AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

Structure verses FunctionStructure verses Function

Anatomy – study of structureAnatomy – study of structure

Physiology – study of functionPhysiology – study of function

Functional anatomyFunctional anatomy

Tissues – groups of cells that share a Tissues – groups of cells that share a common function.common function.

EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE

Body covering and lines inner body Body covering and lines inner body cavities.cavities.

Attached to the Attached to the basement membranebasement membrane Basement membrane is an extra cellular Basement membrane is an extra cellular

matrix.matrix. Function primarily protection and Function primarily protection and

some secretion.some secretion.

Classification Can Be Based on Classification Can Be Based on Number of layersNumber of layers

Simple epithelium – single layerSimple epithelium – single layer Found on surfaces that participate in gas and Found on surfaces that participate in gas and

nutrient exchange.nutrient exchange. Stratified epithelium – several layersStratified epithelium – several layers

Found on surfaces that undergo frequent Found on surfaces that undergo frequent abrasion.abrasion.

Psuedostratified epithelium – Appear to be Psuedostratified epithelium – Appear to be more than one layer but are not. more than one layer but are not. Found on surfaces that are ciliated.Found on surfaces that are ciliated.

Classified by Cell ShapeClassified by Cell Shape

Squamous – Flat “tile like” cells.Squamous – Flat “tile like” cells. Meant for covering large areas.Meant for covering large areas.

Glandular or Cuboidal – Cube shaped Glandular or Cuboidal – Cube shaped cellscells Involved in storage and secretion.Involved in storage and secretion. line glands and line glands and mucous membranesmucous membranes..

Columnar – brick shaped cells.Columnar – brick shaped cells. Involved in storage and secretion.Involved in storage and secretion.

Chuck and MeChuck and Me

Psuedostratified columnar

Simple Columnar

Simple Cuboidal

Columnar Ciliated

Connective Connective TissueTissue

Bind and support other tissues.Bind and support other tissues. Sparse population of cells scattered Sparse population of cells scattered

through and extra cellular matrix.through and extra cellular matrix. Matrix usually secreted by the cells Matrix usually secreted by the cells

that make up the tissue.that make up the tissue. Matrix may be – web like fibers, Matrix may be – web like fibers,

gelatinous or fluid.gelatinous or fluid.

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Fibers CompositionFibers Composition

Collagenous Fibers – Tensile StrengthCollagenous Fibers – Tensile Strength

Elastic Fibers – ElasticityElastic Fibers – Elasticity

Reticular Fibers – Connects layers of Reticular Fibers – Connects layers of tissue together.tissue together.

Major Types of Connective Major Types of Connective TissueTissue

LooseLoose - Packing material that holds - Packing material that holds organs in place and has all types of organs in place and has all types of fibers.fibers. Cells scattered throughout this type of Cells scattered throughout this type of

tissue are tissue are macrophages macrophages and and fibroblastsfibroblasts..

AdiposeAdipose – Stores fat and provides – Stores fat and provides insulation.insulation.

FibrousFibrous – – Dense and mostly collagenous Dense and mostly collagenous fibers.fibers. Tendons - attach muscle to bone.Tendons - attach muscle to bone. Ligaments – join bones together.Ligaments – join bones together.

Cartilage Cartilage – Collagenous fibers embedded in a – Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of rubbery matrix made of condroitin sulfatecondroitin sulfate.. Secreted by Secreted by chondrocyteschondrocytes

Strong but flexibleStrong but flexible

Adipose Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue

BoneBone – Mineralized connective tissue. – Mineralized connective tissue. Osteoblasts - Osteoblasts - deposit a matrix of collagen that deposit a matrix of collagen that

is flexible but more brittle than cartilage.is flexible but more brittle than cartilage.

Hydroxyapatite Hydroxyapatite - calcium, magnesium and - calcium, magnesium and phosphorous matrix.phosphorous matrix.

Osteons (Haversian systems) Osteons (Haversian systems) are subunits of are subunits of bone that contain blood vessels and is bone that contain blood vessels and is innervated.innervated.

When and osteoblast gets caught in its own When and osteoblast gets caught in its own secretion it is called an secretion it is called an osteocyteosteocyte..

Cartilage

BloodBlood – Cells suspended in a fluid – Cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma.matrix called plasma. Plasma contains water salt and a variety Plasma contains water salt and a variety

of proteins.of proteins.

ErythrocyteErythrocyte – Red blood cells. Carry O – Red blood cells. Carry O22 and COand CO22 to and from tissues via to and from tissues via hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

LeucocytesLeucocytes – White blood cells involved in – White blood cells involved in the immune system.the immune system.

PlateletsPlatelets – Proteins involved in the clotting – Proteins involved in the clotting of blood.of blood.

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Senses Stimuli. Electrically Senses Stimuli. Electrically activated.activated.

AxonsAxons transmit impulses toward transmit impulses toward another neuron.another neuron.

Composed of Neurons.Composed of Neurons.

Neuron

Muscle Muscle TissueTissue

MyofibrilsMyofibrils made up of contracting proteins made up of contracting proteins called called actin actin andand myosin. myosin.

Individual units are called Individual units are called sacromeres.sacromeres. Most animals are primarily composed of Most animals are primarily composed of

muscle tissue.muscle tissue. Three primary types of muscle tissue:Three primary types of muscle tissue:

StriatedStriated - skeletal, voluntary - skeletal, voluntary CardiacCardiac - intercalated discs, involuntary - intercalated discs, involuntary Smooth – peristalsis, involuntarySmooth – peristalsis, involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Organs are made up of many layers of different tissues

Serosa, Sub Mucosa, Mucosa and Muscularis

Body PlanBody Plan Size and shape of the body depends on how Size and shape of the body depends on how

the animal interacts with its environment.the animal interacts with its environment. All cells must be bathed in an aqueous All cells must be bathed in an aqueous

environment for nutrient and gas exchange.environment for nutrient and gas exchange. Amoebas have a large surface area relative to Amoebas have a large surface area relative to

their volume.their volume. Tape worms are flat.Tape worms are flat. Hydra are gastric sacs exposed to water on all Hydra are gastric sacs exposed to water on all

sides.sides. Multicellular organisms have complex folds with Multicellular organisms have complex folds with

small tightly packed cells that are bathed in small tightly packed cells that are bathed in interstitial fluid.interstitial fluid.

Fusiform shape conducive for swimming fast

Body plan of Amoeba and Hydra

Small Intestine

RegulatingRegulating the Internal the Internal EnvironmentEnvironment

Homeostasis maintained through Homeostasis maintained through positive and negative feedback positive and negative feedback systems.systems.

Receptor Control center Receptor Control center EffectorEffector Receptor senses stimuliReceptor senses stimuli Control Center processes and directs a Control Center processes and directs a

command to the effector.command to the effector. Effector carries out the response.Effector carries out the response.

BioenergetiBioenergeticscs Metabolic Rate – Amount of energy an Metabolic Rate – Amount of energy an

animal uses in a unit of time.animal uses in a unit of time. Measured in Kilocalories or Calories.Measured in Kilocalories or Calories. Can be measured by:Can be measured by:

Amount of heat given offAmount of heat given off OO22 consumption consumption COCO22 emission. emission.

EndothermsEndotherms need more energy to maintain need more energy to maintain basic metabolic functions than basic metabolic functions than ectothermsectotherms

Basal Metabolic Rate – minimal amount of energy Basal Metabolic Rate – minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an needed to maintain cellular functions for an endotherm under no stress.endotherm under no stress.

Standard Metabolic Rate - minimal amount of Standard Metabolic Rate - minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an ectotherm under no stress.an ectotherm under no stress.

Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely proportional to body size.weight is inversely proportional to body size.

Due to greater Due to greater surfacesurface to volume ratio in smaller to volume ratio in smaller animals.animals.

Dissipate heat much more rapidly.Dissipate heat much more rapidly.

Ghost Crab on a Treadmill