Download - Why is Feacal Sludge and Septage Management important for Urban India? - Shubhagato Dasgupta
Why is Feacal Sludge and SeptageManagement important for Urban India?
Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior Fellow
Scale of challenges : India and the world
Source: WHO-UNICEF JMP Report 2014
INDIA53%
SSA28%
S. Asia-India14%
BRICS-India1%
Rest of the
World4%
World Total OD(%)
INDIA52%
SSA35%
S. Asia-India7%
BRICS-India1%
Rest of the
World5%
World Urban OD (%)
IHL-47%
IHL-31% IHL-81%
PL-3%
PL-2% PL-6%
OD-50%
OD-67 %OD-13%
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
TOTAL (1210 mn) RURAL (833 mn) URBAN (377 mn)P
op
ula
tio
n (
mn
s)In-House Latrine Public Latrine Open Defecation
MDG Goal/ Target/ Indicator
India’s Baseline -
1990
India’s Target for
2015
India’s achievement
in 2012
Safe drinking water (T)
70 85 93
Improved Sanitation (T)
18 59 36
Improved Sanitation (U)
50 75 60
Improved Sanitation (R)
7 71 25
Population India - T: 1210 m., R: 833 m., U: 377 m.
Source: Census 2011
Source: MOPSI 2013
• Water borne diseases
– Diarrhoea: estimated 600 mill.
adult cases, 300 mill. U-5
: about 400,000 U-5 deaths
• Vector borne
– Malaria: 900,000 (2013) reported
cases to 24 mill. annual cases
(estimated 2012)
– Dengue : ~ 50,000 cases & 250
deaths (2012)
• Stunting
- undernutrition in India is largely
explained by open defecation,
population density, and lack
of sanitation and hygiene
Faecal – Oral pathways, risks, impact
Urban OD and GDP
Urban OD and IMR
Sanitation: Health and economic benefits for India
Wastewater and Septage flow
Source: Census 2011, CPHEEO Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (2012), Central Pollution Control Board Government ofIndia (2009), CPR Analysis
Environmental sanitation is emerging to be the predominant challenge: Institutional OD?
Census : Urban Administrative : Urban
State differences: Urban Sanitation
Urban Open defecation in India, as against per capita State GDP shows three clear clusters1. Smaller, higher income states, have lower OD; 2. Large sized states have OD similar to India’s
average : 3. Medium sized lower urbanized states have higher OD
Sanitation Situation across city size: 2011
With the decrease in city size, dependence on OSS also increases
Recent changes which are making Faecal Sludge and Septage Management CENTRALto sanitation solutions for urban India
International Policy Context
National Context – society, policy and programs
International : MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals: from access to improved sanitation facilities to ending Open Defecation and safely managed sanitation services
MDGs (2000-2015)GOAL
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
TARGET
Halve by 2015, the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water & basic sanitation
INDICATORS
• The proportion of the population that use an improved drinking water source
• The proportion of the population that use an improved sanitation facility
SDGs: 2015-2030GOAL:
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water & sanitation for all
TARGET
(6.2) By 2030 achieve access to adequate & equitable sanitation & hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls
INDICATORS
• % of all population using safely managed sanitation services [progressive elimination of inequalities in access]
• Population with a hand-washing facility with soap & water in the household [progressive elimination of inequalities in access
Measured by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of the WHO & UNICEF(Dependent on national household surveys / census)
International : Move away from toilet construction alone to “Open Defecation Free, communities/cities”
“100% sanitized village” -Mosmoil
NationalFocus on100%sanitizedvillage/ODF
TSC
SantGadgeBaba
SwatchataAbhiyan
ODF in SBM G
2000 ‘01 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19‘02 ‘03
SDGWDR 2004
TSC/NBA ODF
1999
INDIA ODF Indiatarget
Global ODF elimination
targetGLOBAL
BANGLADESH
NirmalGram
Puraskar
From 78%to 3 % OD
SACOSAN (T 2022)
‘30
OTHER COUNTRIES
International : M&E for SDG regarding “safely managed sanitation”
The JMP proposes to monitor “safely managed sanitation” through the containment, emptying, transport and treatment stages of the sanitation chain.
Source : JMP Green Paper 2015
International : reducing resource use esp. in the Climate change context (energy and water)
India with an average annual per capita availability of water in the country of 1545 cubic meters as per the 2011 census Is ranked 132nd in the world as per per capita availability (PIB, 2015; IWMI, 2007)
International : Steady technological innovations for FSSM
Source : Roshan Shresta, 2014
Omni processer
Geobag dewatering
International: FSM is growing and is here to stay
15
• High dependency on OSS currently• Future increase in dependency – from 2.7 billion upto 4.9 billion persons by
2030! • High Vulnerabilities – occupational and human health and the environment• Advantages over sewerage systems – costs, time requirements of
construction, nature of cities, climate benefits, private service opportunity, etc
Source: Cairns-Smith, Hill and Nazarenko 2014
National: Increased attention to Sanitation Policy
‘47
International Water &
Sanitation Decade
‘80 ‘86 ‘90 ‘93 ‘95 2000 ‘01 ‘03 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15
ILCS- Integrated Low-cost Sanitation, CRSP- Central Rural Sanitation Programme, GAP- Ganga Action Plan, NRCP- National River Conservation Programme, TSC- Total Sanitation Campaign, NGP- Nirmal Gram Puraskar, JNNURM- Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, NUSP- National Urban Sanitation Policy , SBM – Swachh Bharat Mission, NUDM
– National Urban Development Mission
Millennium Summit &
MDG
International Year of
Sanitation. Part of
Water for Life Decade SDGs
ILCS CRSP
GAP
Manual
Scavenging
Act 1993
NRC
P
GAP
subsumed
into NRCP NGP
Pune
Decl.
JNNURM, GOI
financing for urban
sanitation sector
started to increase
NUSP
released
SBM AMRUT
Smart
Cities
TSC
‘95 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22
Goal
of an
ODF
India!
National: SBM (U) and AMRUT funding
AMRUT Funding available for Faecal Sludge and SeptageManagement
Waste water treatment Capacity 10-11% of census Urban Pop
~ 70% Statutory Town urban pop
in 2011
Success of SBM (U) IHHL penetration will make FSSM more critical
National: Changes in social structure, housing consolidation
As share of total housing (NSS) 1983 1993 2002 2008-09 2011 (census)
Permanent 57.6% 73.8% 87.7% 91.7% 84.3%
Semi-permanent (roof quality) 25.9% 17.9% 9.0& 6.2% 11.6%
• Housing consolidation and improvements in HH access to piped water supply
• Changes in social structure including • Family composition – nuclear families• Social Equity and dignity demands –
• gender equity and voice within HH, increased workforce participation
• Manual scavenging Act, caste based mobilization, etc
National : Environmental (esp. River and groundwater) pollution
• Absence of structured approach to liquid waste management – (more of a unorganised/informal sector)
• Requirement to control pollution to rivers• Need to comply with NGT directive and other court directives• High cost and long implementation period for under ground sewerage system
Source: Mathivathnan, 2016
National: Regulatory and economic drivers for FSM
• MoEF, GoI regulations for waste water treatment and reuse in large housing and institutional complexes
• New Municipal waste management rules 2016
• Municipal Byelaws eg. Pune, Warrangal, Udaipur …..
• Economics driving - Many smaller Institutional complexes and Residential RWAs relaying on non-networked water and onsite primary treatment systems finding it beneficial to moving to reusing treated waste water and FS.
Technological innovations and projects in South Asia
21
• Project locations and 2 case studies
Image Source: Ananada Jayaweera
Image Source: Avinash Kumar
Chilaw Town Septage Treatment Facility, Sri Lanka
FSM Treatment Plant Lakshmipur, Bangladesh
• Current scenario no more acceptable
22
Image Source: UMC 2014
Image Sources: SCI-FI 2014 Image Sources: Injeti Srinivas 2014
Summary: Organised FSM Central to improved sanitation
State and City Strategies for“Swachh Bharat”, and improved sanitation need to incorporate scientific Faecal Sludge and SeptageManagement
THANK YOU