apwhperiod4europetransformations
DESCRIPTION
cullen - borrowed partly from othersTRANSCRIPT
Transformation of
Europe
1450-1750
Take a good look at the
following maps.
What stands out in terms of
changes or things that have
stayed the same?
Why might these things have
changed?
Why might they have stayed the
same?
1453
Look for
changes
between
this map
and the
next.
1648
What have
you
noticed?
What has
changed?
What has
stayed the
same?
So what has been going
on in Europe? Emergence from Medieval period due to……
Black Death
Great Schism
Hundred Years War
Renaissance Sets the
Stage 14th-17th centuries
Humanism – desire to read classical and Christian
texts to determine the truth for oneself
Individualism – belief that people had talents that
should be allowed to develop
Secularism – worldliness; a focus on the here and
nowPico della Mirandola. Oration on the Dignity of Man
Key idea: man can rise to the level of angels or
descend to the level of pigs (free will
distinguishes men from beasts)
Reformation evolves…
Renaissance spirit of inquiry led to questioning of the
dominant institution in Europe – the Catholic Church
So what has been going
on in Europe? Fragmentation of Western Christendom followed….
Martin Luther & the Holy Roman Empire
John Calvin & Protestant Resistance Theory
Henry VIII & the English Reformation
The Catholic (or C unter) Reformation
Some interesting
results… Witch
hunts
Witch Hunts in Europe
Rise in people (especially women) accused of
witchcraft due to rise in tensions between Catholics
and Protestants
Witchcraft used as a scapegoat for anything people
could not explain: failure of a crop, unexpected death,
inability to conceive a child, etc.
Believed witches held sabbats – gatherings with the
devil
The Hammer of Witches – handbook for prosecuting
accused witches – by Dominican monks Kramer &
Sprenger
Witch Hunts in Europe
Height of persecutions – 16th & 17th centuries
C. 110,000 trials
C. 60,000 hanged/burned at the stake
95% poor, old, single, or widowed women
Misogyny (dislike of women) & people who lived on
the margins of society – made women easy targets
Don’t forget religious
wars 1555-1648: Very unstable period due to religious wars
Calvinists wanted to be legally accepted in Holy Roman
Empire
Huguenots (Protestants) in France wanted religious
acceptance
Presbyterians in Scotland wanted to have control over their
own churches
PEAK of religious warfare = THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
Dual purpose: Calvinists wanted to be legal AND other
countries/kingdoms wanted to bring down the power of the
Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
Significance of 30 Years
War End of religion as key motive for warfare in Europe
Decline of powerful Habsburg family
Rise of new players in European politics
Most destructive conflict in Europe before the
twentieth century – led to deaths of about one-third of
German population (similar to Black Death in 14th
century)
So what’s next?
Consolidation
of Sovereign
States
How Europe Is Changing
Unlike China, India, and the
Ottoman Empire, early
modern Europe developed
as a region of
INDEPENDENT STATES
The New Monarchs England, France, & Spain rose as powers from the
medieval period
How did they do it?
Henry VIII
Louis IX
Ferdinand & Isabella
Finance
Sought to enhance their treasuries by developing new sources of finance:
French kings levied direct taxes on sales, households, the salt trade
Spanish royal income boosted by new sales tax
Spanish peasantry one of the most oppressively taxed groups in Europe
English kings raised fines and fees for royal services
Henry VIII further enhanced royal wealth and power by confiscating church land & properties during the English Reformation
State Power
Monarchs enlarged administrative staffs (bureaucracy)
Allowed them to collect more taxes & implement royal
policies
Allowed them to raise powerful armies
This growth in monarchical power helped them control
the nobility who now could not compete with wealth
and power of the state
Religion?
On one hand, Protestant leaders in places like
England, “Germany”, Denmark, Sweden – broke from
Catholic Church and confiscated their properties
On the other hand, monarchs of Spain and France
used religious homogeneity to further their ends
Spanish Inquisition
Two Roads to Take17th & 18th Centuries
Road Toward
Constitutionalis
m
Road Toward
Absolutism
Constitutionalism
England and Dutch Republic headed in this direction
Constitutionalism = developed representative
institutions, evolved towards recognizing individual
and institutional rights
England developed into a constitutional monarchy
Netherlands developed into a republic based on
representative government
NOT A SIMPLE EVOLUTION
17th Century England
The Stuart Dynasty – interrupted by English Civil War,
regicide, a Puritan Republic – followed by a return to the
dynasty leading to a Glorious Revolution and finally a
constitutional monarchy with a Bill of Rights
The Battle Towards Constitutionalism:
Monarch vs. Parliament
Two main issues dominated politics in 17th century
England:
#1 – Religion – England was Anglican but Parliament was
filled with Puritans (Puritans wanted to “purify” the
Anglican church of all remnants of Catholicism or
hierarchy)
#2 – Power of the Purse – Parliament had one main
power – power to grant revenue/taxes – tried to use this
power to gain more political power
“The Slimy Stuarts”
When Elizabeth I (Tudor) died 1603,
the throne went to the Stuarts of
Scotland – James VI of Scotland
became James I of England
Parliament was excited because they
assumed James would be more
understanding of Puritan philosophy –
Scotland was Presbyterian (form of
Calvinism)
James I shattered that excitement
when he invoked the idea of divine
right
James I
James I was a “prince” compared
to son Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
Wife Henrietta Marie – sister of Catholic
Louis XIII France
might have ruled without Parliament had
not his religious policies provoked war
with Scotland
Believed in divine right
Conflict with Parliament resulted in the
English Civil War (1642-1646) and an
executed Charles I
How to Anger Parliament
Tried to impose religious conformity within England
and Scotland
*favored elaborate liturgy & powerful bishops
*Archbishop of Canterbury (Laud) radicalized Puritans
by denying them right to publish and preach
*Scots rebelled against Book of Common Prayer
1637
Execution of Charles I
Puritan Commonwealth –
Failed Experiment
Known as the Interregnum (Between the kings)
1649-1660
Cromwell – good soldier, lousy politician
Tried to impose radical Puritanism on English –
English not happy
Cromwell established Ireland’s hatred for England by
his policies
Bring a Stuart back! –
The Restoration Charles II (son of Charles I) – asked back by
parliament after Cromwell dies
Charles II (secret Catholic-wanna be) – pushed for toleration of Catholics and others
Parliament pushed back – wanted to make sure that Catholics could not have positions of power in government
Same problem for king – needed to raise money independently – his solution was a secret deal with Catholic French King Louis XIV
Treaty of Dover 1670
France and England team up against the Dutch
monopoly on world shipping
England does most of the attacking
Dutch does most of the losing
France bankrolls England
Charles II promises (secretly) to convert to
Catholicism for the money Louis XIV gives him –
Charles II converts on his deathbed
But here comes the real
trouble….
James II (r. 1685-88)
Openly Catholic
Openly divine right
Completely dismisses Parliament
AND HIS CATHOLIC WIFE IS ABOUT TO GIVE
BIRTH TO A CATHOLIC HEIR!
The only solution is……
The Glorious Revolution
Aka the “Bloodless” Revolution 1689
Parliament invites William of Orange (Netherlands) and his wife Mary (daughter of James II) to rule England – bring an army and remove your dad
NO SHOTS FIRED – James II flees to France
William & Mary become CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHS –share power with Parliament
Sign a BILL OF RIGHTS
The Dutch Republic
Emerged as such due to Spain’s Philip II trying to dominate them in the 16th century
General characteristics of the Netherlands area:
People tolerant
Hard working merchants
Wealthy
Monopoly on world shipping – Europe used their ships
Did not want to be dominated by Spanish king and his Inquisition
By the end of the 17th century
Let’s reflect for a moment…
Based on what we have learned
about England and the
Netherlands, what factors led to
the rise of constitutionalism or
semi-representative
governments in these two
countries during the 17th
century?
The Road to Absolutism
Absolutism
Absolute monarch = king/queen that
wields unrestricted political power
over the sovereign state and its
people; are often hereditary
Stood on foundation of divine right
theory = kings derived their authority
from God and served as “God’s
lieutenants upon earth” – included no
role for commoners or nobles
Basis of French
Absolutism Cardinal Richelieu – chief minister to Louis XIII
1624-1642
Undermined power of nobility: destroyed some nobles’
castles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies
Built bureaucracy of intendants (lesser nobles loyal to
king) to implement royal policies in provinces
Bishop Bossuet – tutor to Louis XIV – wrote
justification for divine right of kings
France under Louis XIV
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
The “Sun King”
“L’etat c’est moi!”
Learned 2 lessons as a child king
#1 Never trust nobles – due to the Fronde
#2 Never live in Paris
Built palace of Versailles to show greatness of France
Revoked Edict of Nantes – thought it was his most pious act – God owed him a favor
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
Controlled nobility by….
Nobles of the sword – old noble families – biggest potential
threat – had to live at Versailles if they wanted to keep their
privileges
Nobles of the robe – newer noble families – used as
intendants
Effects of ruling without a single chief minister: made revolt
more difficult because you would be challenging king
directly
Strategies followed to become a strong leader: became
master of propaganda & political image creation - used
grandeur of his crown to impress French people
Versailles
How Louis Controlled
Nobles
Louis XIV = chief source of favors & patronage in France
organized life at court around every aspect of his own daily routine
encouraged nobles to approach him directly but made them do it through elaborate court rituals
fawning nobles put their names on lists to attend especially favored moments
5’4 tall - a lot of personality/sexuality - used it for political ends - encouraged belied at court that it was an honor to lie with him
Domesticated court life &
trivialized nobility dress codes and high stakes gambling kept them
indebted & dependent on king
spent day hunting, riding, strolling
spent evenings with entertainment, dinner at 10
Economic Policies
Argued France should sell abroad & buy nothing back
created powerful merchant marine
Embraced MERCANTILISM = aim to maximize
foreign exports & internal reserves of bullion (the gold
& silver necessary for making war)
transformed France into a major commercial power
with bases in Africa, India, Americas (Canada -
Caribbean)
expanded textile industry (woolens) dramatically
Military
instituted good salaries & improved discipline
made soldiering a respectable profession
introduced system of promotion by merit - bringing in dedicated fighters
army of 250,000 - 4 year enlistment, must be single
Intendants - King’s civil servants monitored conduct
proved a benefit in growing authority of central monarchy
Upset
the
Other
Power
s By…
1715
Significant date
End of Louis XIV’s rule
End of War of Spanish Succession leading to rise of
England
Louis XIV left France heavy in debt from his many
wars
Louis XV – his grandson – not a very good successor
Louis XIV
“One king,
one law, one
faith” – What factors
account for France’s rise of
absolutism in the 17th
Absolute Monarchy in
RussiaThe ULTIMATE Absolutism!
(There are a lot of slides with information on the “drama” of the royal family – interesting information but not essential – pay attention to how the monarchs got power and kept power.)
Absolutism in Russia
Romanov Dynasty
(1613-1917)
Peter the Great Catherine the Great
(r. 1682-1725) (r. 1762-1796)
TRIVIA: Can you say your
name in Russian? In Russian, your middle
name is your father’s first name.
If a boy, you would say:
I am (your first name) and (your father’s first name) –vitch.
Daniel Clarkovitch
If a girl you would say:
I am (your first name) and (your father’s first name) – ovna.
Carolina Clarkovna
Russia BEFORE Peter
the Great Russia was still in
the Middle Ages –
with touches of the
Muslim culture added
in.
There was very, very
little interaction with
the rest of Europe or
the world.
Russian Life BEFORE
Peter the Great There were only
three social classes.
The Boyars
The Church
The Serfs
The Boyars
Russian nobles, most called themselves Princes.
10th – 17th Centuries were the “real” rulers of Russia.
Positions in society were based on service your family did for the Czar and owning land.
Pretty much had no checks on their local power.
Could change your loyalty to different princes, depending on what they would give you in return.
The Boyars
Dressed in robes with beards that you were never supposed to trim.
Separate society from women.
Women weren’t often seen – let alone heard!
Covered hair and no shape to clothing.
The Boyars
Lived on their feudal
estates with their
own armies and self-
sufficient economies.
Little interest in the
outside world.
The Church = Russian
Orthodox One of the oldest
Christian religions.
Does not recognize the Pope or Catholic Church.
They believe they practice the Christian religion of the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Russian Orthodox Church
Ruled by the Patriarch.
Urged people to not be corrupted by outside influences.
Urged the serfs to remain loyal without questioning the Boyars.
Life is suffering, but heaven will be your reward.
Russian Orthodox
Church
The Serfs
At the time of Peter
the Great, they made
up 95% of the
population in Russia.
They were
essentially slaves –
bound to the land
and bound to the
noble.
The Serfs
Had absolutely no
say about anything in
their lives.
Over these three levels of
society were the CZARS Czar = Caesar /
Emperor.
Sometimes in books as Tsar.
Technically had absolute power.
But few czars had been powerful enough to make the boyars and the church obey him.
Before Peter: The Time of
Troubles The belief in “blue
blood” was also with the Russian Czars.
1600 – the last of the “Rurik” czars died with no children.
Family had ruled since 900 AD.
WHO SHOULD BE CZAR?
The Time of Troubles
“Smutnoya Vremya”
No czar and wars broke out between the boyars.
Sensing weakness and the chance to take land – Poland and Lithuania invaded.
Russia was in chaos!
The Romanovs become
Czar A distant relative of
the last Rurik czar.
Started a dynasty in 1613 that would last until 1918.
This is NOT the Hapsburg double-headed eagle!
It is the Romanov symbol.
Even though the
Romanovs were on the
throne Power was still weak.
Just the way the boyars and the Church wanted it!
Peter the Great’s story
starts with his father: Alexei
His first wife died.
13 children
5 boys – only one was surviving to adulthood.
Ivan was mentally retarded.
A new wife was needed.
He practiced “droit de seigneur.”
Most common way that boyars chose wives and mistresses.
Czar Alexis I – Peter’s
Father Had started some
reforms in Russia.
Shaved his beard
Could read Latin and
spoke Polish as well
as Russian.
Peter the Great’s mother
Natalia Kirilovna
Naryshkinov
Her grandmother
was Scottish and had
some contact with
Western Europeans
while growing up.
Peter the Great
1672 - 1725 Peter was the
firstborn son to a
second wife who did
not come from a
powerful family to
protect her or her
children.
1682 – Alexis dies.
Who becomes Czar?
Peter the Great
First born son of a
second wife.
He was only ten
when his father died.
Peter’s mother’s
family was not the
most powerful Boyar
family and suspected
of “western”
leanings.
Who should rule Russia
The eldest son?
Ivan
Mentally handicapped.
Should be easy for the Boyars and Church to manipulate.
But could he lead?
OR
Their older sister
Sophia Alexovna?
Smart
Ambitious
A woman
The Compromise: A
Double-Czar Little Peter and his
mentally
handicapped brother
were crowned co-
czars and their sister
Sophia sat behind
them whispering
instructions on what
to say and do.
Problem-Solve this!
Why didn’t Peter’s
half-sister Sophia
just take her little
half-brother on a
walk along the cliffs,
and get rid of him?
Why did she keep
her brother Ivan
alive?
Peter the Great grows up
Unusually tall 6’ 8”.
But his head was small for
his body and he suffered
from epilepsy.
He grew up away from
Moscow and played
around German sailors and
ship-builders who were
along the Russian coast.
Fascinated with the West!
Peter the Great Grows Up
1696: Peter leaves Russia and comes to the West.
Didn’t just visit fellow Royals.
He visited factories and took jobs in shipyards to learn how to build ships.
Had a dentist teach him how to pull teeth.
Learned a lot about Western European art and culture.
Peter the Great comes
home to Russia Brought with him
technical experts,
teachers, and
soldiers to teach
western methods.
Was ready to
become a true Czar
without his sister in
1698.
Do you think Sophia
accepted this new way? Now she did try to
assassinate her
brother.
Sent her personal
body guards the
Streltsy to kill Peter.
They failed.
Peter’s Response:
Forced his sister to become a nun and locked her away in a nunnery.
Hung the bodies of the streltsy guards outside her window.
1,000 corpses
Later he sent her to a sub-arctic nunnery.
She died in 1704
On one thing the two half-
siblings agreed on: Leave Ivan out of it.
Ivan remained a co-czar living in a palace until he died.
Married and had three daughters.
Might / Probably / Maybe were his children biologically.
The crown is the original one czars were crowned with – The Cap of Monmahk.
Peter the Great had two
goals: Westernize Russia
Had 400 years of
development to catch
up on.
Become an absolute
monarch.
Which should be
done first?
Becoming the Absolute
Monarch Following another king’s
model, he sought to
make the boyars too
weak to challenge him.
Took away walled
fortresses.
Took away private armies.
Made the boyars become
courtiers and serve in his
government and military
(Table of Ranks)
Stipulations
Had to be WESTERN:
Dress like they did in the
west.
Shave their beards.
Women were to dress
western and not be
segregated from men.
Dancing and mingling
between men and women
was ORDERED.
How do you think Peter
got compliance? Humiliations
Imprisonment /
Torture
Forced labor
Death
AND ---
Give the Boyars
something they wanted in
return. Serfdom spread in
Russia.
Slave = Serf
The boyars, now called nobles, got more control over the people of Russia.
It continued until 1861 in Russia.
How about the Church?
Peter replaced
positions with
western leaning
patriarchs.
Built fabulous new
churches in the
western style.
Peter’s Germans
Ever hear of
“Germans from
Russia”?
Most were imported
by Peter to teach and
create a new system.
Peter’s Modernization with
Force Improved education
Academies for mathematics, science, music, dance and engineering.
Improved travel with roads, waterways, and canals.
Developed mining and textiles for export.
Modernization with Force
Serfs were forced
labor for many
improvements.
Worked until they
died to create the
modernization.
Revolts?
Peter’s first wife,
Eudoxia:
Preferred the “old”ways and encouraged
revolts.
Divorced and sent to a
sub-arctic nunnery.
His son Tsarivitch Alexei:
Hated his father and was
encouraged by his mother
to revolt.
Was executed by his
father.
Results of Revolts?
Czarist reaction for 200
years
Peter the Great
Expanding Russian Borders
Russia needed a
warm-water port so
ships could sail year
around.
Where on the map would be the
best spot for a warm-water port
that is close to Europe??
The Great Northern War
1700 – Russia goes
to war against
Sweden to get
control of the land
needed for a warm
water port.
Had 5x as many
troops as Sweden
did!
Got his royal butt
kicked by the
Swedes!
Peter did not give up!
Went back and
rebuilt his military
and trained them
better.
1709 – defeated the
Swedes and took the
land that would
become his new
capitol.
St. Petersburg
Note who he named the city for!
Also, called it Petersburg after the German way, not Petrograd, the Russian way!
1918 – 1993 called Leningrad.
A city built to be the Window to Europe or a “Window to the West”
Scenes from St.
Petersburg
The Winter Palace
Scenes from St.
Petersburg
The Winter Palace
JAV (just another view)
The Winter Palace
The Winter Palace and
the Hermitage
Peter the Great
Blazing to the Pacific Made fur trading
outposts all the way to
Alaska.
FYI: Alaska was part of
Russia until 1862.
The Bering Strait is
named for the Danish
navigator Vitus Bering
that he sent to discover
a way between Russia
and Alaska.
Peter the Great had a
problem close to his death Despite having had 11
children with two wives, only two daughters had lived.
Too young.
His grandson was too young and Peter didn’t think he would be able to continue Russia’s transformation to a modern country.
WHO SHOULD COME AFTER HIM?
Peter’s second wife
Catherine I
Born Martha Elena Scowronska
Lithuanian Peasant
A commoner, little better than a serf to the Russian nobles.
Had grown up a peasant, doing laundry, becoming other men’s mistresses.
Rumors that Peter had purchased her from one of her lovers.
Peter and Catherine
Love at first sight. Secretly married in 1707.
As smart and daring as her husband.
Could deal with Peter’s temper and help him in epileptic seizures.
Never left his side.
Kept a 3 room cabin for them and their children while he was building St. Petersburg.
Peter and Catherine
Peter crowned her
Czarina and they
were co-rulers in
1724.
Ruled by herself from
1725 until her death
in 1727.
Catherine I coronation
gown
After Catherine I
Peter’s Grandson.
Became czar at 12
Only ruled three years.
Died of smallpox on his wedding day in 1730.
Did bring back his Grandmother Eudoxiafrom exile. (Peter’s first wife.)
After Peter II?
Remember Peter the
Great’s “co-czar”brother?
His daughter Anna
became Czarina.
Czarina Anna
The Russian nobles put her on the throne.
She would be easy to control.
She should be “grateful” for the chance to become the Czarina.
She wasn’t known for a strong personality, she could be influenced.
Maybe even get a Constitutional Monarchy?
Czarina Anna ruled until
1740 Kept company with
foolish people.
Created a Secret Police to terrorize people to follow her.
Enjoyed humiliating the older nobles.
Ordering marriages between inappropriate people and having them spend the night naked in an “ice palace.”
Anna HATED her Cousin
Elizabeth
The daughter of
Peter the Great and
his wife Catherine.
Every inch the
daughter of her
parents!
The saddest story of a
Czar Ivan VI
A nephew of Anna,
she adopted him
when he was an
infant and declared
him her successor in
1740.
She died later that
year.
Would the daughter of Peter the
Great let a baby rule?
Elizabeth took the throne.
Infant Ivan was imprisoned.
Never left his prison.
Not allowed contact except with guards.
No education.
Effort to “rescue” him and make him czar failed and he was killed by his guards in 1764.
Empress Elizabeth aka
Czarina Continued her father’s
westernization, but had censorship of ideas she did not agree with.
Waged years of war against Prussia.
Frederick the Great
Could be kind and generous.
Abolished the death penalty.
“Had to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral.”
“It is all about ME.”
Empress Elizabeth
Selected a nephew to
become the next czar.
The future Peter III
Put some special
thought into deciding
who his wife should be.
Selected German
Princess Sophia Augusta
Frederika of Anhalt –
Zerbst.
Known in history as ___
Catherine the Great
Huh?
How does a German
princess become the
Czarina of Russia?
What happened to
her husband?
Catherine the Great
Unusual intellectual
abilities.
Embraced all things
Russian.
Inspired loyalty.
Her husband Peter -
Not very smart
Not good looking
Loved everything
PRUSSIAN not
Russian.
Cheered on
Frederick the Great
against his aunt.
Peter and Catherine
Were NOT a good couple.
Peter preferred male-looking German women for mistresses rather than being with his wife.
Empress Elizabeth wanted a son from Peter and Catherine.
Blamed Catherine
What is a woman to do?
Catherine produces a son!
Was her son Paul the son of a Russian noble?
Was her son Paul the son of a Polish musician?
???
Peter couldn’t deny paternity without having to answer a lot of “embarrassing” questions.
Might have been “relieved”to have the heir.
1762: Elizabeth dies
Peter ends the war with Frederick the Great at a great loss to Russia.
Peter puts his Prussian Guards above the Russian nobles.
Plans to divorce Catherine.
Monastery for her!
Marry a German mistress.
Catherine’s current lover
helps hatch a plan! Gregori Orlov
Stage a Coup
d’Etat.
A takeover of the
government.
Imprison Peter.
Make Catherine the
Czarina.
It Worked!
Peter was so hated that
people welcomed
Catherine to the throne.
Peter ended up being
murdered.
By Gregori Orlov
Paul always harbored a
hatred of his mother for
not making him czar and
killing his “father.”
Trivia
Gregori Orlov gave
Catherine an
incredible diamond –
it is kept in the
scepter of the
Russian crown
jewels.
The Orlov Diamond
Catherine the Great
Set forth new efforts
with an effective ruler
to keep going with
Peter the Great’s
reforms.
Catherine the Great
An Enlightened Ruler?Reorganized
government, so she knew what was happening throughout Russia.
Codified laws (wrote them down!)
State-sponsored education for boys and girls.
Catherine the Great
Absolute Monarch Did not accept any
challenges to her authority.
Liked the French intellectuals ideas of power for people – but never allowed it to be discussed outside of her palace.
Allowed the nobles to increase their strangle-hold on the serfs.
Catherine the Great
Military Leader Expanded Russia’s
borders with wars
against Turkey
(Ottomans) and the
Partition of Poland.
Poland was divided
up between
Catherine, Frederick
the Great and Maria
Theresa’s son Josef.
Catherine the Great
Pleasures Kept a court where
French costume,
manners, and
language were
encouraged.
Russian became a
language for serfs,
not nobles.
Catherine the Great – what
happened with Prince Orlov?
She never married
again.
She kept many lovers.
Would enjoy, give them
land, serfs, and money as
a “pension”.
But expected the men to
be loyal to her for life.
Some say 11 lovers,
others say 300 lovers in
her life.
Catherine and Orlov
Had a son together.
He was raised by both his parents and made noble.
Alexsai did a great deal of traveling in the west.
Gregory Orlov, broken at not getting Catherine to marry him, went west for five years, came home a “broken” man.
Died after marrying his niece in retaliation against Catherine.
Catherine the Great
Did not get along
with her son at all.
Took her grandsons,
Alexander and
Nicholas and raised
them, intending to
make one of them
the czar over their
father.
Catherine the Great
Died before she could make her choice law in 1796.
Ruled Russia for 34 years
Not bad for a non-Russian woman!
Paul took over and tried to undo everything his mother had done.
Made it law no woman could rule in Russia.
He was murdered five years later.
Hmmmm.
Do we want to consider Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
GREAT absolute leaders?
Good absolute leaders?
Fair absolute leaders?
BAD absolute leaders?
Expansion of Russia
Expansion of Russia
Where will these 2 types
of government lead
Europe? Constitutional
Monarchy
Absolute
Monarchy
Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation
and Imperial Expansion
So how did these European states exemplify this key concept from AP World?
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.
A. Rulers used the arts to display political power and to legitimize their rule.
B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule.
C. States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state.
D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources
E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.