Reflexology 401 Introduction to Reflexology: Guide When mankind went barefoot, walking on sand or uneven ground was a partial reflexology treatment. India, China, Egypt, etc., practiced reflexology for thousands of years ago. When we put on shoes we lost direct contact with the earth and were no longer grounded to it. We lost the natural exchange between the body's electrical currents and those of the earth. Introduction to the Course Welcome to the Herbn Home Online Reflexology Course! I have taught this same course for the past four years to many people including mothers, teachers, alternative practitioners, doctors and nurses. The response has been so overwhelming that many of my students asked me to put this same course online so they could share it with their friends. My goal in doing this is twofold to make the information itself available to you but also to make myself available to you as well. I have been practicing Reflexology professionally for the past three years and have been involved in natural healing for many years. I have found over the years that practitioners have their own unique experience and wisdom and I hope to share what I have learned with you as well as all the book information. I have been involved in natural healing for more than 12 years, however, I originally used my reflexology training on my family only. I was too busy interviewing my clients, doing iridology readings and helping them chose the right herbs and diet. When they needed body-work I would often refer them to a massage therapist or Reiki healing. However, in my own family I used it to stop asthma attacks, to heal nerve dysfunction, to clear colds and flus out of the system and to halt pain in its tracks. It was only recently that I was implored to use it on my clients as well when one could find no other relief from their pain. One client with fibromyalgia had tried doctors, herbs and even some aromatherapy but nothing seemed to work. I suggested sending her to the massage therapist but she didnt want to deal with yet another practitioner. I like you, she said. Isnt there anything you can do for me?Although I was quite busy at the time I said to her, Lets do a reflexology treatment for you. That is what I would use for my own family. An hour later she said that she felt better than she had in her entire life. Over the course of that first year I integrated reflexology more and more into my practice and now I use it as a standard part of my first visit with a client. For a full session I give clients 45 minutes one hour of reflexology. During their first meeting with me I give them 15 minutes 30 minutes of reflexology. I also started teaching some clients how to use this technique so they could manage their pain. The response was so overwhelming I cannot even imagine NOT using reflexology now in my consulting! Reflexology has become an integral part of my healing practice and I know it can become an integral part of your life too. It is a superb way to deal with pain and to create a catalyst reaction in the body, which will help everything to work faster (herbs and aromatherapy) and heal better. The following is an outline of the course. The teaching method I use in my online course is to send the student the course one chapter at a time. When they are finished with that chapter they write to me to request the quiz and I send it to them. As you finish each quiz please send it back and I will send you the next chapter. I find that this encourages interaction between the students and myself. It also creates more of a live atmosphere for the student. Included in this e-mail is the first chapter. Working Online: Challenges and Joys It is such a joy to work online! Vast amounts of information can be sent for free without postage, having to purchase books or even go to the post office to ship a package! In addition, students can work on their own time and at their own pace. It is also very easy to update a course and provide links for students that are constantly being updated. Last, but not least, the Internet can connect students with courses that they would never be able to attend otherwise. However, there are also challenges to working on the Internet and one must be aware of those too. From your end: Please follow general safety rules when doing the course. When you download materials always scan the attachments first. In addition, when you do the quiz, it is a good idea to save your work frequently so you do not lose it. It is also a good idea to save all messages you send to me so that if one gets lost you can re-send it easily. From my end: Keep in mind that part of the year I am overseas and thus my time zone is about 9 hours ahead of the USA time zone. Additionally, I am sometimes away from my computer for two-three days at a time to attend seminars or to give courses. This means that in a normal week it may take me up to three days to answer your e-mail. This is usually not an issue for most students but if you DO have an urgent request please call me at 011-966-3-878-2903. General Internet: I have also found, with my many years of Internet experience that delayed and deleted mail is sometimes a problem due to sender, receiver or even Internet provider error. One time I received a Yahoo message in my box that was dated a month before. It arrived a month later as if nothing strange had ever happened! Keeping this in mindConsider that if I do not respond to you within a week you should assume I might never have received your message. Please re-send it. Outline of the Course Chapter One: History and Theory in ReflexologyHistory of Reflexology How Reflexology Works What Reflexology Accomplishes How to Prepare a Workspace How to Prepare the Client How to Prepare the Feet Reflexology Charts Chapter Two: Evaluation of the FootThe Initial Evaluation of the Foot Signs on the Foot Chapter Three: Interviewing the Client and Planning the SessionAsking Questions Planning the Session Short Course in Anatomy Chapter Four: Applying TechinqueApplying Technique The First Session Following a Pattern in the Session Recording Comments, Observations Finishing the Session, Asking Client About Chapter Five: Using the Foot ChartsThe Map of the Foot (Western) Traditional Western Reflexology Points/ Methods The First Pass The Second Pass The Solar Plexis Press Chapter Six: Su-Jok and Other TechniquesThe Map of the Foot (Oriental) Su-Jok Techniques and Methods Finding the Right Point Stimulating the Points Chapter One: History & Theory of ReflexologyHistory of Reflexology What Reflexology Accomplishes How Reflexology Works What is Reflexology? Controlled Studies in Reflexology How to Prepare a Workspace How to Prepare the Client How to Prepare the Feet Reflexology Charts History of Reflexology A BRIEF HISTORY OF REFLEXOLOGY to share with your clients The practice of reflexology may have a long history stemming from the distant past. It seems in most ancient cultures there is a tradition of working on the feet to help the body balance itself. Generally ancient cultures have an oral tradition. However, some evidence of reflexology may be found in artwork. For instance, in Egypt, in the physician's tomb (2300 B.C.) there can be found a pictograph, which may be evidence of reflexology being applied. In Asia, several examples also have been cited. Modern Reflexology is based on the work of two American physicians, Dr. William Fitzgerald and Dr. Joe Shelby Riley of the 1920's and on that of physiotherapist Eunice D. Ingham who developed Fitzgerald and Riley's knowledge into a usable therapy, calling it Foot Reflexology and took it to the public in the late 1930's through the early 70's. The scientific basis to Reflexology begins in the last century. In the 1890's knighted research scientist and medical doctor, Sir Henry Head demonstrated the neurological relationship that exists between the skin and the internal organs. Nobel prize winner, Sir Charles Sherrington proved that the whole nervous system and body adjusts to a stimulus when it is applied to any part of the body. Around the same time in Germany, Dr. Alfons Cornelius observed pressure to certain spots triggered muscle contractions, changes in Blood pressure, variation in warmth and moisture in the body as well as directly affecting the 'physic processes', or mental state of the patient. The Russians, beginning with Drs Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekhterev, have also been exploring reflex responses in the body for nearly a century. In the last 30 years, because of Eunice Inghams traveling around the country teaching groups of people her method of reflexology (the Ingham Method) a grassroots following of reflexology emerged in the US. In that time practicing reflexologists have emerged, more than 30 reflexology books have been published, and the number of magazine articles published has risen by 500 percent since 1982. Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988. Today recent research studies have been conducted around the world, including in the US, which are validating the effectiveness of Reflexology on a wide variety of conditions. Chronic conditions seem to respond especially well to Reflexology. In China, where reflexology is accepted by the central government as a means of preventing and curing diseases and preserving health, over 300 research studies have shown reflexology provided some improvement to 95% of the over 18,000 cases covering 64 illnesses studied. In Japan and Denmark, reflexology has been incorporated into the employee health programs of several large corporations saving each company thousands of dollars annually in paid out sick leave benefits. Many of our health problems can be linked to stress. It is an acknowledged fact by the medical community that a body trying to function while under the influence of prolonged stress is less capable of organizing its defenses against illnesses and repair damage caused by injury. Stress can be either mentally, emotionally, physically, or environmentally induced. Reflexology is primarily a relaxation technique. Reflexology can negate the effects of stress while it helps the body relax. Through the relaxation process the body is more capable of dealing with the stresses placed on it by daily living and those associated with illness. Reflexology gently nudges the body towards better functioning by improving lymphatic drainage and venous circulation, simulation to the nerve pathways, and muscle relaxation.While historically Reflexology has anecdotally been found to have a positive affect on the body suffering from a wide variety of chronic problems, it is not a panacea for all ills. Reflexology is not a substitute for medical treatment, but can be used as a complement to any type of medical approach or therapy. Reflexology can also be incorporated into an overall healthy lifestyle, which includes attention to diet, moderate exercise, and different forms of stress reduction and relaxation. A More Detailed History of ReflexologyFootwork practices have existed throughout the history of humankind. Remnants of footwork practices span time and place from the Physician's Tomb in Egypt of 2300 B.C. to the Physicians Temple in Nara, Japan, of 690 A.D. The authors have labeled this pattern as a form of archetype or archestructure. Archetypes are "symbolic image(s)...without known origin and they reproduce themselves in any time or in another part of the world--even when transmission by direct descent or 'cross fertilization' through migration must be ruled out" Jung, C.G., Man and His Symbols, Dell Publishing Co., 1968, p. 58). "An archestructure can now be defined as a felt or perceived function or structural feature of the nervous system, projected or unconsciously acted out in the lifestyle or the beliefs, customs, and social structures of the individuals concerned or of whole communities" (Gooch, S.F., Total Man, Ballantine Books, 1972 p. 299).The modern history of reflexology is rooted in research about the reflex in Europe and Russia 125 years ago. The idea that a stimulus applied to the body produces a response was utilized as a therapeutic tool by British physicians and researchers who applied heat, cold, plasters, and herbal poultices to one part of the body to influence another. While such uses did not take root in the medical communities in the United States and Great Britain, the furthering of such ideas for therapeutic use continued in Germany and Russia throughout this century.Russian physicians of the early 1900's followed the reflex research of Nobel Prize winner Ivan Pavlov to create reflex therapy. Their basic idea, to influence reflexes and thus brain-organ dynamics, survives as a medical practice today. to physician- researchers, such as Vladimir Bekterev who coined the word "reflexology" in 1917, an organ experiences illness because it receives the wrong operating instructions from the brain. By interrupting the body's misguided instructions, the reflex therapist prompts the body to behave in a better manner. Conditioning of better behavior is achieved by the application of a series of such interruptions.American physiotherapist Eunice Ingham kept alive a specific practice, that of foot reflexology. She accomplished this by traveling around the country teaching groups of people, perpetuating a grassroots enthusiasm for the subject in the United States. A community of reflexology users emerged. Legal questions were raised about the practice of medicine without a license. Ms. Ingham's book of 1945 ascribed the workings of reflexology to the nervous system. The revised work published in 1954, deleted any such mention. the explanation of the workings of reflexology took on metaphorical terms that were to color the practice for decades to come.The term reflexology itself was considered illegal until a legal skirmish over the publication of Mildred Carter's book Helping Yourself with Foot Reflexology in 1970. The U.S. postal Service asked that the publisher cease and desist publication of the book on the grounds that it consisted of the practice of medicine without a license. The publisher's attorneys successfully defended the publication of the book Subsequently the word could be used to describe one's practice; it was also used in the titles of books. The idea became widely disseminated as Mrs. Carter's book sold one million copies and became one of the best-selling titles ever for the publisher. In the following quarter century, the idea gained informal sanctioning in the United States on a community level. Since then, practicing reflexologists have emerged, some 30 reflexology books have been published, and the number of magazine articles published has climbed by 500 percent since 1982. Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988 The practice of Reflexology may have a long history stemming from the distantpast. It seems in most ancient cultures there is a tradition of working on thefeet to help the body balance itself. Generally ancient cultures have an oraltradition. However, some evidence of Reflexology may be found in artwork. Forinstance, in Egypt, in the physician's tomb (2300 B.C.) there can be found a pictograph which may be evidence of Reflexology being applied. In Asia, several examples also have been cited. Modern Reflexology is based on the work of two American physicians, Dr. William Fitzgerald and Dr. Joe Shelby Riley of the 1920's and on that of physiotherapist Eunice D. Ingham who developed Fitzgeraldand Riley's knowledge into a usable therapy, calling it Foot Reflexology and took it to the public in the late 1930's through the early 70's. The scientific basis to Reflexology begins in the last century. In the 1890's knighted research scientist and medical doctor, Sir Henry Head demonstrated the neurological relationship that exists between the skin and the internal organs. Nobel prize winner, Sir Charles Sherrington proved that the whole nervous system and body adjusts to a stimulus when it is applied to any part of the body. Around the same time in Germany, Dr. Alfons Cornelius observed pressure to certain spots triggered muscle contractions, changes in Blood pressure, variation in warmth and moisture in the body as well as directly affecting the 'physic processes', or mental state of the patient. The Russians, beginning with Drs Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekhterev, have also been exploring reflex responses in the body for nearly a century. In the last 30 years, because of Eunice Inghams traveling around the country teaching groups of people her method of Reflexology (the Ingham Method) a grassroots following of Reflexology emerged in the US. In that time practicing reflexologists have emerged, more than 30 Reflexology books have been published, and the number of magazine articles published has risen by 500 percent since 1982. Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988. Today recent research studies have been conducted around the world, including in the US, which are validating the effectiveness of Reflexology on a wide variety of conditions. Chronic conditions seem to respond especially well to Reflexology. In China, where Reflexology is accepted by the central government as a means of preventing and curing diseases and preserving health, over 300 research studies have shown Reflexology provided some improvement to 95% of the over 18,000 cases covering 64 illnesses studied. In Japan and Denmark, Reflexology has been incorporated into the employee health programs of several large corporations saving each company thousands of dollars annually in paid out sick leave benefits. Many of our health problems can be linked to stress. It is an acknowledged fact by the medical community that a body trying to function while under the influence of prolonged stress is less capable of organizing its defenses against illnesses and repair damage caused by injury. Stress can be either mentally, emotionally, physically, or environmentally induced. Reflexology is primarily a relaxation technique. Reflexology can negate the effects of stress while it helps the body relax. Through the relaxation process the body is more capable of dealing with the stresses placed on it by daily living and those associated with illness. Reflexology gently nudges the body towards better functioning by improving lymphatic drainage and venous circulation, simulation to the nerve pathways, and muscle relaxation. While historically Reflexology has anecdotally been found to have a positive affect on the body suffering from a wide variety of chronic problems, it is not a panacea for all ills. Reflexology is not a substitute for medical treatment, but can be used as a complement to any type of medical approach or therapy. Reflexology can also be incorporated into an overall healthy lifestyle, which includes attention to diet, moderate exercise, and different forms of stress reduction and relaxation. Djedkare Isei, 8th Pharaoh, Fifth Dynasty, 2388-2356 B. C. Ptah-hotep is pictured in carved bas relief displayed in the chapel of his tomb as having his "toes and fingers manicured."[9] One report states that a bas relief in his tomb shows a servant "massaging his leg."[10] The most concrete evidence of the practice of reflexology in ancient culture was the discovery of the above wall painting depicting the practice of hand and foot reflexology in the tomb of Ankhmahor (highest official after the Pharaoh) at Saqqara, which is also known as the physicians tomb. This Egyptian wall painting is dated at the 6th dynasty, about 2330 B.C.. Prior to this discovery it was widely believed that reflexology had ancient origins and frequent conjecture was made about its relationship to and development alongside the ancient Oriental practices of shiatsu and acupuncture. Similarly, North American Indian medicine men are believed to manipulate and stimulate the feet as a part of their healing practice.As information is gathered it seems that variations of the modern practice of reflexology existed in all of the ancient healing cultures. In our western culture one of the earliest books to be written on reflexology was published in 1582 by two eminent European physicians, Dr. Adamus and Dr. A'tatis. A second book by a Dr. Bell was published shortly after this in Leipzig.It was, however, a Dr. William H. Fitzgerald who advanced and developed the initial popular practice of reflexology in our contemporary Western society. Dr. Fitzgerald studied at the University of Vermont and graduated in 1895. For two and a half years he practiced medicine in Boston City Hospital before transferring to the Central London Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, England. He also practiced under the famous Professors Politzer and Chiari at an ear, nose and throat clinic in Vienna.How Dr. Fitzgerald originated his research in this area remains a mystery. Conjecture has been made that he discovered his ideas in Europe and brought them to North America. Alternatively, it is suggested that, in his desire to develop a method of anesthesia and analgesia for minor surgery, he noted the instinctive tight gripping of a chair arm by patients in their response to pain, and began to explore that phenomenon. In 1913 he brought his initial findings to the attention of the medical profession while he was head of the Nose and Throat Department of St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. He had discovered that pressure, when applied to certain points on the body could relieve pain and improve the functions of certain organs of the body. In his research Dr. Fitzgerald developed a new system of ten zones running from the top of the head to the tips of the toes and hands. Dr. Edwin Bowers, medical critic and writer, investigated Dr. Fitzgerald's claims, appeased his skepticism, and jointly authored with Dr. Fitzgerald the book "Zone Therapy" - the name by which reflexology was known until the early 1960's.Eunice Ingham, who initially worked with Dr. Fitzgerald as a physical therapist, gave Dr. Joe S. Riley, one of a number of doctors and dentists who practiced Zone Therapy and helped develop it, credit for teaching her. Eunice Ingham is generally recognized for her untiring devotion to and promotion of Zone Therapy. She toured North American cities annually giving Zone Therapy seminars, published charts and her two books: "Stories The Feet Can Tell" (1938) and "Stories The Feet Have Told" (1951), and established the "National Institute of Reflexology". Most authors of books and teachers of foot reflexology have acquired their basic knowledge directly or indirectly from Eunice Ingham's teaching. Eunice Ingham's nephew, Dwight Byers and his family have continued where Eunice Ingham left off with her death in 1974.Early in the 1960's, Ed Johnstone, Ena Campbell and Laura Kennedy (plus a few others) attended Eunice Ingham's seminar in Seattle, WA. and brought the practice of foot reflexology to Vancouver and British Columbia.In 1961 the profession of physiotherapists objected to the word "Therapy" in the name "Zone Therapy". Hence, the name 'reflexology' was adopted. Other names adopted by other people for the practices of foot reflexology are: Pressure Point Massage, Compression Massage, Pointed Pressure Massage and Vita-Flex.In Europe and some other parts of the world the names Zone Therapy, Reflex Zone Therapy, Reflexotherapy and other variations of these are used.Practitioners of the Metamorphic Technique acknowledge that it has its original roots in the practice of reflexology. It, however, has a very different orientation to working with the feet.What Reflexology Accomplishes Reflexology helps the body maintain homeostasis, helps the body to relax and to detoxify.Homeostasis is really just a biochemical balancing act played every day of our lives by our endocrine glands. Some of the functions controlled by homeostatic mechanisms are HeartbeatBlood productionBlood pressureBody temperatureSalt balanceBreathingGlandular secretionThe glands all work together just like a smooth-running corporation. When one of the glands are not up to par, the whole corporation suffers. This usually means extra work for the other glands as they try to make up the work left over by the slacker! By using the reflex points on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, we can stimulate those glands that are not keeping up and help the body become balanced again. For instance, symptoms of a sluggish thyroid gland could include unexplainable weight gain, lethargy, dry skin and erratic sleeping patterns. These symptoms are signs that the body is out of balance. Most imbalances occur because of malnourishment, overuse or abuse, or too many toxins in the body causing irritations and sluggishness in certain areas. Detoxifying the body means doing some internal house cleaning. Believe it or not, our internal bodies get dusty and dirty and need to be cleansed periodically, just as our homes need a good spring-cleaning. The body has four main eliminative channels that serve as exit routes for waste products. These include: 1. The bowel2. The urinary system (kidneys and bladder)3. The respiratory system (lungs and sinuses)4. The skinWhen the body, or a particular organ, is sluggish due to a build up of waste products and then we stimulate that organ to "get back to work," it will probably eliminate some toxins right away. This is called detoxification. When a body system is stimulated and stronger, it has the energy and ability to kick out toxins settling in it. You will know when your body is detoxifying because of the symptoms you experience. Usually a full reflexology treatment will stimulate all the organs and therefore stir up a bunch of waste materials in the body. This is good, but you will need to know what to expect when this happens to you! The Process of Elimination One of the most common symptoms of detoxifying the body will be a loosening of the bowels. Many necessary, quick trips to the bathroom will prove to you that you needed cleansing. This form of detoxifying after a reflexology treatment usually lasts no longer than a day. It is also a positive sign. You should not try to stop this cleansing process by taking any medications that would constipate you. Let the cleansing begin! The urinary system will carry out waste products in the form of urine. The urine may be stronger smelling, and you may have to visit the bathroom more often for a day. This should also be encouraged. Drink plenty of pure water to help flush out the toxins. Reflexology promotes the production of endorphins in the body. Endorphins are the feel-good hormones made by the pituitary gland in the brain. The flow of endorphins in the body acts on the nervous system to help reduce pain. The effects they cause on the body are similar to the effects of morphine. I have found that, on occasion, the first reflexology treatment is not as effective as subsequent treatments. Sometimes this is because the person needs to get to know you a little better before they can relax totally and benefit from the stress-relieving effects.For some, the first time you try reflexology you may just be breaking up some surface congestion, so you will not really notice any difference. If this is so, I suggest you try it again within a week. You may be surprised at what happens.Since every body is different, each person will respond to reflexology in a different way. Sometimes the effect is more emotional than physical. I have had clients burst into tears minutes after I began working on them! This is also part of a cleansing process. When your intent as a reflexologist is to help the person you are working on heal, you will get results, however they may manifest. Do not stress yourself by attaching expectations to your reflexology results. Your body will heal itself on its own time despite your egos personal goals! Frequency of Treatments A typical series of sessions is given once a week for six weeks. However, for an acute problem you can use mini-sessions more frequently. Also, some clients will heal in fewer than 6 sessions and some may take up to ten sessions to heal. Hering's Law of Cure Another good thing to remember in all natural therapies is Hering's Law of Cure. Hering's Law states: "All healing starts from the head down, from the inside out, and in reverse order as the symptoms have first been acquired." In other words, in true healing, your insides will begin healing first. The outward manifestations of healing will come last so you may not even notice you're healing right away. Also the symptoms that you experienced most recently will be the last ones to go away. The body always takes care of the more chronic ailments or imbalances first. You may not be aware that your pancreas or spleen is healing but continued effort will eventually bring the outward signs of true health. Therefore, although reflexology may work instantly to alleviate symptoms of imbalance, it will take time and continued use of reflexology to experience true healing so be patient and enjoy the ride! All in all, reflexology is an excellent, safe, efficient therapy that can be used on almost anyone, any time, anywhere. Being so simple and safe, it can be integrated into anyone's lifestyle and serve as either a healing therapy or a preventative maintenance tool for health. It can even detect imbalances before you experience any symptoms. It can help the body to heal itself by detoxifying, relaxing and balancing it, and to top it off, it makes you feel good. Summary Reflexology is a complementary, biological, integrative health science, through which an overall health enhancement exercise pressure is applied to reflex areas, formed by 7,200 nerve endings in each hand and each foot, ENCOURAGING improved instruction to each and every gland, organ and part of the body, thus persuading the body to biologically correct, strengthen and reinforce itself.Reflexology is not a belief; instead, reflexology is considered a serious integrative science, focused as a highly specialized body of knowledge. Indeed, highly acknowledged as a safely non-invasive complementary health practice, without ANY contraindications. This is a safe, effective, reliable process, a no risk persuasive therapy, not an invasive therapy. A four-step program which will:1. Stop further deterioration.2. Persuade the body to biologically correct itself.3. Strengthen and reinforce all systems in the body.4. Encourage reflexology maintenance program (good health).The goals are to achieve specific, highly specialized relaxation, in effect to improve nerve, blood, and lymphatic supply. The focus is to re-educate, re-pattern and re-condition nerve instruction via. the reflex, neural/electrical system of the body, thus persuading the body to biologically self-correct. [The nerves instruct the body, so essentially the concept of reflexology is, when the nerves that instruct the body improve... the instruction has to improve...so the body has to improve.] The body is super, highly intelligent and does have a remarkable, reliable, built-in, self-correcting system, which supports reflexology as a health field that is grounded in common sense. The valuable cold-pack therapy, pioneered by Professor Lorraina J. Telepo, requires cold-packs positioned on specific reflex areas pertaining to the identical distressed area of the body, i.e. right shoulder reflex area for right shoulder. (Based on the law of the understood - your body has a built-in self-correcting system, and the law of similars, whatever is occurring within the body is identical and similar at the reflex area of the nerves of the hands and feet. The law of evidence is what conventional medicine relies on and deals with the scientifically proven, that which is measurable). This makes reflexology the top expert facilitator of the body. Reflexology is a master body of knowledge onto itself. It is not even remotely fielded with massage therapy. A reflexologist never prescribes or diagnoses, but provides their services in addition to a medical practitioner. How Reflexology Works (Excerpt from Reflexology an Illustrated Guide) Ourbodiesusedifferentformsofenergyfordifferentfunctions.Thenervoussystemusesboth electrical energy and chemical energy to send its signals from the sensory receptors at the body surface alongthenervefiberstothespinalcordorbrainandbackdownothernervefiberstothemusclesor endorganssuchasdigestiveandendocrineglands.Informationtravelsbyelectricalmeansalonga nerve cell. Stimulation of the reflex points on the skin sends messages from these cells through nerve pathways to thecontrolcentersinside thebody, whichsend other messagesback tothemuscles orinternalorgans. Inareflexpathway,themessagefollowsarelativelysimplecircuit,inwhichthespinalandlower, primitivebraincentersreceivethemessageandsendoutadirectivefortheresponserequiredstraight back tothe muscles orinternal organ. Thehigher conscious control centers in the brain are not always involved. Themedicalprofessionoftenusesthesereflexresponsestodiagnose.Onewell-knowntestadoctor may use is the knee-jerk test. Unconscious reflex reactions are extremely important and are used continually by the body in everyday actionsthatdonotrequireconscious decisions.For example,theyregulate the stomach to digestfood, the lungs to inhale and the muscles to flex and unflex. It is a nice, sunny day...you are taking a nice walk in the park. Suddenly, an angry bear appears in your path. Do you stay and fight OR do you turn and run away? These are "Fight or Flight" responses. In these types of situations, your sympathetic nervous system is called into action - it uses energy - your blood pressure increases, your heart beats faster, and digestion slows down. Notice in the picture that the sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord. Specifically, the cell bodies of the first neuron (the preganglionic neuron) are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ganglia located near the spinal cord. In most cases, this neuron makes a synapse with another neuron (post-ganglionic neuron) in the ganglion. A few preganglionic neurons go to other ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain and synapse there. The post-ganglionic neuron then projects to the "target" - either a muscle or a gland.Two more facts about the sympathetic nervous system: the synapse in the sympathetic ganglion uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter; the synapse of the post-ganglionic neuron with the target organ uses the neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. (Of course, there is one exception: the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron that terminates on the sweat glands uses acetylcholine.) It is a nice, sunny day...you are taking a nice walk in the park. This time, however, you decide to relax in comfortable chair that you have brought along. This calls for "Rest and Digest" responses. Now is the time for the parasympathetic nervous to work to save energy - your blood pressure decreases, your heart beats slower, and digestion can start.The cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the spinal cord (sacral region) and in the medulla. In the medulla, the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X form the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. The preganglionic fiber from the medulla or spinal cord projects to ganglia very close to the target organ and makes a synapse. This synapse uses the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. From this ganglion, the post-ganglionic neuron projects to the target organ and uses acetylcholine again at its terminal.Here is a summary of some of the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Notice that effects are generally in opposition to each other. Western Foot & Hand Reflexology works on the "Zone Theory" which works on the principle that there are 10 zones in the body. The reflexes in the foot travel through these zones the way electricity travels through wiring in a house. There are 10 zones down the body corresponding to the fingers and toes. Imagine dividing the body into 10 equal sections with each toe being the center line. You would then see the zones. So, when you work the middle section, you'll be working reflexively with every organ and gland layered in that zone. I say layered because that's exactly what it is--just as your organs and glands are layered one on top of the other. For instance, behind ribs you will find lungs, heart, esophagus and many muscles, ligaments, nerves, arteries and veins. Get the picture? We are exceedingly complex beings. So, whatever reflex you work on the foot or hand, it will also stimulate every other organ and gland in that zone. For instance, if you work the zone 1 for the bladder, you would also be indirectly stimulating the reproductive organs, all the way up to lungs, esophagus and into the brain itself.

There are numerous theories of how reflexology works in the body, among them:I. Psychological--This theory proposes that the power of suggestion is the primary factor, and includes the claim that it is a placebo.II. Lymph--Since the lymphatic system removes toxic or malignant products and includes the immune system, it is assumed that reflexology enhances its function and restores proper chemical balance in the body.III. Electrical Potential--It is believed that a difference in electrical potential in various parts of the body constitutes a corresponding malfunction in another part of the body. Reflexology remedies this difference.IV. Ki Energy--It is believed that foot reflexology works in the same way as acupuncture and shiatsu: by bringing balance to the flow of energy along the body's meridians.V. Counter Irritation--The human body speeds up repair when it receives an insult to its equilibrium. Reflexology provides this insult.VI. Nerve Endings/Crystals--It is believed that nerve endings are unable to transmit their impulses because of crystalline deposits that build up and block their pathway. A variation of this theory is that the crystalline deposits impede the grounding connection of the foot with the earth. Reflexology is believed to clear these crystalline deposits.VII. Proprioception--A foot reflexology session with its exertion of pressure, stimulation of muscles and re-angulation of joints, sends false reports of position and sensation to the brain. The brain responds to reposition the body that results in a relaxation of the muscles.Definitions of Reflexology Definitionsarelistedrandomlyandarecompiledfromformregistrationresponsesand other sources (i.e. dictionaries, advertising pamphlets, books, etc.) Russian psychologist V.M. Bekterev (1857-1927) used the term objective psychology to designate his work at first, and then coined the name reflexology 1917.Edwin Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology. 1950. Reflexology is a science l. which deals with the principle that there are reflexes in the feet that are relative to every gland organ and part of the body...International Institute of Reflexology Bobbi and Muff Warren, Tom and Ron Wilbanks banks, Robert and Sonia Gana Reflexology is the method of using the thumb and finger to apply pressure on the reflexes that correspond to an organ or gland and parts of the body as found in the feet and hands...George Parnell Reflexology is a powerful natural health science that studies the relationship of the reflex areas in the feet, hands and ears to the rest of the body so that these areas can be worked on with your fingers and thumbs ii) a manner that will lead to improved health and the maintenance of good health...Bill Flocco Reflexology is a therapy of stimulating the feet with pressure and relaxation techniques, which provide a relaxing and energizing effect to every part of the body...David Allan Reflexology is a natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet and hands, which correspond to every part of the body. Through application of pressure on particular areas of the hands or feet, reflexology serves to relax tension, improve circulation and promote the natural function of the related area in the body...Reflexology Association of Canada Reflexology is the pressure massage of certain reflex nerve endings located in one or both feet that correspond to specific body organs and parts. When you stimulate these nerve endings, it stimulates circulation in these areas and aids the body's very own healing process...Clement T. Wittman Reflexology is the physical act of applying pressure to the feet with specific thumb, finger and hand techniques which do not use oil, lotion or cream. The application of this pressure is assessed on the basis of ten longitudinal zones and areas reiterated on the feet in the body's image linking foot to body, with a premise that such work effects a physiological change in the body...Barbara and Kevin Kunz, Reflexions, Nov-Dec 1983. Reflexology is a therapy using the pressure points of the hands and feet, which gives a reflex action through the nervous system of the body. It is an entirely natural treatment whose aim is to normalize and harmonize the functions of the body...Bob Dalamore Reflexology refers to a method of treatment whereby reflex points in the feet are massaged in a particular way to bring about an effect in areas of the body quite distant from the feet...Nicola Hall, Reflexology. Reflexology is based on the premise that our organs have corresponding reflex points on other parts of the body, some of the sensitive points being those on the feet. When a reflex point is stimulated, it works to balance and normalize not just the corresponding organ itself but also all functional relationships of that organ...Devaki Berkson, The Foot Book Reflexology is a scientific technique of massage, that has a definite effect on the normal functioning of all parts of the body...Mildred Carter, Helping Yourself with Foot Reflexology Manual therapies, most frequently in connection with neurological reflexes. In the context of reflex zones to the feet, the word 'reflex' is not used in the strict medical sense, but in its twin meanings: 1. As reflecting the entire organism (head, neck and trunk) on a small screen (the feet), rather like a reflex camera. 2. In particular, in characteristic sections of the feet, which have been shown empirically to have a direct energy relationship with the internal organs...Hanne Marquardt, Reflex Zone Therapy Of The Feet Reflexology: 1. The analysis of motor behavior in terms of component simple and complex reflexes. 2. The study of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of reflexes in general...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986. Reflexotherapy: Therapeutic effect achieved by stimulation or irritation at a distance from the area treated...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986. Reflexologist: 1. One who interprets behavior as consisting of reflexes. 2. A practitioner of manipulative reflexology...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary, 1986. Reflexology: 1. The study and interpretation of behavior in terms of simple and complex reflexes. 2. Any of various systems of questionable effectiveness that are held by their promoters to restore or promote health by manipulating parts of the body and especially the hands or feet...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary 1986. Reflexotherapy: Treatment by manipulation, anesthetizing, or cauterizing an area distant from seat word 'reflex' is not used in the strict medical sense, but in its twin meanings: 1. As reflecting the entire organism (head, neck and trunk) on a small screen (the feet), rather like a reflex camera. 2. In particular, in characteristic sections of the feet, which have been shown empirically to have a direct energy relationship with the internal organs...Hanne Marquardt, Reflex Zone Therapy Of The Feet Reflexology: 1. The analysis of motor behavior in terms of component simple and complex reflexes. 2. The study of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of reflexes in general...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986. Reflexotherapy: Therapeutic effect achieved by stimulation or irritation at a distance from the area treated...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986. Reflexologist: 1. One who interprets behavior as consisting of reflexes. 2. A practitioner of manipulative reflexology...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary, 1986. Reflexology: 1. The study and interpretation of behavior in terms of simple and complex reflexes. 2. Any of various systems of questionable effectiveness that are held by their promoters to restore or promote health by of the disorder...Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 1981. Reflexology: 1. A system of massaging specific areas of the foot or sometimes the hand in order to promote healing, relieve stress, etc., in other parts of the body. 2. Medically, the study of reflex movements and processes...Random House Dictionary, 1987. Reflexology: the science or study of reflexes...Stedmans Medical Dictionary 1930. Reflexology is the physical act of applying pressure to the feet and hands with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without using implements, oil, lotion or creams. The physiological changes achieved with the application of pressure are based on the neurologic~l relationship that exists between the skin and the nervous system; specifically that a therapeutic effect can be achieved by stimulation at a distance from the area where the pressure is applied. Reflexology believes the body is reiterated, or mirrored, on the feet and hands and works within a zonal system...Sacramento Valley Reflexology Association. Some areas to be considered in a definition of Reflexology. Caution should be taken to not limit the definition of reflexology. Discussions made now can confine or leave vistas open in the future should legislation with resultant advantages and disadvantages result. Reflexology is a scientifically delineated System of control points in the feet that reflects our whole being almost as a mirror, recording disorder and disharmonies, often caused by stress and tension. Through this system unlimited healing forces within can be released...Margarete "Oma" Teuwen. Reflexology is a scientific system of health car; and health maintenance 'and utilizes the connection between nerve endings in the feet and hands with every body part; reflexology promotes balance and normalization of the body through the application of pressure to specific areas of the feet and hands with specific thumb and finger techniques...Karen Potts Controlled Studies in ReflexologyBy Barbara & Kevin KunzFrom "Medical Applications of Reflexology, Safety. Efficacy, Mechanism of Action and Cost Effectiveness of Reflexology". 1. Alzheimmer's "Old age converts to the New Age," Daily Mail, September 14, 1995 2. Amenorrhea Xiu-hua, Xu, "Analysis of 50 Cases of Amenorrhea Treated by Foot Reflex Therapy," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 36 3. Cardio-vascular system Frankel, B. S. M., "The effect of reflexology on baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, blood pressure and sinus arrhythmia," Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Churchill, London, 1997, Vol. 5, pp. 80-84 4. Cerebral palsy Rong-zhi, Wang, "An Approach to Treatment of Cerebral Palsy of Children by Foot Massage," A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 26 5. Cervical spondylosis Shouqing, Gui; Changlong, Zhang and Desheng, Luo, "A Controlled Clinical Observation on Foot Reflexology Treatment for Cervical Spondylopathy,"1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 99-103 6. Children, mentally retarded, Feng, Gu; Zhao, Lingyun; Yuru, Yang; Jiamo, Hao; Shuwen, Cao and Xiulan, Zhang, "Comparative Study of Abnormal Signs in the Feet of Feebleminded Children, 1998China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 9 - 13 7. Children, mentally retarded Lingyun, Yuru, Zhao; Yang Yuru, Feng gu; Jiamo, Hao; Shuwen, Cao and Xiulan, Zhang, "Observation on Improvement of Feeble-Minded Children's Social Abilities by Foot Reflexo-Therapy," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 24 - 28 8. Constipation Yuru, Yang; Lingyun, Chao; Guangling, Meng; Scuwe, Cao; Jia-Mo, Hao and Suhui, Zhang, "Exploring the Application of Foot Reflexology to the Preventions and Treatment of Functional Constipation," 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 62 9. Coronary heart disease Zhongzheng, Li and Yuchun, Liu, "Clinical observation on Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with Foot Reflexotherapy, 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 38 - 41 10. Diabetes Wang, X. M., "Type II diabetes mellitus with foot reflexotherapy," Chuang Koh Chuang Hsi I Chief Ho Teas Chi, Beijing, Vol. 13, Sept. 1993, pp 536-538 11. Zhi-qin, Duan et. al., "Foot Reflexology Therapy Applied On Patients with NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetic mellitus)," 1993 China Reflexology Symposium, p. 24 12. King, Ma, "Clinical Observation on Influence upon Arterial Blood Flow in the Lower Limbs of 20 Cases with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Foot Reflexology," 1998China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 97 - 99 13. Dyspepsia Zhi-wen, Gong and Wei-song, Xin, "Foot Reflexology in the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia: A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 37 14. Free radicals Shouqing, Gui; Changlong, Zhang; Jixai, Dong and Desheng, Luoof, "A Preliminary Study on the Mechanisms of Foot Reflexo-Massage -- Its Effect on Free Radicals," 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 128-135 15. Headaches Brendstrup, Eva and Launs, Laila, "Headache and Reflexological Treatment," The Council Concerning Alternative Treatment, The National Board of Health, Denmark, 1997 16. Hyperlipimia Shou-qing, Gui; Xian-qing, Xiao; Yuna-zhong, Li; and Wan-yan, Fu, "Impact of the Massotherapy Applied to Foot Reflexes on Blood Fat of Human Body," 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 21 17. Infantile Pneumonia Liang-cai, Pei, "Observation of 58 Infantile Pneumonia by Combined Method of Medication with Foot Massage," A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 34 18. Kidney and Ureter Stones Xiaojian, Ying, "Foot Reflexology as an Accessory Treatment after External Lithotrity a Clinical Observation of 46 Cases, 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 58 - 59 19. Leukopenia (A pathological level of white blood cell count) Ya-zhen, Xu, "Treatment of Leukopenia with Reflexotherapy," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 32-37 20. Pain of kidney and ureter stones Eriksen, Leila, "Clinical Trials of Acute Uretic Colic and Reflexology," Reflexology: Research and Effect Evaluation in Denmark, Danish Reflexologists Association, Kolding, Denmark, 1993, p. 10 21. Milk secretion in new mothers Siu-lan, Li, "Galactagogue Effect of Foot Reflexology in 217 Parturient Women," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996 p. 14 22. Neurodermatitis Zhi-ming, Liu and Song, Fang, "Treatment of Neurodermatitis by Foot Reflex Area Massage (with a test group of 15 and a control group of 15)," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 16 23. Post surgical pain "Foot Rubs Easing Pain," Third Age. com, December 4, 1998 24. Pre-menstrual syndrome Oleson, Terry and Flocco, William, "Randomized Controlled Study of Premenstrual Symptoms Treated with Ear, Hand, and Foot Reflexology," Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993;82(6): 906-11 25. (Hyperplasia of the) Prostate Xiao-li, Chen, "Hyperplasia of Prostate Gland Treated by Foot Reflex Area Health Promoting Method (with a group of 90 study participants)," 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, October 1996, pp. 32 - 33 26. (Male) Sexual dysfunction Jianhua, Sun, "The Comparison of Curative Effects Between Foot Reflexology and Chinese Traditional Medicine in Treating 37 Cases with Male's Sexual Dysfunction," "Foot Reflexology as an Accessory Treatment after External Lithotrity a Clinical Observation of 46 Cases, 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 75 27. Toothache Xue-xiang, Wang, "Relieve (150 Cases of) Toothache with Foot Reflexotherapy," 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, October 1994, p. 132 - 135 28. Urinary tract stonesYue-jin, Zhang; Jing-Fang, Chung and Bao-rong, Ju, "Observation of the Effect of Foot Reflex Area Massage on 34 Cases of Calouli of Urinary Tract," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), 1996, China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 46 29. Urinary tract infection Yu-lian, Zao, "Clinical Observation on Treatment of Infection of Urinary Tract by Foot Massage," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), 1996, China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 17 30. Uroschesis (retention of urine) Cailian, Lin, "Clinical Observation on Treatment of 40 Cases of Uroschesis with Reflexology," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 52 - 53 31. Employee sick days Eriksen, Leila, Reflexology: Research and Effect Evaluation in Denmark, Danish Reflexologists Association, Denmark, August 1995, pp. 15 - 16 Other32. Teruo, Nakamura, "Using Technical Measuring Machine," RWO-SHR Health '90 Worldwide Conference Tokyo, Best Care, Tokyo, pp. 45 - 54 33. Cho, Z. H., Chung, S. C., Jones, J. P., Park, J. B., Park, H. J., Lee, H. J., Wong, E. K., and Min, B. I., "New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 95, pp. 2670-2673, March 1998, Physiology 34. Oz, Mehmet C., Whitworth, Gerard C., and Liu, Eric C., "Complementary Medicine in the Surgical Wards (at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City)," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 279, pp. 710-711, March 4, 1998

Buddha's up turned foot from the ancient temple at Nara in Japan. Interestingly enough the temple is called the medical teaching temple. 700 AD History talks about Marc Anthony works on Cleopatra's feet during dinner parties in roughly 700 AD. This pictograph dates back to 2500 BC. Some form of footwork had existed for 3000 years in Egyptian history. The hieroglyphics say, "Do not let it be painful." The reply is "I do as you wish." How to Prepare the Workspace When preparing for a reflexology treatment your main concerns are: 1.Comfort : Make sure your client will be comfortable. You can use a massage table, a Lazy-boy chair or even a regular chair and a footrest. Make sure that the chair the client is sitting in is the right height for the footrest so that when they are seated they feel relaxed. Also make sure the temperature of the room is comfortable and that there is adequate privacy. 2.Cleanliness: Check that the area you are working in is clean, the chair and footrest are clean and the towel you are using is clean. I often drape a clean towel over the footrest to provide an always-clean surface to work on. Check your finger nails and make sure they are cut & clean. Make sure you are bathed and clean and your hands are clean. 3.Complete: Make sure you have everything you need before you start so you do not have to get up and down. You need to stay in one place during the entire treatment and not stop-and-go as you are giving the treatment. Some things you may want to have by your side are reflexology tools such as wooden rollers, a reflexology chart, a notebook to take notes in, patient data chart, a CD player with gentle music in the background. How to Prepare the Client The practitioner must always prepare the client by asking them as many questions as they can about their health, lifestyle and medical conditions. This step is especially important for beginners but is also important for professionals. Asking questions helps the practitioner access: 1.Are there contraindications to this treatment? a. In some cases one should not give reflexology treatments. If a client is pregnant or has cancer one should not give a treatment. b. Is someone weak or elderly or has a degenerative condition such as diabetes? Then one must work on them gently and not longer than 20 minutes. c. Is someone going to have surgery or taking medical drugs? You should consult with their practitioner to see if reflexology is appropriate for them at this time. d. If one has a tendency toward kidney stones, caution should be used when working over the kidney area. A kidney stone attack could be triggered. e. If a client has had a gall bladder attack or even if there is a weakness in their family history of gall bladder problems, go easy when working over the gall bladder reflex. A Gall bladder attack could be triggered. f. If it is possible that a woman is pregnant, be aware that a miscarriage could be triggered by over stimulation in the uterus area. g. When a person is very toxic i.e. has consumed many drugs, lives in an extremely polluted atmosphere, has been over-indulging in salt, sugar, alcohol, nicotine, has too many amalgam fillings in their teeth causing mercury toxicity, works in an exhaust-filled atmosphere or other toxic atmospheres, be careful when working on them as a long treatment may be too intense for them. Shorter & frequent sessions may be in order. 2.What is the persons diet and lifestyle like? a. All clients need to be reminded that while reflexology is a good tool for acute and chronic problems, that the root cause of the trouble must also be stopped. For instance, if someone drinks ten cups of coffee a day then they must reduce their coffee intake along with getting reflexology treatments. b. Does the person exercise a lot? Some foot pain may be reflexive and other foot pain has a more direct reason. 3.What medical conditions does the person suffer from? a. This will give the practitioner an idea of what areas of the feet to pay special attention to in treatment as well as in accessing the feel of the foot. How to Prepare the Feet Many clients will feel self conscious about their feet. You can put them at ease by providing them a basket with nail clippers, polish, washcloth and pumice stone and a bathroom to use them in. Most clients, however, will have already done these things before they come. In such cases they are usually most concerned about foot cleanliness or odor. I put them at ease by having them soak their feet in a plastic tub filled with warm water and some essential oils. The oils detoxify and sterilize the foot and the water relaxes it. I speak to the client while their foot is soaking for about 15 minutes. You can use 15-30 drops of essential oil in the tub. I usually use bergamot or geranium as they are the two most welcoming, cheering and relaxing oils and have many purposes. However, you can also choose your oil according to your client. In some cases I will use other oils. Last week a client came with asthma so I used Thyme oil in the footbath to help open up the bronchials. Reflexology Charts Different people find different charts useful. For this reason I have provided the student with a number of charts to chose from. To use these charts you can cut and paste them to another program and then enlarge them. The outline chart for coloring-in is especially good to use for filling in client information. Side View and More Charts at: http://www.katking.com/Wisdom/App_ReflexCharts.html End Notes Want to know more about the nervous system? Read this selection from Grays Anatomy: Henry Gray (18211865).Anatomy of the Human Body.1918. IX. Neurology

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various systems which make up the human body. It is the mechanism concerned with the correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments 1 of the organism to its environment. In addition the cerebral cortex is concerned with conscious life. It may be divided into two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system consists of the encephalon or brain, contained within the cranium, and the medulla spinalis or spinal cord, lodged in the vertebral canal; the two portions are continuous with one another at the level of the upper border of the atlas vertebra. 2 The peripheral nervous system consists of a series of nerves by which the central nervous system is connected with the various tissues of the body. For descriptive purposes these nerves may be arranged in two groups, cerebrospinal and sympathetic, the arrangement, however, being an arbitrary one, since the two groups are intimately connected and closely intermingled. Both the cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerves have nuclei of origin (the somatic efferent and sympathetic efferent) as well as nuclei of termination (somatic afferent and sympathetic afferent) in the central nervous system. The cerebrospinal nerves are forty-three in number on either sidetwelve cranial, attached to the brain, and thirty-one spinal, to the medulla spinalis. They are associated with the functions of the special and general senses and with the voluntary movements of the body. The sympathetic nerves transmit the impulses which regulate the movements of the viscera, determine the caliber of the bloodvessels, and control the phenomena of secretion. In relation with them are two rows of central ganglia, situated one on either side of the middle line in front of the vertebral column; these ganglia are intimately connected with the medulla spinalis and the spinal nerves, and are also joined to each other by vertical strands of nerve fibers so as to constitute a pair of knotted cords, the sympathetic trunks, which reach from the base of the skull to the coccyx. The sympathetic nerves issuing from the ganglia form three great prevertebral plexuses which supply the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera; in relation to the walls of these viscera intricate nerve plexuses and numerous peripheral ganglia are found. 3

1. Structure of the Nervous System

The nervous tissues are composed of nerve cells and their various processes, together with a supporting tissue called neuroglia, which, however, is found only in the brain and medulla spinalis. Certain long processes of the nerve cells are of special importance, and it is convenient to consider them apart from the cells; they are known as nerve fibers. 4 To the naked eye a difference is obvious between certain portions of the brain and medulla spinalis, viz., the gray substance and the white substance. The gray substance is largely composed of nerve cells, while the white substance contains only their long processes, the nerve fibers. It is in the former that nervous impressions are received, stored, and transformed into efferent impulses, and by the latter that they are conducted. Hence the gray substance forms the essential constituent of all the ganglionic centers, both those in the isolated ganglia and those aggregated in the brain and medulla spinalis; while the white substance forms the bulk of the commissural portions of the nerve centers and the peripheral nerves. 5

Neuroglia.Neuroglia, the peculiar ground substance in which are imbedded the true nervous constituents of the brain and medulla spinalis, consists of cells and fibers. Some of the cells are stellate in shape, with ill-defined cell body, and their fine processes become neuroglia fibers, which extend radially and unbranched (Fig. 623, B) among the nerve cells and fibers which they aid in supporting. Other cells give off fibers which branch repeatedly (Fig. 623, A). Some of the fibers start from the epithelial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the medulla spinalis, and pass through the 6 nervous tissue, branching repeatedly to end in slight enlargements on the pia mater. Thus, neuroglia is evidently a connective tissue in function but is not so in development; it is ectodermal in origin, whereas all connective tissues are mesodermal. http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus623.html FIG. 623 Neuroglia cells of brain shown by Golgis method. A. Cell with branched processes. B. Spider cell with unbranched processes. (After Andriezen.) (See enlarged image)

Nerve Cells (Fig. 624).Nerve cells are largely aggregated in the gray substance of the brain and medulla spinalis, but smaller collections of these cells also form the swellings, called ganglia, seen on many nerves. These latter are found chiefly upon the spinal and cranial nerve roots and in connection with the sympathetic nerves. 7 The nerve cells vary in shape and size, and have one or more processes. They may be divided for purposes of description into three groups, according to the number of processes which they possess: (1) Unipolar cells, which are found in the spinal ganglia; the single process, after a short course, divides in a T-shaped manner (Fig. 624, E). (2) Bipolar cells, also found in the spinal ganglia (Fig. 625), when the cells are in an embryonic condition. They are best demonstrated in the spinal ganglia of fish. Sometimes the processes come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape; in other cells both processes emerge at the same point. In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or, again, it may be coiled spirally around the nerve process which is issuing from the cell. (3) Multipolar cells, which are pyramidal or stellate in shape, and characterized by their large size and by the numerous processes which issue from them. The processes are of two kinds: one of them is termed the axis-cylinder process or axon because it becomes the axis-cylinder of a nerve fiber (Figs. 626, 627, 628). The others are termed the protoplasmic processes or dendrons; they begin to divide and subdivide soon after they emerge from the cell, and finally end in minute twigs and become lost among the other elements of the nervous tissue. 8 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus624.html FIG. 624 Various forms of nerve cells. A. Pyramidal cell. B. Small multipolar cell, in which the axon quickly divides into numerous branches. C. Small fusiform cell. D and E. Ganglion cells (E shows T-shaped division of axon). ax. Axon. c. Capsule. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus625.html FIG. 625 Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike. (After Klliker.) (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus626.html FIG. 626 Motor nerve cell from ventral horn of medulla spinalis of rabbit. The angular and spindle-shaped Nissl bodies are well shown. (After Nissl.) (See enlarged image)

The body of the nerve cell, known as the cyton, consists of a finely fibrillated protoplasmic material, of a reddish or yellowishbrown color, which occasionally presents patches of a deeper tint, caused by the aggregation of pigment granules at one side of the nucleus, as in the substantia nigra and locus cruleus of the brain. The protoplasm also contains peculiar angular granules, which stain deeply with basic dyes, such as methylene blue; these are known as Nissls granules (Fig. 626). They extend into the dendritic processes but not into the axis-cylinder; the small clear area at the point of exit of the axon in some cell types is termed the cone of origin. These granules disappear (chromatolysis) during fatigue or after prolonged stimulation of the nerve fibers connected with the cells. They are supposed to represent a store of nervous energy, and in various mental diseases are deficient or absent. The nucleus is, as a rule, a large, well-defined, spherical body, often presenting an intranuclear network, and containing a well-marked nucleolus. 9 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus627.html FIG. 627 Pyramidal cell from the cerebral cortex of a mouse. (After Ramn y Cajal.) (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus628.html FIG. 628 Cell of Purkinje from the cerebellum. Golgi method. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b. Collateral. c and d. Dendrons. (See enlarged image)

In addition to the protoplasmic network described above, each nerve cell may be shown to have delicate neurofibrils running through its substance (Fig. 629); these fibrils are continuous with the fibrils of the axon, and are believed to convey nerve impulses. Golgi has also described an extracellular network, which is probably a supporting structure. 10

Nerve Fibers.Nerve fibers are found universally in the peripheral nerves and in the white substance of the brain and medulla spinalis. They are of two kindsviz., medullated or white fibers, and non-medullated or gray fibers. 11 The medullated fibers form the white part of the brain and medulla spinalis, and also the greater part of every cranial and spinal nerve, and give to these structures their opaque, white aspect. When perfectly fresh they appear to be homogeneous; but soon after removal from the body each fiber presents, when examined by transmitted light, a double outline or contour, as if consisting of two parts (Fig. 630). The central portion is named the axis-cylinder; around this is a sheath of fatty material, staining black with osmic acid, named the white substance of Schwann or medullary sheath, which gives 12 to the fiber its double contour, and the whole is enclosed in a delicate membrane, the neurolemma, primitive sheath, or nucleated sheath of Schwann (Fig. 633) http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus629.html FIG. 629 Nerve cells of kitten, showing neurofibrils. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b. Cyton. c. Nucleus. d. Neurofibrils. (See enlarged image)

The axis-cylinder is the essential part of the nerve fiber, and is always present; the medullary sheath and the neurolemma are occasionally absent, expecially at the origin and termination of the nerve fiber. The axis-cylinder undergoes no interruption from its origin in the nerve center to its peripheral termination, and must be regarded as a direct prolongation of a nerve cell. It constitutes about one-half or one-third of the nerve fiber, being greater in proportion in the fibers of the central organs than in those of the nerves. It is quite transparent, and is therefore indistinguishable in a perfectly fresh and natural state of the nerve. It is made up of exceedingly fine fibrils, which stain darkly with gold chloride (Fig. 632), and at its termination may be seen to break up into these fibrill. The fibrill have been termed the primitive fibrill of Schultze. The axis-cylinder is said by some to be enveloped in a special reticular sheath, which separates it from the medullary sheath, and is composed of a substance called neurokeratin. The more common opinion is that this network or reticulum is contained in the white matter of Schwann, and by some it is believed to be produced by the action of the reagents employed to show it. 13 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus630.html FIG. 630 Medullated nerve fibers. X 350. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus631.html FIG. 631 Diagram of longitudinal sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus632.html FIG. 632 Transverse sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus633.html FIG. 633 Diagram of medullated nerve fibers stained with osmic acid. X 425. (Schfer.) R. Nodes of Ranvier. a. Neurolemma. c. Nucleus. (See enlarged image)

The medullary sheath, or white matter of Schwann (Fig. 631), is regarded as being a fatty matter in a fluid state, which insulates and protects the essential part of the nervethe axis-cylinder. It varies in thickness, in some forming a layer of extreme thinness, so as to be scarcely distinguishable, in others forming about one-half the nerve fiber. The variation in diameter of the nerve fibers (from 2 to 16) depends mainly upon the amount of the white substance, though the axis cylinder also varies within certain limits. The 14 medullary sheath undergoes interruptions in its continuity at regular intervals, giving to the fiber the appearance of constriction at these points: these are known as the nodes of Ranvier (Figs. 631 and 633). The portion of nerve fiber between two nodes is called an internodal segment. The neurolemma or primitive sheath is not interrupted at the nodes, but passes over them as a continuous membrane. If the fiber be treated with silver nitrate the reagent penetrates the neurolemma at the nodes, and on exposure to light reduction takes place, giving rise to the appearance of black crosses, Ranviers crosses, \fs24softlineon the axis-cylinder. There may also be seen transverse lines beyond the nodes termed Frommanns lines (Fig. 634); the significance of these is not understood. In addition to these interruptions oblique clefts may be seen in the medullary sheath, subdividing it into irregular portions, which are termed medullary segments, or segments of Lantermann (Fig. 631); there is reason to believe that these clefts are artificially produced in the preparation of the specimens. Medullated nerve fibers, when examined in the fresh condition, frequently present a beaded or varicose appearance: this is due to manipulation and pressure causing the oily matter to collect into drops, and in consequence of the extreme delicacy of the primitive sheath, even slight pressure will cause the transudation of the fatty matter, which collects as drops of oil outside the membrane. http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus634.html FIG. 634 Medullated nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus635.html FIG. 635 A small nervous branch from the sympathetic of a mammal. a. Two medullated nerve fibers among a number of gray nerve fibers, b. (See enlarged image)

The neurolemma or primitive sheath presents the appearance of a delicate, structureless membrane. Here and there beneath it, and situated in depressions in the white matter of Schwann, are nuclei surrounded by a small amount of protoplasm. The nuclei are oval and somewhat flattened, and bear a definite relation to the nodes of Ranvier, one nucleus generally lying in the center of each internode. The primitive sheath is not present in all medullated nerve fibers, being absent in those fibers which are found in the brain and medulla spinalis. 15

Wallerian Degeneration.When nerve fibers are cut across, the central ends of the fibers degenerate as far as the first node of Ranvier; but the peripheral ends degenerate simultaneously throughout their whole length. The axons break up into fragments and become surrounded by drops of fatty substance which are formed from the breaking down of the medullary sheath. The nuclei of the primitive sheath proliferate, and finally absorption of the axons and fatty substance occurs. If the cut ends of the nerve be sutured together regeneration of the nerve fibers takes place by the downgrowth of axons from the central end of the nerve. At one time it was believed that the regeneration was peripheral in origin, but this has been disproved, the proliferated nuclei in the peripheral portions taking part merely in the formation of the so-called scaffolding along which the new axons pass. 16

Non-medullated Fibers.Most of the fibers of the sympathetic system, and some of the gray gelatinous nerve fibers 17 cerebrospinal, consist of the gray or gelatinous nerve fibers (fibers of Remak) (Fig. 635). Each of these consists of an axis-cylinder to which nuclei are applied at intervals. These nuclei are believed to be in connection with a delicate sheath corresponding with the neurolemma of the medullated nerve fiber. In external appearance the non-medullated nerve fibers are semitransparent and gray or yellowish gray. The individual fibers vary in size, generally averaging about half the size of the medullated fibers.

Structure of the Peripheral Nerves and Ganglia.The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths (Fig. 636). A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. In structure the common membranous investment, or sheath of the whole nerve (epineurium), as well as the septa given off from it to separate the fasciculi, consist of connective tissue, composed of white and yellow elastic fibers, the latter existing in great abundance. The tubular sheath of the funiculi (perineurium) is a fine, smooth, transparent membrane, which may be easily separated, in the form of a tube, from the fibers it encloses; in structure it is made up of connective tissue, which has a distinctly lamellar arrangement. The nerve fibers are held together and supported within the funiculus by delicate connective tissue, called the endoneurium. It is continuous with septa which pass inward from the innermost layer of the perineurium, and shows a ground substance in which are imbedded fine bundles of fibrous connective tissue running for the most part longitudinally. It serves to support capillary vessels, arranged so as to form a net-work with elongated meshes. The cerebrospinal nerves consist almost exclusively of medullated nerve fibers, only a very small proportion of non-medullated being present. 18 The bloodvessels supplying a nerve end in a minute capillary plexus, the vessels composing which pierce the perineurium, and run, for the most part, parallel with the fibers; they are connected together by short, transverse vessels, forming narrow, oblong meshes, similar to the capillary system of muscle. Fine non-medullated nerve fibers, vasomotor fibers, accompany these capillary vessels, and break up into elementary fibrils, which form a network around the vessels. Horsley has demonstrated certain medullated fibers running in the epineurium and terminating in small spheroidal tactile corpuscles or end bulbs of Krause. These nerve fibers, which Marshall believes to be sensory, and which he has termed nervi nervorum, are considered by him to have an important bearing upon certain neuralgic pains. 19 The nerve fibers, so far as is at present known, do not coalesce, but pursue an uninterrupted course from the center to the periphery. In separating a nerve, however, into its component funiculi, it may be seen that these do not pursue a perfectly insulated course, but occasionally join at a very acute angle with other funiculi proceeding in the same direction; from this, branches are given off, to joint again in like manner with other funiculi. It must be distinctly understood, however, that in these communications the individual nerve fibers do not coalesce, but merely pass into the sheath of the adjacent nerve, become intermixed with its nerve fibers, and again pass on to intermingle with the nerve fibers in some adjoining funiculus. 20 Nerves, in their course, subdivide into branches, and these frequently communicate with branches of a neighboring nerve. The communications which thus take place form what is called a plexus. Sometimes a plexus is formed by the primary branches of the trunks of the nervesas the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexusesand occasionally by the terminal funiculi, as in the plexuses formed at the periphery of the body. In the formation of a plexus, the component nerves divide, then join, and again subdivide in 21 such a complex manner that the individual funiculi become interlaced most intricatey; so that each branch leaving a plexus may contain filaments from all the primary nervous trunks which form the plexus. In the formation also of smaller plexuses at the periphery of the body there is a free interchange of the funiculi and primitive fibers. In each case, however, the individual fibers remain separate and distinct. It is probable that through this interchange of fibers, every branch passing off from a plexus has a more extensive connection with the spinal cord than if it had proceeded to its distribution without forming connections with other nerves. Consequently the parts supplied by these nerves have more extended relations with the nervous centers; by this means, also, groups of muscles may be associated for combined action. 22 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus636.html FIG. 636 Transverse section of human tibial nerve. (See enlarged image)

The sympathetic nerves are constructed in the same manner as the cerebrospinal nerves, but consist mainly of non-medullated fibers, collected in funiculi and enclosed in sheaths of connective tissue. There is, however, in these nerves a certain admixture of medullated fibers. The number of the latter varies in different nerves, and may be estimated by the color of the nerve. Those branches of the sympathetic, which present a well-marked gray color, are composed chiefly of non-medullated nerve fibers, intermixed with a few medullated fibers; while those of a white color contain many of the latter fibers, and few of the former. 23 The cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerve fibers convey various impressions. The sensory nerves, called also centripetal or afferent nerves, transmit to the nervous centers impressions made upon the peripheral extremities of the nerves, and in this way the mind, through the medium of the brain, becomes conscious of external objects. The centrifugal or efferent nerves transmit impressions from the nervous centers to the parts to which the nerves are distributed, these impressions either exciting muscular contraction or influencing the processes of nutrition, growth, and secretion. 24

Origins and Terminations of Nerves.By the expression the terminations of nerve fibers is signified their connections with the nerve centers and with the parts they supply. The former are sometimes called their origins or central terminations; the latter their peripheral terminations. 25

Origins of Nerves.The origin in some cases is singlethat is to say, the whole nerve emerges from the nervous center by a single root; in other instances the nerve arises by two or more roots which come off from different parts of the nerve center, sometimes widely apart from each other, and it often happens, when a nerve arises in this way by two roots, that the functions of these two roots are different; as, for example, in the spinal nerves, each of which arises by two roots, the anterior of which is motor, and the posterior sensory. The point where the nerve root or roots emerge from the surface of the nervous center is named the superficial or apparent origin, but the fibers of the nerve can be traced for a certain distance into the substance of the nervous center to some portion of the gray matter, which constitutes the deep or real origin of the nerve. The centrifugal or efferent nerve fibers originate in the nerve cells of the gray substance, the axis-cylinder processes of these cells being prolonged to form the fibers. In the case of the centripetal or afferent nerves the fibers grow inward either from nerve cells in the organs of special sense, e. g., the retina, or from nerve cells in the ganglia. Having entered 26 the nerve center they branch and send their ultimate twigs among the cells, without, however, uniting with them.

Peripheral Terminations of Nerves.Nerve fibers terminate peripherally in various ways, and these may be conveniently studied in the sensory and motor nerves respectively. The terminations of the sensory nerves are dealt with in the section on Sense Organs. 27 Motor nerves can be traced into either unstriped or striped muscular fibers. In the unstriped or involuntary muscles the nerves are derived from the sympathetic, and are composed mainly of non-medullated fibers. Near their terminations they divide into numerous branches, which communicate and form intimate plexuses. At the junction of the branches small triangular nuclear bodies (ganglion cells) are situated. From these plexuses minute branches are given off which divide and break up into the ultimate fibrill of which the nerves are composed. These fibrill course between the involuntary muscle cells, and, according to Elischer, terminate on the surfaces of the cells, opposite the nuclei, in minute swellings. 28 In the striped or voluntary muscle the nerves supplying the muscular fibers are derived from the cerebrospinal nerves, and are composed mainly of medullated fibers. The nerve, after entering the sheath of the muscle, breaks up into fibers or bundles of fibers, which form plexuses, and gradually divide until, as a rule, a single nerve fiber enters a single muscular fiber. Sometimes, however, if the muscular fiber be long, more than one nerve fiber enters it. Within the muscular fiber the nerve terminates in a special expansion, called by Khne, who first accurately described it, a motor end-plate (Fig. 637). The nerve fiber, on approaching the muscular fiber, suddenly loses its medullary sheath, the neurolemma becomes continuous with the sarcolemma of the muscle, and only the axis-cylinder enters the muscular fiber. There it at once spreads out, ramifying like the roots of a tree, immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and becomes imbedded in a layer of granular matter, containing a number of clear, oblong nuclei, the whole constituting an end-plate from which the contractile wave of the muscular fiber is said to start. 29 Ganglia are small aggregations of nerve cells. They are found on the posterior roots of the spinal nerves; on the sensory roots of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, and on the acoustic nerves. They are also found in connection with the sympathetic nerves. On section they are seen to consist of a reddish-gray substance, traversed by numerous white nerve fibers; they vary considerably in form and size; the largest are found in the cavity of the abdomen; the smallest, not visible to the naked eye, exist in considerable numbers upon the nerves distributed to the different viscera. Each ganglion is invested by a smooth and firm, closely adhering, membranous envelope, consisting of dense areolar tissue; this sheath is continuous with the perineurium of the nerves, and sends numerous processes into the interior to support the bloodvessels supplying the substance of the ganglion. 30 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus637.html FIG. 637 Muscular fibers of Lacerta viridis with the terminations of nerves. a. Seen in profile. P, P. The nerve end-plates. S, S. The base of the plate, consisting of a granular mass with nuclei. b. The same as seen in looking at a perfectly fresh fiber, the nervous ends being probably still excitable. (The forms of the variously divided plate can hardly be represented in a woodcut by sufficiently delicate and pale contours to reproduce correctly what is seen in nature.) c. The same as seen two hours after death from poisoning by curare. (See enlarged image)

http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus638.html FIG. 638 Transverse section of spinal ganglion of rabbit. A. Ganglion. X 30. a. Large clear nerve cell. b. Small deeply staining nerve cell. c. Nuclei of capsule. X 250. The lines in the center point to the corresponding cells in the ganglion. (See enlarged image)

In structure all ganglia are essentially similar, consisting of the same structural elementsviz., nerve cells and nerve fibers. Each nerve cell has a nucleated sheath which is continuous with the neurolemma of the nerve fiber with which the cell is connected. The nerve cells in the ganglia of the spinal nerves (Fig. 638) are pyriform in shape, and have each a single process. A short distance from the cell and while still within the ganglion this process divides in a T-shaped manner, one limb of the cross-bar turning into the medulla spinalis, the other limb passing outward to the periphery. In the sympathetic ganglia (Fig. 639) the nerve cells are multipolar and each has one axis-cylinder process and several dendrons; the axon emerges from the ganglion as a non-medullated nerve fiber. Similar cells are found in the ganglia connected with the trigeminal nerve, and these ganglia are therefore regarded as the cranial portions of the sympathetic system. The sympathetic