An Introduction to An Introduction to Animal Structure Animal Structure and Functionand Function

TissuesTissues: groups of cells with a : groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 common structure and function (4

types)types) AnatomyAnatomy: structure: structure PhysiologyPhysiology: function: function Epithelial:Epithelial: outside of outside of

body and lines body and lines organs and cavities; organs and cavities; held together by held together by tight junctionstight junctions

basement basement membranemembrane: dense : dense mat of extracellular mat of extracellular matrixmatrix

TissuesTissues: Epithelial: Epithelial

Simple: single layer Simple: single layer of cellsof cells

Stratified: multiple Stratified: multiple tiers of cellstiers of cells

Cuboidal (like dice)Cuboidal (like dice) Columnar (like Columnar (like

bricks on end)bricks on end) Squamous (like floor Squamous (like floor

tiles)tiles) mucous membranemucous membrane

Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Connective:Connective: bind and support other tissues; bind and support other tissues;

scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:– A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) – B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) – C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)

Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Loose connective tissue:Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to binds epithelia to

underlying tissue; holds organsunderlying tissue; holds organs– A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins – B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis – C-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulationC-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation

Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Fibrous connective tissue:Fibrous connective tissue: parallel bundles of cells parallel bundles of cells

– A-Tendons- muscles to bones A-Tendons- muscles to bones – B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (BOBOLBOBOLI)I)

CartilageCartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitinchondroitin); ); flexible supportflexible support

BoneBone: mineralized tissue by : mineralized tissue by osteoblastsosteoblasts BloodBlood: liquid plasma matrix; : liquid plasma matrix; erythrocyteserythrocytes (RBC’s) (RBC’s)

carry Ocarry O22; ; leukocytesleukocytes (WBC’s) immunity (WBC’s) immunity

Tissues - NervousTissues - Nervous NervousNervous: senses stimuli : senses stimuli

and transmits signals and transmits signals from 1 part of the from 1 part of the animal to anotheranimal to another

NeuronNeuron: functional unit : functional unit that transmits impulsesthat transmits impulses

DendritesDendrites: transmit : transmit impulses from tips to impulses from tips to rest of neuronrest of neuron

AxonsAxons: transmit : transmit impulses toward another impulses toward another neuron or effectorneuron or effector

Tissues - MuscleTissues - Muscle

MuscleMuscle: capable of : capable of contracting when contracting when stimulated by nerve stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 actin and myosin; 3 types:types:

A- A- SkeletalSkeletal: voluntary : voluntary movement (striated)movement (striated)

B- B- CardiacCardiac: contractile : contractile wall of heart (branched wall of heart (branched striated)striated)

C- C- SmoothSmooth: involuntary : involuntary activities (no striations)activities (no striations)

Organ systemsOrgan systems

Organ: organization of Organ: organization of tissuestissues

Mesentaries: Mesentaries: suspension of organs suspension of organs (connective tissue)(connective tissue)

Thoracic cavity (lungs Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)and heart)

Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity (intestines)(intestines)

Diaphragm Diaphragm (respiration)(respiration)

Organ systems…...Organ systems…...

DigestiveDigestive-food processing-food processing CirculatoryCirculatory-internal distribution-internal distribution RespiratoryRespiratory-gas exchange-gas exchange Immune/LymphaticImmune/Lymphatic-defense-defense ExcretoryExcretory-waste disposal; -waste disposal;

osmoregulationosmoregulation EndocrineEndocrine-coordination of body -coordination of body

activitiesactivities ReproductiveReproductive-reproduction-reproduction NervousNervous-detection of stimuli-detection of stimuli IntegumentaryIntegumentary-protection-protection SkeletalSkeletal-support; protection-support; protection MuscularMuscular-movement; -movement;

locomotionlocomotion

Internal regulationInternal regulation

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid: : internal fluid internal fluid environment of environment of vertebrates; exchanges vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastesnutrients and wastes

HomeostasisHomeostasis: “steady : “steady state” or internal state” or internal balancebalance

Internal regulationInternal regulation Negative feedbackNegative feedback: change in a : change in a

physiological variable that is being physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperaturebody temperature

Positive feedbackPositive feedback: physiological control : physiological control mechanism in which a change in some mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirthchildbirth

MetabolismMetabolism: sum of all energy-: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactionsrequiring biochemical reactions

Catabolic processes of Catabolic processes of cellular respirationcellular respiration

EndothermsEndotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by metabolic heatby metabolic heat

EctothermsEctotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by environmentby environment

Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate (BMR): (BMR): minimal rate powering basic minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)functions of life (endotherms)

Standard Metabolic RateStandard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)life (ectotherms)