Why is Feacal Sludge and SeptageManagement important for Urban India?

Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior Fellow

Scale of challenges : India and the world

Source: WHO-UNICEF JMP Report 2014

INDIA53%

SSA28%

S. Asia-India14%

BRICS-India1%

Rest of the

World4%

World Total OD(%)

INDIA52%

SSA35%

S. Asia-India7%

BRICS-India1%

Rest of the

World5%

World Urban OD (%)

IHL-47%

IHL-31% IHL-81%

PL-3%

PL-2% PL-6%

OD-50%

OD-67 %OD-13%

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

1400.0

TOTAL (1210 mn) RURAL (833 mn) URBAN (377 mn)P

op

ula

tio

n (

mn

s)In-House Latrine Public Latrine Open Defecation

MDG Goal/ Target/ Indicator

India’s Baseline -

1990

India’s Target for

2015

India’s achievement

in 2012

Safe drinking water (T)

70 85 93

Improved Sanitation (T)

18 59 36

Improved Sanitation (U)

50 75 60

Improved Sanitation (R)

7 71 25

Population India - T: 1210 m., R: 833 m., U: 377 m.

Source: Census 2011

Source: MOPSI 2013

• Water borne diseases

– Diarrhoea: estimated 600 mill.

adult cases, 300 mill. U-5

: about 400,000 U-5 deaths

• Vector borne

– Malaria: 900,000 (2013) reported

cases to 24 mill. annual cases

(estimated 2012)

– Dengue : ~ 50,000 cases & 250

deaths (2012)

• Stunting

- undernutrition in India is largely

explained by open defecation,

population density, and lack

of sanitation and hygiene

Faecal – Oral pathways, risks, impact

Urban OD and GDP

Urban OD and IMR

Sanitation: Health and economic benefits for India

Wastewater and Septage flow

Source: Census 2011, CPHEEO Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (2012), Central Pollution Control Board Government ofIndia (2009), CPR Analysis

Environmental sanitation is emerging to be the predominant challenge: Institutional OD?

Census : Urban Administrative : Urban

State differences: Urban Sanitation

Urban Open defecation in India, as against per capita State GDP shows three clear clusters1. Smaller, higher income states, have lower OD; 2. Large sized states have OD similar to India’s

average : 3. Medium sized lower urbanized states have higher OD

Sanitation Situation across city size: 2011

With the decrease in city size, dependence on OSS also increases

Recent changes which are making Faecal Sludge and Septage Management CENTRALto sanitation solutions for urban India

International Policy Context

National Context – society, policy and programs

International : MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals: from access to improved sanitation facilities to ending Open Defecation and safely managed sanitation services

MDGs (2000-2015)GOAL

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

TARGET

Halve by 2015, the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water & basic sanitation

INDICATORS

• The proportion of the population that use an improved drinking water source

• The proportion of the population that use an improved sanitation facility

SDGs: 2015-2030GOAL:

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water & sanitation for all

TARGET

(6.2) By 2030 achieve access to adequate & equitable sanitation & hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls

INDICATORS

• % of all population using safely managed sanitation services [progressive elimination of inequalities in access]

• Population with a hand-washing facility with soap & water in the household [progressive elimination of inequalities in access

Measured by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of the WHO & UNICEF(Dependent on national household surveys / census)

International : Move away from toilet construction alone to “Open Defecation Free, communities/cities”

“100% sanitized village” -Mosmoil

NationalFocus on100%sanitizedvillage/ODF

TSC

SantGadgeBaba

SwatchataAbhiyan

ODF in SBM G

2000 ‘01 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19‘02 ‘03

SDGWDR 2004

TSC/NBA ODF

1999

INDIA ODF Indiatarget

Global ODF elimination

targetGLOBAL

BANGLADESH

NirmalGram

Puraskar

From 78%to 3 % OD

SACOSAN (T 2022)

‘30

OTHER COUNTRIES

International : M&E for SDG regarding “safely managed sanitation”

The JMP proposes to monitor “safely managed sanitation” through the containment, emptying, transport and treatment stages of the sanitation chain.

Source : JMP Green Paper 2015

International : reducing resource use esp. in the Climate change context (energy and water)

India with an average annual per capita availability of water in the country of 1545 cubic meters as per the 2011 census Is ranked 132nd in the world as per per capita availability (PIB, 2015; IWMI, 2007)

International : Steady technological innovations for FSSM

Source : Roshan Shresta, 2014

Omni processer

Geobag dewatering

International: FSM is growing and is here to stay

15

• High dependency on OSS currently• Future increase in dependency – from 2.7 billion upto 4.9 billion persons by

2030! • High Vulnerabilities – occupational and human health and the environment• Advantages over sewerage systems – costs, time requirements of

construction, nature of cities, climate benefits, private service opportunity, etc

Source: Cairns-Smith, Hill and Nazarenko 2014

National: Increased attention to Sanitation Policy

‘47

International Water &

Sanitation Decade

‘80 ‘86 ‘90 ‘93 ‘95 2000 ‘01 ‘03 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15

ILCS- Integrated Low-cost Sanitation, CRSP- Central Rural Sanitation Programme, GAP- Ganga Action Plan, NRCP- National River Conservation Programme, TSC- Total Sanitation Campaign, NGP- Nirmal Gram Puraskar, JNNURM- Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, NUSP- National Urban Sanitation Policy , SBM – Swachh Bharat Mission, NUDM

– National Urban Development Mission

Millennium Summit &

MDG

International Year of

Sanitation. Part of

Water for Life Decade SDGs

ILCS CRSP

GAP

Manual

Scavenging

Act 1993

NRC

P

GAP

subsumed

into NRCP NGP

Pune

Decl.

JNNURM, GOI

financing for urban

sanitation sector

started to increase

NUSP

released

SBM AMRUT

Smart

Cities

TSC

‘95 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22

Goal

of an

ODF

India!

National: SBM (U) and AMRUT funding

AMRUT Funding available for Faecal Sludge and SeptageManagement

Waste water treatment Capacity 10-11% of census Urban Pop

~ 70% Statutory Town urban pop

in 2011

Success of SBM (U) IHHL penetration will make FSSM more critical

National: Changes in social structure, housing consolidation

As share of total housing (NSS) 1983 1993 2002 2008-09 2011 (census)

Permanent 57.6% 73.8% 87.7% 91.7% 84.3%

Semi-permanent (roof quality) 25.9% 17.9% 9.0& 6.2% 11.6%

• Housing consolidation and improvements in HH access to piped water supply

• Changes in social structure including • Family composition – nuclear families• Social Equity and dignity demands –

• gender equity and voice within HH, increased workforce participation

• Manual scavenging Act, caste based mobilization, etc

National : Environmental (esp. River and groundwater) pollution

• Absence of structured approach to liquid waste management – (more of a unorganised/informal sector)

• Requirement to control pollution to rivers• Need to comply with NGT directive and other court directives• High cost and long implementation period for under ground sewerage system

Source: Mathivathnan, 2016

National: Regulatory and economic drivers for FSM

• MoEF, GoI regulations for waste water treatment and reuse in large housing and institutional complexes

• New Municipal waste management rules 2016

• Municipal Byelaws eg. Pune, Warrangal, Udaipur …..

• Economics driving - Many smaller Institutional complexes and Residential RWAs relaying on non-networked water and onsite primary treatment systems finding it beneficial to moving to reusing treated waste water and FS.

Technological innovations and projects in South Asia

21

• Project locations and 2 case studies

Image Source: Ananada Jayaweera

Image Source: Avinash Kumar

Chilaw Town Septage Treatment Facility, Sri Lanka

FSM Treatment Plant Lakshmipur, Bangladesh

• Current scenario no more acceptable

22

Image Source: UMC 2014

Image Sources: SCI-FI 2014 Image Sources: Injeti Srinivas 2014

Summary: Organised FSM Central to improved sanitation

State and City Strategies for“Swachh Bharat”, and improved sanitation need to incorporate scientific Faecal Sludge and SeptageManagement

THANK YOU