buiness research methodology
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WELC
ME
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Ethical questions arephilosophical questions
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General rights and
obligations of theconcerned parties
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Ethical questions are
philosophical
questions
Ethical
principles
To maintain the
highest level of
business and
professional
conduct
To maintain high
standards of
competence
To protect theanonymity of
respondents
To promote the
trust of the public
for marketing and
survey research
To maintain
accuracy
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Rights and obligations of
the respondents and theresearchers
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RESPONDENT: Is the person who give
input or information and views to the
researcher at the time of questioning.
RESEARCHER: Is the person whocollects information from the
respondent so as to conduct research.
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Rights and Obligations of the Respondent
The Obligation to Be Truthful:
When a subject willingly consents to participate, it is generally
expected that he or she will provide truthful answers. Honest
cooperation is the main obligation of the respondent or subject.
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Rights and Obligations of the Respondent
Privacy:
This issue involves the subject's freedom to choose whether to
comply with an investigator's request.
Generally, certain standards of common courtesy have been
set by interviewing firms-for example, not to interview late in theevening and at other inconvenient times.
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Rights and Obligations of the Respondent
Deception:
In a number of situations the researcher creates a
false impression by disguising the purpose of the research.
Deception or concealment may be used if a researcher
would otherwise be unable to observe or straightforwardly ask aboutthe phenomena of interest and still hold all other factors constant.
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Rights and Obligations of the Respondent
The Right to Be Informed:
The subjects have a right to be informed of all aspects
of the research, including information about its purpose and
sponsorship.
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Rights and Obligations of the Researcher
The Purpose of Research is Research:No research firm should engage in any practice other
than scientific investigation.
Objectivity:
Ensuring accuracy via objectivity and scientificinvestigation is very important. Researchers should maintain high
standards to ensure that the data they collect are accurate.
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Rights and Obligations of the Researcher
Misrepresentation of Research:
Research companies (and clients) should not
misrepresent the statistical accuracy of their data, nor should they
overstate the Significance of the results by altering the findings.
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Rights and Obligations of the Researcher
Protecting the Right to Confidentiality of Both Subjects and
Clients:
It is the researchers responsibility to ensure that the
privacy and anonymity of the respondents are preserved.
Information that a research supplier obtains about aclient's general business affairs should not be disseminated, to other
clients or third parties.
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Rights and Obligations of the Researcher
Dissemination of Faulty Conclusions:
After conducting a research project, the researcher or
decision maker may disseminate conclusions from the research that
are inconsistent with or not warranted by the data. Most research
professionals consider this to be improper.
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Rights and Obligations of the Researcher
Competing Research Proposals:
Consider a client who has solicited several bids for a
business research project. The research supplier that wins the bid is
asked by the client to appropriate ideas from the proposal of a
competing research supplier and include them in the research study
to be done for the client. This is generally regarded as unethical.
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Rights and obligations ofthe sponsoring Client
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Nature of businessproblem
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Ethics between Buyer and Seller:The General Business ethics Apply (i.e., not to
solicit competitive bids when a researchproposal from a friend already is accepted).
An Open Relationship with ResearchSuppliers:
The Sponsoring Clint obliged to encourage theresearcher to seek out the truth objectively.
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An Open Relationship with InterestedParties:
Conclusion should be based on the data. Auser should not disseminate conclusions froma research that are inconsistent with the data.
Privacy:
The privacy rights of subjects create a privacyobligation on the part of the client.
Privacy on the Internet: It is a Controversial issue. whether Web site
questionnaires, registration forms, and othermeans of collecting personal information arelegitimate.
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Some Websites, such as American Online
(AOL), established privacy policy assuringcustomers that it will not divulge anyinformation (Eg: Customers E-mail Websitevisit and related information ) to anyone
without their authorisation. people are more willing to disclose sensitiveinformation if they are aware of the Websites privacy policy.
Many Websites today use privacy statementthat visitors can access.
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Commitment to Research:
A Business Research undertaken to support a
specific claim in a legal action. Research design is often developed on what a
Judge or Jury will consider appropriate.
Researchers engaged in such work do not
necessarily bias results intentionally. However many Advocacy Research trial rarely
Submit research evidence that does not supportthe Clients position.
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Can the researcher search out thetruth when the Sponsoring client wishes
to support its position at a trial? Pseudo-Pilot Studies;
Sometimes a client will suggest that a
more comprehensive study is in theplanning stages and that the proposal theresearch supplier is bidding on is a pilotstudy.
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Nature of the Business
Problem Business problems are sometimes hard todefine.
Different people see the problem indifferent ways.
Well-tested research techniques areregularly used to investigate routine
problems that have already been defined.
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Importanceof proper
problemdefinition
The Research ProcessThe Research Process
Problem Discovery
and Definition
ResearchDesign
Sampling
Data
Gathering
Data Processingand Analysis
Conclusions and
Report
Discovery and
Definition
and so on
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1.Research should
not begin untilthe problem has
been clearly
defined.2.Properly and
completely
defining abusiness
problem makes
research easier.
3. The right answer
to the wrong
question may be
absolutely
worthless.4. Solution to the
wrong problem
may actually beharmful
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Process of problemdefinition
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Problem Definition
The indication of a
specific business
decision area that will
be clarified by
answering some
research questions.
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The Process of
Problem Definition
Ascertain thedecisionmakersobjectives
Understandbackground ofthe problem
Isolate/identifythe problem,not thesymptoms
Determine unitof analysis
Determinerelevantvariables
State researchquestions andobjectives
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Ascertain the Decision
Makers Objectives
The studies:
Goals
Objectives
Targets
Aspirations
What do you want toaccomplish?
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Understand the Background
of the Problem Isolate and identify the
root problems, not the
symptoms
The Why
Do a needs analysis
Why does the problem
exist?
The informal gathering of
background informationto familiarize researchers
or managers with the
decision area.
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The Iceberg Principle
The principle
indicating that the
dangerous part of
many businessproblems is neither
visible to nor
understood by
managers.
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Determine the
Unit of Analysis
Who or what is tobe analyzed? Organization?
People? Attitudes?
Behaviors?
Processes?
What?
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What Are the Relevant Variable
Anything that may assumedifferent numerical values
Categorical: Put into categories but
have no equal order
top vs. bottom
Gender, ethnicity
Hint: of male is?
Continuous:
Values within a given orinfinite range that haveequal order
0 to 100
SD to SA
Hint: of 100 is?
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Independent Influence variable; variable
you can manipulate
Dependent Measured variable;
measure the effect of the IV
Extraneous Variables external to the
study that could affect theDV
Time of day, style ofteaching, etc.
Typ
es
ofV
ariabl e
s
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What are the
research questionsand objectives
Question: What is theeffect of a graduate degree
on income?
Objectives: How much do
those with a Bachelors
make? Masters? Doctorate?
Deeper Question: Why do
we need to know this?
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Problem statementclarification
H C th P blH C th P bl
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How Can the ProblemHow Can the Problem
Statement Be ClarifiedStatement Be Clarified
What is a statement problem?
Define and describe the problem
Tool to clarify the issue byspecifically identifying what has toimprove to: To meet goal
The magnitude of the problem Where? With whom?, and when? of the
problem.
The financial impact.
ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL PROBLEM
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ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL PROBLEMSTATEMENT
Description and measure used todescribe it
Process name and location of theproblem
Time frame
Magnitude of the problem.
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Objective Statement
Tool which directly describes the
problem statement
ELEMENTS:
Improvement from baseline to goalIndicate level of improvement
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SYMPTOMS
Symptoms are used if the problem is vague or
unclear.
To identify the symptoms following questionshave to be answered:
----- Who is involved?-----What has happened?
-----Where it is occurring?
-----When does it happen?
Eg: HR manager V/S Finance manager
D i i i t d
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Decision orientedresearch objectivesThe decision oriented research objectives are given as below:-
It promotes better decision making.
The research is the basis for innovation.
Research identifies the problem areas.
Research help in forecasting, which is useful for managers.
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Decision oriented researchobjectives
Research helps in formulation ofpolicies and strategies.
It helps in identifying marketingopportunities and constraints.
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Time spent defining
problemResearch proposal
How much time should be
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How much time should bespent defining the
problem?
RECOGNISED PROBLEM
Manager v/s researcher
Research
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Research
ProposalWritten statement of the researchdesign.Objectives
Problem definition
Methodology
Research processSchedule of costs and deadlines
Research
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Research
ProposalThink criticallyVague to precise
Information triggering proceduresWhy and how?
Communication function
Determine alterations, necessariesAccomplishment
H h ld l
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How should a proposalbe?
Communication
Explicit
Questions must be answered
Compliance with the audienceWriting it down
Creates a record
Omissions
Provides with standard
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CONCLUSIONThe respondent, researcher, and the client have to
be well aware of their rights and obligations andDefine the problem because a well definedproblem is like the problem almost solved. All
these will help in a successful research process.
THANK YOU
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