Animal ScienceBiology Agriculture

Structure and Function

Animal Structures and FunctionAnimals are composed of a variety of interdependent systemsNo one system can function entirely on its ownIn order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.

Skeletal SystemFunctionProvides frame and support for all systems and organs. CartilageFirm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone

Skeletal SystemBoneAttach musclesMeans of movementProtect internal organsStorage of minerals

Skeletal SystemLayers of BonePeriosteumOuter layerCushions the hard portion of the boneRepair of broken bones

Skeletal SystemLayers of BoneCompact Bonebeneath periosteumlayer of hard mineral matter Calciumgives bones strength

Skeletal SystemLayers of BoneSpongy BoneInside hard outer layerfills ends of boneslines hollow portions

Skeletal SystemLayers of BoneRed marrowinside cavities of spongy boneformation of red blood cells

Skeletal SystemLayers of BoneYellow marrowLocated inside hollow portionFat storage cellsEnergy storage

Skeletal SystemTypes of BoneLong Bones LongestProvide support and movementLeversExample -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones

Skeletal SystemTypes of BoneShort Bones Smaller than longJointsComfort and mobilityExample -- feet and hands

Skeletal SystemTypes of BoneIrregular BonesHave an irregular shapeSupport and protectExample -- vertebrae

Skeletal SystemTypes of BoneFlat Bones Thin and flatProtect organsExample -- skull

Skeletal SystemJointsWhere different bones meetLigamentsConnect bones together; tough tissue

Skeletal SystemJointsClassified by the way they move.

Hinge Joint

Ball and Socket

Gliding

Muscle SystemFunctionTo provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs.Meat productionMuscles are processed into meat30-40% of the animals body is muscle.

Muscle SystemSkeletal MuscleMovement for the bonesVoluntary movementComposed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax

Muscle SystemSkeletal MuscleRed MuscleContain many mitochondria; Lots of blood; contract for long periods of time

Muscle SystemSkeletal MuscleWhite MuscleFewer mitochondriaContract fasterFatigue faster.

Muscle SystemSmooth MuscleMovementControls movements of the internal organsInvoluntary. Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

Muscle System

Muscle SystemCardiac MuscleMovementMuscles that control the heartInvoluntary

Circulatory SystemFunction TransportsWaterOxygenWastes Regulates temperatureRemoves disease

Circulatory SystemHeartCenter of the circulatory systemLarge musclePumps continuously

Circulatory SystemBlood VesselsArteriesVessels that take blood away from the heartVeinsVessels that return blood to the heart

Circulatory SystemCapillaries Connect arteries and veinsDeliver nutrients to the cells Take away waste

Circulatory SystemRed Blood cellsGive blood colorCarry oxygenWhite Blood cellsDestroy diseasePus

Circulatory SystemFour ChambersRight AtriumReceives blood into heart from body, from veinsRight VentriclePumps blood out to the lungsLeft Atrium Receives blood into heart from lungsLeft VentriclePumps blood out into body via arteries

VeinsRight AtriumRight VentricleLungsLeft AtriumLeftVentricleArteries

Respiratory SystemFunction:Takes oxygen from the air Places it in the bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide

Respiratory SystemStructuresNostrilsLarge amounts of airNasal ChamberMouthBrings in air

Respiratory SystemStructuresPharynxPassageway forFoodWaterAirControlled by epiglottis

Respiratory SystemLarynxVoice box (Adams apple)Prevents material from entering lungs.TracheaLarge tube Made of rigid cartilaginous rings

Respiratory SystemBronchiBranch out furtherLungsGas exchange

Respiratory SystemAlveoliSurrounded by blood vesselsCarbon dioxide is removed from bloodOxygen is absorbed into blood

Respiratory SystemDiaphragmLarge muscle under the lungsWhen contracted, rib cage expands and air comes inWhen the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

Nervous SystemFunction:Central systemMotor ControlSensation

Nervous SystemNervesLong fiber like structuresMotor NeuronsControls impulses sent from the brainTo other parts of the body

Nervous SystemSensory NeuronsSend impulses from the body to the brain.Spinal CordAll nerves are connected Runs through the backbone (vertebra)

Nervous SystemBrainCenter of the nervous systemDivided into 3 sections

Nervous SystemBrain1. CerebrumLargestControls thought processOuch!

Nervous SystemBrain2. CerebellumCoordinator center for the cerebrumMany movements are required to walk, eat, etc

Nervous SystemBrain3. Medulla oblongataInvoluntary activitiesHeart beatDigestionBreathingBody Temp.Feeling Fear or Thirst

Nervous SystemBrain StemConnects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

Digestive SystemFunction:Animal takes in foodDigested in to a form that the body can use.Basic elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc

Digestive SystemMonogastricSimple stomachOne compartmentPigsHorseDog CatBirds

Digestive SystemMonogastricMouthGrind down foodEsophagusPush food to stomachMuscles move food down

Digestive SystemMonogastricStomachMusclesContacts and relaxes Food pressed togetherDigestive juices secreted by the stomach lining.Hydrochloric Acid

Digestive SystemMonogastricStomachFood is dissolved from movement and acid.

Digestive SystemMonogastricSmall IntestineDuodenumSecreted from pancreasBreaks down proteins, starch and fats.Juices still secreted to break down food.

Digestive SystemMonogastricSmall IntestineJejunumNutrients absorbed into the bodyFrom intestine to blood stream.Villi Semi-Permeable membraneParticles pass through.

Digestive SystemMonogastricLarge IntestineCecumNot used in most monogastrics

Digestive SystemModified Monogastric SystemHorseUses cecum to digest roughage

Digestive SystemMonogastricLarge IntestineColonStorage of wasteWater is removed

Digestive SystemMonogastricRectumMuscle that passes waste out of the body.

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemCowsGoatsSheepDeer Elk

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemThese eat large quantities of fibrous material.HayAlfalfaEtcRoughage Fibrous Feed

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemMulti compartment (4 main)Breaks down the polysaccharidesThey chew their (CUD)

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemMouthFood is ground down by teethAlso used to brake down the cud.

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemTeethIncisors Lower front teethDental pad Upper part of mouthMolarsUsed to tear forages from ground

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemMust produce large amounts of salivaUsed to feed microorganisms in the rumen

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemEsophagusTransport food to digestive tractTransport CUD to mouth.

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemReticulum Hardware stomachDue to large mouth they collect hardwareWire form fenceRocksEtc

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemReticulum Secretes mucusHoneycomb shaped Traps hardware from traveling to the rest of the digestive system.

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemReticulum Regurgitation Packs feed into and eggs shaped ball to be re-chewed. (CUD)

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemRumenLargest compartmentFood is soaked, mixed.Microorganisms ferment the feed.Carbohydrates are absorbed by the papillae.Small fingerlike projections that aid in absorption

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemOmasumSize of a quarter to enter.Round Soccer BallMany Folds Like a round bookGrinds the food as it passes through.

Digestive SystemRuminant SystemAbomasumTrue stomachFunctions the same as the monogastricIntestines are the same as monogastric.

Endocrine SystemFunction:Composed of glands that secrete hormones.Hormones:Chemical agent that causes an effect in the body.Hormones control vital function of the body.GrowthReproduction

Endocrine SystemPituitary Gland:Located at the base of the brainMaster glandFunctionsGrowth of boneMaternal BehaviorReproduction cells

Endocrine SystemHypothalamusLinks the Endocrine with the nervous system.LocationUnder the lower front part of the brainSecretes hormones for:HungerSleepBody Temp

Endocrine SystemAdrenal GlandLocated by KidneyAdrenalin Times of stressThyroid GlandFront of wind pipeControls rate of digestionStorage of calcium

Endocrine SystemPancreasBelow the stomachProduces Insulin and glucagonsRegulates the amount of glucose in the blood stream

Endocrine SystemHormonesRegulate other organs of the body as wellReproductionEtc

Excretory SystemFunction:Rid the body of wastesKidneyRemove urea and nitrogenFiltrates liquids ingested.Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.

Animal ReproductionBiology Agriculture

Reproductive SystemOvaries Female reproductive gland in which eggs are formed and hormones are produced.

TestesMale reproductive gland that produces sperm and testosterone.

Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive CellEGG (OVULE)

Male Reproductive Cell SPERMSemen - the fluid that carries sperm

Reproductive SystemProduction of sperm is called SPERMATOGENESIS

Production of eggs is called OOGENESIS

Reproductive SystemZygoteCell formed by the union of egg and sperm at fertilization.EmbryoOrganism in early stages of development.Pregnancycarrying a fetusFertilizationthe union of the egg and sperm nuclei

Reproductive SystemConceptionoccurrence of fertilizationOvulationrelease of an ovule from the female.Gestationthe time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth

Reproductive SystemVulva -opening of reproductive tract

Reproductive SystemVagina - channel for birth and urinary tract

Reproductive SystemCervix - divides vagina and uterus

Reproductive SystemUterus - provides nourishment for fetus

Reproductive SystemHorns of Uterus - where fetus grows

Reproductive SystemFallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs

Reproductive SystemOvaries - produces eggs and hormones

Reproductive SystemTestes - produce sperm and testosterone

Reproductive SystemEpididymis - collects and stores sperm

Reproductive SystemVas deferens - transports sperm

Reproductive SystemPenis - places sperm in female

Reproductive SystemScrotum - protects testes, maintains temp

Reproductive SystemSheath - opening of reproductive tract

Animal ReproductionOvaries produces eggs and hormones

Animal ReproductionThe ovaries are stimulated by a hormone called the follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and produce a FOLLICLE where the egg (ovum) grows and matures

Animal ReproductionWhen the egg matures the follicle ruptures and releases the egg - OVULATION

Animal Reproduction

Mating ProcessAround the time of ovulation estrogen causes estrus or heat The time that the female will allow the male to mate with herMales seek out females that are in estrus

Mating ProcessDuring mating millions of sperm are deposited in the female vagina.

Sperm moves by using their tails in a whiplike action motile

Mating ProcessSperm travels from the vagina through the cervix and uterus and into the fallopian tubes

Sperm and egg unit in the fallopian tube

Reproductive TechnologiesReproductive TechnologiesAny method of reproduction that is different from natural methods

Reproductive TechnologiesEmbryo Transfer:The transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more recipient females

Reproductive TechnologiesEmbryo Transfer

Reproductive TechnologiesEmbryo Transfer

Reproductive TechnologiesSuper Ovulation:Giving animals a hormone that causes them to produce more then one egg.

Reproductive TechnologiesArtificial InseminationPlacing sperm into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.

Reproductive ProblemsSterility:Inability of an animal to reproduceFreemartin:In twins, when a female is exposed to male testosterone before birth.Causes problems with the development of female reproductive organs

Reproductive PracticesPurebreedingBreeding two pure breed animals togetherUsually papered to prove geneticsCrossbreedingOne breed is breed to anotherEx. Angus x Herford = Black Baldy

Reproductive PracticesGrading-upTaking grade cows and breeding to purebreds