PRESIDENT ADAMSChapter 6, Section 2

Adams’ Presidency John Adams (Federalist)

defeated Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) in 1796 election. Adams = President Jefferson = Vice President

Called for a constitutional change (12th Amendment) Rise of political parties =

unexpected Solution = 12th

Amendment ratified in 1804 Electors vote for a

President and a VP (NOT top two choices for President)

Trouble With France Tension grew closer to war U.S. officials agreed to meet with French foreign

minister, Talleyrand French Directory sent 3 low-level officials (X,Y, &

Z) who demanded payment in exchange for a meeting with Talleyrand

Americans insulted, anti-French sentiment spread following XYZ Affair

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) 3 acts (Alien Acts) raised residence

requirement for American citizenship & allowed President to deport any “undesirable” alien

Sedition Act set punishments for anyone speaking or acting out against the government

Trouble At Home

Alien & Sedition Acts = very controversial!

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution Created by James Madison & Thomas

Jefferson Asserted principle of nullification

States had power to void any Congressional act deemed unconstitutional

Found Alien & Sedition Acts in violation of 1st Amendment

Significance: balance of power remained a controversial issue

PRESIDENT JEFFERSONChapter 6, Section 3

Election of 1800 Democratic-

Republican Defeated John

Adams in 1800 Unpopular b/c of Alien

& Sedition Acts Revealed the need

for 12th Amendment 1st President to take

office in Washington D.C.

Favored a small, simple gov’t

Louisiana Purchase 1800: Napoleon

Bonaparte persuaded Spanish to return control of LA Territory to France

Alarmed, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans and W. FLA from French

Napoleon offered entire territory U.S. paid $15 million/3c

acre. (1804)

Louisiana Purchase Spring 1804: Lewis

and Clark, aided by Sacagawea as an interpreter, left from St. Louis, “the Gateway city”, up the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to the Pacific Ocean.

2 ½ years later they returned with scientific observations, maps, specimens and stories.

They opened the way for thousands of pioneers.

Marbury v. Madison Pres. Adams pushed through

Judiciary Act of 1801 prior to leaving office Increased # of federal judges to 16 Many “Midnight Judges” did not

receive proper paperwork prior to Adams leaving office

“Midnight Justice” William Marbury sued Sec. of State James Madison in an effort to validate his appointment under Judiciary Act of 1789.

Justice John Marshall argued that powers of Sup. Courts were set by the Cons., and Congress’s Judiciary Act could not alter them. This act was deemed unconstitutional, thus giving the Sup. Ct. the power of “judicial review”.

WAR OF 1812

War of 1812 1806, in an effort to stop

Napoleon, Britain blockaded European ports.

By 1807, Britain & France had seized over 1,000 U.S. ships and their sailors (impressment)

1807: a British warship searching attempted to board U.S. Chesapeake. When Captain refused, Brits opened fire, killing 3, wounding 18. (Chesapeake Incident)

James Madison was elected Pres. in 1808 and decided to go to war w/ Britain, as he believed they were trying to cripple U.S. trade.

War of 1812 Major battles in Detroit and

Montreal, Canada Native Americans again

fought with British and U.S. forces. Many hoped to stop U.S. expansion.

Inexperienced U.S. Navy fought many battles @ sea w/ the President, the United States, & the Constitution.

1814, Brits burn White House & Capitol in retaliation for Battle of York.

Young General Andrew Jackson defeats Brits @ New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent is signed.

National Identity The War of 1812 ended as

a draw with the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas 1814.

The 2nd American War for Independence had a Patriotic/Nationalistic impact.

Uncle Sam, Old Ironsides, the Star Spangled banner, the White House and heroes such as Dolly Madison, William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson became famous.

U.S. INFRASTRUCTURE As the nation expanded,

many improvements were made to facilitate growth

Many states built turnpikes (toll roads)

1811, construction began on National Road

1825, Erie Canal was completed. Dubbed the “Big Ditch,” the 363 mile canal linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie Ultimately connected the

Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. New York City became the gateway to this massive trade network.

Erie Canal Song

Monroe Doctrine The British proposed an

Anglo-American joint proposal aimed at European colonial attempts in Latin and So. America.

In 1823 Pres. Monroe warned Europeans with his famous Monroe Doctrine.

2 main messages: Nonintervention Non-colonization of the Western

Hemisphere (“Europeans mind your own

business and the U.S. will take care of the west.”).

Showed America’s growing self-confidence.