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- 1. A Presentation On Problems of DEVELOPING INDIA
- 2. Problems of Developing India
- Population
- Poverty
- Unemployment
- Corruption
- 3.
- How do the environmental impacts of a growing population of a developed country, the United States, compares to the undeveloped country of India?
- 4. [INTRO]duction
- We predict that a growing population will cause:
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- Higher rate of deforestation
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- Greater loss of freshwater resources
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- More pollution
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- Increased global warming
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- Strains of natural resources
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- Social issues
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- 5. [M]ethods
- We first searched to find what causes a growing population.
- We then looked to see the effects of the growing population on the environment.
- Stella and Excel were used to display the impacts of the population growth on:
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- Forest Area
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- Fresh Water Availability
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- We also compared the two different growing populations.
- 6. What are we [model]ing?
- India Population growth.
- United States Growth.
- Effects on Environmental Resources:
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- Fresh Water Availability
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- Forest Areas
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- Effects of varying levels of these subcategories.
- 7. Why a [grow]ing population?
- United States
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- Increased Immigration Rates
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- Better health care
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- Higher living standards
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- Abortion Laws
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- Unintended Pregnancies ~ 40% births
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- Teenage Pregnancies
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- India
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- Lack of Migration
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- Lack of Education
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- Desire for Male children
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- Fertility rate declining
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- Younger women having children
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- 8. [Water] and [Forest] Factor
- Freshwater Availability
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- Misconception of Oceans as freshwater
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- Human Bodies 60% water
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- Sewage deposited in water
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- Health problems
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- Per Capita Water Use
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- Forests Area
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- Urbanization more paved areas
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- Less parks and nature
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- Lack of Oxygen production
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- Increase Quantity of Carbon Dioxide (Greenhouse Gases)
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- Global Warming
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- 9. [Environ]mental Impacts
- Pollution increase in cars and emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere
- Deforestation increase in paved areas to house increasing population
- Freshwater Availability increase in waste production and contamination of water
- Natural Resources increase burning of fossil fuels, excessive use of coal
- Global Warming overall increase in temperature and chances of natural disasters
- Habitat Loss change in ecosystems affecting trophic levels
- 10. [Excel] Model
- Comparing the Population of India and US with no external pressures
- Both increasing.
- India growth rate per year:
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- 1.51%
- US growth rate per year:
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- 0.92%
- India starts at a greater population.
- 11. WHY DO THEY DIFFER?
- EDUCATION
- GNP
- IMMIGRATION/MIGRATION
- 12. [Sol]utions
- Increase education programs
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- Later marriages
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- Contraceptive use
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- Less of a need for urbanization (jobs)
- Be energy efficient (wind/ solar)
- Organic farming
- Sustainable development (build vertically)
- Plant more trees!
- Have better governmental regulations for an improved economy
- 13. Poverty
- Redefining Poverty
- India Case Study
- 14. Redefining Poverty A New Poverty Line for a New India
- 15. The Government of India says that 24% of Indias population is below the poverty line.* * Planning Commission of India, 1999-2000, Government of India
- 16. Despite such abysmal figures on Indias development, how can the government claim that only 24% of India is poor? Clearly something is amiss
- 17. The answer lies in how poverty is defined in India
- The present poverty line is a conveniently low threshold based largely on only caloric norms.
- In fact, it should be called the starvation line .
- It does not factor in norms for nutrition, health, clothing, housing, education etc.
- Even worse is that the Planning Commission recognizes this shortcoming and yet doesnt do anything about it.
- 18. I have learnt to seek my happiness by limiting my desires rather than attempting to satisfy them. John Stuart Mill
- 19. Table 1: Percentage and Number of Poor in India since 1973 * Year Percentage of Poor Number of Poor (crores) Annual Real Rate of Decline in the Number of Poor ^ 1973-74 54.9 % 32.13 - 1977-78 51.3 % 32.89 ( 0.59 %) 1983 44.5 % 32.29 0.31 % 1987-88 38.9 % 30.71 1.25 % 1993-94 36.0 % 32.03 ( 0.70 %) 1999-00 26.1 % 26.02 3.40 % 2004** 23.6 % 24.97 0.82 % * As per the Expert Group Methodology ^ A negative rate of decline means the number of poor increased ** Based on the estimated population of 2004 and poverty ratio calculated using the latest National Sample Survey in 2004. Source: National Institute of Rural Development (2004): Rural Development Statistics, 2002-03 .
- 20. The redefined poverty line
- Summing up minimum costs for nutrition (Rs. 573), health (Rs. 30), clothing (Rs. 17), energy consumption (Rs. 55) and miscellaneous expenditure (Rs. 164); the poverty line in India should be about Rs. 840 per capita per month*.
- * The actual sum is Rs. 839; we round it off for convenience.
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- A person is poor in India if he or she has a monthly per capita expenditure lesser than Rs. 840 OR does not have access to either drinking water; proper shelter; sanitation; quality secondary education; or an all-weather road with public transport.
- 22. Incidence of Poverty Interventions - Program, Technology Natural Resources Institutional/ Social Factor Labour & Capital Flow/Mobility Spatial Integration of Economic activities New Lively hood opportunities ECOLOGICAL AND INCOME POVERTY - DYNAMICS Databases on relationship to examine the direction of policies/interventions? Powerlessness of poor to gain access or use available natural resources Role of economic policies and interventions in altering the relationship Inequitable access land, Information, market and credit
- 23. He and She are poor; Not because they are borne so; In fact, it is the failure of the institutions, polices and programme that they continue to be poor and marginalized. - A Perception
- 24. EMPLOYMENT , UNEMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ISSUES
- 25. Employment and Unemployment Scenario in the World
- Almost all countries in the world have employment and unemployment problem.
- A total number of 191.8 million persons were unemployed in the year 2005 in the world.The unemployment rate was around 6.3% of the labour force
- 1.37 billion people though employed were earning less than US$2 a day.
- 520.1 million people though employed were earning less than US$ 1 a day.
- The problem therefore is of the order of 711.9 million if at least one dollar a day is considered.
- 26.
- S.No. Item 2004-2005
- Total Population as on Jan. 2005 1092.96Million
- Total Labour Force 469.94 Million
- Total Employment 459.10 Million
- Total number of open 10.84 Million Unemployment
- Unemployment rate as percentage Around
- of total labour force 2. 3 %
- Employment in Organised Sector(2004) 26.4 Million
- 27. STRUCTURE OF WORKFORCE
- Sector World India
- Agriculture 40.1% 58.5%
- Industry 21.0% 18.1%
- Services 38.9% 23.4%
- Vast majority of workers in Agriculture
- A significant proportion of them are below poverty line
- 28. Approach by various Countries
- Various countries are trying to address the problem of unemployment through various means.
- Developed countries are trying to have separate employment policies.
- Developing countries are relying on economic growth as well as special employment generation programme.
- Export of labour force to other countries will not be easy unless labour force in developing countries can claim better skills.
- 29. Approach to Employment in Economic Planning-India
- Planning in India focused on economic growth.
- Generation of employment was viewed as part of the process of development and not as a goal in conflict with, or to be pursued independently of economic development
- Thus there is no employment policy as such and additional employment generation is attempted through growth process and through special employment generation programme
- 30. PROBLEMS
- Population growth and consequential increase in the labour force. 10 to 12 million persons are entering the labour force every year.
- Productivity and income generation from employment are low.
- Th ough, open unemployment is only2.3%(11 million)
- the percentage of the population below the poverty line is high. The fact of being employed is obviously
- no guarantee of escaping from poverty,which in our situation refers to a very basic level of subsistence.
- Out of around 470 million work force as many as 130million are working poor. Therefore the problem is of the order of 130+11=141 million.
- 31. MAIN ISSUES There are primarily two main issues namely:- Issue no-1 How to provide employment to the new entrant to the labour force and to the unemployed. That is how to create additional employment opportunities needed. Issue no-2 How to improve quality of employment so that productivity and income level of the workforce increases.
- 32. Action taken to tackle Issue No-1
- Planned Initiative. Tenth Plan envisages creation of around 10 million jobs each year, around 6 million from normal growth process and around 4 million through special employment generation programme proposed for sectors.
- Economic growth and employment growth being correlated attempts are made to achieve 8% growth rate of the economy so that anticipated employment generation takes place.
- As against a target of 10 million per year around12 million persons per year were provided employment during 2000-2005
- 33. Action taken to tackle Issue No-2
- Provide skill training to the new entrants to the
- labour force
- Improving skill level of the work force.
- Organize Skill training as per the market demand. That is, it should cater to the needs of both organized and unorganized sector.
- 34. STUDENTS ARE THE RISING POWERS OF INDIA
- 35.