Chapter 2. Contrasting approaches in agricultural development. Pages 4-33. In: Elske van de Fliert. 1993. Integrated Pest Management: Farmer Field Schools Generate Sustainable Practices. A case study in

Central Java evaluating IPM training. PhD Thesis, Thesis No. 93-3, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen, Veenman Drukkers, 304 pages.

Keywords: the Green Revolution, rice history and culture, population growth, rice production and the state, five-year plan, BIMAS mass guidance, rice yields in Central Java from 1972-88, village cooperatives, REPLITA III, extension workers, high yielding varieties, use of inorganic fertilizer, insecticide usage, insect pest outbreaks, farmer indigenous knowledge, brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, 57 insecticides banned, government pest observers, pesticide production and subsidies, Indonesian agricultural extension service, training and visit method, farmers divided into groups, alternative extension approaches, farmer training, the FAO intercountry IPM programme, Indonesia National IPM Programme, farmer behavior supported by IPM, training of trainers (TOT), description of a farmer field school, two contrasting approaches to extension