Chapter 10Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams

Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

Montecello

Jefferson in old age

Interior Montecello

Barbary Wars• “Tributes” were fees

paid to leaders of the Barbary coast

Tripoli

US Philadelphia taken• This is the first

declaration of war against the US by a foreign power.

“Heroes”• William Eaton

recruited mercenaries and marched across 500 miles to attack Tripoli and release the US sailors taken prisoner

• Stephen Decatur sailed into Tripoli harbor and set the Philadelphia on fire

President James Madison

First Lady Dolley Madison

Timeline leading to War of 1812

• 1803: British begin to impress American sailors and force them to work on British Ships.

• Embargo Act then Non-intercourse Act

• 1811: The Battle of Tippecanoe (in present-day Indiana), considered the first battle of the War of 1812, takes place between Tecumseh's brother, The Prophet, and William Henry Harrison's army.

• Congress declared war June 1812, in a vote divided along sectional lines

• 1812 Summer: Riots break out in Baltimore in protest of the war

War of 1812—causes• Indian conflicts in the Northwest

Territory • Attacks on American ships by France

and England• The War Hawks—Henry Clay from

Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina

Clay (left) and Calhoun

The War• 1813 January: British and Indian allies repel American troops at the

Battle of Frenchtown (present-day Michigan). American survivors are killed the following day in the Raisin River Massacre (present-day Michigan).

• 1813 October: The warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames (Canada).

• 1814 August 24, 24: The British burn Washington, DC in retaliation for the burning of York. President James Madison flees the Capital.

• 1814 September The Battle of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain is a major American victory, securing its northern border. The Battle of Baltimore takes place at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner.

Battles of War of 1812

End of the War of 1812

• 1814 December: The Treaty of Ghent. Americans and British diplomats agree to the terms of a treaty and return to the status quo from before the war.

• 1815 January Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

Women’s Status• Based on British Common Law• Wives had no independent legal or political

personhood

• Legal doctrine of feme covert holds that a wife’s civic life is subsumed by that of her husband

• By 1820, all states but South Carolina recognized a limited right to divorce

• Single, adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes. They could not vote, serve on juries, or practice law.

Women in churches• Most Protestant denominations barred women

from governance• Quakers and Baptists in New England made

exceptions• Small number of women preachers between 1790

and 1820, i.e. Jemima Wilkinson, a “Publick Universal Friend,” claimed to be genderless and dressed in men’s clothing

Women in Education• “female academies”• Examples: Troy Female Seminary in New York

founded by Emma Willard in 1821 and Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catharine Beecher in 1822

President James Monroe

President John Quincy Adams

Missouri Compromise