abs environmental and energy efficiency program · abs environmental and energy efficiency program....

1

INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting Houston, TX 7 October 2009

Gary Horn Director, Rules & Standards

ABS Corporate, Houston

ABS Environmental and Energy Efficiency Program

ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 2

ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program

Background

Current issues

ABS ProgramEnvironmental

Energy Efficiency


ABS MissionTo serve the public interest as well as the

needs of our clients by promoting the security of life, property and the natural environment

primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design,

construction and operational maintenance of marine-related facilities.


IMO conventionsLoad line - Amount of cargo a vessel may safely carry

Tonnage - The carrying capacity of a ship based on volume

SOLAS -Construction, Communications, Lifesaving, Fire Protection, Fire Fighting

MARPOL - Pollution prevention from onboard lubricants and fuels , cargoes or emissions


Current issues

Air Emissions

Ballast Water Management

Waste Streams

Noise

Cold Ironing

Ship Recycling

Harsh Environments (Arctic)

GHG and Fuel Efficiency


ABS Program in Short

Support traditional classification work in verifying the safety of systems and installations

Providing knowledge and expertise related to environmental issues and regulatory developments

Offering clients solutions to environmental and energy challenges – beyond the scope of traditional classification


Planned GuidesGuides

Environmental Protection Guide, Sept 2009Cold Ironing Guide (4Q 2009)Ballast Water Treatment Guide (4Q 2009)Green Passport, May 2008 (Update, 4Q 2009)Emission Abatement Systems Guide (4Q 2009)Fuel Cell Powered Ships Guide (2Q 2010)Gas Fueled Power Plants Guide (2Q 2010)

Advisory NotesBallast Water Treatment Advisory Notes (4Q 2009)Air Emissions Advisory Notes (1Q 2010)


Air Emissions

Air Pollution Prevention -

MARPOL Annex VI – NOx, SOx, Ozone Depleting Substances, VOC – Progressive reduction in NOx and SOx limits

Green House Gases from Ships– CO2

main GHG– Interim Guidelines for Energy Efficiency Design Index and

Energy Efficiency Operational Index


ABS Environmental Protection GuideSeptember 2009

Notations:

ENVIROENVIRO+


Scope

The existing ABS Guide for Environmental Safety has been substantially revised:

To make it current with available technology and applicable international laws, Rules and standards

To establish environmental criteria (construction and operationally based) for enhanced environmental notations

New title: Guide for Environmental Protection


ENVIRO

Foundational level that establishes compliance with international, environmental protection requirements

ENVIRO +

A higher level that establishes compliance with international, safety requirements plus additional requirements for enhanced environmental protection

Notations


Compliance with applicable requirements of MARPOL:

Annex I

Annex II

Annex IV

Annex V

Annex VI

Once international regulations and standards are adopted, they are applicable to the Environmental Protection Guide

Base of Notation


Design CharacteristicsManagement & Support SystemsSea Discharge:

OilNoxious Liquid SubstancesSewageGarbageWater BallastAnti-Fouling Systems

Air Discharge:

NOx

EmissionSOx

Emission

Cargo Vapor Emission & IncineratorsRefrigerant & Fire-Fighting Systems

Contents

Details


Environmental issues which could come under the umbrella of the Environmental Protection Guide:

Energy efficiency indices

Cold ironing

Arctic operations

Noise emission

Regional notations

Future


Sulphur Content Limits WorldwideArea Vessel Type % Max Sulphur

content by weight & ISO 8217 DM Grade Effective Regulation

Worldwide All 4.5% -

All Grades 19 May 2005 IMO

Baltic Sea SECA All 1.5% -

All Grades 19 May 2006 IMO / EU

EU Waters Passenger Ships on regular services between EU ports 1.5% -

All Grades 11 Aug 2006 EU

North Sea SECA All 1.5% -

All Grades 22 Nov 2007 IMO / EU

All EU Ports All 0.1% DMA 01 Jan 2008 EU

Within 24 miles offshore California

All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 1.5% DMA or 0.5% DMB only 01 Jul 2009 CARB

All EU Ports All vessels at berth for > 2 hours 0.1% -

All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU

All EU Inland Waters/ Rivers Inland Waterways Vessels 0.1% -

All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU

Baltic & North Sea ECA’s All 1.0% -

All Grades 01 July 2010 IMO

Within 24 miles offshore California

All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 0.1% DMA or DMB only 01 Jan 2012 CARB


All Grades 01 Jan 2012 IMO

North American ECA All 1.0% -

All Grades August 2012 ? IMO

All ECA’s All 0.1% -

All Grades 01 Jan 2015 IMO


All Grades 01 Jan 2020/25 IMO


Annex VI NOX

Emission Limits

Ship Constructed(≥1 January)

Application of Requirements

EmissionLimits

Compliance at engine’s delivery except as below

1990to

2000Retroactive

to existing

engines

Engine size > 5000 kW and

≥

90 liters Tier I

1st

IAPP Renewal Survey

≥

12 mo after IMO advised

by Party of availability (physical and cost)

of “upgrade kit”

2000 ≥

x <2011> 130 kW ----

2011 ≥

x <2016Tier II

≥

2016Ships ≥

24m L or total propulsion power ≥

750kW

Operation outside of ECA

Tier III Operation within ECA

RPM

Total Weight of NO2

Emission (g/kWh) Relative NO2

Reduction from Tier I

< 130 130 ≤

n < 2000 ≥

2000

Tier I 17.0 45.0*n(-0.2) 9.8 Current

Tier II 14.36 44.0*n(-0.23) 7.66 15.5% -

21.8%

Tier III 3.40 9*n(-0.2) 1.96 80%


How to achieve the new NOx

limitsTier II NOx

Limits

Achieved by in engine modifications (10-25%);Increased compression ratioDelayed injection; exhaust valve timingModified fuel nozzlesElectronic control of fuel injection providing- pre, triple or sequential injection

Other Techniques in engine modificationsExhaust Gas recirculation (30-40%)Water injection (direct or inlet air humidification)(50% reduction; 2-5% fuel penalty)Fuel emulsification (15-25%)

Tier III NOx

LimitsAchieved by engine modifications and fitting after treatment systems;

1.

Exhaust Gas NOx

Cleaning System

2.

Fitting after treatment devices i.e. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).


Example of an Abatement Technology

ULFELS seawater energizing

tank

Ultra Low Frequency

Electrolysis/Electrodialysis

(ULFELS)

energized seawater spray

Untreated seawaterWash waterClean water

Overboard discharge

Seawater intake

Cyclone separator

Sludge to tankor decanter

Process Flow


ABS RoleAssist Ecospec with applicability of IMO Regulations

Resolution MEPC 170 (57) – Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems [SO2]

NOx Technical Code

Calibration of instruments

•

to meet NOx Technical Code/Industrial Standards/Manufacturer’s Recommendations

System addresses: GHG/CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM

Act on behalf of MPA to witness testing and verification of test results


Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal

On March 27, 2009, U.S./Canada made a joint proposal for ECA designation

This was approved, in principle, at MEPC 59 (July 2009)

Expect adoption at MEPC 60 (March 2010)

ECA NOx ControlsTier 3 NOx 80% reduction new vessels (2016)

ECA PM and SOx Controls1.0% Fuel Sulfur (2010-2014)

0.1% Fuel Sulfur 2015+

•

Up to 96% reduction in SOx

•

~85% reduction in PM


Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal

Canada

United States (48 states)

Mexico

Saint-Pierre& Miquelon

Hawaii (U.S.)

Alaska (U.S.)

Greenland(Denmark)

160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

Bahamas


Ballast Water ManagementTo control transport of evasive non-indigenous species

Implementation from 2009 includes Exchange Standard and Performance Standard

Compliance with Performance Standard depends on ballast capacity and the year of build1

BW Management Convention

Adopted in 2004To enter into force requires 30 States (35% of world’s GT)

As of August '09 18 States (15% GT)

1Ballast capacity < 5000 m3

ships built in or after 2009 must meet performance standard. Ballast capacity > 5000 m3

ships built after 2012

must meet performance standard. Compliance for all ships by 2014

(1500-5000 m3)

or 2016 (<1500 m3

or > 5000 m3).


Ballast Water ManagementABS Guide for Ballast Water Treatment in final drafting phase.


Ballast Water ManagementApproved systems (non-active substances):

Test procedureLab testsshipboard testAdministration type approval

Approved systems (active substances):Test procedureLab testsshipboard testIMO GESAMP-BWWG determinationMEPC Approval (basic and final approval)Administration type approval


IMO: BWMS Approvals

Type-Approved Systems TA Certification“NEI –

VOS (Venturi Oxygen Stripping)” Liberia & Marshall Islands“Alfa Laval / Wallenius

Water AB -

PureBallast” Norway“Hamann

AG –

SEDNA / PERACLEAN” Germany“Techcross

Electro-Clean” Korea“OceanSaver

BWM” Norway“Hyde GUARDIAN” United Kingdom


System Name Proposed by Approval type

Approved at

PureBallast

system Norway Basic & Final MEPC 56

SEDNA-Ocean BWM system using PERACLEAN Ocean system

Germany Final Basic

MEPC 57 MEPC 54

OceanSaver

BWM System Norway Final Basic

MEPC 58 MEPC 57

Electro-Clean (Electrolytic Disinfection) Korea Final Basic

MEPC 58 MEPC 54

RWO BWMS (CleanBallast) using EctoSys

electrochemical systemGermany Final

BasicMEPC 59 MEPC 55

NK-03 BlueBallast

System (Ozone) Korea Final Basic

MEPC 59 MEPC 56

Hitachi BW Purification System (ClearBallast)

Japan Final Basic

MEPC 59 MEPC 57

Greenship

Sedinox

BWMS Netherlands Final Basic

MEPC 59 MEPC 58

Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9)

BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (1)


System Name Proposed by Approval type

Approved at

Special Pipe sys (with Ozone treatm’t)

Japan Basic MEPC 55

Resource Ballast Technologies System

South Africa Basic MEPC 57

GloEn-Patrol System Korea Basic MEPC 57

TG Ballastcleaner

and TG Environmentalguard

System Japan Basic MEPC 58

Ecochlor

BW Treatment System Germany Basic MEPC 58

Blue Ocean Shield BWMS China Basic MEPC 59

HHI BWMS (EcoBallast) Republic of Korea

Basic MEPC 59

AquaTriComb

[TM] BW Treatment System

Germany Basic MEPC 59

Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9)

BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (2)


U.S. BWM: Phase 1 vs. Phase 2

Organism Size > 50 μ >10 μ

& ≤

50 μ ≤

10 μ

Phase 1

(IMO)< 10 / m3 < 10 / ml N/A

Phase 2

(x1000)< 1 / 100 m3 < 1 / 100 ml < 1,000 bacteria & 10,000

viruses per 100 ml


US BWM: Public Meetings & Outreach

28 September

Seattle, WA*

30 September

New Orleans, LA*

02 October

Chicago, IL*

08 October

Washington, DC *

27 October

Oakland, CA

29 October

New York, NY* First round of meetings will be webcast.

Public comment period ends 27 Nov 2009

Specific questions asked / input requested


Cold Ironing•

Currently, only the State of California has requirements for emission reduction at ports from 1 January 2014

•

Demand for Cold Ironing will increase in order to reduce Air Pollution from ships


Installation Plans

Port of Los Angeles: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 15 terminals for China Shipping, NYK terminal (Berths 206-209) and the cruise ship terminal (Berths 91-93) are under considerationPort of Long Beach: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 3 berths and BP oil tanker terminalsPort of Seattle: cruise ship terminal (pier 30), pier 90-91Port of San Francisco: new terminal for cruise shipPort of San Diego: extension of cruise ship terminal under investigationPort of Juneau in Alaska: cruise ship berth is under consideration. (In 2002, five cruise vessels were converted to use shore power electricity)In addition to the above, 13 more ports in California are investigating the installation of shore power supply facilities

Ref.: Bluewater

Network Report (Published year: is unknown but estimated it in

second half of 2006 to first half of 2007)


Industry Standards for Cold Ironing

Currently, there is a lack of industry standards addressing coldironing or shore power connectionsInternational Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) working on a draft IEC 60092-510 Standard “High Voltage Shore Connection Systems”. Draft dated 9 Jan 2009.International Organization for Standardization (ISO) working on a draft ISO 29501 Standard Onshore Power Supply (cold ironing). Draft dated 10 Aug 2007.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) working on a draft P1713 “Recommended Practice for Electrical Shore-to-Ship Connections.” Draft dated Jan 2009.A Publicly Available Specification (PAS) is planned to be published in 2009 based on the IEC, ISO and IEEE draft standards


(1)

Connection to National Grid of Power Supply Distribution Network (100-230 kV) to be transformed to 33-66 kV at local sub-station

(2)

(2) 6-20 kV power distribution from local sub-station to port terminal

(3) Frequency converting from 50-60 Hz, depending upon ship’s frequency

(4) Power supply to connector at wharf for power receiving cable from ship

(5) Cable supporting tower or cable support facility

(6) Shore power receiving panel onboard

(7) Transformer depending upon ship’s nominal voltage

(8) Power distribution in ship

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Shore Power Supply ArrangementRef.:

“European Commission Directorate General Environment, Ship Emission; Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instrument”

Reported by Entec

UK Limited., Aug. 2005


ABS Requirements

Means to check incoming power: voltage, frequency and phase rotation should be provided at the shore connection switchboard

Circuit protection: the shore power connection and the downstream equipment are to be protected against over current, short circuit and ground fault

Short-circuit level at main switchboard: onboard circuit breakers are to be rated to withstand the maximum short-circuit current that are generated onboard. The ratings of the circuit breakers is not to be exceeded by shore power source.

Protective device coordination: the circuit breakers associated with the shore power connections are to be coordinated with the circuit breakers in the vessel’s system


ABS Requirements

Stepdown transformer: to be of shielded type so that under failure condition the low voltage side is not subjected to the high voltage level

Shore power in parallel with vessel generator: parallel operation only long enough to transfer load

Reverse power protection: generators are to be protected from reverse power

Synchronization equipment: means are to be provided to allow the vessel generator to be brought into synchronization with the shore power. Including volt meters and means for adjusting the generator’s Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).


ABS Requirements

Discharge high voltage cable residual charge: means to discharge any residual voltage in the high voltage cable is to be provided

Equi-potential bonding: equi-potential bonding between the hull and the shore is to be provided

Frequency and/or voltage converter: where converters are provided, the total Voltage Harmonic distortion (Vth) is not to exceed the limits for the vessel’s equipment

High voltage cable installation: high voltage cable run within accommodation area is to be encased in duct or equivalent and clearly marked


Ship Recycling (Green Passport)MEPC 58 approved the draft ship recycling convention that was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Hong Kong 11-15 May 2009

Will enter into force 24 months after 15 States signed (not less than 40 percent of the gross tonnage) and (annual ship recycling volume during the preceding 10 years constitutes not less than 3 percent of the gross tonnage).

Ships will be required to carry an inventory of hazardous materials (structure/equipment systems, operational waste, stores)

Recycling facilities required to submit a “Ship Recycling Plan”


Harsh Environment

Increased Interest in Arctic Transportation


Receding Ice Cover & Changing Nature of Ice

September 2007


Shorter Routes & Available Technology

41


Offshore Exploration


Challenges -

Environment

Unique environment

Oil spill recovery difficult

Ice

Remote

Lack of infrastructure

Slow ecological recoveryLow temperatures and short summer


Rules & Guides

Guide for Vessels Operating in Low Temperatures Environments

First published in 2005

Supplementary informationWeather conditions

Additional reference materials

Administration listings

Meteorological organization listings

Update the Guide in 3Q 2009 including:Polar operation versus Baltic operation

Temperature charts for guidance

44


GHG ABS activities

CO2 Index Software, Nov 2008 (Update, 1Q 2010)

(It will be renamed to Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator – EEOI)

EEDI sensitivity study with HEC

Participates on IACS bench at IMO

Fuel Efficiency studies


U.S. Proposal on GHG

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) based

Goal based

Ship based

Transparent

Market-based, closed system (traded among ships only)

Target established – then improve over time (alternatively market-based solution)


US Proposal on GHG: Further Work

Additional detailsEfficiency baseline

Verification

Non-compliance

Follow up paper to MEPC 60

Detailed discussions


Efficiency

Increasing efficiency simply saves on fuel consumption which in-turn helps drive down emissions.

Several new and old ideas surfacing.

Many depend on fuel cost savings for implementation, but also now regulations

ABS is undertaking and sponsoring research on a range of operational and design efforts


Prime Movers

COMBUSTION & MECHANICAL

• Engine Designers:Electronically Controlled EnginesImproved Turbo ChargerImproved Cylinder LubricationBetter Fuel NozzlesImproved Fuel/Air MixtureLNG Burning

• Suppliers, Vendors, Inventors:

Fuel TreatmentFuel Additives


Prime Movers (Cont.)

EXHAUST GAS LOSS

(~25% of Total Fuel)

• WHR:Power TurbineSteam Turbine (1/2 Stage)CombinedGas Turbine Combined with DG.Thermo Electric Material

ABS sponsoring research on Thermoelectrics

at Maine Maritime Academy.

ABS has experience with these systems on large container systems.

• Cool Water & Lube Oil Loss:

(~25% of Total Fuel)

Further to Present well known applications difficult to improve due to low temp energy (except scav. Air cooler)


Propulsor

Efficiency

PROPULSOR EFFICIENCY

(~65 -

70% Efficiency)Improved Propeller Design

• Blade Design, RPM, DIAM, CFD

Rudder/Propeller Interaction

CONTRA Rotating Propellers

Podded Propellers

Fins, Caps, Wake Improvements

ABS performing CFD research into optimizing propeller design in an effort to lower fuel consumption and thereby emissions


Optimization of Cargo Intake/Operation

• Maximizing PayloadLines for Max Stability & Cargo IntakeMain Dimensions (F.Ex. Baby Postpanmax)Min. WBSteel Distribution & Weight (Class Rules & Tools)Economy of Scale

• Route Optimization:Roll & Pitch ReductionMinimize Adverse ConditionConstant Fuel Optimized SpeedJIT Voyage Planning

• Propeller & Hull Cleaning

ABS research into Baby Postpanamax

container vessels as

an example of cargo/performance optimized design


• Typical Drag Distribution ( Vary with Shiptype

) :

Friction 75 – 90%

Wave 5 – 20%

Wind 5 – 10%

• DesignOptimization Against Actual Operation (Lines & Bulbs Design)

CFD

Ducktail

• Coating

• Air Lubrication

• Reduced Speed ( container vessels )

Drag Minimization


• Energy SavingsOptimizing Systems (Pumps, Pipings, Fans)Switch Off ConsumerReefer Optimization

• Water Cooled, Reefer CompressorsDirect Air Intake To Diesel Engines

• Energy AuditsPresent Status / Improvements

• Consumption MetersAwareness

• Alternative EnergySolarSails

Other Improvement Options


Energy Saving Measures for Ship Designs and OperationsReturn on Investment (ROI)

= Benefit Rating / Cost Rating

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ship Size

Design

Speed

Ship Pro

porti

ons

Minimum B

allas

t

Adopt

Slower Spee

dsHull

Clea

ning

Prope

ller D

esign

Rudde

r Des

ignWea

ther R

outin

g

Perfor

mance

Mon

itorin

g

ROI = 6.0 (highest rating)= 0.0 (lowest rating)

Selected Energy Saving Measures (Naval Architecture)

Result of joint Herbert Engineering and ABS research


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abs environmental and energy efficiency program · abs environmental and energy efficiency program....

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