Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) for MA Transmutation

Japan Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Science and Engineering Center

Research Group for Nuclear Transmutation System Kazufumi TSUJIMOTO

Conceptual Design of ADS by JAEA

• Proton beam : 1.5GeV ~30MW • Spallation target : Pb-Bi • Coolant : Pb-Bi • Subcriticality : keff = 0.97 • Thermal output : 800MWt • MA initial inventory : 2.5t • Fuel composition : (MA+Pu)Nitride + ZrN Initial loading Zone-1 : Pu/HM = 30.0% Zone-2 : Pu/HM = 48.5% • Transmutation rate : 10%MA / Year (10 units of LWR) • 600EPFD, 1 batch

Conceptual view of 800MWth LBE-cooled ADS

• Material • Spallation target • LBE handling

Accelerator

• Core design • Reactor physic

MA Fuel

3

Superconducting Accelerator for ADS

Mockup of cryomodule (2 superconducting cavities) was fabricated and tested. It was designed to accept 927MHz RF wave and to be suitable for acceleration of 424MeV proton

The design study provided that the SC-LINAC consisting of 89 cryomodules and the length (100MeV to 1.5 GeV) was estimated as 472m.

Ion source

CW beam

RF

RFQ DTL 70 keV 2 MeV

0m 5m ~15m 110m

1.5 GeV 100 MeV ～10 MeV Superconducting part

Liquid He

RF RF RF RF RF

Cryomodule

472 m

Cryomodule

Superconducting cavity

Proton LINAC in J-PARC

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100150200250300350400450500

80

85

90

95

100

27 28 29 30 32 33 34 Total

Statics [ Run #27 (Nov. 2009) -- #34 (Jun. 2010)]

Run Hours

Availability (%)

Run

Hou

rs

Availability (%)

Run #Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Apr. May. Jun. 2010

100150200250300350400450500

80

85

90

95

100

27 28 29 30 32 33 34 Total

Statics [ Run #27 (Nov. 2009) -- #34 (Jun. 2010)]

Run Hours

Availability (%)

Run

Hou

rs

Availability (%)

Run #Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Apr. May. Jun. 2010

J-PARC LINAC (400MeV, 25Hz) The LINAC had been operated stably for injection to the

following 3 GeV synchrotron

Features of Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutechnique (LBE)

5

Advantages Lower melting point and higher boiling point Chemically inactive（stable with water and air）

Disadvantages Heavy mass（difficulty in treatment with piping） Compatibility with material（corrosion)

Material Melting point (℃)

Boiling point (℃)

Density (kg/m3)

Heat capacity (kJ/kg･K)

Thermal conductivity

(W/m･K) Na 98.0 882 849 1.32 70.8 Hg -38.9 357 13,112 0.135 12.9 Pb 327 1750 10,480 0.16 15.4

Pb-Bi 124 1670 10,087 0.146 14.9

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Desing Study : Spallation Target and Beam Window

t 1t2

r1,i

r1,o

r2,i

r2,o

r3,i

r3,o

θf

z off

Zi (

Zo)

Xi(=Xo)

・Suffix i: inner, o: outer

θ

x

z

Cylinder

θt

t3

Top part

Transient part

Transient part

Constantsθf = 60°

r1,i = 200mmr3,i = 225mmr3,o = 235mm

t1

t2

t3

t 1t2

r1,i

r1,o

r2,i

r2,o

r3,i

r3,o

θf

z off

Zi (

Zo)

Xi(=Xo)

・Suffix i: inner, o: outer

θ

x

z

Cylinder

θt

t3

Top part

Transient part

Transient part

Constantsθf = 60°

r1,i = 200mmr3,i = 225mmr3,o = 235mm

t1

t2

t3

(unit: Kelvin)

450oC

470oC490oC

Design condition Proton beam：1.5 GeV-20 mA（30

MW） LBE velocity : < 2m/s Maximum beam window

temperature : < 500ºC

Beam window design in which the maximum temperature at the outer surface of the window is about 490 ºC

R&D issues : Material corrosion in LBE, thermal-hydraulic of LBE, material irradiation effect

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Thermal Hydraulics Study of LBE

JLBL-4 instantaneous

3D flow structure

instantaneous

3D flow structure

Measurement result by UDM at a centerline and inclined direction

Measurement result by advanced measurement system “Vector-UVP”

The flow velocity measurement by UDM (Ultrasonic Doppler Method) is being developed by using JAEA LBE loop-2 (JLBL-2).

– The distribution of the flow velocity was measured at 150 ºC by use of the UDM, which is useful for visualization of the liquid LBE flow.

An advanced measurement system “Vector-UVP” was developed and successfully applied to the actual LBE flow in JLBL-4 for two-dimensional velocity vector measurement.

JLBL-2

Current situation of neutronics design of ADS

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0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1

1.01

BOC EOC

k-ef

f, JE

ND

L

JAEA J3.3

JAEA J3.2

JAEA J4.0

J4.0

J3.2, J3.3

About 2% discrepancies in k-eff were found among the different nuclear data (k-eff disperses from 0.98 to 1.0 at BOC and 0.93 to 0.96 at EOC) in a IAEA-CRP benchmark proposed by JAEA.

Experimental validation is essential for MA(Np-237, Am-241) and other nuclides(Pb-206, Pb-207, N-15)

Calculated results for IAEC-CRP benchmark proposed by JAEA and Nuclide-wise contribution for the difference between calculated k-eff with JENDL-4.0 and 3.3

241Am206Pb

207Pb

R&D for MA nitride fuel for ADS

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Irradiation performance • Irradiation test of (Pu,Zr)N and PuN+TiN in JMTR/JAEA

• Irradiation test of MA(Am,Np) in PHENIX by international collaboration

（Am,Zr)N （Pu,Zr)N

Pyrochemical process Development of pyrochemical process flow appropriated for spent nitride fuel (TRU: Pu, Np, Am)

Liquid Cd cathode after electrolyzation

Recovered nitride powder

(U,Pu)N pellet

(Pu0.21Am0.21Zr0.58)N

Fabrication of MA nitride fuel Fabrication test of (MA,Pu,Zr)N with high density and high purity in lab-scale

Physics properties of MA nitride fuel Development of database for thermal propoerties of MA nitride fuel available for ADS design

Thermal conductivity of MA nitride （873K）

Fabrication

Irradiation Reprocess

Fuel cycle of MA transmutation system

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00

20

40

60

80

(Zr0.80

Pu0.10

Am0.10

)N

(Zr0.58

Pu0.21

Am0.21

)N

フィッティング式によるカーブ

熱伝

導率

(W

m-1K

-1)

ZrN含有率（モル分率）

(Pu0.50

Am0.50

)N

ZrN

Transmutation Experimental Facility (TEF)

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ADS Target Test Facility：TEF-T

Critical Assembly

Pb-Bi Target

Transmutation Physics Experimental Facility: TEF-P

Purpose: To investigate physics properties of subcritical reactor with low power, and to accumulate operation experiences of ADS.

Licensing: Nuclear reactor: (Critical assembly) Proton beam: 400MeV-10W Thermal power: <500W

Purpose: To research and develop a spallation target and related materials with high-power proton beam.

Licensing: Particle accelerator Proton beam: 400MeV-250kW Target: Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE, Pb-Bi)

Proton Beam

Multi-purpose Irradiation Area

ADS Target Test Facility (TEF-T)

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Candidate concept for LBE target in TEF-T

Example of calculated results for velocity distribution of LBE in target of TEF-T

ターゲット実効寸法 : 15cmφ X 60 cmL

照射試験片

試験片ホルダ（遠隔操作による複数年照射を考慮）

陽子ビーム

Pb-Bi

照射材料（SUS･T91）

Experiments for irradiation damage of material by protons and neutrons Material irradiation test for material for beam window of ADS, structure material

for FBR, and material for fusion reactor Development of database for engineering feasibility of ADS by experiments in

various condition (ex. temperature and velocity of flowing LBE)

5.5cm

Coolant simulator (Pb, Na, etc.)Stainless steel matrix

Plate-type fuel

Fuel drawer

Pin-type fuel

5.5cm

Proton beam

Beam duct

Spallation target

Transmutation Physics Experimental Facility (TEF-P)

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TEF-P is designed to take over the experiences and functions of FCA to minimize the cost and risk for newly developed equipment.

Low power critical facility for reactor physics and nuclear data of transmutation systems including ADS and FBR.

By replacing central partial matrix tubes with pin-type assembly, MA fuel can be used with cooling and remote handling.

冷却材模擬（Na、Pb等）

板状燃料

燃料引き出し

ピン状燃料

ステンレス鋼製格子管

5.5cm

5.5cm

Experiments in “critical mode”

ADS experiments in “subctitical with proton beam”

Assessment by MEXT

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○ The evaluation of technical readiness level on each field (partitioning, ADS, fuel cycle, and fuel) showed that we can approximately promote R&D of these fields from “conceptual development stage” to “principle demonstration stage”, and it is appropriate to shift the R&D to the next stage of engineering scale.

○ The ADS Target Test Facility (TEF-T) is being proposed under J-PARC (snip). It is appropriate to shift the R&D of the facility to the next stage.

○ The Transmutation Physics Experimental Facility (TEF-P) is being proposed under (snip) it is appropriate to shift the R&D of the facility to the next stage.

○ For MYRRHA Program, it is appropriate to proceed with negotiation about JAEA’s participation at a reasonable level and mutual collaboration with Belgium and other relevant countries.

○ The far future plan in the roadmap should be reviewed in appropriate timing, taking account of the re-consideration of the nuclear policy and progress of R&D including other type of P&T such as FBR cycle.

An interim report by Working Party of MEXT to Review Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) Technology (Oct. 2013)

Construction schedule (tentative)

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Fiscal Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

TEF-BT TEF-T

TEF-P

MYRRHA

Construction Op. Licensing

R&D/Design

R&D/Design

R&D/Design

Manufacturing Construction Op. Tendering

Ground Survey

Operation Construction

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Conclusion

JAEA has been promoted R&D activities on P&T technology Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) is a candidate as a

dedicated MA transmutation system.

Current situation and future plan for R&D of ADS The technical challenges for ADS spread over wide range

and various basic R&D have been implemented in JAEA. New experimental facility, TEF, is proposed in the J-PARC

project in JAEA for the engineering feasibility of ADS. International collaboration is important in R&D of ADS.