Chapter 40—Animal Structure

& Function

What do you have in common with

a 75 watt light bulb?

I. Functional Anatomy • Hierarchy of Animal Systems:

– Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems →

Organisms

• 4 Types of Tissues…

– epithelial, connective, nervous, & muscle

Epithelial Tissue Types

• Sheets of tightly packed cells

Functions:

• Cover outside of body

• Line organs & internal cavities

• Absorb/secrete chemical solutions

Simple vs. Stratified vs.

Pseudostratified?

Squamous vs. Cuboidal vs.

Columnar?

Epithelial Tissue Types

Connective Tissue Types

• Sparse cells scattered

through an extracellular

matrix (liquid, jelly-like, or

solid)

Functions:

• Bind & support other

tissues

• Packing material,

insulation, cushion,

connectors, transport

Connective Tissue Types

• Bone

• Blood

• Adipose

• Cartilage

• Loose

Connective

Tissue*

• Fibrous

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue Types

• Long cells capable of contracting

Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal (voluntary)

• Cardiac (involuntary)

• Smooth (involuntary)

Nervous Tissue

• Sense stimuli, transmit signals,

coordinate functions

• Functional unit = neuron (nerve cell)

II. Regulating the Internal Environment

Homeostasis:

• 37 °C (temp)

• pH = 7.4 (blood)

• 0.1% sugar (blood)

Feedback Mechanisms:

• Negative feedback (reverses change)

• Positive feedback (amplifies change)

III. Animal Bioenergetics

Animals are heterotrophic—harvest

energy from food

• cellular respiration of food provides ATP

for cellular work and biosynthesis

(storage, growth, reproduction)

• remaining food is also used for

biosynthesis

(Figure 40.10)

Bioenergetic Strategies:

• Endothermic (birds, mammals)

• Ectothermic (fishes, amphibians,

reptiles, invertebrates)

BMR vs. SMR?

Energy Budgets