workshop on water resources demand management learning forum for irrigation

Workshop on Workshop on Water Resources Demand Water Resources Demand

Management Learning Management Learning Forum for IrrigationForum for Irrigation

26-28 July 201126-28 July 2011

JW Mariott HotelJW Mariott Hotel

Bangkok, ThailandBangkok, Thailand

WorkshopWorkshop

•ProblemsProblems

•Action/Project/Lessons LearnedAction/Project/Lessons Learned

•Suggestions/Recommendations/ Suggestions/Recommendations/ Action PlanAction Plan

•Cooperation among AMSCooperation among AMS

Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – CambodiaCambodia (1) (1)

• Inadequate legislation framework Inadequate legislation framework

• Institutional capacity building remain Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national and limited at both national and provincial levelsprovincial levels

• Institutional structure and Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination arrangement: limited coordination among water-related institutionsamong water-related institutions

Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – CambodiaCambodia (2) (2)

• Unplanned urban and industrial Unplanned urban and industrial developmentdevelopment

• Water resource management is not Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated mannerundertaken in an integrated manner

Problems & ChallengesProblems & Challenges – – Indonesia Indonesia (1)(1) •Land acquisition •Land use change from irrigation

to residential area (around 35.000 Ha/year)

•Farmers’ preferrences to plant palm tree than paddy

•Operation and maintenance (fund, man power, discipline, etc.)

Problems & ChallengesProblems & Challenges – – IndonesiaIndonesia (2)(2)

•Natural disaster (i.e. Eruption of Merapi Mountain which destroyed + 10,000 Ha)

•Catchment area degradation•Availability of land and water

are the main constraints

Problems & Challenges – Lao Problems & Challenges – Lao PDRPDR

• Conduciveness of the business environment in irrigated agriculture(i) market and trade(ii) technology application, and(iii) infrastructure development and

management.

• Effectiveness of public management

Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – MalaysiaMalaysia (1) (1)

•To provide appropriate irrigation system and infrastructures to meet demand management requirement

•Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas

•To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level

Problem & Challenges – Problem & Challenges – MalaysiaMalaysia (2) (2)

•Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government•Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water

Problems - Myanmar Problems - Myanmar

• Weakness of Water User Weakness of Water User Groups (WUGs)Groups (WUGs)

• Low canal efficiencyLow canal efficiency

• Lack of Participatory Lack of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) Irrigation Management (PIM) conceptconcept

Problem & Challenges - Problem & Challenges - PhilippinesPhilippines• Management ChallengesManagement Challenges

– Diminishing Water Supply– Balding Irrigation

Watersheds– Ineffective Hydraulic

Regulation

Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – ThailandThailand

•Limitation of new water Limitation of new water resources developmentresources development

• Increasing water demand Increasing water demand (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% increase of the total water increase of the total water demand demand

Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (1)(1) • Lack of awareness of the importance of water re

sources management in sustainable development• Conflicts between protection of water resources a

nd water supply, water security for development• Incomplete legal system for water resources m

anagement;• Inadequate organisation and management c

apacity in water resources;• Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially ec

onomic and financial policies in water resources;• Inadequate and inaccurate information and

data on water resources and constraints on information sharing

Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (2)(2) • Unbalance between economic development and wat

er resources protection;• Lack of attention to the importance of ensuring environme

ntal flows and of water ecosystem protection when devel oping physical structures on rivers;

• Polluted water can contaminate rivers, lakes and wetlan ds;

• Removal of mangrove forests and concrete lining of the banks of river and lakes is impacting on the flora c - over in the basin and reducing the self cleaning functions

and natural processes of rivers;• Inappropriate exploitation of minerals and other

land-based activities in and along our rivers seriously change the living environment for many species of flora and fauna

Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (3)(3)

• The uneven distribution of the river network, un even rainfall, prolonged dry seasons resulting in water supply problems in many areas;

• Quantity and quality of the surface water depen ds on the use of water in the upstream countries

;• Inadequate infrastructure for water supply and

management;• High speed of urbanisation, industrialisation and

intensification of agriculture;• Lack of institutional capacity

Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (4)(4) • The shifting of responsibilities for water resour

ces management to MONRE from other ministri es is not yet completed;

• The institutional changes on national level are not yet completed on provincial and lower level

s.• Newly founded institutions for water resources

management such as the provincial Departme nts of Natural Resources and Environment;

• The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control and sanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak

Technical NeedsTechnical Needs (1)(1)

• Cambodia:Cambodia:• Capacity building for govt. officials at Capacity building for govt. officials at

both national and provincial levelboth national and provincial level• Law enforcementLaw enforcement

• MyanmarMyanmar:: Technical Assistance Technical Assistance RequiredRequired• Dissemination of PIM conceptDissemination of PIM concept• New irrigation methodsNew irrigation methods


• PhilippinesPhilippines– Irrigation Modernization Piloting– Technical Capability Enhancement– Irrigation Statistics Validation


• IndonesiaIndonesia

• Lao PDRLao PDR

• MalaysiaMalaysia

Financial NeedsFinancial Needs (1)(1)

• CambodiaCambodia

• IndonesiaIndonesia

• Lao PDRLao PDR

• MalaysiaMalaysia

Financial Needs (2)Financial Needs (2)

•MyanmarMyanmar:: Finance Assistance Finance Assistance RequiredRequired•Canal liningCanal lining•On-farm level investmentOn-farm level investment•MachineriesMachineries

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (1)(1)• ADB and AFD Funding Projects ADB and AFD Funding Projects

Key indicators to assess quality of the water Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization management organization

i) i) the institutional link between the management b the institutional link between the management b ody, users, and local authorities ody, users, and local authorities

ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan

iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan

iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality maintenance plan s and reality

v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and thecapacity of the management body to enforce themcapacity of the management body to enforce them

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (2)(2)

• Two major challenges for irrigatio Two major challenges for irrigatio n management bodies n management bodies

a) remaintenance and a) remaintenance and

b) internal rules and b) internal rules and regulations.regulations.

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (3)(3)• FWUC capacity building FWUC capacity building requires time, so tha requires time, so tha

t leaders and users capacity can be increase t leaders and users capacity can be increase d. Skills that need to be developed by FWU d. Skills that need to be developed by FWU C leaders relates to: C leaders relates to: 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to to cc ontrol water, share it amongst users with ontrol water, share it amongst users with

equity), equity), 2) maintenance capacity (what job 2) maintenance capacity (what job shouldshould be be

done and when, how to make a contract with done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality o an entrepreneur, how to control the quality o

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LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (4)(4)• FWUC capacity building FWUC capacity building

3 ) accounting capacity (how to keep cle 3 ) accounting capacity (how to keep cle ar accounts of fee collection and expendit ar accounts of fee collection and expendit

ures) ures)

4) financing capacity (how to build the fee 4) financing capacity (how to build the feeff fffff fff ff fffffff f ffff fffff ff fffff fff ff fffffff f ffff fffff

5) enforcement capacity (what and how 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce) to enforce)

LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (1)(1)• Pressures in irrigation Pressures in irrigation come from pop come from pop

ulation growth, water availability, lan ulation growth, water availability, lan d availability, etc. d availability, etc.

• Comprehensive approach Comprehensive approach is needed t is needed t o solve the problems, including o solve the problems, including demadema

nd management nd management

LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (2)(2)• MeasuresMeasures in in Demand Management Demand Management

can be form of introducing a new plan can be form of introducing a new plan tation method i.e. SRI, applying cluste tation method i.e. SRI, applying cluste

rs plantation, empowering water user rs plantation, empowering water user association/farmers, etc. association/farmers, etc.

• It is It is necessary to control population necessary to control population growthgrowth since population affect the since population affect the most to water sector and irrigation.most to water sector and irrigation.

LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED –Lao PDR–Lao PDR

• EstablishingEstablishing Water User Organization (WUO) Water User Organization (WUO) in in community to manage irrigation efficiently and community to manage irrigation efficiently and accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, maintenance, and also capital replacement maintenance, and also capital replacement under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) agreements, irrigation policy and agreements, irrigation policy and implementation has not been successful. implementation has not been successful. Communities are not able to manage asset Communities are not able to manage asset sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well maintained and water user organization is very maintained and water user organization is very weak.weak.

LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Malaysia – Malaysia (1)(1)• Proper irrigation scheduling can result

in significant savings in irrigation time , labour, energy, and water. By carefu

lly managing the amount of water app lied, leaching of nutrients and erosion

can be reduced.• No single agency entrusted with the o

verall planning and management of w ater. There is a need for one agency t

o pursue a more effective water management.

LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (2)(2)•Lack of people awareness on WDM

issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM

• Recycling drainage water for irrigation

• Reduce conveyance losses through c through c anal lining and pipeline network. anal lining and pipeline network.

LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Myanmar – Myanmar (1)(1)

• Active cooperation between f Active cooperation between f armers and Irrigation Depart armers and Irrigation Depart

mentment

• Appropriate cropping pattern Appropriate cropping pattern with water rotation system with water rotation system

• Wide area cultivation in area Wide area cultivation in areacontinuouslycontinuously

LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Myanmar – Myanmar (2)(2)

• Land consolidation Land consolidation

• Farmers, organizers and sup Farmers, organizers and sup ply side’s cooperation ply side’s cooperation

• More on-farm water More on-farm water management trainings for management trainings for farmersfarmers

LESSON LEARNED – Philippines LESSON LEARNED – Philippines (1)(1)

LESSON LEARNED – Singapore LESSON LEARNED – Singapore (1)(1)

LESSON LEARNED – Thailand LESSON LEARNED – Thailand (1)(1)

LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam (1)(1)

BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES

• MalaysiaMalaysia: Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand

– Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optim

um usage of water resources,– Information (water level/gate openi

ng) for decision on water distribution

Best Practices - Singapore Having larger, deeper and interconnected ponds to increase storage capacity

Adopt flexible irrigation schedule to save water by adjusting with the weather conditions. For example, do not irrigate just after rain

Irrigate in the early morning or late evening (between 4 - 7 am or 6 - 9 pm) to minimise evaporation losses and train workers to understand site conditions

Use drought tolerant turf species such as Bermuda and Zoysia grass

Fairway &Tee box

Green Rough

Zoysia matrella

Bermuda tifdwarf Seashore tascalum

Serangoon grass

Axonopus compressus Cow grass

Zoysia

Best Practices - Singapore Apply wetting agent to promote retention of moisture in the turf

Prevent over irrigation which can cause excessive growth and plant diseases

Design sprinklers to provide uniform water distribution and by having overlapping coverage to promote healthy turf grass. The most common and efficient sprinkler spacing is Head-to-Head whereby sprinklers are spaced at their radii

Automatic irrigation system with central control and weather station is one of the most efficient and effective irrigation system

Ponds are sized adequately so that there is sufficient irrigation water even during dry weather

Internal filter system to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads

Some have pipes underneath soil to channel excess ground water back to pond

Vegetable Farms Best practices - Singapore

Most farms using overhead mist irrigation system to ensure good coverage and easier absorption by plants. This helps to cool temperature as well.

Irrigation only carried out on a need basis, average once/day for 10 minutes

No irrigation is done on rainy days. Depending on soil moisture, there can be no irrigation for 2-3 days after heavy rain

Best practices - Singapore

Farmers do not overwater because fear of drowning and diseases such as Rhizonia

Usually covered with special type of translucent netting to allow sufficient sunlight penetration while protecting plants from excessive rain.

Best practices - Singapore

BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES

• ThailandThailand: : Increase water use Increase water use efficiency efficiency through irrigation system through irrigation system operation and maintenance, operation and maintenance, improvement and modernization, improvement and modernization, cost recovery/sharing, and cost recovery/sharing, and changing changing cropping patternscropping patterns

Action – IndonesiaAction – Indonesia

•Optimizing the existing water infrastructures/irrigation with prioritization, i.e. proper O&M, Rehabilitation, upgrading and construction of new irrigation networks

•Plantation arrangement including empowerment of water user associations

•Participatory approach and decentralization

Action PlanningAction Planning – Myanmar – Myanmar (1)(1)

New demand initiatives

- Extension of new agricultural lands

- Increase of irrigated farmlands

- Extension of urban areas

- Increase of industrial zones

- Village-wise small tanks in Central Dry Zone (CDZ)

- Transbasin water diversion projects

- On-farm water management farmers’ training

Action PlanningAction Planning – Myanmar – Myanmar (2)(2)

- Poverty reduction and farmer motivation for more investment and technical know-how.

- Allow the cultivation of cash crops in irrigated areas

- Promotion of well-organized Water User Groups

- Promotion of farmers’ training

- Inviting participation from inside the country and abroad

Action – Thailand (1)Action – Thailand (1)

•Industry Sector: the 3 R principle (reduce reuse and recycle ) was applied in some places.


•Water Efficiency for Agriculture –To introduce crops and less water-consuming cultivation

–To apply concrete lining for irrigation system

–To promote drip irrigation–To use treated water for irrigation


•Water Efficiency for Agriculture –Support technology to increase water efficiency, e.g. change in cropping pattern or research on less water-consuming crops

–To limit amount of water in case of water scarcity

Action – Vietnam (1)Action – Vietnam (1)

• Develop a uniform way of water management i - n all fields based on a river basin approach.

• Allow a shift in policies from - supply focused to d- emand focused approach for the irrigation sector

;• Strengthen the policy and institutional framew

ork for water demand management;• Improve compliance and enforcement and dee

pen public participation and involvement;• Expand and diversify investment in

infrastructure for irrigation

Action – Vietnam (2)Action – Vietnam (2)

• Reflect the nature of water service products more effectively.

• Allow the (re)implementation of fees , duties and t ax policies.

• Reflect the real costs of a water unit in order to ens ure the security and sustainability of water services.

• Promote more proactive engagement in regional ri parian cooperation and improving information mana

gement,• Complete separation of the water management

and service functions to support further decentralization of management authorities

STRATEGIES & PRIORITYSTRATEGIES & PRIORITY

• StrategiesStrategies • PriorityPriority

ACTIVITIES & PRIORITYACTIVITIES & PRIORITY

• ActivitiesActivities • PriorityPriority

PLAN OF ACTIONPLAN OF ACTION

• PlanPlan • PriorityPriority

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

workshop on water resources demand management learning forum for irrigation

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