vq;fsila murpayikg;gpidg; gw;wp...

mgptpUj;jp

rkj;Jtk;

mbg;gil chpikfs;

ePjp xUikg;ghLrkhjhdk;

epahak;

Gjpa ,yq;if

vq;fSila

murpayikg;gpidg;

gw;wp ciuahLNthk;

vq;fSila

murpayikg;gpidg;

gw;wp ciuahLNthk;

Rje;jpuk;

mile;jjpypUe;jhd

murpayikg;Gf;fs;

1947 murpayikg;GnghwpKiw

• ,yq;ifapypUe;j rpy Kf;fpa];jh;fSld; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>

ngUk;ghyhd cs;sPLfs; mikr;rh;fs; rigapd; tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;

• gphpj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;j epWtd Vw;ghLfisAk; eilKiwfisAk;

xj;jpUe;jJ.

• mbg;gil chpikfs; njhlh;gpyhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.

• ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL;

eypTw;wpUe;jJ.

• murpayikg;gpy; Fiwe;f mstpyhd \fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkdpiy

Ngzy;| fhzg;gl;lJ.

• gphpj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ Nghd;W murpayikg;gpid murpaw; fyhr;rhuk;

ghJfhf;Fk; vd tiuQh;fshy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Nrh;. Inthh; n[d;dpq;];

vdg;gLfpd;w gpugy;akhd

gphpj;jhdpa fy;tpkhdhy;

tiuag;gl;lJ.


• ghuhSkd;wk; murpay; eph;za rigahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

• ,t; murpayikg;G vjph;f;fl;rpfspd; (I.Nj.f.> jkpo;f; fl;rpfs;)

Mjuitg; ngwtpy;iy.

gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;

• rpNyhd;> ,yq;if (= yq;fh) vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• Fbaurhf cUkhw;wg;gl;lJ.

• murfUk nkhopahf rpq;fsk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rp ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - kj;jpa

murhq;fk; mjpAah;thdJ.

mjpfhu myFfSf;F mjpfhuq;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;fyhk;.

• mjpAah; jhdk; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;Lfshf ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.

• RahjPdkhd gfpuq;fNrit Mizf;FOtpdJk; ePjpr;Nrit

Mizf;FOtpdJk; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ePjpj;Jiwapd; tfpghfk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

• rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.


• ghuhSkd;w njhpTf;FO 1972Mk; Mz;L

murpayikg;gpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd rl;l%yk; xd;wpid Kd;nkhope;jJ.

• Fwpj;j rl;l%yk; Gjpa Ml;rpKiw fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;ljhd Gjpa murpayikg;gpd; %ykhf 1972Mk;

Mz;L murpayikg;gpidg; gjpyPL nra;jJ.

• vjph;f;fl;rpfs; ,t; murpayikg;Gf;F Mjutspf;ftpy;iy.

gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;

• kf;fshy; Neubahf njhpTnra;ag;gLfpd;w> gyk; tha;e;j epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp Kiwikapid cUthf;fpaJ.

• Njh;jy; Kiwikapid khw;wpaJ - tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

• ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; Ra Ml;rp chpik Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tfpgq;F Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ - ghuhSkd;wk;

njhpTnra;ag;gl;L xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;dh; rdhjpgjpapdhy;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpidf; fiyf;f KbAk;.

• murpayikg;gpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F

kf;fs; jPh;g;Gfspd; gad;ghL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• ePjpj;Jiwapd; tfpgq;F NkYk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

• rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.

jpUkjp rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f

mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ

(ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L

ngUk;ghd;ik)

jpU. n[. Mh;. n[ath;jd

mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;f-

g;gl;lJ (ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

ehd;fpy; Ie;J ngUk;ghd;ik)

murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jr;

nrad;Kiw

ij 2016 05 rpj;jpiu 2016

09 gq;Fdp 2016

ghuhSkd;wj;jpid

murpayikg;Gr; rigahf

khw;Wtjw;fhd fl;likg;Gj;

jPh;khdkhdJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• ghuhSkd;w rghehafh;

,jw;Fj; jiyik

tfpf;fpd;whh;.

murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhl-

h;ghd nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt

FO nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jpidg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mikr;ru-

itapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,f; FO ehlshtpa

hPjpapy; 25 khtl;lq;fspYk;

nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jpidg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd

fye;jhNyhridf;

$l;lq;fis elhj;jpaJ.

• FOtpd; mwpf;if itfhrp

2016 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

topg;gLj;Jk; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• midj;J murpay; fl;rp-

fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;-

Jfpd;w tifapy; 21 cWg;gp-

dh;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

• gpujkh; ,jw;Fj; jiyik

tfpf;fpd;whh;.

• murpayikg;G

d;nkhopTfSf;fhd

tiugpidj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kd;ida rdhjpgjpfs; ,yq;iff;F Gjpa murpayikg;gpid cUthf;FNthk;

vd;W mth;fs; nfhLj;j thf;FWjpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa njhpTnra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.

Kd;dhs; rdhjpgjp uh[gf;\ jd;Dila Njh;jy; tpQ;Qhgdkhd kfpe;j

rpe;jidapy; (2005) mtUf;F Ke;ija rdhjpgjp FkhuJq;f mk;ikahhpidg;

NghyNt Gjpa murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd thf;FWjpapid

toq;fpapUe;jhh;. mjd; gpd;dh;> rdhjpgjp ikj;jphpghy rphpNrd jd;Dila

Njh;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Gjpa murpayikg;G vd;w thf;FWjpapid ,yq;if

kf;fSf;F toq;fpapUe;jhh;. ,r; nrad;Kiwapy; ehk; vt;tsT Jhuk;

Kd;NdwpAs;Nshk; vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; ghh;g;Nghk;.

Gul;lhjp 2017

05 itfhrp 2016 ,dp elf;f

Ntz;bait vit?topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpdhy; MW cg

FOf;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ld:

• mbg;gil chpikfs;

• ePjpj;Jiw

• rl;lKk; xOq;Fk;

• gfpuq;f epjp

• gfpuq;f Nrit

• kj;jpa-khfhz myFfSf;F

,ilapyhd cwTfs;

• topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpd; ,Wjp

mwpf;if

• murpayikg;G tiuG

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdJk;

kf;fs; jPh;g;gpDhlhd

nghJkf;fspdJk; mq;fPfhuk;

,ilf;fhy mwpf;if ghuhSkd;w-

j;jpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• murpd; jd;ik

• ,iwik

• kjk;

• murhq;fj;jpd; tbtk;

• Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

• mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;

Nfhl;ghLfs;

• fhzp

murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d?

murpayikg;gkpkhzpaf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;

murpayikg;gpd; kPAah; jd;ikAk;

• midj;J rl;lq;fSk; ,jw;F mikthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

• murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; typjw;wJ.

• murpayikg;ghdJ muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhdJk;

• kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd r%f xg;ge;jkhFk;

,J murpd; tpOkpaq;fisf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

kf;fspd; mgpyhirfs;

Njrj;jpd; mbg;gil ,JthFk;

• ehl;bid eph;tfpg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfis murpayikg;G epuw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

murpd; jd;ik

murhq;fj;jpd; fl;likg;G

murpd; jj;Jtq;fSk; flikfSk;

gpuirapd; chpikfSk; flikfSk;

murpayikg;gkp-

khzpaf; Nfhl;ghL

murpayikg;gpd;

kPAah; jd;ikapid

mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

• murpayikg;gpd; %yk; murpay; jiyth;fspd;

mjpfhuq;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• jdpegh;fs; chpikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld;

mtw;wpw;F kjpg;gspf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

• murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; murpay; hPjpahf

nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;bath;fs;> rl;l Ml;rpf;Ff;

l;Lg;gl;lth;fs;.

• eph;thfj;JiwapdJk; ghuhSkd;wg;

ngUk;ghd;ikapdJk; vNjr;ir mjpfhukhd

nraw;ghLfs; jLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Nghd;w

ek;gpf;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ

murpayikg;G kPAah; jd;ikahdJ>

• midj;J rl;lq;fSk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F fPohdit.

• rdhjpgjp> gpujkh;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;slq;fyhf midj;J

egh;fSk;> mur epWtdq;fSk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lit.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk;

murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

vq;fspd; jw;Nghija murpayikg;G kPAah;

jd;ik tha;e;jjh?

• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 16 gpd;tUkhW Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:

murpayikg;G cUthtjw;F Kd;dh; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; mbg;gil

chpikfSf;F Kuzhditahf ,Ug;gpDk; $l typjhditahFk;.

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rj;jpid mDkjpf;fpd;wJk;> ngz;fspd;

rkj;Jtj;jpid kWg;gJkhd xU Vw;ghlhf cWg;Giu 16 fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf> Njrtoikr; rl;lk;> K];ypk; jdpahh; rl;lk; Nghd;w jdpahh;

rl;lq;fspYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l Vw;ghLfs;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; rkj;Jtk;

njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfspd; cs;shh;e;j jd;ikapidAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;

NkNyhq;Ftjid mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

njd; Mgphpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfs;> tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lq;fs; mbg;gil

chpikfSf;F mikthf ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ khj;jpuNk mtw;iw mq;fPfhpj;J

kjpg;gspf;fpd;wd.

mbg;gil chpikfs; tpl;Lf;nfhLg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl KbahjitAk;

midj;J rKjhaq;fisr; Nrh;e;j midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rkj;Jtkhf

Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baitAkhFk;.

• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 84 gpd;tUkhW Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:

murpayikg;G jpUj;jky;yhj> Mdhy; murpayikg;gpid kPWfpd;w

xU rl;l %yk; tpNrlkhd nrad;KiwapDhL rl;lkhf;fg;glyhk; vd

jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 84 Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> ,r; nrad;Kiw murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fis

cUthf;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mDkjpaspg;gJld; mjDila

murpayikg;ghe;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; jPh;g;gspg;gjidAk;

jLf;fpd;wJ.

• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 80 (3) gpd;tUkhW

Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:

rl;l%ynkhd;W rl;lkhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh;> ,r; rl;lk;

murpayikg;gpid kPWfpd;wNghjpYk; $l> mr; rl;lj;jpd; typJlikapid

ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; ve;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jKbahJ.

,t; Vw;ghLfs;> vkJ murpayikg;gpd; kPAah; jd;ikapid kPWtNjhL

vkJ mbg;gil chpikfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; ghJfhg;gpidAk;

ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

Gjpa murpayikg;G

xd;wpDhlhf cs;thq;fiyg;

Ngzptsh;j;jy;

nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt FO

fPo;tUtdtw;iw mq;fPfhpf;fpd;w xU

Kd;Diuapid Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

• fle;jfhy my;yy;fs;

• rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspyhd Njrpa fPjq;fs;

Njrpa fPjj;jpDhlhf ,uz;L r%fq;fSk; ,yq;ifapid

jk;Kila ha;ehlhf mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd.

• midj;J kjq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; khpahijAlDk;

nfsutj;JlDk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; elhj;Jfpd;w mNj Ntis

ngsj;j kjj;jpidg; ghJfhj;jYk; Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd;

flikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

midj;J kj r%fq;fSk; ghJfhg;G kjpg;gspg;G

• rp;q;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfis cj;jpNahfG+h;t

nkhopfshfTk; Mq;fpy nkhopapid ,izg;G nkhopahfTk;

mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

nkhop r%fq;fis xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.

tpOkpaq;fis murpayikg;gpy;

cs;thq;fpajhd Kd;Diu

• fle;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpsTfisf; fisjypd;

mtrpaj;jpid mq;fPfhpj;jYk; ehl;bd; xUikg;ghl;bidg;

NgZjYk;.

• Ml;rp epWtdq;fis tYg;gLj;Jjy;

• gue;Jgl;l mstpyhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• [dehaf tpOkpaq;fis> rl;l Ml;rp> r%f ePjp> kdpj

nfsutk;> kw;Wk; mbg;gil chpikfisg; NgZjy;.

• nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhr;rhu Nkk;ghl;bid Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• rkhjhdk;> ,d If;fpak;> kw;Wk; [dehaf nrad;Kiwapidg;

NgZjy;

cq;fSf;F ,f; fUj;Jf;fs; mh;j;jKs;sitahfj;

Njhd;Wfpd;wjh?

murpd; jd;ik:

gphpf;fg;glhjJk; gphpf;fg;gl

KbahjJk;

,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW

Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

• ,yq;if> Rje;jpuKk;> ,iwikAk; jd;dhjpf;fKk;

nfhz;l xU FbauR.

• ,J gphpf;fg;glhjJk; gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJk;

• ,J kj;jpa> khfhz epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

• kj;jpa> khfhz muRfs; murpayikg;gpy;

Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;.

• murpayikg;gpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jplKk; kf;fsplKk; ghug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gphpf;fg;glhjJ - jw;NghJs;s epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ -

,yq;if gphpf;fg;glhjJ

gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJ - vjph;fhy epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ -

,yq;if gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJ.

,r; nrhw;gjq;fs; rpq;fs nkhopapYk; (Vfpa ,uh[;[pa) jkpo; nkhopapYk;

(xUkpj;j ehL) NkYk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kf;fSk; muRk;


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

\,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; ,iwik kf;fSf;FhpajhfTk;>

ghuhjPdg;gLj;jg;gl KbahjjhfTk; ,Ug;gJld;

murhq;fj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fs;> mbg;gil chpikfs;>

thf;Fhpik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.|

,jd; mh;j;jk;:

• ,yq;if Fbkf;fNs kPAauhdJk; ,WjpahdJkhd mjpfhuq;fisf;

nfhz;bUg;gh;.

• murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> mbg;gil chpikfisAk;>

thf;FhpikiaAk; mth;fs; nfhz;bUg;gh;.

• ,t; mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fsplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl Kbahjit.

murpayikg;gpy; ngsj;j

kjj;jpd; me;j];J

Kjd;ikj; jhdk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ilf;fhy mwpf;if ,uz;L

Kd;nkhopTfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjd;ikj; jhdk; toq;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mjw;fpzq;f 10Mk;> 14(1)(c)Mk; cWg;Giufshy;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s chpikfis vy;yh kjq;fSf;Fk; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; mNj

Ntisapy; ngsj;j rhrdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd;

flikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

my;yJ

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjd;ikj; jhdk; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yh kjq;fisAk; kw;Wk; mjd; ek;gpf;iffisAk; khpahijAlDk;

khd;GlDk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; elj;JtJld; murpayikg;gpy;

cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfis vy;yh Ml;fSf;Fk;

cj;juthjkspf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy; ngsj;j rhrdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk;

Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd; flikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mbg;gil chpikfs;

njhlh;ghd

cgFOtpd; mwpf;if

mbg;gil chpikfis tYg;gLj;jy;

rpy Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Nrh;f;iffs

• caph; tho;tjw;fhd chpik>

nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G

• me;juq;fj;Jf;fhd chpik

• fy;tp chpik

• FLk;g tho;f;iff;fhd

chpik

• nrhj;J chpikfs;

• Rfhjhuk;

• Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

• ePjpf;fhd mZfy;

• Efh;Nthh; chpikfs;

• r%f chpikfs;

• KjpNahh; chpikfs;

• khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; chpikfs;

• njhopyhsh; chpikfs;

gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;

• gue;Jgl;l chpikfs;

• ,t; chpikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l

mZfy;

ez;gh;> cwtpdh;> epWtdj;jpd; %ykhf Kiwg;ghLfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl

KbAk;

tFg;G eltbf;if tof;F

nghJkf;fs; mf;fiw tof;F

• kPwy;fSf;F mur> mur rhh;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

• mur eltbf;iffs; vd;gJ> ePjpj;Jiw> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk;

eph;thfj;Jiwapd; eltbf;iffis cs;slf;Fk;.

• Xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYKs;s Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; mbg;gil

chpikfs; njhlh;gpyhd KOikahd epahahjpf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;nkhopTfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;like;Js;sd:

• 2009Mk; Mz;L rl;l%yj;jpd; tiuG

• nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fspd; FOtplk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

• kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO

• rika mikg;Gfs;

• Njrpa> rh;tNjr epGzh;fs;

mbg;gil chpikfs;

nghUs;Nfhly;

nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ

ePjpkd;wq;fs; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;-

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

• r%ff; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;bf;

Nfhl;ghLfs;

• rdehaf rKjhaj;jpw;F

mbg;gilahfTs;s tpOkpaq;fs;

• rh;tNjr rl;lf; flg;ghLfs;

• rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; Vida

%yq;fs;

• nghUj;jkhd ntspehl;L

rl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpyhd

ed;eilKiwfs;

• midj;J vOj;jpyhd

rl;lq;fSk; tof;fhw;Wr;

rl;lq;fSk; nghUs;Nfhly;

nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ mbg;gil

chpikfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;Lk;

ePjpkd;wq;fs; tof;Ffis kdpj

chpikfs; Mizf;FOTf;Fk;>

murfUk nkhopfs;

Mizf;FOTf;Fk; ghug;gLj;jyhk;.

nkhop chpikfs;• rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; Njrpa kw;Wk;

murfUk nkhopfshf mikAk;.

Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf

mikAk;.

• tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; eph;thf nkh-

opahfj; jkpo; nkhop tpsq;Fk;.

• xU egh; %d;W nkhopfspy; jhd;

tpUk;gpa ve;j nkhopapYk; njhl-

h;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;sNth> njhl-

h;Gnfhs;sg;glNth KbAk;.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;f-

g;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fSk;> khfhz

rigfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w

epajpr;rl;lq;fSk; %d;W nkhopf-

spYk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• rpq;fs nkhopapNyh my;yJ jkpo;

nkhopapNyh> trjpfs; ,Uf;fpd;w

NghJ Mq;fpy nkhopapNyh

fw;gjw;fhd chpik.

• khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; njhlh;ghly;

chpikfs; kw;Wk; Njitfs;.

• nkhopapay; r%fj;jpd; nkhopfis

muR mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• xU khfhz rigNah my;yJ

cs;@uhl;rp rigNah jd;Dila

mYtyf eltbf;iffisAk;

njhlh;ghly;fis tpUk;gpa

nkhopapy; Kd;ndLf;fyhk;.

eph;thfj;Jiw

1978Mk; Mz;bypUe;J epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp mikr;ruit>

ghuhSkd;wk;> nghJ eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp

tUfpd;whh;.

gjtpf;fhy vy;iy njhlh;ghd kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F fl;Lg;glhJ

njhlh;r;rpahfg; gjtptfpf;ff;$ba jd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.

Kd;dhs; rdhjpgjpfshd re;jphpfh gz;lhuehaf;f> kfpe;j uh[gf;]

MfpNahh; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp Kiwikapid

,y;yhnjhopg;gjhf thf;FWjpaspj;jpUe;jdh;.

njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSldhd epiyahd fhyg;gFjpf;F

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; njhpT nra;ag;gLfpd;w rdhjpgjp.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s gpujkh; (gpujkiu njhpT cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

%d;W njhpT Kiwfs;).

• nt];lkpd;];lh; Kiw %yk; gpujkiuj; njhpTnra;jy;

(ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfstpyhd Mrdq;fisf; nfhz;l

murpaw;fl;rpapd; jiyth; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jy;.

• Neubahd Njh;jy; %yk; gpujkiuj; njhpT nra;jy;

• gpujkhpid Kd;nkhopjy; (VNjDnkhU murpaw;fl;rp Ntl;ghsiu

Kd;nkhopayhk;> jq;fSila murpaw; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j xUtiu

my;yJ NtnwhU murpaw; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j xUtiu fl;rpf;Fs;shd

Njh;jy; %yk; Njh;e;njLj;jy;. njhFjpthhpahf my;yJ fl;rp

epuypDhlhf njhpTnra;ag;gl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> jq;fSila

fl;rpapd; jPh;khdj;jpid Mjhpf;fNtz;Lk;.


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

,uz;lhk; rig


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

ghuhSkd;wk; ,uz;L rigfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.

,uz;lhtJ rigahdJ khfhz rigfis ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; ,izf;Fk;:

gpujpepjpj;Jtg; ghq;F: 55 cWg;gpdh;fs;

• 45 cWg;gpdh;fs; khfhzrigfspypUe;J cs;thq;fg;gLth;

xt;nthU khfhzrigAk;> xU khw;wg;glf;$ba xw;iw thf;F

mbg;gilapy; me;je;j khfhz rigapd; Ie;J cWg;gpdh;fisj;

Njh;e;njLf;fNtz;Lk;.

• xU khw;wg;glf;$ba xw;iw thf;F mbg;gilapy; ghuhSkd;wk;

10cWg;gpdh;fisj; njhpT nra;Ak;.

jj;Jtq;fSk; gzpfSk;

• rl;l%yq;fs; njhlh;gpy; MNyhrid toq;fy;

• rhjhuz rl;lq;fis Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy;

• murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,uz;lhk; rigapYk;

%d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpak;

murhq;fj;jpid kf;fSf;F

neUf;fkhff; nfhz;Lnry;yy;

cg FOTk; ,ilf;fhy mwpf;if

gpd;tUkhW Kd;nkhopfpd;wd:

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fs;

• Njrpa juhjuq;fis

cUthf;Fjy;

• rl;lf rl;lthf;fj;ij rl;lkhf;fy;

• gfpug;gl;l tplag;nghUs;

gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;iffs;

cl;gl> Njrpaf; nfhs;iffis

cUthf;Fjy;

Njrpa epuy;: tplag;gug;Gf;fs

• ,iwik

• Ml;Gy xUikg;ghL

• ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa

• ge;Njhg];J

• nghUshjhu If;fpak

• %d;W kl;lq;fspyhd murhq;fk;

- cs;@h; mjpfhu rigfs;>

khfhzrigfs;> ghuhSkd;wk.;

• njhpT nra;ag;glhj MSehpd;

mjpfhuq;fis kPoha;T nra;jy;.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; khfhz

rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

mjpfhug; gq;fPl;bidr; rPh;nra;jy;.

• Njrpa> khfhz rig> cs;@h;

mjpfhu rig epuy;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLk;.

Njrpa epuypYs;s Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

tplag;nghUs; njhlh;ghd gzpfis

khfhz rigfs; Mw;Wtjw;F

ghuhSkd;wk; mDkjpaspf;fyhk;.

khfhz epuy; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Njrpaf;nfhs;if

cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Gr;

nrad;KiwAld; $ba

mZFKiwnahd;iwf; filg;gpbf;Fk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrpa

juhjuq;fSk; rl;lf xOq;F tpjpfSk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rigfspYk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; khfhz-

rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkdpiy

Ngzy;


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd

kl;Lg;ghLfs;

• khfhz tplag;nghUl;fs;

njhlh;gpy; njspthd

epuy;fspid cUthf;Fjy;.

• MSeh;fspd; jiyaPL

,d;wp khfhzrig

epajpr;rl;lq;fs;

epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;fhd

toptiffis

cUthf;Fjy;.

khfhzrigfspd;

mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd

kl;Lg;ghLfs;

• Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapidj;

jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd

• Njrpa juhjuq;fisj;

jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd

• khfhz rigfspdhy;

epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;fhd

rl;lf rl;lthf;fj;ij

rl;lkhf;Ffpd;w

mjpfhuq;fisg; ghuhSkd;wk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,t; mjpfhuq;fs; kiwKfkhd

Kiwapy; khfhz rigfspd; Ra

Ml;rp Kiwapid kPWfpd;wJ.

MSehpd; tfpgq;F


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

• rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLthh;.

• itgt hPjpahd tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;: murpayikg;gpdhy;

mtUf;F Fwpg;ghf mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; jtpu

mikr;rh;fs; rigapd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; nrayhw;w

Ntz;Lk;.

• murpayikg;gpahy; khfhz epajpr;rl;lq;fSld; ,irTWtij

jhkjg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;gpy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fisf;

nfhz;bUg;ghh;.

• Kjyikr;ruhYk;> khfhzrig vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhYk; ngah;

Fwpj;J epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L murpayikg;Gg; Nguitahy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l khfhz gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FOtpid

epakpg;ghh;.

fhzp rk;ge;jkhd

nfhs;iffs;


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

• midj;J mur fhzpfSk; murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; gad;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

• Njrpa> khfhz gl;bay;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mur

fhzpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

• Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO xd;wpid cUthf;Fjy;.

Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO

• xU RahjPdkhd Mizf;FOthf mikAk;.

• gue;Jgl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fhzp

cgNahff; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk;.

• kj;jpa murpdJk; khfhzq;fspdJk; gpujhd r%fq;fspdJk;

gpujpepjpahf mikAk;.

Njh;jy; Kiwik


Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:

xU Gjpa Njh;jy; Kiwik - fyg;G cWg;gpdh;

tpfpjhrhu Kiwik

233 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;:

• 140 njhFjpfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd thf;Ffspidg;

ngwg;gLfpd;wth;fspdhy; epug;gg;gLk; cq;fSila ghuhSkd;w

cWg;gpdiu ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gPh;fs;.

• kPjKs;s 93 Mrdq;fs; murpay; fl;rpfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; fl;rpfSf;fpilapy;

tpfpjhrhu mbg;gilapy; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.

Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Njh;jy; Kiwik - fyg;G

cWg;gpdh; tpfpjhrhu Kiwik (MMP)

A B C D

1 2

njhFjpthhpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

60% 40%

tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

140 njhFjpfs; fl;rpfSf;fhd 93 Mrdq;fs;

thf;Fg;gjpT

Ntl;ghsh; thf;F

fl;rp thf;F

Ntl;ghsh;

Ntl;ghsh; B

A

C

D

fl;rp A

fl;rp B

fl;rp C

fl;rp D

A B C D

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

KjyhtJ rig

233 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;

Ntl;ghsh;

Ntl;ghsh;

epjp njhlh;ghd cg-FO

Kd;nkhopTfs;

cgFO gpd;tUk; Njitg;ghLfs;

njhlh;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

• gfpuq;f epjp mikg;GKiwapd; nraw;ghl;bid

newpg;gLj;jf;$ba njhFjp xj;jpirthd Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

• ghuhSkd;w fz;fhzpg;Gldhd nrytPdq;fs; kw;Wk;

ghhpastpyhd gfpuq;f KjyPLfs;

• epjpapay; ehzak;> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

tifg;nghWg;gpid cj;juthjg;gLj;Jfpd;w epWtdq;fs;

kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs;.

• tuT nryTj; jpl;l cUthf;fk;> tUkhdr; Nrfhpg;G>

thpapWg;G> nryTf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T

cs;slq;fpa fl;likf;fg;gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lr;

nrad;Kiwf;fhd cWjpahd rl;l mbg;gil.

• fld;ngwy; kw;Wk; tUepfo;Tg; nghWg;Gf;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghL

FO NkYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

khfhz> cg-Njrpa kl;lq;fspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gfph;tpidf;

nfhz;Ls;s gfpuq;f epjpapd; kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghL

Njrpa epjpapid khfhz> cs;@h; mjpfhu rig epjpfspypUe;J

NtWgLj;jpf; ifahSjy; gutyhf;fj;jpd; murpiw

mj;jpthuj;jpidr; rPhFiyf;fpd;wJ.

gpujhd ghpe;Jiufs;

• gfpuq;f epjpapid fzf;fha;tpypUe;J Ntwhf;fy;

• fzf;fha;T mYtyfj;jpidAk; fzf;fha;Tr; Nrit

Mizf;FOtpidAk; cUthf;fy;

• fzf;fhsh; ehafj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;l 7

tUlq;fs;

• gue;Jgl;l murpayikg;G rl;lfj; njhopw;ghl;bw;F mikthd

tpidj;jpwdhd epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ey;yhl;rpj; Njitg;ghLfis

milahsq;fhzy;.

• Fbrd msT> NritfSf;fhd mZFif> mgptpUj;jpapd; msT>

nghJr; Nritapd; msT> xt;nthU khfhzj;jpdJk; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;

FiwghLfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapy;

rkijahd epjp xJf;fPl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfis milahsq;fhzy;.

• ek;gfj;jd;ikAs;s epjp Mizf;FOtpid epakpj;jYk;

jpiwNrhpapypUe;J mJ tpyfpapUg;gjid cj;juthjg;gLj;jYk;.

• Njrpa hPjpahd tUkhdj;jpd; xg;GuTg; gq;Ffis khfhzq;fSf;Fk;

khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapYk; xJf;fPL nra;tJ njhlh;gpYk; Vida

njhlh;Ggl;l tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpYk; epjp Mizf;FO ghpe;Jiuf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

• khfhzq;fSf;Fk; cs;@h; mjpfhu rigfSf;Fkpilapy; tsq;fis

xJf;fPL nra;tjw;fhf khfhz epjp Mizf;FOf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• epjp Mizf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis rdhjpgjp ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;

ePjpj;Jiw njhlh;ghd

cgFOtpd; mwpf;if

gpujhdkhd ghpe;Jiufs;

• mjpfhpj;j ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;

• ePjpgjpfspd; ntspg;gilahdJk; ghugl;rkw;wJkhd epakdk;

• tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;G

• murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

• ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfSk; epahahjpf;fKk;

• cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; xOf;fhw;W Mizf;FO

• rl;lq;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw kPoha;T

kf;fspd; epahahjpf;f mjpfhuj; jj;Jtk;

murpayikg;gpdhy; Neubahf ePjpj;Jiwf;F

chpj;jspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ>

ePjpkd;wq;fspDhlhfTk; epaharigfspDhlhfTk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjpfhpj;j ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;

• eph;thfj;JiwapdJk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwapdJk; jiyaPlw;w Rje;jpukhd

ePjpj;Jiw

• fl;Lg;ghLfNsh> mOj;jq;fNsh> jiyaPLfNsh ,d;wp ePjpgjpfs;

nraw;glf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;

ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfSk;

epahahjpf;fKk;

cah; ePjpkd;wk;

• ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPLfSf;F khj;jpuk;

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

• khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpk-

d;wq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

• Fw;wtpay; gphpT kw;Wk; th;j;jfg;

gphpT.

• vOj;jhiz epahahjpf;fk; kw;Wk;

mbg;gil chpikfs; epahahjpf;fk;.

• Kjd;dpiy ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J

tUfpd;w Nkd;KiwaPl;L epahahjp-

f;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

Nky; ePjpkd;wk;

• ghuJhukhd Fw;wr; nray;fs; kPjhd

Fw;wtpay; epahahjpf;fk;

murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

• murpayikg;Gf;Fg; nghUs;Nfhly;

toq;fy;

• rl;l %yq;fspdJk;> rl;lq;fspd-

Jk; epajpr;rl;lq;fspdJk; ePjpKiw

kPoha;T

• kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khfhzq;fSf;Fk;

,ilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w

gpzf;Ffisj; jPh;j;jy;

• ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Ghpik kPwy;fs;

• mjd; nrhe;jj; jPh;g;Gfspd; kPoha;T

epakdq;fs;

murpayikg;G rigapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;

cah; ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfspd; xOf;fhw;W

Mizf;FO

• gpioahd elj;ij my;yJ

jftpd;ik njhlh;ghd

Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhhpj;jy;.

• Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;

njhlh;gpy; tprhhpj;J

murpayikg;G rigf;F

mwpf;ifapid rkh;g;gpj;jy;.

(ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

mDkjpAld;) Fw;wk;

ep&gdkhd ePjpgjpia

ePf;FkhW rdhjpgjpf;Fg;

ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.

GjpaJ

tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;wf;

fl;likg;G

• cah; ePjpkd;wk; -

murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

• Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

kw;Wk; khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

• Nky;ePjpkd;wk;

• fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fs; - khtl;l

ePjpkd;wq;fs;> FLk;g

ePjpkd;wq;fs;> ePjpthd;

ePjpkd;wq;fs;> gpw.

jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vt;

tifahd khw;wq;fs; kf;fs;

jPh;g;gpDhlhd

nghJkf;fspdJ

mq;fPfhuj;jpidj;

Njitg;gLj;Jk;?

• murpd; jd;ik (jw;NghJ> Rje;jpuKk;> ,iwikAk; jd;dhjpf;fKk;

xw;iwahl;rpAKila Nrhryprf; FbauR vd tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)>

• murhq;fj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fs;/mjpfhuq;fs;>

• kf;fspd; thf;Fhpik>

• Njrpaf; nfhb> Njrpa fPjk;> kw;Wk; Njrpa jpdk;>

• ngsj;j kjj;jpd; me;j];J>

• kj Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk;> kdr;rhl;rpiag; gpd;gw;Wk;

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http://www.democracy-reporting.org ,y; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

vq;fsila murpayikg;gpidg; gw;wp...

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