Animal Structure and Muscle Function

Chapters 40-49

Animal Tissues Tissues: groups of cells with similar structure that perform a

common function

Types of Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue

Tightly packed cells used for _____ Connective Tissue

Cells scattered through an _________________ Nervous Tissue

_____________ (neurons) Muscle Tissue

Fibers for contraction

Epithelial Tissue Covers outside of body and line

_____ ________ within the body Barrier

Polarized cells Apical surface faces lumen

(cavity)

Cell layers Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Shape of Cells Cuboidal Columnar Squamous

Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous Lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs

_________ Areas of filtration and diffusion of molecules Lab

Photo

Simple Cuboidal Line the thyroid, salivary glands, nephrons,

ovaries Specialized for _______ Lab

Photo

Simple Columnar Lines most organs in the ___________

Stomach and intestines Important for secretion Lab

Photo

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated cells form mucus

membrane that line _____________

Lab Photo

Stratified Squamous __________ tissue with cells

that regenerate quickly Outer skin, and linings of

mouth, anus, vagina

Connective Tissue__________: cells that secrete fiber proteins

Fibers that make up Connective Tissue: Collagenous Fibers

Strength and flexibility Collagen

Elastic Fibers Elasticity Elastin

Reticular Fibers Join connective tissue to adjacent

tissue Collagen

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue Binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds

_____ in place Surrounds blood vessels and nerves

Lab Photo

Collagenous fibers

Elastic fibers

Fibroblasts

Fibrous Connective Tissue Dense tissue made up of collagenous fibers used

to attach ____________ (tendons) and bones to joints (ligaments)

Lab Photo

Fibroblasts

Collagenfibers

Bone Mineralized connective

tissue ___________: bone-forming

cells Osteon Central canal

Lab Photo

Osteon

Central canal

Osteoblasts

Cartilage Strong, but flexible tissue that functions in support

______________: cartilage forming cells

Lab Photo

Chondrocytes

Adipose Tissue ____________: cells containing fat droplets that

protect and insulate the body while storing energy reserves

Lab Photo

Fat droplets

Blood Plasma: liquid, extracellular

matrix __________ (red blood cells)

Oxygen transport ________ (white blood cells)

Immune response Platelets

Clotting

Platelets

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

Nervous Tissue Receive, process, and transmit

information Neurons (nerve cells)

Dendrites Cell body Axon

Glia: support and protect nerve cells

Axon

Cell Body

Dendrites

Muscular Tissue Responsible for body movement

Types of Muscular Tissue: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Smooth Muscle __________ (autonomous)

control Digestive tract, bladder, blood

vessels Lacks sarcomeres Lab

Photo

NucleiMuscle fibers

Cardiac Muscle Contractile wall of heart

Involuntary Striated ________________

Synchronize contractionLab Photo

NucleiIntercalateddisks

Skeletal Muscle Responsible for voluntary movement

Myocytes: ___________ muscle fibers Sarcomeres

Lab PhotoNuclei

Muscle fiber

Sarcomere

Vertebrate Skeletal MuscleMultinucleated muscle cells (fibers) made up of longitudinal bundles (myofibrils)

___________: basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle Thick filament

Myosin Thin filament

Actin

Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

Thin filaments (actin)Thick filaments (myosin)

1.Myosin head bound to ATP in low-energy configuration

2.Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, which causes the head to change to the high-energy configuration

3.Myosin head binds to Actin at binding site forming cross-bridge

4.Myosin releases ADP and phosphate, which returns myosin to the low-energy position and causes the thick filament to slide along the thin filament

5.ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release from the Actin binding site

Role of Calcium ions in Muscle FunctionTropomyosin: regulatory protein that covers _______________ when at rest

Troponin complex: regulatory proteins on tropomyosin with Ca2+

binding sites Cause tropomyosin to

_____ when bound to Ca2+

Types of Skeletal MuscleOxidative: rely on aerobic respiration for ATP

__________: oxygen-storing protein

Glycolytic: rely on __________ respiration (glycolysis) for ATP

Fast twitch: rapid, brief, powerful contractions

Slow twitch: slow reaction, but longer contraction

Muscles and Skeletal Movement __________ muscle arrangement

works to extend and contract skeletal muscle