chapter 3. election of 1800 very close election-adams vs. jefferson decided in house of...
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Chapter 3
Growth of a New Nation
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Election of 1800Very close election-Adams vs. JeffersonDecided in House of Representatives because
Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied; beat Adams by 8 votes
Hamilton stepped in; Jefferson became Pres. and Aaron Burr became VP
Jefferson (Dem/Rep) won-serves two terms from 1801-1809
Side note: Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804…..fatally shot him and still allowed to finish his term as VP!
3.1 Thomas Jefferson-Jeffersonian Era
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Jeffersonian Era ContinuedJeffersonian Republicanism: people should
control government; simple government bestDecentralized governmentSize of Army/Navy reducedLowered expenses for government social
functions
Side note….Jefferson’s presidency marks a pattern of Southern dominance in presidential politics. New England’s Federalists lose some power and several presidents are from Virginia.
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1803Supreme Court case established
“judicial review”Adam’s “Midnight Judges”Declared part of Judiciary Act of 1789
was unconstitutionalStrengthened Supreme Court’s power
Marbury v. Madison
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Purchased in 1803 by the U.S. from FranceJefferson lacked Congressional approval,
but purchased anyway$15 millionDoubled the size of U.S.Led to Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-
1806)
See Video: History Channel-Lewis and Clark Expedition (1:50)
Louisiana Purchase
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See Video: Jefferson’s Presidency
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James Madison and War of 1812
James Madison (Dem-Rep)-1809-1817Britain and France threatened U.S. shipping
for many yearsCauses of War of 1812:
Americans focused anger against BritainMany upset with British impressmentsYoung Southern and Western “war hawks”
called for war
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Britain and U.S. ill-prepared for war-U.S. declared war in Spring of 1812
Britain scored victory in August, 1814 when Washington, D.C. was sacked; Capitol, Presidential Mansion, and other public buildings burned
Most significant victory for U.S. was Battle of New Orleans-led by General Andrew Jackson-January 8, 1815
Treaty of Ghent signed Christmas Eve, 1814-led to peace
War of 1812 Information
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See Video: -James Madison-Presidential Profile Video-Americans and British Face Off in War of 1812 (3:09)-History Channel-Listen to “Battle of New Orleans”-Johnny Horton
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Death of Federalist PartyEncouraged growth of American
industries; some products no longer available from Britain
Confirmed U.S. was a free, independent nation
Surge of Nationalism-focus on nation as a whole, not on regions (Sectionalism)
Effects of War of 1812
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President from 1817-1825 (Dem/Rep)Monroe Doctrine:
Foundation for future American policyWarned European powers not to
interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere (North and South America)
“Era of Good Feelings”
See Video: Monroe’s Presidency
James Monroe
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3.2 The Age of JacksonRegional Differences
Industry took off first in New England; shipping and trade
South continued to grow as agricultural power
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)=cotton grown more efficiently and profitable
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Clay’s American System:Created by Monroe and promoted
by House speaker, Henry Clay (KY)Created for economic independence
from BritainSupport of tariffs to promote U.S.
industry, re-charter national bank and system of transportation to make travel faster
Balancing Nationalism/Sectionalism
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Missouri Compromise
Many sectional conflictsMissouri requested
admission to the UnionSlave state or Free
State?1820-1821Agreements created by
ClayMaine admitted as free
state; Missouri as slave36-30 latitude line;
North of line=Free ; South of line=Slave, except for Missouri
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Andrew Jackson-Democrat/1829-1837Jacksonian Democracy-
political power for all classesIntroduced Spoils
System-administrations hire their own supporters to replace supporters from previous administrations
Jackson gave many jobs to friends and political allies
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Indian Removal Act1830-passed by Congress
Forced Native Americans out of Southeast
Ruled unconstitutionalIgnored by Jackson, could not be
enforcedCherokees last to move West; led
to the Trail of Tears in 1838More than 25% of Cherokee
people died
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Southern leaders opposed to tariffs passed in 1832
South Carolina tried to nullify tariffJackson threatened military force to
enforce tariffCompromise avoided violence, but
tension remained
Nullification and Bank War
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Jackson against national bankThought it favored wealthy and cared
nothing for common peopleMoney from federal banks placed in
state banksMany accused Jackson of acting like a
king, instead of president; opposed by the new Whig Party
Led to economic collapse in 1837
Continued
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1. What does this cartoon suggest about Jackson’s attitude toward the Constitution?2. How does this cartoon particularly comment on Jackson’s use of presidential power?
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Andrew Jackson:Presidential Profile Video
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Belief that the United States was ordained by God to expand to the Pacific Ocean
Many moved WestAbundance of landEconomic troubles back EastTradeMormons moved to escape
persecutionSanta Fe Trail and Oregon TrailBoth trails began in Independence,
Missouri
3.3 Manifest Destiny
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Texas RevolutionMexico invited Americans to settle in
TexasInexpensive land Led by Stephen AustinTexans forced to obey Mexican law
by Santa AnnaTexans armed themselves but were
defeated at The Alamo; all 187 U.S. defenders were killed in February 1836
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Americans retaliated and cried “Remember the Alamo” April, 1836: Rebels’ chief Sam Houston and 900 soldiers surprised Mexicans, killed 630 Mexican soldiers and captured Santa Anna
Treaty of Velasco-Texas became independent in 1836
Sam Houston became President of Republic of Texas
Continued
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The Alamo and Sam Houston
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Southerners wanted Texas admitted to the Union to extend slavery
North upset-would tip power in Senate to South
Texas added to the Union in 1845
Continued
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President James K. Polk favored annexing TexasU.S. declares war on Mexico in
1845U.S. wins war and Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) does the following:Gains present-day California, Nevada,
New Mexico, Utah and parts of 3 other states
1849-California Gold Rush begins
Mexican-American War
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First half of 1800’s, more and more people bought goods rather than made what they needed
Free Enterprise-business profit, little government regulationNew inventions=economic growth
Telegraph, steam-powered ships and railroads
3.4 Market Revolution
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Farming inventions:Steel plowReaperSoutherners still relied on slave
labor to grow cotton, rice and tobacco
Continued
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Rise of factories changed nature of workLong hoursYoung women in textile millsImmigrants came to U.S. in search of
opportunity1.3 million people came from Ireland
between 1845-1854Eastern cities grew and labor unions started
Continued
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3.5 Reforming American SocietyEarly 1800’s-Second Great Awakening
Emphasis on emotional individual conversionTranscendentalism: Truth discovered through
human interaction with natureStressed reason and dignityRalph Waldo EmersonAfrican-Americans felt message of Christianity
offered hope to them also
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Largest camp meeting during Second Great Awakening-Cane Ridge, Ky. 1801
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Abolition: effort to end slaveryFrederick Douglass
An escaped slaveWrote and spoke on evils of slavery
William Lloyd Garrison-White radical abolitionistThe Liberator
-1828-newspaperDemanded immediate emancipation
Social Reform
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Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison
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1831-Turner’s RebellionLed by Nat Turner, a Virginia slave60 whites were killedTurner and others captured and executed
Social Reform continued
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Dorothea Dix-fought for rights of mentally disabled
Many women pushed for temperance and were abolitionists
Push for improved education for women
Side note: some remarked if women were educated “they will be educating cows next” ….not cool
Social Reform Continued
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1848New York stateMany female reformers met to
demand equal rights for womenElizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott were organizers
Seneca Falls Convention
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott