Country report onCountry report on

Water Resources Demand Water Resources Demand Management for IrrigationManagement for Irrigation

Presented by Mr.Thong Sokvongsa, Deputy Chief Office Mr. Khun Sovithea, Technical Officer Ministry of Environment, CAMBODIA 26-28 July 2011,Bankok, Thailand

Introduction

Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia between

Latitudes 10 and 15 North and Longitudes 102 and 108 East It has an area of 181 035 km2 Lao PDR in the North Thailand in the North and

Northwest Vietnam in the East and

Southeast And by the Gulf of Thailand to

the Southwest

Introduction (cont)

Wet (May-October) Dry (Nov-April) rainfall 1300 mm/year 85 % of total population are farmers. Rice is the most important crop in Cambodia. Average yield 2 T/ha

Population and Key Socio-economic Indicators

Total population 14.08 million, 52.2% are female and 47.8% are male;

An average growth 1.81%; Population density of 79% per sq. km; 85.% living in rural area, 15% in urban area and 6.9% in

Phnom Penh Some Key socio-economic Indicators: GDP: 2007: 8.2 B

USD, per capita: 550$ Agriculture: 34% (down from 46% in 1997)

Industry: 27% (major contribution: Garment) Services: 39% (major contribution: Tourism)

Based on MOP, May 2007

Land

The Country consisting of 23 provinces and 1 capital and divided into 185 districts;

59% (11 million ha) is classified as forest area;

21% (3.78 million ha) is cultivated areas and

91.2% are occupied by paddy cultivation

Water Resource Potential in Cambodia

Water Resource Irrigated Area (ha) Main Stream 734,000 Mekong Tributaries 253,000 Mekong Flooded Area 179,000 Tonle Sap Tributaries 358,900 Outside Mekong Basin 142,000 Total 1,667,300

Tonle Sap Basin: River & IrrigationTonle Sap Basin: River & Irrigation

Existing IrrigationExisting Irrigation

MORAM estimated that the existing MORAM estimated that the existing irrigation covered at 1.05 M hairrigation covered at 1.05 M ha

160,000 ha served by small scale scheme160,000 ha served by small scale scheme 620,000 ha served by medium scale 620,000 ha served by medium scale

schemescheme 270,000 ha served by large scale scheme270,000 ha served by large scale scheme Only 56% of that irrigated are effective Only 56% of that irrigated are effective

servedserved Effective irrigation cover 590,000 ha Effective irrigation cover 590,000 ha

Water Use In CambodiaWater Use In Cambodia

(Million m³ /Year)(Million m³ /Year)

Policy and ProgramPolicy and Program

National water resources policyNational water resources policy Law on WRM (2007)Law on WRM (2007) National water sector profileNational water sector profile Water resources Road map,Water resources Road map, National water resources strategyNational water resources strategy National Environmental Action PlanNational Environmental Action Plan

StrategiesStrategies

Technical Working Group for Agriculture and Water Technical Working Group for Agriculture and Water Resources Resources

Joint Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2006-2010 Joint Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2006-2010 (MAFF and MOWRAM Feb 07) (MAFF and MOWRAM Feb 07)

Framework for FWUCFramework for FWUC National Programme for Household Food Security and National Programme for Household Food Security and

Poverty Reduction 2007-2011 (MAFF, Jun 06) Poverty Reduction 2007-2011 (MAFF, Jun 06) IWRM strategy (MOWRAM, 06) IWRM strategy (MOWRAM, 06) Cambodia Millennium Development Goals 2003 (Nov03) Cambodia Millennium Development Goals 2003 (Nov03) National Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005 (Nov 02)National Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005 (Nov 02)

Goals of Water Resources PolicyGoals of Water Resources Policy

The goals of water Resources policy is to ensure The goals of water Resources policy is to ensure effective and sustainable management of water effective and sustainable management of water resources in the further 20 years. resources in the further 20 years.

More specifically are: More specifically are: To protect, manage and use of water with effective, To protect, manage and use of water with effective,

equitable and sustainable manner, equitable and sustainable manner, To foresee and take measure to assist related To foresee and take measure to assist related

institution to settle the facing problems which might institution to settle the facing problems which might be occurred in water sector, be occurred in water sector,

Goals of Water Resources Policy Goals of Water Resources Policy (Cont)(Cont)

To develop and implement the national strategy To develop and implement the national strategy and formulate the national policy and sector policy and formulate the national policy and sector policy on water resources management; on water resources management;

To direct the water resources development, To direct the water resources development, management and utilization in the Kingdom of management and utilization in the Kingdom of Cambodia to all activities of institutions, private Cambodia to all activities of institutions, private sector and public sector, sector and public sector,

To improve and uplift the people living to achieve To improve and uplift the people living to achieve the national policy on poverty reduction and the national policy on poverty reduction and sustainable national economy development sustainable national economy development

Priorities Direction of NWRPPriorities Direction of NWRP

1. To provide farmers with the quantity and quality of water they 1. To provide farmers with the quantity and quality of water they

need, when and where they need it, and within the limits of need, when and where they need it, and within the limits of

available water resources and technology. available water resources and technology.

2. To promote the rehabilitation and construction of irrigation, drainage, 2. To promote the rehabilitation and construction of irrigation, drainage, and flood management infrastructure, in order to and flood management infrastructure, in order to

provide sufficient water for agricultural production and to provide sufficient water for agricultural production and to

alleviate the adverse consequences of excess water. alleviate the adverse consequences of excess water.

3. To promote the development and extension of appropriate 3. To promote the development and extension of appropriate water management technologies that are particularly suited to water management technologies that are particularly suited to

rain-fed agricultural areas, such as water harvesting, rain-fed agricultural areas, such as water harvesting,

improvements to the moisture-holding capacities of soils and improvements to the moisture-holding capacities of soils and

use of farm ponds. use of farm ponds.

Priorities Direction of NWRP ( Cont)Priorities Direction of NWRP ( Cont)

4. To strengthen and expand Farmer Water User 4. To strengthen and expand Farmer Water User

Communities, to enable them to participate in water Communities, to enable them to participate in water management and allocation and to maintain irrigation management and allocation and to maintain irrigation

infrastructure with effectiveness and sustainability. infrastructure with effectiveness and sustainability.

5.To minimize the impact on the water resources caused 5.To minimize the impact on the water resources caused by the uses of chemical substances in the agricultural by the uses of chemical substances in the agricultural

production by encouraging people to implement production by encouraging people to implement

diversified agriculture and Integrated Pest diversified agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Management (IPM).

Priorities Direction of NWRP Priorities Direction of NWRP ( Cont)( Cont)

6. Introduction and implementation of IWRM concept 6. Introduction and implementation of IWRM concept into the priority river basin by establishing RBO.into the priority river basin by establishing RBO.

A number of other policy points in the NWRP have A number of other policy points in the NWRP have much relevance to water management for agriculture, much relevance to water management for agriculture, related to resource management on the basis of river related to resource management on the basis of river basins, equitable sharing and allocation of water, and basins, equitable sharing and allocation of water, and the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.

Law on Water Resources ManagementLaw on Water Resources Management

The general purpose of this Law is to foster the effective The general purpose of this Law is to foster the effective and sustainable management of the water resources of the and sustainable management of the water resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia to attain socio-economic Kingdom of Cambodia to attain socio-economic development and the welfare of the people. development and the welfare of the people.

- The rights and obligations of water users, - The rights and obligations of water users,

- The fundamental principles of water resources - The fundamental principles of water resources

management, and management, and

- The participation of users and their associations in the - The participation of users and their associations in the

sustainable development of water resources.sustainable development of water resources.

Under Law on Water Resources Under Law on Water Resources ManagementManagement

4 Sub-decrees were identified : 4 Sub-decrees were identified :

River Basin Management River Basin Management Water Allocation and Licensing Water Allocation and Licensing Water Quality Water Quality Farmer Water User Community Farmer Water User Community

Institutional Involve with River Basin Management

Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology Ministry of Environment Ministry of Industry, Mine and Energy Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Cambodia National Mekong Committee

Lesson learnedLesson learned

ADB and AFD Funding Projects ADB and AFD Funding Projects Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization

i) the institutional link between the management i) the institutional link between the management body, users, and local authorities body, users, and local authorities

ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan

iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality maintenance plan s and reality

v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the capacity of the management body to enforce them capacity of the management body to enforce them Two major challenges for irrigation management bodiesTwo major challenges for irrigation management bodies

a) remaintenance and a) remaintenance and b) internal rules and regulations.b) internal rules and regulations.

Lesson LearnedLesson Learned (cont)(cont)

FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leaders and users FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leaders and users capacity can be increased. Skills that need to be developed by capacity can be increased. Skills that need to be developed by FWUC leaders relates to: FWUC leaders relates to:

1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to control 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to control water, share it amongst users with equity), water, share it amongst users with equity),

2) maintenance capacity (what job should be done and 2) maintenance capacity (what job should be done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality of the maintenance work) how to control the quality of the maintenance work)

3) accounting capacity (how to keep clear accounts of 3) accounting capacity (how to keep clear accounts of fee collection and expenditures) fee collection and expenditures)

4 ) financing capacity (how to build the fee amount, how 4 ) financing capacity (how to build the fee amount, how to collect a good rate) to collect a good rate) 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce) 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce)

Problems and ChallengesProblems and Challenges

Inadequate legislation framework Inadequate legislation framework Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national

and provincial leveland provincial level Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination

among water-related institutionsamong water-related institutions Unplanned urban and industrial developmentUnplanned urban and industrial development Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated

manner manner

Assistance RequiredAssistance Required

Capacity building for government Capacity building for government officers at both national and officers at both national and provincial levelprovincial level

Law enforcementLaw enforcement

Thanks for your attention !Thanks for your attention !