CH 22 Sec 3-5Italy

Austria – Hungary

Ottoman empire

Russia

UNIFYING ITALYNot unified since time of the Roman EmpireCongress of Vienna ignored Italy’s desire for

unificationGiuseppe Mazzini – founded “Young Italy”

◦ Italy was a single geographic area, its people spoke the same language and should be independent

◦Attempted to establish a Republic in Rome, but was defeated by France

◦“Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs”“Risorgimento” – Italian nationalist movement

UNIFYING ITALY1858 Camillo Cavour

strengthened Sardinia through economic reform and alliances With help of France, provoked a war with Austria Main architect of Italian unification

1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi Aided by Cavour “Red Shirts” Conquered Southern Italy

1861 Italian Nationalists defeat Austria in Northern Italy

UNIFYING ITALY1866 Italy allied with Prussia in Austria-

Prussian War Won Venice in Northeastern Italy from Austria

1870 Italy allied with Prussia in Franco-Prussian War

Won Rome from France Italy now IndependentConstitutional Monarchy established

Victor Emmanuel II becomes king

NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES

Area of many different “nationalities”

NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES

Conservatives were still in control of Austria and Ottoman Empire

AUSTRIA• Hapsburg family• censored newspapers• Limited industrial growth• threatened traditional ways of life• growth of cities, worker discontent, increased socialism

• Nationalism growing among multinational groups• Czechs, Slavs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats

1866 Austro-Hungarian WarHungary demanded more independence• Dual Monarch established between Austria and Hungary

-separate, but shared finances, foreign issues, defense

NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRESOttoman Empire

•Balkan Peninsula

“Sick Man of Europe”•empire collapsing• economics, colonies, government

Pressure increasing form different nationalities wanting their independence• Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania• Powder Keg of Europe• Smallest “spark” could cause war

RUSSIAlargest and most populated country in Europe

Conservatives controlled societyNationalism/Enlightenment ideas trying to

spread

1825 Decembrist Revoltrevolt by liberal, military officialsNicholas I defeated the rebellion and increased regulations to stop Enlightenment ideas

Liberals continued calling for change• 1861 - peasants were freed• Industrial Revolution spreading

Negative effects of industrialization angered workers•Working conditions• Low pay• Slums

Socialists began to preach ideas of Karl Marx

RUSSIA

As Russia continued to industrialize, problems increased

1.22.1905Bloody Sunday•beginning of Russian Revolution•protests against living conditions under Nicholas II•Nicholas II had 2 choices

1. put down revolt, which would ignite more protests2. agree to help

10.30.1905 October ManifestoImproved Civil Liberties•Freedom of speech•Freedom of assembly•allowed for a Duma (elected national legislature)

• BUT, Duma could not initiate legislation

RUSSIA