CH 22 Sec 3-5Italy
Austria – Hungary
Ottoman empire
Russia
UNIFYING ITALYNot unified since time of the Roman EmpireCongress of Vienna ignored Italy’s desire for
unificationGiuseppe Mazzini – founded “Young Italy”
◦ Italy was a single geographic area, its people spoke the same language and should be independent
◦Attempted to establish a Republic in Rome, but was defeated by France
◦“Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs”“Risorgimento” – Italian nationalist movement
UNIFYING ITALY1858 Camillo Cavour
strengthened Sardinia through economic reform and alliances With help of France, provoked a war with Austria Main architect of Italian unification
1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi Aided by Cavour “Red Shirts” Conquered Southern Italy
1861 Italian Nationalists defeat Austria in Northern Italy
UNIFYING ITALY1866 Italy allied with Prussia in Austria-
Prussian War Won Venice in Northeastern Italy from Austria
1870 Italy allied with Prussia in Franco-Prussian War
Won Rome from France Italy now IndependentConstitutional Monarchy established
Victor Emmanuel II becomes king
NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES
Area of many different “nationalities”
NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES
Conservatives were still in control of Austria and Ottoman Empire
AUSTRIA• Hapsburg family• censored newspapers• Limited industrial growth• threatened traditional ways of life• growth of cities, worker discontent, increased socialism
• Nationalism growing among multinational groups• Czechs, Slavs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats
1866 Austro-Hungarian WarHungary demanded more independence• Dual Monarch established between Austria and Hungary
-separate, but shared finances, foreign issues, defense
NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRESOttoman Empire
•Balkan Peninsula
“Sick Man of Europe”•empire collapsing• economics, colonies, government
Pressure increasing form different nationalities wanting their independence• Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania• Powder Keg of Europe• Smallest “spark” could cause war
RUSSIAlargest and most populated country in Europe
Conservatives controlled societyNationalism/Enlightenment ideas trying to
spread
1825 Decembrist Revoltrevolt by liberal, military officialsNicholas I defeated the rebellion and increased regulations to stop Enlightenment ideas
Liberals continued calling for change• 1861 - peasants were freed• Industrial Revolution spreading
Negative effects of industrialization angered workers•Working conditions• Low pay• Slums
Socialists began to preach ideas of Karl Marx
RUSSIA
As Russia continued to industrialize, problems increased
1.22.1905Bloody Sunday•beginning of Russian Revolution•protests against living conditions under Nicholas II•Nicholas II had 2 choices
1. put down revolt, which would ignite more protests2. agree to help
10.30.1905 October ManifestoImproved Civil Liberties•Freedom of speech•Freedom of assembly•allowed for a Duma (elected national legislature)
• BUT, Duma could not initiate legislation
RUSSIA