoms of leaves to monitor populations. Fertilize and water according to recommendations made by official organisms and technical companies. Aromatic herbs and marigold also help control White Flies infestations, thanks to their repellant quality. Mechanical: Yellow traps. Use of “mulch” or rice husks, dry hay, sugar cane waste pulp, or plastic (preferably yellow) as soil coverage. Protect nurseries with mesh nets. Biological: wasps (Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus californicus). Predators: spiders, Coquito BugsDelphastus sp., Chrysopidae larvae. Entomopathogenic: Cladosporium herbarum fungus and Dialeurodes sp. Chemical: application of product.

Pyrimiphos methyl Pyridaben Imidaclorid Thiamethoxam Spinosad

Fruit Perforator

(Heliothis sp.,

Neoleucinodes sp.)

Cultural: control and monitoring, use pheromone traps. Biological combine egg parasitoids with use of pheromones. To combat the presence of the eggs, Trichogramma exiguum should be applied. Take advantage of natural parasites of the pest larvae such

Trichogramma exiguum Bacillus thuringiensis

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

asCopidosoma sp. and Lixophaga sp. Apply biological insecticide prepared withBacillus thuringiensis, which controls the larvae of these lepidopterans. Ecological: analyze the behavior of the pest through the use of pheromones. Chemical: applications are recommendable 3 or 4 days after detecting the first attacks.

Leaf Sapper (Lyriomiza sp., Scrobipalpula, Phthorimae sp.)

Biological: natural enemies. Some of the species are: Native parasitoid species: Diglyphus isaea, Diglyphus minoeus, Diglyphus crassinervis, Chrysonotomyia formosa, Hemiptarsenus zihalisebessi, H. stropersii. Parasitoid species used loosely: Diglyphus isaea. Chemical: spraying should be directed at the leaves.

Cyromazine Dimethoate Thiamethoxam Spinosad

Thrips (Frankliniella sp.)

Vector of the Bronze

Tomato Virus (TSWV)

Cultural: lay mesh in the crop, clear weeds and crop remnants, lay chromatic blue traps at plant high level. Good watering. Control the humidity since this pest flourishes in drought and dry conditions. Biological: natural enemies: Amblyseius barkeri, Aelothrips sp., Orius sp. Chemical: application of product.

Sulfur

Weeds

Various species

Cultural: terrain preparation (manual or with tractor). Use hoes for small crops. Earth up the plants. Also use scythe at the perimeters of the crop. It is recommendable to perform 4 weedings, generally with machete and hoe, taking care not to damage the plants. Chemical: apply herbicide in strict accordance with the product instructions and indications.

TROPICAL PASTURES Tropical pastures in Colombia are composed of the genuses Agrostis, Andropogon, Axonopus, Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Choris, Cynodon, Dactylis, Digitaria, Festuca, Lolium, Melinis, Panicum, Paspalum and Pennisetum and others. Many of the species of these genuses have been reported resistant to diseases and have figured as an important aspect of IPM. Research into insect pests afflicting Colombian pastures and management thereof has been prompt; control measures are almost exclusively

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

chemical based.

Arthropods

Earth bugs, diggers

(Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Feltia sp.)

Cultural: avoid over-grazing. Natural: Parasitoids: Gonia sp., Incamya sp., Eucelatoria sp., Archytas sp., Apanteles sp. and Meteorus sp. Predators: Polistes sp., Calosoma sp. and Zelus sp. and Entomopathogenic: Metarhizium sp. Biological: use of bait poisoned with Bacillus thuringiensis. Biological: Tagetes sp. And Canavalia ensiformis. Genetic: Brachiaria humidicola. Chemical: use of toxic bait.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Ant complexes

(Acromyrmex sp., Atta sp.)

Biological: Tagetes sp. And Canavalia ensiformis. Genetic: Brachiaria humidicola. Chemical: use of toxic bait.

Sulfluramide

Leaf-eating Pests

(Arctia sp., Antarctia sp., Estigmene sp., Cirphis sp., Heliophila sp., Heliothis zea, Mocis latipes, Mocis repanda, Spodoptera sp., and Thioptera sp.)

Natural: Parasitoids: Spilochalcis sp., Brachymeria sp., Euplectrus sp., Emicospilus sp., Archytas sp., Atacta sp., Oxysarcodexia sp. and Winthemia sp. Biological: application of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Chrysomelids

(Diabrotica sp., Gynandrobrotica sp., Teratomasp., Colaspis sp., and Chaetonecma sp.)

Cultural: correct irrigation. Natural: Predators: Geocoris sp. Entomopathogenic: Metarhizium, Beauveria and Entomophthora.

NA

Leaf-hopper complex

(Hortensia similis, Empoasca sp, Agallia lingala, Erythrogonia quadriplagiata, Parallaxis sp., Graminella sp., Cicadulina pastusae and Draeculacephala sp.)

Cultural: avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, correct irrigation.

Natural: funguses such as Entomophthoraand predators such as: spiders and chiggers of the Nebidae and Reduviidae families

NA

Saliva bugs (Miones)

Aeneolamia sp. and Sulia sp.

Cultural: establishment of mixed pastures, grazing and fertilization. Genetic: sowing of grasses that are tolerant or resistant to the damage and that are capable of re-budding. Natural: Predators: Salpingogaster sp., Castolus sp., Zelus sp. and Celerymerus sp. Entomopathogenic: Metarhizium anisopliae.

NA

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Chiggers

Collaria sp., Blissus sp. Solubea sp. and Alkindus atratus.

Cultural: establishment of mixed pastures, grazing, periodic rotation, balanced fertilization between nitrogen and potassium.

Deltamethrin

Diseases

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Genetic: resistant varieties. NA

Rhizoctonia

(Rhizoctonia sp.)

Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: application of product.

Azoxystrobyn

Bacterial Rot

Xanthomonas campestris

Genetic: resistant varieties. Preventative: good drainage of the soil, avoid excess watering. Disinfection of tools and machinery.

NA

Weeds various species Cultural: avoid over-grazing, ensure good establishment of the pasture. Mechanical: Timely manual weeding. Chemical: systemic or contact herbicides.

Dicamba

VETIVER

(Vetiveria zizanioides)

Vetiver grass is extremely resistant to pests and diseases. There is evidence from India that suggests that when a dead vetiver plant is attacked by termites it has an allelopathic reaction that prevents the resurgence of the grass through the center of the plant. During severe drought the peripheral shoots of the plant turn pink and the plant dies. Very probably these shoot sare too tough for termites to penetrate. Burning can eradicate this pest. Reports from Brazil suggest that Vetiver is resistant to various species of nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus. In the majority of cases, Vetiver pests and diseases are best controlled through burning, which figures as an important practice in the general management of the crop. In China the presence of rice stem woodworm alternate host has affected the crop.

Termites Cultural: In severe cases, the termite mounds can suffocate the crop. Under such circumstances an annual burning of the Vetiver barriers and removal of dead plant material reduces the incidence of termite damage. Cultural: Vetiver grass appears to be susceptible to diseases when it

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

is weak and not growing well, mainly when the soil is not very deep and in extreme drought conditions.

YAM (Dioscorea villosa) Cultivation of Dioscorea villosa requires a lot of watering, but does not require intensive care. Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practicesand inspections. In the Amazon no known pests or diseases affect this crop.

Yam Beetles

(Heteroligus sp.)

Cultural: timely agronomical practices.

Gophers Cultural: traps.

Diseases

Anthracnose

(Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: select and treat seed, good terrain preparation, careful selection of sowing date, set up growth guiding stakes, eradication of sick plants, weed control, clearing of harvest remnants, crop rotation, sow in multiple locations. Genetic: tolerant clones.

Withering

Fusarium oxysporum

Cultural: burning of affected plants and of the post harvest remnants. Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: application of products.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Phyllosticta Stain

(Phyllosticta sp.)

Chemical: application of product.

Cercosporiosis

(Cercospora sp.),

Helmintosporim sp. Chlorotic Bands (virus)

Zonified Stain Rhizoctonia sp.

Curvularia Stain Curvularia sp.

Ringed StainSclerotium sp.

Cultural: use of virus free seeds. Chemical application of product not recommended.

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TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

Tuber Rot,

Clear Brownish

RotPenicillium sp.,

Fusarium sp.

Dark Brownish Rot

Aspergillus sp., Rixopus sp.,

Botryodiplodia sp.

Cultural: timely agronomical practices.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Erwinia Chemical: application of product.

Nematodes

Scutellonema sp.

Meloidogyne sp.

Weeds various species Manual: manual weeding.

Fluazifop-p-buthyl

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ANNEX B: PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGY

B.1 ORIENTATION: PESTICIDE TOXICITY AND RISK

Pesticides of necessity are poisons, but the toxicity of different compounds varies greatly, as do the risks of using them in particular circumstances.

Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous or harmful to animals or plants. A highly toxic substance causes severe symptoms of poisoning with small doses. A substance with a low toxicity generally requires large doses to produce mild symptoms. (Even common substances like coffee or salt become poisons if large amounts are consumed.) Doses can be received (absorbed) via oral ingestion, through dermal contact, or through inhalation. These different dose channels typically have different toxicities.

Toxicity can be either acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects which develop rapidly following absorption, i.e., a few hours or a day. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. There is a great range in the toxicity of pesticides to humans.

The relative risk of harm from a pesticide is dependent upon the toxicity of the pesticide, the dose received, and the length of time exposed. Dose can be influenced by the amount of pesticide used, concentration of the pesticide, and how the pesticide and application equipment are handled.

For example, a pesticide can be highly toxic as a concentrate, but pose little risk to the user if:

• Used in a very dilute formulation,

• Used in a formulation not readily absorbed through the skin or inhaled, or

• Used by experienced applicators who are equipped to handle the pesticide safely.

In contrast, a pesticide may have a relatively low toxicity but present a high risk because it is used in the concentrated form which may be readily absorbed or inhaled.

In the United States of America, formulated pesticide products (which often include inert ingredients) are given an overall acute toxicity rating by US EPA which is shown on the label on the pesticide container:

Category I: Extremely toxic Category II: Highly toxic Category III: Moderately toxic Category IV: Slightly toxic, relatively non-toxic

As a member of the CAN, Colombia adopted the “Manual Técnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola.” Section 6 of the manual establishes how to determine the toxologic category of a pesticide and should be used as a regional authoritative reference for toxologic classification that has been recommended by the WHO.

Pesticide product labels in Colombia should display the WHO classification, which includes a corresponding band of color and warning word per the categorization below:

TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGS

Category Classification Band Color Warning

Ia Extremely dangerous Red Very toxic

(MUY TÓXICO)

Ib Very dangerous Red Toxic

(TÓXICO)

II Moderately dangerous Yellow Dangerous

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TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGS

Category Classification Band Color Warning

(NOCIVO)

III Somewhat dangerous Blue Caution

(CUIDADO)

TABLE 14. CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY: US EPA AND WHO

CATEGORY

LD50 Acute Effects in Rats Other Effects (EPA) Oral (mg/Kg de peso)

Dermal (mg/Kg de

peso)

Inhalation (mg/Litro) Ocular Effects Dermal Effects

Ia Extremely Dangerous

<, = 50 (EPA) S: <5 (WHO)

L: <20 (WHO)

<,= 200 (EPA) S<10 (WHO) L>40 (WHO)

<,= 0.05 (EPA)

Corrosive (irreversible

destruction in the ocular tissue),

irreversible corneal opacity at >21 days

Corrosive (irreversible

destruction in the skin tissue and/or

scar)

Ib Highly Dangerous

S: 5-50 (WHO)

L: 20-200 (WHO)

S: 10-100 (WHO)

L: 40-400 (OMS)

II Moderately Dangerous

>50-500 (EPA) S:50-500 (WHO) L: 200-2,000

(WHO)

>200-2,000 (EPA)

S:100-1,000 (WHO)

L: 400-4,000 (WHO)

>0.05 – 0.5 (EPA)

Corneal opacity. Persistent irritation

for 8-21 days

Severe irritation atat 72 hours

(severe erythema or edema)

III Slightly Dangerous

>500-5,000 (EPA) S:>500 (WHO) L: >2,000 (WHO)

>2,000-5,000 (EPA) S: > 1,000 (WHO) L: > 4,000 (WHO)

>0.5 -2 (EPA) Reversible irritation in 7 days or less, no

corneal opacity

Moderate irritation at 72

hours (erythema moderate)

IV - U Low Probability of danger in normal

use

> 5,000 (EPA) > 5,000 (EPA) > 2 (EPA)

No irritation. Effects disappear

within less than 24 hours.

Light irritation at 72 hours (without

irritation or light erythema)

WHO: World Health Organization uses Danger Categories US EPA – uses Toxicity Levels S: Solid form

L: Liquid form

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B.2 SUMMARY TOXICOLOGY PROFILES OF PESTICIDES ASSESSED BY THIS PERSUAP

The following table summarizes the toxicological profiles of all AIs examined by this PERSUAP, as well as their US EPA registration status.

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

HERBICIDES

2,4-D Ácido fenoxiacéti

co halogenado y/o sus ésteres

No II NCV PC (IARC- 2B)

P NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT Yes Conditionally accepted; status to be reviewed annually

Acetoclor (Acetochlor)

Cloroacetanilida

Yes III IV ED HT NAT MT MT Suggested carcinogen

(EPA)

Yes Rejected

Alaclor

(Alachlor)

Cloroacetanilida

Yes II NCV ED C MT ST MT MT ST ST Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Yes Rejected

Ametrina

(Ametryne)

Triazina No II IV P ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Arsenicales Compuestos de metal

pesado

n/a Unlisted NR IARC Group 1

C Carcinogenic to humans (IARC,

2012)

No Rejected

Atrazina

(Atrazine)

Triazina Yes III IV ED C ST ST ST ST ST ST HT Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 202

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Bentazona

(Bentazon)

Benzotiadiazina

n/a II NCV NAT ST ST NAT Yes Accepted

Bispiribac sódico

(Bispyribac-sodium)

Pirimidiniltiobenzoat

o

No III NCV P ST Yes Accepted

Butaclor

(Butachlor)

Cloroacetanilida

n/a III NR LC (EPA) HT MT MT MT MT Yes Rejected

Ácido cacodílico

(Cacodylic acid)

Organoarsenical

II NCV Group 1

(IARC-2012)

NAT ST Carcinogenic to humans

(IARC-2012)

No Rejected

Ciclosulfamuron

(Cyclosulfamuron)

Sulfonilurea

n/a U NR No Rejected

Cicloxidim

(Cycloxydim)

Ciclohexenona

n/a III NR No Rejected

Cletodim

(Clethodim)

No Unlisted III P ST ST Yes Accepted

Clomazona

(Clomazone)

Isoxazol No II NCV P ST ST HT Yes Accepted

Cloridazona

(Chloridazon)

Piridazinona

No III IV P NAT No Rejected

Clorimuron etil

(Chlorimuron ethyl)

Sulfonilúrea

No III IV MT ST NAT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 203

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Cihalofop-butil

(Cyhalofob-butyl)

Cianofenoxi

No U NCV Yes Accepted

Dalapón

(Dalapon)

Ácido carboxílico halogenad

o

n/a U NR NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT No Rejected

Dicamba

(Dicamba)

Derivado del ácido benzoico

Yes II NCV P ST NAT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Diflufenican

(Diflufenican)

Anilida n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Diquat dibromuro

(Diquat dibromide)

Bipiridilium

No II II P NAT ST NAT ST MT ST ST Fatal by inhalation and

ingestion

Yes Rejected

Diuron

(Diuron)

Derivado de la úrea

No III IV LC (EPA), C ST NAT ST ST MT MT Yes Rejected

Etofumesato

(Ethofumesate)

Benzofurano

No U IV P ST ST MT No Rejected

Fenmedifam

(Phenmedipham)

Bis-carbamato

No U III P ST NAT ST No Rejected

Fenotiol

(MCPA thioethyl)

ácido fenoxiacético clorado

n/a II NR MT No Rejected

Fenoxaprop-etil

(Fenoxaprop-ethyl)

Ácido ariloxifeno

xi

No

O NCV Obsolete

pesticide Registration

canceled Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 204

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

propiónico

Fluazifop-p-butil

(Fluazifop-p-butyl)

Acido ariloxipropionico

No III NCV RD ST Yes Accepted

Fluometuron

(Fluometuron)

Derivado de la úrea

No U IV ST NAT ST MT Yes Accepted

Glifosato

(Glyphosate)

Derivado de la glicina

Yes III NCV PC (IARC- 2A)

P ST ST MT ST Yes Conditionally accepted; status to

be reviewed annually

Glufosinato-amonio

(Glyfosinate ammonium)

Derivado de la glicina

No II NCV RD P NAT NAT ST Yes

Rejected

Haloxifop-metil

(Haloxyfop-methyl)

Ácido ariloxifenoxipropioni

co

n/a II NR LC (EPA) No Rejected

Ioxinil

(Ioxynil)

Hidroxibenzonitrilo

n/a II NR MT MT No Rejected

Lactofén

(Lactofen)

Difenileter No Unlisted NCV MT NAT No Rejected

Linurón

(Linuron)

Derivado de la úrea

No III IV RD P MT NAT ST ST ST Yes Accepted

MCPA Acido (2-(4-cloro-2-

metilfenoxiacético)

Acido fenoxiacéti

co halogenad

Yes II II ST ST ST ST NAT ST No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 205

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

o

Mesotriona

(Mesotrione)

Benzoilciclohexanedi

ona

Yes Unlisted NCV ST Yes Accepted

Metamitron

(Metamitron)

Triazinona No II NCV Yes Accepted

Metobromuron (Metobromuron)

Derivado de la úrea

n/a III NR ST No Rejected

Metolaclor

(Metolachlor)

Cloroacetanilida

Yes III IV C MT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Metribuzina

(Metribuzin)

Triazona No II III ED P ST ST ST ST Yes Rejected

Metsulfuron metil

(Metsulfuron-methyl)

Sulfonilúrea

No U IV ST Yes Accepted

Molinato

(Molinate)

Tiocarbamato

No II ST ED P ST ST NAT MT MT No Rejected

Napropamida

(Napropamide)

N,N-dietilamida

No U ST P ST NAT ST MT No Rejected

Naptalam

(Naptalam)

N-naftilamida

No U NCV NAT

No Rejected

Nicosulfuron

(Nicosulfuron)

Sulfonil úrea

Yes U IV P NAT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 206

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Nitrofeno

(Nitrofen)

Nitrobenceno

n/a O NR Group 2B (IARC)

MT ST ST

MT MT ST Obsolete

pesticide

Possibly carcinogenic to

humans

No

Rejected

Oxadiazón

(Oxadiazon)

Oxadiazol No U IV LC (EPA) MT ST MT ST HT Yes Rejected

Oxifluorfeno

(Oxyfluorfen)

Difenileter No U IV LC (EPA) HT ST NAT VHT Yes Rejected

Paraquat dicloruro

(Paraquat dichloride)

Bipiridilo Yes II NCV P ST ST ST NAT ST Fatal by inhalation and

ingestion

Yes Rejected

Pendimetalina

(Pendimethalin)

Dinitroanilina

No II IV MT ST MT MT Yes Accepted

Picloram

(Picloram)

Yes U NCV ED C

ST ST NAT NAT ST Yes Rejected

Pretilaclor

(Pretilachlor)

n/a U NR MT Yes Rejected

Profoxidim

(Profoxydim)

n/a Unlisted NR ED Yes Rejected

Prometrina

(Prometryn)

Triazina No III IV MT ST ST Yes Accepted

Propaclor

(Propachlor)

Cloroacetanilida

No II NCV LC EPA ST No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 207

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Propanil

(Propanil)

Anilida No II IV P MT ST ST NAT ST ST Yes Accepted

Piribenzoxima

(Pyribenzoxim)

Pirimidiniltiobenzoat

o

n/a Unlisted NR Yes Rejected

Quinclorac

(Quinclorac)

Quinoleina No III IV P ST NAT ST ST Yes Accepted

Simazina

(Simazine)

Triazina Yes U IV ST ST NAT NAT NAT ST HT No Rejected

Terbutrina

(Terbutryn)

Triazina No III Registration pending

P MT Yes Rejected

Trialato (Triallate) Tiocarbamato

III IV P MT NAT VHT Very persistent in water, soil

and sediments; Very toxic to

aquatic organisms

No Rejected

Triasulfuron

(Triasulfuron)

Sulfonilúrea

No U IV NAT ST Yes Accepted

Triclopir (Trichlopyr)

Cloropiridinilo

Yes II NCV ST ST NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Trifloxisulfuron (Trifloxysulfuron)

Sulfonilúrea

No Unlisted NCV Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 208

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Trifluralina (Trifluralin)

Nitroanilina

No U IV ED HT ST MT HT ST ST MT Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected

FUNGICIDES

Azoxistrobina

(Azoxystrobin)

Estrobina Yes U NCV P ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Azufre

(Sulfur)

Elemento No III IV C NAT NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Benalaxil

(Benalaxyl)

Xililalanina n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Benomil

(Benomyl)

Benzimidazol

n/a U NR RD ST MT ST NAT ST Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Yes Rejected

Bitertanol

(Bitertanol)

Triazol No U NCV Yes Accepted

Caldo de Bordeaux

(Bordeaux mix) Lima + sulfato de

cobre

Inorganic No II Sí MT HT HT MT ST MT Yes Accepted

Pasta de Bordeaux (Bordeaux paste)

Inorganic No II Sí MT HT HT MT ST MT Yes Accepted

Boric Acid Inorganic No - - MT ST ST ST ST Accepted

Boscalid Anilida No U NCV NAT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 209

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Bromuconazol

(Bromuconazole)

Triazol No II NCV MT No Rejected

Bupirimato

(Bupirimate)

Pirimidina No III NR Yes Rejected

Calcium Chloride Inorganic No U - ST ST ST ST Accepted

Captafol

(Captafol)

Tioftalimida

Ia NR LC (EPA)

PC

(IARC)

ST

Probably

carcinogenic to humans (IARC)

Included in the Rotterdam Convention

No Rejected

Captan

(Captan)

Tioftalimida

No U NCV HT NAT MT MT NAT MT Yes Accepted

Carbendazim

(Carbendazim)

Benzimidazol

Yes U IV RD MT ST ST ST HT Accepted by the US EPA for use

on different crops leading to

food

Yes Rejected

Carboxín

(Carboxin)

Carboxamida

No III MT NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Ciproconazol

(Cyproconazole)

Azol No II IV ST NAT MT Yes Accepted

Clorotalonil

(Chlorothalonil)

Benceno sustituido

Yes U II LC (EPA) P VHT NAT HT

ST VHT MT Fatal by

inhalation Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 210

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Clozolinato

(Chlozolinate)

Dicarboximida

n/a III NR No Rejected

Hidróxido de cobre

Cobre inorgánico

n/a II Registrations with Pending Requests for Cancellation

Very persistent water, soil, sediment

Very toxic to aquatic

organisms

Yes Rejected

Oxicloruro de cobre

(Copper oxychloride)

Cobre inorgánico

No II NCV ST HT VHT Yes Accepted

Copper Chloride Inorganic No U - MT MT MT MT Accepted

Sulfato de cobre

(Copper sulfate)

Cobre inorgánico

No II Sí MT HT HT MT ST MT Yes Accepted

Cimoxanil

(Cymoxanil)

No II IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Ciprodinil

(Cyprodinil)

Pirimidina No Unlisted IV P MT NAT HT Yes Accepted

Diclofluanida

(Dichlofluanid)

N,N-sulfona

n/a U NR MT VHT No Rejected

Diclorán

(Dichloran)

Nitrobenceno sustituido

No III IV P ST NAT MT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 211

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Dietofencarb

(Diethofencarb)

Carbamato

n/a U NR Yes Rejected

Difenilmetano

(Diphenylmethane)

Hidrocarburo aromático

n/a Unlisted NR No Rejected

Difenoconazol

(Difenoconazole)

Triazol No II IV ST HT Yes Accepted

Dimethomorf

(Dimetomorf)

Morfolina No U IV P MT ST ST Yes Accepted

Dinobuton

(Dinobuton)

Derivado del dinitrofenol

n/a II NR VHT

No Rejected

Dinocap

(Dinocap)

Derivado del dinitrofenol

No II III RD HT HT VHT No Rejected

Dodina

(Dodine)

Guanidina No II II P NAT NAT MT HT No Rejected

Epoxiconazol

(Epoxyconazole)

Triazol No Unlisted

NCV LC (EPA);

RD, ED Yes

Rejected

Etridiazol

(Etridiazole)

Tiadiazol No III NCV P MT ST MT No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 212

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Fenarimol

(Fenarimol)

Pirimidina No III IV ED P MT ST Yes Rejected

Fenhexamida

(Fenhexamid)

Anilida No U IV P MT NAT MT Yes Accepted

Fenpropimorph

(Fenpropimorph)

Morfolina No III NCV ST Yes

Accepted

Fenpropidina

(Fenpropidin)

Derivado piperidínico

n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Fentín hidróxido

(Fentin hidroxide)

Organometálico

Yes II II LC (EPA); ED

VHT HT NAT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes

Rejected

Fenamidona

(Fenamidone)

Imidazol No Unlisted NCV P NAT Yes Accepted

Ferbam

(Ferbam)

Ditiocarbamato

No U IV MT ST MT HT HT No Rejected

Fludioxonil

(Fludioxonil)

Cianopirrol sustituído

Yes U IV P ST Yes Accepted

Fluoxastrobina

(Fluoxastrobin)

Estrobin No Unlisted NCV NAT Yes Accepted

Flusilazol

(Flusilazole)

Triazol n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Flutolanil Anilida No U IV P ST NAT ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 213

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

(Flutolanil)

Flutriafol (Flutriafol)

Triazol No II NCV P Yes Accepted

Fluxapiroxad

(Fluxapyroxad)

Anilida, pirazol

n/a Unlisted

NR Yes Rejected

Folpet

(Folpet)

Tioftalimida

No U NCV LC (EPA) HT ST HT ST HT MT Yes Rejected

Fosetil aluminio

(Fosetyl Alumminio)

Ester orgánico del ácido fosforoso

No Unlisted II P NAT ST NAT

MT Yes Accepted

Furalaxil

(Furalaxyl)

Xililalanina n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Hexaconazol

(Hexaconazole)

Azol n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Imazalil

(Imazalil)

Azol Yes II NCV LC (EPA) MT Yes Rejected

Iodine Inorganic No U - Accepted

Iprodiona

(Iprodione)

Dicarboximida

No III IV LC (EPA) P MT HT MT Yes Rejected

Isopirazam (Isopyrazam)

n/a Unlisted Pending Registration

LC (EPA) Very persistent water, soil, sediment

Very toxic to

Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 214

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

aquatic organisms

Isoprotiolano

(Isoprothiolane)

Ditiolanilideno

n/a II NR MT ST Yes Rejected

Kasugamicina

(Kasugamycin)

Antibiótico

No Unlisted Yes ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Kresoxim metil

(Kresoxim methyl)

Estrobina No Unlisted IV LC (EPA) P ST VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Mancozeb

(Mancozeb)

Ditiocarbamato

No U NCV LC (EPA); ED,

P MT HT NAT Yes Rejected

Mandipropamida

(Mandipropamide)

No U NCV P Yes

Accepted

Maneb

(Maneb)

Ditiocarbamato

U NCV LC (EPA); ED

MT ST ST ST HT No Rejected

Metalaxil

(Metalaxyl)

Xililalanina Not II III P ST ST ST Yes Accepted

Metam sódico

Metam-sodium

Ditiocarbamato

Yes II II LC (EPA); ED

HT ST VHT HT Yes Rejected

Metconazol

(Metconazole)

Azol No II NCV Yes

Accepted

Metil tiofanato

Methyl thiophanate

Tiofanato No U IV LC (EPA) P ST ST NAT NAT Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 215

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Metiram

(Metiram)

Ditiocarbamato

U NCV LC (EPA); ED

P

NAT NAT MT

MT Yes Rejected

Metil Tolclofos

(Tolclofos methyl)

Organofosforado

No U NCV Yes Accepted

Miclobutanil

(Myclobutanil)

Triazol n/a II NR MT HT Yes Rejected

Nuarimol

(Nuarimol)

Pirimidina n/a II NR No Rejected

Ofurace

(Ofurace)

Anilida n/a III NR No Rejected

Oxadixil

(Oxadixyl)

Anilida No II IV NAT Yes Accepted

Oxicarboxina

(Oxycarboxin)

Carboxamida

III IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Penconazol

(Penconazole)

Triazol n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Pencicurón

(Pencycuron)

Derivado de la úrea

n/a U NR HT No Rejected

Pentacloronitrobenceno

(Pentachloronitrobenzene)

Nitrobenceno halogenado

No Unlisted IV MT ST VHT No Rejected

Pirazofos

(Pyrazophos)

Organofosforado

n/a II NR MT HT ST MT VHT No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 216

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Piraclostrobina

(Pyraclostrobin)

Estrobina Unlisted NCV P ST Yes

Accepted

Pirifenox

(Pyrifenox)

n/a III NR No Rejected

Pirimetanil

(Pyrimethanil)

Pirimidina n/a III NR ST Yes Accepted

Polisulfuro de calcio

(Calcium polysulfide)

Sulfuro inorgánico polimerizado

No Unlisted NCV ST ST Yes Accepted

Procloraz

(Prochloraz)

Azol n/a II NR MT Yes Rejected

Procimidona

(Procymidone)

Azabiciclo clorado

No

U NCV LC (EPA) NAT Yes

Rejected

Propamocarb

(Propamocarb)

Carbamato

No U NCV ST NAT Yes Accepted

Propiconazol

(Propiconazole)

Triazol Yes II III P MT ST MT ST MT Yes Rejected

Propineb

(Propineb)

Ditiocarbamato

n/a U NR Yes Rejected

Sodium hypochlorite

Inorganic No NL I MT ST HT

Sulfur Inorganic No U IV HT ST ST ST ST Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 217

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Tebuconazol

(Tebuconazole)

Triazol II NCV MT HT Yes Accepted

Tetraconazol

(Tetraconazole)

Triazol Yes II NCV LC (EPA) P Yes Rejected

Tiabendazol

(Thiabendazole)

Benzimidazol

Yes III IV ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Tiram

(Thiram)

Ditiocarbamato

No II IV VHT ST VHT HT NAT HT Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Yes Accepted only

<15%

Triadimefon

(Triadimefon)

Triazol No II III ST ST ST NAT Yes Accepted

Triadimenol

(Triadimenol)

Triazol No II III ST Yes Accepted

Triciclazol (Tricyclazole)

Triazol n/a II NR MT ST ST Yes Rejected

Tridemorf (Tridemorph)

Morfolina Yes II NCV RD

Yes Rejected

Trifloxistrobina

(Trifloxystrobin)

Estrobina No U IV ST NAT Yes Accepted

Triforina

(Triforine)

Piperazina No U IV NAT ST Yes Accepted

Vinclozolina (Vinclozolin)

Dicarboximida

No U IV PC (EPA) RD, ED.

P ST ST Possibly Carcinogen

(EPA)

No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 218

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Zineb

(Zineb)

Ditiocarbamato en complejo con Zinc.

n/a U NR ED ST HT NAT HT NAT ST ST No Rejected

Ziram

(Ziram)

Ditiocarbamato en complejo con Zinc

II

No information

HT ST HT MT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

INSECTICIDES

Abamectina

(Abamectin; (mezcla

avermectina B1A, B1b)

Lactona macrocóclica de origen biológico

Yes Unlisted NCV

SL HT VHT

VHT Fatal by

inhalation Yes Rejected

Acefato

(Acephate)

Organofosforado

No II IV PC (US EPA)

P NAT HT NAT NAT NAT Yes Rejected

Aceite mineral refinado

(Refined mineral oil)

Derivado del petróleo saturado

No Unlisted Si NAT to MT

The non-refined mineral oil is considered

carcinogenic to humans. PAN

2015

Yes Accepted

Acetamiprid

(Acetamiprid)

Neonicotinoide

Yes Unlisted NCV P ST to MT

VHT Yes Accepted

Aldicarb

(Aldicarb)

N-metil carbamato

Yes Ia NCV C MT HT ST HT ST Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Aldrin

(Aldrin)

Organoclorado

n/a O NR HT MT MT VHT ST In Annex A of Stockholm

No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 219

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Convention Obsolete Pesticide

Alfa cipermetrina

(Cypermethrin alpha)

Piretroide Yes II NCV PC

(US EPA)

HT MT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Amitraz

(Amitraz)

Formamidina

No II III MT ST MT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Benfuracarb

(Benfuracarb)

Carbamato

n/a II NR MT HT No Rejected

Beta-ciflutrina

(Beta-cyfluthrin)

Piretroide Yes Ib III VHT HT ST VHT VHT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Bifentrin

(Bifenthrin)

Piretroide Yes II NCV ED VHT HT VHT Yes Rejected

Bromuro de metilo

(Methyl bromide)

Organohalogenado

Yes Unlisted II MT MT Included in the Montreal Protocol

No Rejected

Buprofezin

(Buprofezine)

Tiadiazinona

No III NCV NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Cadusafos

(Cadusafos)

Organofosforado

Ib NCV C VT HT Yes Rejected

Carbaril

(Carbaryl)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes II III LC (EPA; ED.

P

MT HT MT MT ST MT MT Yes Rejected

Carbofuran

(Carbofuran)

N-metilcarba

No Ib II P MT HT ST MT MT HT MT Fatal by inhalation

Registration canceled

Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 220

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

mato

Carbosulfan

(Carbosulfan)

N-metilcarbamato

n/a II NR HT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Cartap

(Cartap)

Tiocarbamato

n/a II NR HT MT MT ST No Rejected

Cipermetrina

(Cypermethrin and)

Piretroide Yes II NCV

HT

Yes Rejected

(Alpha and zeta rejected)

Ciromazina

(Cyromazine)

Triazina No III IV C ST ST Yes Accepted

Clofentezin

(Clofentezine)

Tetrazina No III IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Clordimeform

(Chlordimeform)

Formamidina

n/a O NR P ST ST ST Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Clorfenapir

(Chlorfenapyr)

Pirazol No II NCV HT Yes Accepted

Clorfenvinfos

(Chlorfenvinphos)

Organofosforado

n/a Ib NR HT HT MT ST MT No Rejected

Clorflluazuron

(Chlorfluazuron)

Benzoiltiourea

n/a U NR VT VT VT VT VT Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected

Clorpirifos Organofos Yes II III HT HT MT VHT MT VHT MT Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 221

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

(Chlorpyrifos) forado

Clotianidin

(Clothianidin)

Neonecotinoid

No NL - P LT HT MT MT Accepted

Gamma Cihalotrina

(Cyhalothrin gamma)

Piretroides

Yes II NCV HT HT Yes Rejected

Lambda cihalotrina

(Cyhalothrin lambda)

Piretroide Yes II NCV VHT HT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Ciflutrina

(Cyfluthrin)

Piretroide Yes Ib III VHT HT ST VHT VHT Yes Rejected

DDT Organoclorado

n/a O NR LC (EPA); ED

VHT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Dasanit (Fensulfotion)

(Fensulfothion)

Organofosforado

n/a O NR ST

VHT Obsolete

pesticide No Rejected

Deltametrina

(Deltamethrin)

Piretroide Yes II III ED MT HT HT MT NAT VHT VHT Yes Accepted

Diafentiuron

(Diafenthiouron)

Tioúrea sustituída

n/a III NR HT Yes Rejected

Diazinon

(Diazinon)

Organofosforado

Yes II III PC -2A

(IARC)

P MT HT MT ST ST ST MT Probably carcinogenic to

humans

Yes Rejected

Dibromocloropropano (DBCP)

Organohalogenado

n/a O NR PC – 2B (IARC); LC

C ST ST Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 222

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

(EPA) Possibly carcinogenic to

humans

Dicloropropeno

(Dichloropropene)

Organohalogenado

No Unlisted II PC – 2B

(IARC); LC (EPA)

C MT MT Possibly carcinogenic to

humans

Yes Rejected

Diclorvos

(Dichlorvos)

Organofosforado

Yes Ib II PC -2B(IARC)

MT HT ST ST ST HT MT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Dicofol

(Dicofol)

Organoclorado

N II IV HT HT HT HT No Rejected

Dicrotofos

(Dicrotophos)

Organofosforado

Yes Ib NCV P ST HT NAT MT MT No Rejected

Dieldrin

(Dieldrion)

Organoclorado

n/a O NR LC (EPA) C VHT HT HT MT MT VHT HT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Dienoclor

(Dienochlor)

Organoclorado

n/a NR ST ST No Rejected

Diflubenzuron

(Diflubenzuron)

Benzoilurea

Yes III IV NAT ST NAT NAT MT MT Yes Accepted

Dimetoato

(Dimethoate)

Organofosforado

Yes II III P ST HT ST MT MT MT MT Yes Accepted

Dodecacloropentaciclodecano

(Dodecachloropentacyclodecane)

Organoclorado

n/a O NR ST ST ST HT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Emamectina benzoato

Lactona macrocícli

Yes Unlisted II P HT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 223

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

(Emamectin benzoate)

ca

Endosulfan

(Endosulfan)

Organoclorado

Yes II II VHT MT MT MT MT HT MT Fatal by inhalation

Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention

No Rejected

Endrín

(Endrin)

Epóxido clorado

n/a O NR VHT HT HT ST MT VHT HT Obsolete pesticide

No

Rejected

Esfenvalerato

(Esfenvalerate)

Piretroide Yes II NCV VHT HT VHT VHT VHT Yes

1996

Rejected

Etoprofos

(Ethoprop)

Organofosforado

Yes Ia II LC (EPA) P MT MT ST HT VHT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Etiofencarb

(Ethiofencarb)

N-metilcarbamato

n/a Ib NR No Rejected

Etión

(Ethion)

Organofosforado

No II MT MT ST VHT VHT No Rejected

Etofenprox

(Ethofenprox)

Piretroide No U NCV ST HT Persistent water, soil,

sediment; very toxic to aquatic

Yes

1993 (approx)

Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 224

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

organisms

Fenamifos

(Fenamiphos)

Organofosforado

No Ib II P HT HT VHT MT Fatal by inhalation

Not Rejected

Fenbutatina óxido

(Fenbutatin oxide)

Organometálico

Yes III II VHT Fatal by inhalation

Very persistent water, soil, sediments

No Rejected

Fenitrotion

(Fenitrothion)

Organofosforado

No II III ED MT HT MT MT MT VHT HT Yes

1993

Rejected

Fenpropatrin

(Fenpropathrin)

Piretroide Yes II II VHT HT VHT VHT VHT Fatal by inhalation

Yes

2002

Rejected

Fenpiroximato

(Fenpyroximate)

Pirazol No II NCV NAT Highly toxic by inhalation

No

Rejected

Fentión

(Fenthion)

Organofosforado

No II III P MT HT VHT HT HT VHT No Rejected

Fipronil

(Fipronil)

Pirazol Yes II II P HT HT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Flucitrinato

(Flucythrinate)

Piretroide n/a Ib NR VHT HT VHT VHT No Rejected

Flufenoxuron

(Flufenoxuron)

No III NCV Very bioaccumulative;

Very toxic to aquatic

organisms

Yes

Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 225

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Fluoruro de sulfurilo

Sulfuryl fluoride)

Inorgánico Yes Unlisted II No Rejected

Flutriafol

(Flutriafol)

Triazol No II NCV P Yes Accepted

Tau-fluvalinato

(Tau-fluvalinate)

Piretroide No III NCV Yes

1994

Rejected

Fonofos

(Fonofos)

Organofosforado

No O II P HT MT VHT Obsolete pesticide

No

Rejected

Forato

(Phorate)

Organofosforado

Yes Ia II P HT MT ST MT MT No Rejected

Formetanato

(Formetanate)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes Ib NCV P Yes Rejected

Fosalona

(Phosalone)

Organofosforado

No II III P HT MT HT No Rejected

Fosfamidon

(Phosphamidon)

Organofosforado

n/a Ia NR NAT HT NAT HT ST MT VHT No Rejected

Fosfuro de aluminio

(Aluminium phospide)

Inorgánico Yes Unlisted NCV HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes

Accepted

Foxim

(Phoxim)

Organofosforado

n/a O NR HT MT

VHT Obsolete

pesticide No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 226

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Furatiocarb

(Furathiocarb)

Tiocarbamato

n/a Ib NR No Rejected

Heptaclor

(Heptachlor)

Organoclorado

n/a O NR HT MT MT MT VHT VHT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Heptenofos

(Heptenophos)

Organofosforado

n/a Ib NR HT No Rejected

Hexitiazox

(Hexythiazox)

Carboxamida

U LC(EPA) Yes Rejected

Imidacloprid

(imidacloprid)

Neonicotinoide

Yes II III P NAT HT NAT HT MT ST Yes Accepted

Indoxacarb

(Indoxacarb)

Oxadiazina No II Sin valor consenso

Yes Accepted

Isazofos

(Isazofos)

Organofosforado

No O NR P Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Isofenfos

(Isofenphos)

Organofosforado

No O II Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Lindano

(Lindane)

Organoclorado

No II III ED, HT Included in the Rotterdam Convention

Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention

No Rejected

Lufenuron Benzoilúrea

No Unlisted NCV Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 227

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

(Lufenuron) Very toxic to aquatic

organisms

Malatión

(Malathion)

Organofosforado

Yes III IV PC- 2A (IARC)

P MT HT MT ST ST MT ST Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC –

2015)

Yes Rejected

Mefosfolan

(Mephosfolan)

Organofosforado

n/a Unlisted NR No Rejected

Metafllumizona

(Metaflumizone)

Benzoilurea

n/a Unlisted NR HT Yes Rejected

Metamidofos

(Methamidophos)

Organofosforado

No Ib NCV P ST HT ST HT HT Fatal by inhalation

Registration canceled

Rejected

Metiocarb

(Methiocarb)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes Ib II HT HT MT MT MT HT Yes Rejected

Metomil

(Methomyl)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes Ib II P MT HT ST ST HT HT Yes Rejected

Metilparatión

(Methylparathion)

Organofosforado

Yes Ia NCV P MT HT MT

MT ST VHT MT Registration

canceled Rejected

Metilpirimifos

(Pyrimiphos methyl)

Organofosforado

No II NCV MT HT MT MT VHT Yes Accepted

Metoxiclor

(Methoxychlor)

Organoclorado

No U IV HT ST HT HT MT VHT VHT N Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 228

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Monocrotofos

(Monocrotophos)

Organofosforado

n/a Ib NR ST HT MT MT HT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Naled

(Naled)

Organofosforado

Yes II NCV MT HT MT MT VHT No Rejected

Novaluron

(Novaluron)

Benzoilúrea

Yes U NCV Yes Accepted

Oxamil

(Oxamyl)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes Ib NCV No Rejected

Oxidemeton metil

(Oxydemeton methyl)

Organofosforado

No Ib NCV P ST HT MT MT No Rejected

Oxitioquinox

(Oxythioquinox)

Quinoxalina

No NR LC (EPA) HT ST VHT N Rejected

Permetrina

(Permethrin)

Piretroide Yes II IV LC (EPA) MT HT MT ST ST VHT HT Yes Rejected

Piridaben

(Pyridaben)

Tioeter No II III VHT HT VHT Yes Accepted

Pirimicarb

(Pirimicarb)

N-metilcarbamato

No II III LC (EPA) MT ST Very persistent water, soil, sediments

Very toxic to aquatic

organisms

Yes Rejected

Piriproxifen

(Pyriproxyfen)

Éter No U IV MT ST VHT Yes Accepted

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 229

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Profenofos

(Profenofos)

Organofosforado

Yes II NCV HT HT VHT VHT MT Yes Rejected

Propargita (Propargite)

Ester del ácido sulfuroso

Yes III II LC (EPA) HT ST HT NAT HT Very bioaccumulative

Very toxic to aquatic

organisms

Yes Rejected

Piridifentión

(Pyridiphenthion)

Organofosforado

n/a Unlisted NR HT No Rejected

Spinetoram

(Spinetoram)

Espinosina Yes U NCV P HT Yes Rejected

Spirodiclofen

(Spirodiclofen)

Unlisted LC(EPA) Yes Rejected

Spinosad

(Spinosad)

Lactona macrocíclica

Yes III IV ST HT MT Yes Accepted

Sulfluramida

(Sulfluramid)

Sulfonamida fluorada

No IV MT Yes Accepted

Sulfotep

(Sulfotep)

Organofosforado

Ia II HT HT VHT No Rejected

Sulfoxaflor

(Sulfoxaflor)

Cianamida n/a Unlisted Registration canceled

HT Yes Rejected

Tebufenpirad

(Tebufenpyrad)

Pirazol No II NCV VHT No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 230

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

Teflubenzuron

(Teflubenzuron)

Benzoilurea

n/a U NR Yes Rejected

Teflutrin

(Tefluthrin)

Piretroide Yes Ib II VHT HT VHT VHT No Rejected

Terbufos

(Terbufos)

Organofosforado

Yes Ia NCV VHT MT VHT VHT No Rejected

Tetradifon

(Tetradifon)

Sulfona n/a U NR MT MT ST ST MT Yes Rejected

Tiametoxam

(Thiamethoxam)

Neonicotinoid

Yes Unlisted NCV P HT Yes Accepted

Tiociclam oxalato ácido

(Thiocyclam oxalate hydrogen)

n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Tiodicarb

(Thiodicarb)

N-metilcarbamato

Yes II III LC (EPA) MT VHT MT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Tralometrina

(Tralomethrin)

Piretroide No II NCV VHT HT VHT No Rejected

Triazofos (Triazophos)

Organofosforado

n/a Ib NR No Rejected

Triclorfon (Trichlorfon)

Organofosforado

No II III ST ST ST ST MT HT ST Yes Accepted

Triflumuron

(Triflumuron)

Benzoilúrea

n/a U NR VHT No Rejected

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 231

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contaminant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic

Toxicity

Other relevant toxicological

aspects

Registration in Colombia

by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth-worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insects

Zooplankton

MOLLUSCICIDE

Metaldehido (Methadehyde)

Aldehyde No II II, III PC P ST MT MT ST Yes Accepted

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATOR

Tidiazurón (Thidiazuron)

Phenylurea No III III MT ST ST MT MT Yes Accepted

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

WHO Acute Toxicity:

Class O = Obsolete Pesticide; Class Ia = Extremely Hazardous, Class Ib = Highly Hazardous; Class II = Moderately Hazardous; Class III = Slightly Hazardous, Class U = Unlikely to Present Acute Hazard in Normal Use

EPA Acute Toxicity:

Category I = Extremely Toxic, II = Highly Toxic, III = Moderately Toxic, IV = Slightly Toxic, NCV = Nerve Conduction Velocity, NR=Not Required

Chronic Toxicity:

KC = Known/Likely Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin; P = Potential Parkinson’s Disease Risk Factor (neurological toxin)

Ecotoxicity:

VHT = Very Highly Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; PNT = Practically Not Toxic; NAT = Not Acutely Toxic

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TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

REGISTRATION IN COLOMBIA

(ICA)1

ACUTE TOXICITY CLASS IN

COLOMBIA1

REGISTRATION IN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Bacillus thuringiensis

Yes

1881 Registration and

others

III, IV Yes Accepted Incident reports in humans:

Allergic reactions, eye discomfort and breathing problems. It also reported

vomiting, convulsions, collapse and coma in a man who consumed tomatoes

sprayed with B. thuringiensis 3. Bacillus popilliae

Yes 9667

Registration

(In association with other

microorganisms)

Associations that contain it are category

III.

B. popilliae spores registered

Accepted Several tests indicate that

spores of B. popilliae are not dangerous to humans.

As a precaution, users

should be advised to avoid inhaling spores and prevent

them from coming into contact with open wounds.

Bacillus subtilis

Yes

5773 Registration and

others

III, IV Yes Accepted Acute toxicity:

Oral / pathogenicity: it is not toxic or infectious to rats

when a dose of 1.9x108 CFU / animal was administered.

Dermal: a single dose of 2 g (3.6 x 109 CFU) / rabbit was

not toxic. Pulmonary toxicity /

pathogenicity: It was not infectious or toxic when administered at a dose of

2.84 x 109 CFU. Intravenous toxicity /

pathogenicity: was noninfectious and non-toxic

when a dose of 1.8 x 107 CFU was administered. Eye irritation: irritation occurred from mild to

severe with a dose of 0.1 g, effect disappeared within 7

days after it was administered. This was assigned a category III4.

Bacillus megaterium

Yes 5952, 7685 Registration

(In association with other

microorganisms

n/a NO Rejected

Bacillus mycoides

Yes 3189

n/a Registration in the US seems to

Rejected

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TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

REGISTRATION IN COLOMBIA

(ICA)1

ACUTE TOXICITY CLASS IN

COLOMBIA1

REGISTRATION IN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Registration (In association

with other microorganisms

be still in process Can be approved by MEO it if there is a substantiated

need for this pesticide

Metarhizium anisopilae

Yes 2701

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

III, IV (alone) Yes Accepted

Baculovirus phthorimaea

Yes 5614

Registration (for potato)

No Rejected

Baculovirus spodopterae

Not NO Rejected

Beauveria bassiana

Yes 4367

Registration (alone and in association)

III, IV (solo) Yes Accepted Acute toxicity: Oral /

pathogenicity: IV; Dermal: III / IV;

Pulmonary / pathogenicity: III / IV

intraperitoneal injection, non-toxic, infectious, or

pathogenic; Eye irritation: III;

Report incidents of hypersensitivity: not

reported5 Steinernema carpocapsae

Not NO Rejected

Burkholderia cepacia

Yes 6204

Registration

III, Yes Accepted Based on several

toxicological tests and the warning information

provided on labels, it is not expected that the M54 and J82 strains are dangerous to humans. However, further

studies are needed to predict which strains of B.

cepacia could infect individuals with cystic

fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease 6.

Trichogramma spp. Yes 1558

Registration and others

Unlisted Should not be used

It may be approved by MEO it if there is a substantiated need for this pesticide

Trichogramma Yes Unlisted Should not be used

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TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

REGISTRATION IN COLOMBIA

(ICA)1

ACUTE TOXICITY CLASS IN

COLOMBIA1

REGISTRATION IN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

exiguum

7864, 10135 Registration

It may be approved by MEO it if there is a substantiated

need for this pesticide

Trichoderma harzianum

Yes 2764

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

III, IV (solo) Yes Accepted Acute toxicity:

Oral / pathogenicity: category IV. Additional

studies showed LD50 4 g / kg in rats, assigning category

III. Acute Inhalation: Category IV. It was not infectious or

pathogenic. Intravenous: Category IV

without infectious or pathogenic effects. Nor

anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses in

animals treated with subcutaneous injection was

observed. Dermal: Category III. Eye

irritation: mild irritation was presented 7

Trichoderma koningii

Yes 4658

Registration (In association

with other microorganisms)

Yes Accepted

Trichoderma pseudokinigii

Not Unlisted Rejected

Trichoderma lignorum

Yes 3853

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

III (solo) Yes Accepted

Trichoderma viride

Yes 5886

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

IV (solo) Yes Accepted Toxicological Category III

(acute oral). No hypersensitivity or

anaphylaxis observed with various doses of inoculum

administered by subcutaneous injection8.

Verticillium chlamydosporium

Not

Unlisted Rejected

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TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

REGISTRATION IN COLOMBIA

(ICA)1

ACUTE TOXICITY CLASS IN

COLOMBIA1

REGISTRATION IN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Verticillium lecanii

Yes 2544

Registration and others

IV NO Rejected

Paecilomyces lilacinus

Yes 3855

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

III, IV (solo) Yes Accepted Acute toxicological

classification of the US EPA classifies the active

ingredient in category III (oral and dermal) and

Category IV (dermal and ocular).9

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Yes III, IV Yes Accepted

Phytoseiulus pemisilis

Yes 4757, 7894

Registrations

Mentions that "not applicable"

Not regulated by the US EPA

Accepted

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Yes 6519

Registration and others

Mentions that "not applicable"

Yes Accepted No adverse effects following ingestion of 8.4x1010 CFU /

animal three different strains. Acute injection

(intraperitoneal) showed no significant toxicity or lethality in mice when

inoculated with a dose of 2.8x108 CFU / animal. It has

been concluded that P. fluorescens strain A506 is not toxic or pathogenic to

mammals, including children.10

Penicillium funiculosum

Not Unlisted Rejected

Feltiella acarisuga

Not Unlisted Rejected

Amblyseius

Not Unlisted Rejected

Arthrobotrys irregularis

Not Unlisted Rejected

Cyrtopeltis tenuis

Not Unlisted Rejected

Eretmocerus

Not Unlisted Rejected

Capscicine or Capsaicin

Yes 4356, 5551

Registrations Only in

combination

Yes Accepted Most biologics are US-EPA

registered in toxicity category III and IV to all

pathways.

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TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

REGISTRATION IN COLOMBIA

(ICA)1

ACUTE TOXICITY CLASS IN

COLOMBIA1

REGISTRATION IN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

with allyl disulfide.

Extracto de Neem – Azadirachtina

n/a Registered Neem oil and other Azadirachtin

Accepted

Extracts of nettles

911 Registration and others

(Ruda, ortiga, ajo, ají, tomillo,

ajenjo)

Yes Accepted

Garlic-chilli pepper (Garlycin) extracts

Yes 911 Registration

and others As garlic extract

(alone and in combination)

IV(alone) Registered Garlic Oil

Accepted

Gibberellic acid (Ácido giberélico)

Yes Yes Accepted

Rue extract (Rutinal)

Yes 911 Registration

and others (Ruda, ortiga,

ajo, ají, tomillo, ajenjo)

Unlisted Should not be used

May be approved by MEO it if there is a substantiated

need for this pesticide

Note: Each organism has different strains; it is necessary to verify what is the most appropriate for the particular environment where it will be used, taking into account that different strains can have significantly different toxicological characteristics.

References:

1. Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA. Productos Registrados Bioinsumos, Octubre 20 de 2015.

2. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Disponible en: http://www3.epa.gov/ [Consulted: February 7 – March 11/ 2016]

3. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bacillus thuringiensis. Revised Preliminary Work Plan and Summary Document. Registration Review: Initial Docket. September 2014. Case 0247.

4. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bacillus subtilis Summary Document. Registration Review: initial Docket March 2008.

5. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Beauveria bassiana strains 447, ATCC 74040, GHA and HE23. Summary Document. September 2010. Case 6057.

6. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Burkholderia cepacia type Wisconsin strain M54 (006465). Burkholderia cepacia type Wisconsin strain J82 (006464) Fact sheet.

7. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Trichoderma species Final Registration Review

8. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Trichoderma species Final Registration Review Decision Case 6050. Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0245.

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9. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Biopesticides Registration Action Document. Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. (PC Code 028826) 6/7/05.

10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Pseudomonas fluorescens. Final Registration Review Decision. Case 6006.

11. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Capsaicin Final Registration Review Decision Case 4018. Docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0121. Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division. Final draft 9/15/2010.

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ANNEX C: MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING Pesticide safe use training must address the following minimum elements:

• Definition of pesticides.

• Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons.

• Concepts of active ingredients (AIs) vs. formulated products.

• Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective against only certain classes of organisms.

• Concept of proper application rates and the concept of pesticide resistance and techniques for preventing resistance.

• Concept that pesticides have specific organisms against which they are effective.

• Survey of the core elements of safe pesticide use: integrated pest management (IPM), safe purchase, transport, storage, mixing, application, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals, and clean-up and disposal, including specific treatment of personal protective equipement (PPE).

• Pesticide first aid and spill response.

• Interpretation of pesticide labels, particularly to understand PPE requirements and other precautions, dosage rates, and to identify AIs and expiration dates.

• Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

The following sections provide specific content notes on some of these topics.

C.1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM is an integral part of safe pesticide use and supporting the use of pesticides only within an IPM framework is a core requirement of this PERSUAP. Therefore, pesticide safe use training must build an understanding of IPM fundamentals.

The heart of IPM is an understanding of the relationship between pest injury, damage, yield loss, and economic loss. IPM was developed within the discipline of economic entomology. Farmers who are not trained in IPM may spray a crop upon seeing a single insect in a field or a few brown spots of a disease on a leaf. Pesticides are expensive and should only be used as a last resort and only when economically justified.

Threshold determination. Extension workers and farmers first need to understand the relationship between increasing injury levels and crop yield of each pest which is known as the damage function. A small amount of injury in fact can cause yield gain called overcompensation. In most cases, significant yield loss does not occur until a certain pest density occurs in the field because the crop can compensate for this level of damage. Then there is normally a linear decline in yield with increasing pest density. From this relationship, the economic injury level, economic threshold, or action threshold can be defined in the case of insect pests. Other methods to assess the threat of weeds and crop diseases will need to be developed based on field experience. Certain guidelines can be developed based on experience in neighboring countries.

IPM involves several tiers of integration. First there is the integration between control methods which must be harmonious. A non-harmonious example is the negative effect of pesticides on biocontrol agents. Biocontrol, which is the action of natural enemies against the pest, is free to the farmer so it behooves him not to upset this delicate balance unless absolutely necessary. The next tier of integration occurs between the different pest control disciplines. When one sprays an insecticide, herbivorous insects

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feeding on weeds are killed. Some fungicides also kill insect pests. Removing weeds forces army worms to feed on the crop. The third tier is integration with the cropping system and farming system. Crops that are well nourished can tolerate more damage. Many crop husbandry practices also affect pests, either positively or negatively. Application of nitrogen fertilizer is an example. On the one hand it can stimulate plant diseases, but on the other nitrogen fertilizer can provide strength of the crop to tolerate insect pest damage.

Pests do not occur in isolation, thus the crop has to deal with multiple pests as well as multiple stresses. A crop that is weak from zinc deficiency or water stress cannot tolerate as much pest damage as a healthier crop. In fact some sucking insect pests explode in abundance on a drought-stressed crop, further exacerbating the problem. The relationship between multiple pests and multiple stresses can be additive (1 + 1 = 2), antagonistic (1 + 1 = 1), or synergistic (1 + 1 = 3). This can occur in terms of yield loss from adding more pests or stresses, or can occur in terms of yield gain when one or more stresses are removed due to an effective curative control effort.

IPM training should provide examples of the different pest control methods beginning with preventative ones. Preventative methods start with quarantine and cultural crop husbandry methods based on good agronomic practices, which increase the crop’s tolerance for pest injury. Many of these methods fall under the rubric of cultural control. Host plant resistance is another good example of prevention. Other pest control methods can be physical (e.g., a fence to keep out animals), mechanical (e.g., using nets), or biological (e.g., parasitoids, predators, pathogens). Biological methods include natural control and man-induced methods, such as purchasing and releasing natural enemies or using selective pesticides. As a last resort there is chemical control.

Farmers will need to be trained to recognize pests in the field and to be able to assess their densities as well as know several methods of control for each. Training manuals with high-quality, color photos will be essential in the training process. Government-approved, recommended practices need to be published and updated annually in guides given to extension officers.

Use of PPE and protective clothing needs to be understood for each level of toxicity. This information is summarized below along with other information on the risks and hazards of transport, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Safety practices need to be learned. For example, pesticides should not be stored in the home where children can find them.

C.2 UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE RISKS

Many times, non-chemical controls can be used to deal with pests. When deciding to use a pesticide, it is important to understand the risks associated with a specific product or treatment. No matter the treatment method, there is always a degree of risk associated with using a pesticide. Understanding the risk from specific pesticides can help determine whether or not a given pesticide is appropriate, or help choose between two different products.

Many people believe that some pesticides are “safe,” while others are “dangerous.” Actually, all chemicals, including all pesticides, have the potential to be hazardous. Even products that are considered low in toxicity, natural, or organic can be hazardous if someone or something comes in contact with enough of the substance.

The toxicity of a pesticide, its formulation, and how much a person touches, ingests, inhales, or gets on skin and in eyes are all important considerations. The likelihood of experiencing some health effect as a result of using a product is referred to as the pesticide risk. The pesticide risk depends on which pesticide is used, how much is applied, frequency of application, and who or what has contact with the pesticide. The length of time of the exposure and how much of the substance actually gets on or in the body are important details in understanding the risk.22

Occupational exposure often occurs in cases of agricultural workers in fields, people living close to agricultural fields, and people working in the pesticide industry and working in structural pest control.

22 National Pesticide Information Center. “What’s My Risk?” http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/WhatsMyRisk.pdf

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Exposure of the general population occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues. Water, soil, and air becomes contaminated from pesticides leaching into the ground, running off into rivers with rain water, or drifting as spray from pesticide applications.

Ecological risk is risk posed by a pesticide to the wildlife and the environment. US EPA looks at ecological risks, including:

• Wildlife and aquatic organisms: How the pesticide affects various animal species.

• Plant protection: How the pesticide affects various plant species.

• Non-target insect: How the pesticide affects insects other than the ones the pesticide is intended to kill.

• Environmental fate: What happens to the pesticide in soil, water, and air after being released into the environment?

• Residue chemistry: How much pesticide is present in the environment over time after application.

• Spray drift: How much the pesticide drifts off-site when sprayed from the air? Helps determine exposure of non-target organisms.

An adjuvant is any material that is added to a pesticide solution to enhance or modify the performance of the solution. Most pesticides are not flammable, but the solvents or dilutents of liquid emulsion concentrates or oil solutions—xylene, kerosene, or other organic solvents—can be flammable and under some conditions explosive. Adjuvant can be inert but it can also significantly increase pesticide toxicity.

C.3 UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE LABEL AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

The label of a pesticide container must have all the information about risks as well as information needed for safe and effective use. Additional important details about risks of pesticide products and instructions about safe use can be found in the manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Labels and MSDS for some pesticides are available online at http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net.

The label on a pesticide container has three main functions:

• To tell the user what pest the product can be used on.

• To tell the user how to handle, use, and store the pesticide safely.

• To tell the user how and when to apply the pesticide for the best effect.

By law, pesticide labels must contain:

• The name of the product.

• Level of toxicity.

• Active ingredients.

• Other ingredients—co-formulants.

• The pests which the product will control.

• The rate of application of the product (how much of it to use).

• The time and method of application.

• Directions for handling the product safely.

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• First aid procedures in case of an accident.

• Any special instructions or warnings about its use, transport, storage, or disposal.

• The net contents (weight when packed) of the container.

FIGURE 3. PESTICIDE LABEL EXAMPLE

The pesticide pictogram will provide information about risks and safety measures required, including PPE. FIGURE 4. SYMBOLS RELATING THE RISKS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PESTICIDE

All programs must review the MSDS and provide training on reading and understanding the pesticide label prior to using pesticides.

C.4 PESTICIDE SAFETY AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

Training must address the types of PPE, when they should be worn, and why.

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TABLE 17. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE OF END-USE PRODUCT

I DANGER

II WARNING

III CAUTION

IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Socks Socks Socks Socks

Chemical-resistant footwear

Chemical-resistant footwear

Rubber boots or shoes

Rubber boots or shoes

Chemical-resistant gloves2

Chemical-resistant gloves2

Chemical-resistant gloves2

No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity Respiratory protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Potential

Goggles5 Goggles5 No minimum4 No minimum4

1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity classification of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove. 3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection. 4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS. 5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection.

Note: Where necessary, farmers can make their own PPE. For example, a plastic or water repellent apron from the waist to ankle length, can be fashioned from a large piece of plastic purchased in the local market (important if walking through the spray path).

FIGURE 5. PPE INFOGRAPHIC

Source: CropLife

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C.5 PROPER SPRAY TECHNIQUE: PROTECTING AGAINST PESTICIDE SPRAY DRIFT

Many farmers apply pesticides with a knapsack sprayer, which means that delivery of pesticides is either in front of the person spraying or to the side, not to the back as is the case with tractor-drawn sprayers. Inevitably pesticide drift will be carried by the wind and potentially settle on sensitive ecosystems such as national parks if they are nearby. Herbicides pose the greatest risk for environmental damage, especially when their drift lands on a neighbor’s crops and kills or severely damages them.

The potential for drift to travel long distances has been shown with highly residual chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, which have moved through the atmosphere and been found in measurable quantities at both poles on earth. Pesticides that can be transported to the earth’s distant poles are bound tightly to dust particles carried high into the atmosphere and transported by jet streams. Their presence only represents a very small percentage of the drift. Spray drift is a mostly local phenomenon, whereby spray droplets move to areas near the field.

There are a number of ways in which pesticide drift can be minimized:

Increase spray droplet size. Fog-sized droplets can travel three miles (4.8 km) while coarse droplets typically travel less than 10 feet (3 meters). To increase droplet size, the farmer can reduce spray pressure (e.g., 30 to 50 pounds per square inch [2–3.5 kg/cm2] with 5 to 20 gallons [19 to 76 liters] of water per acre [0.4 ha]), increase nozzle orifice size, use special drift reduction nozzles, and purchase additives that increase spray viscosity.

Distance between nozzle and target. Reduce the distance between the nozzle and the target crop.

Temperature and relative humidity. As pesticides vaporize under high temperature, low relative humidity and/or high temperature will cause more rapid evaporation of spray droplets between the spray nozzle and the target. Evaporation also reduces droplet size, which in turn increases the potential drift of spray droplets. It is best not to spray in the heat of the day to avoid drift problems.

Avoid spraying when the wind speed > 10 mph (16 km/h). As drift occurs as droplets suspended in the air, it is best to minimize applications during windy days. If spraying must be done, however, the farmer should spray away from sensitive areas. Local terrain can influence wind patterns, thus every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and how they affect spray drift.

Do not spray when the air is completely calm or when a temperature inversion exists. When the air is completely still, small spray droplets become suspended in the warm air near the soil surface and will be readily carried aloft and away from susceptible plants by vertical air movement. Temperature inversion occurs when air near the soil surface is cooler than the higher air. Temperature inversions restrict vertical air mixing, which causes small suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud and impact plants two miles or more downwind. This cloud can move in unpredictable directions due to the light, variable winds common during inversions.

Application height. Making applications at the lowest height reduces exposure of droplets to evaporation and wind.

C.6 PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

Where IPs or beneficiary groups will be transporting pesticides, training must address the fundamentals of safe transport of pesticides. (Some of the largest accidents involving pesticides have occurred during transportation.) Drivers should be trained on how to deal with and contain spills, and not to transport pesticides with food. Many of the agro-dealers are small and ship their stock individually in relatively small quantities. Agro-dealers should be sensitized about minimizing potential risks during transportation. Minimum elements of safe transport are:

• Keep pesticides away from passengers, livestock and foodstuffs;

• Do not carry pesticides in driver’s compartment;

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• Containers must be in good condition;

• Do not transport packages with any leakage; and,

• Transport under cover and protected from rain, and direct sunlight.

Storing pesticides properly protects human and animal health, safeguards wells and surface waters, and prevents unauthorized access to hazardous chemicals. The pesticide label is the best guide to storage requirements for every product. The MSDS provides additional information on normal appearance and odor as well as flash point, fire control recommendations, boiling point, and solubility.

Preventative measures are required in pesticide warehouses in order to reduce cases of pilferage, exposure through leakages, theft, and expiration of pesticides. Where IPs or beneficiaries, including agro-dealers, will be maintaining pesticide stores, training must address these practices, as per the best management practices for pesticide storage highlighted in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO’s) storage manual23 and summarized below:

• All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded on a 24-hour basis.

• All the storage facilities will be located away from water sources, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals, etc. Wastewater from pesticide storage facilities must not be drained directly into public drains but should be pretreated on site.

• Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities.

• A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility.

• Pesticides will be stacked as specified in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual.

• Inventory management will include recording expiration dates of all pesticides and maintaining a “first-in first-out” stocking system.

• All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of a fire outbreak.

• A non-water-based fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities, and all workers will be trained on how to use this device, and how to respond to fire (see below).

• Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones sign to caution against unauthorized entry.

Further, if IP-run pesticide stores exist in an area with fire or emergency services, local first responders must receive training on how to deal with pesticide fires. The smoke from such a fire is highly hazardous and effluent from water spray can do great harm to the environment. If fire fighters use water to put out a fire in a pesticide storage shed, the runoff will be highly toxic.

C.7 FIRST AID

It is important to provide training on recognition of the symptoms of a pesticide poisoning so the victim will receive timely treatment. Contact information of the closest medical facility must be known and available if someone can be possibly poisoned with a pesticide. Quick action could save the victim's life. Farmers must be trained to make sure to take the label and if possible the MSDS on the chemical to the hospital. This will enable the medical professionals to treat the victim properly and promptly.

Training must include the basic elements of pesticide first aid, as per the table below. Wherever possible, personnel at local health facilities should participate in/receive such training.

23 "Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual." Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm.

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TABLE 18. FIRST AID MEASURES FOR HANDLING PESTICIDES

General Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the label) to the physician.

Poison on skin

Act quickly.

Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water.

Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water.

Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

Chemical burn on skin

Wash with large quantities of running water.

Remove contaminated clothing.

Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth.

Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid treatment of burns.

Poison in eye

Wash eye quickly but gently.

Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water.

Wash for 15 minutes or more.

Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase the extent of injury.

Inhaled poison

Carry victim to fresh air immediately.

Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned.

Loosen tight clothing.

Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s skin is blue. If victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department (if available).

Poison in mouth or swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water.

Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink.

Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label.

Procedure for inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward. Do not allow victim to lie on his back, because the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage.

Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat or give syrup of ipecac.

Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is.

Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting.

When not to induce vomiting

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions.

If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may get into the lungs and burn there also.

If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 246

C.8 PROPER PESTICIDE CONTAINER DISPOSAL

Once pesticides have been used, the empty containers need to be properly disposed of. Training must address proper disposal. This table gives a summary of the best practices for doing so.

TABLE 19. PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERS

CONTAINER TYPE DISPOSAL STATEMENTS

Metal Containers (non-aerosol) Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

Paper and Plastic Bags Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then bury empty bag.

Glass Containers Triple rinse. Then bury.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

C.9 MONITORING AND DATA RECORD KEEPING

Colombia small-scale farmers seeking certification of their products, often for export, must keep records of information on crops grown, production, pest attack, pesticides used, whether the pesticides worked well or not, pest resistance development, and pre-harvest intervals to reduce pesticide residues. Small-scale farmers not in certification programs do not often keep records on crops. Certified large-scale commercial and estate farms, on the other hand, generally keep detailed records. Projects must conduct training programs on monitoring and data record-keeping techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness and require all farmers to monitor and keep records.

An example of a monitoring and record keeping chart is included below. Suggestions for development of simple charts for monitoring and record keeping can be found at http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx.

TABLE 20. EXAMPLE OF MONITORING AND RECORD KEEPING CHART

Crop Plot Location

Plot Size

Planted Date

Pests Observed

Infestation Severity

Management Technique

Date/Time Of Application

Notes (Rate Of Application, Weather, Etc.)

Harvested Date

Results

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 247

ANNEX D: ICA SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON APPROVED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 248

ANNEX E: ICA RECORD OF PESTICIDE SALES (1ST QUARTER 2016)