,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tsh;r;rpfs; - tnpsc.news · indian constitution
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tsh;r;rpfs;
,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1946> Nk 16> y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
fk;ngdp; Ml;rp (1773-1857)
xOq;FKiw rl;lk; -1773 (Regulating Act-1773)
fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G tq;fhs fth;dh; fth;dh; n[duy; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. (BG-->GGB) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; thud; N`];bq;];. (Warren Hastings)
nkl;uh];> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh ftdh;fs;fis xNu jiyikapy; fPo; (tq;fsh fth;dh;) nfhz;Ltu ,r;rl;lk; tif nra;jJ.
cr;rePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ (Dual Govt end)
fk;ngdp Copah;fs; jdpahf tzpfk; kw;Wk; md;gspg;G> ed;nfhil ngWtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtru rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; fth;dh; n[d;uYf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; -1784 (Pitts Act-1784)
Power of Board of control : ,e;jpah rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; eph;thf fhhpaq;fis ftdpg;gjw;Fk;> jiyik MSeh;fSf;F MNyhrid mspg;gjw;Fk;. 6 Ngh;> jiyik nfhz;l fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ(2 from British Cabinet, the remaining from Privy Council).
,e;jpahtpw;fhd Mq;fpyk; nfhs;ifia tFf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ. vy;yh rptpy;> uhZt> tUkhd mjpfhuq;fis Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk; fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jpd; mDkjp ,d;wp fk;ngdp ,af;Feh; FOtpdh; ve;j cj;juitAk; gpwg;gpj;jy; $lhJ.
3 egh; 'ufrpaf;FO' mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ( secret committee will decide war+treaty)
fk;ngdpapd; FOtpy; cs;s 24 cWg;gpdh;fspUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;l;l %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l ufrpa FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fth;dh; n[duypd; MNyhridf;F cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4-ypUe;J 3 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.(G.G Executive council 4 3)
khfhz fth;dh;fspy; MNyhridf;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fth;dh; n[duypd; mjpfhuk; njspthf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa epyg;gFjpfis ntw;wp nfhs;sj;jil ,;e;jpahtpy; jtW nra;Ak; fk;ngdp Copah;fs; kPJ ePjp tprhuid thzpg mYty; kw;Wk; murpay; mYty;fis jdp jdpahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tUlr; rl;lk;-1786
fth;dh; n[duYf;F jdJ MNyhridf;FOtpd; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; Kbit Gwf;fzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.(power to over write the council)
fth;dh; n;[duNy ,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b]; gilapd; jsgjpahfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.(commander in
chief)
Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fs; FOtpd; mDkjpapd;wp fth;dh; n[duy; ,e;jpahtpy Nghh; gpufldk; nra;af;$lhJ
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tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;-1793 (Charter Act of 1793)
fk;ngdpapd; tpahghu Kw;Whpik NkYk; ,UgJ Mz;Lf;F ePl;bff;fg;gl;lJ.(monopoly of trade ) 20
years extended fth;dh; n[duy;> khepy fth;dh;fs;> gilj;jsgjp MfpNahh; jq;fs; gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; NghJ
,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNa Nghfj; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; Mizah;fs; vz;zpf;if 6Kjy; 5 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa epyg;gFjpfis ntw;wp nfhs;s jil vd;gJ kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpf; $wg;gl;lJ. fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jpw;F MFk;. nryTfis ,e;jpa tUkhdj;jpypUe;Nj nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
$wg;gl;lJ. ,e;epiy 1919-k; tUl ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLk; tiu ePbj;jJ. fth;dh; n[duYf;F khepyq;fspy mikjpfhd ePjpgjp (Justices of peace) epakpf;f chpik
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. All laws to be translated in Indian languages
Laid down the written laws interpreted by court
tUl rl;lk;-1797
fk;ngdp Ml;rpahshpd; mDkjpapd;wp Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpa rpw;wurh;fSf;F fld; nfhLg;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fy;fj;jh jiyik ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Jiz ePjpgjpfs; vz;zpf;if 3 Kjy; 2 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. tUl rl;lk;-1800 nrd;idapy; jiyik ePjpkd;wk xd;W mikf;fg;gl mjpfhhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;-1813
fk;ngdpapd thzpg Kw;Whpik: (20 Years)xopf;fg;gl;lJ. Njapiy fQ;rh Kjypa nghUl;fis rPdhTf;F tpw;gjpy; fk;ngdp ngw;wpUe;j Kw;Whpik NkYk; 20
Mz;Lfs; ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tpahghuk; nra;a iyrd;]; toq;Ftjpy; gy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. fpwp];jt kp\pdhkhh;fSf;F ,e;jpah nry;y mDkjp Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp Kiwiag; gug;g gz xJf;fPL ,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\; gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspd;
fy;tp> gz;ghl;L> mwptpay; tsh;r;;rpf;F fk;ngdpapd; ,yhj;jpypUe;J 1yl;rk; &gha; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.(sum of 1 lakh earn marked annually for education of Indians)
fk;ngdpapd; epjp eph;thf rPuikg;G fk;ngdp-thzpgk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tuT nrytpd; jdpahfTk; fk;ngdp-eph;thf rk;ge;jg;gl;l tuT nryTfs; jdpahfTk; itj;J nfhs;s Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
rptpy;> uhZt Copah;fSf;F gapw;rp epiyaq;fs; mikg;G rptpy; Copah;fs;-n`aphpghp(Hailey bury)
uhZt Copah;fs;- mb]; Nfhk;g; (Adis Come)
];jyRahl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; 1.kf;fs; kPJ thp tpjpf;fTk; 2.thpnrYj;jhjth;fis fz;bf;fTk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gp\k; epakdk;
tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;-1833
,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; xU ika Ml;rpKiw mika toptFj;jJ. tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duyhf mwptpg;G Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy;-
tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG. (GGB GGI) = Central Government
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fth;dh; n[duYk; mtuJ MNyhrid rigAk; jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk; khfhdq;fs; kPJ Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;> fl;lisapLjy;> fl;Lg;ghL nra;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis ngw;whh;.
,e;jpa KOikf;Fkhd ||xNu tuT nryT jpl;lk;|| fth;dh; n[duypdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;L;k; vd;W rl;lk; $wpaJ.
ika murpd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; fth;dh; kw;Wk; fth;dh; n[duypd; uj;J Miz mjpfhuk; (Veto Power)
MNyhrid rigapy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; Nrh;f;fg;gLjy; rl;lty;Yeh; xUth; 4-tJ cWg;gpduhf Nrh;g;G
Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdh;- nkf;fhNy gpuG (Law member without Voting power was added) ,e;jpah;fSf;F vjpuhd Ntw;Wik xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ve;j ,e;jpaDk; rkak;> rhjp epw NtWghl;lhy; Ntiy ngWk; tha;g;ig ,of;ff;$lhJ jpwik
kl;LNk murhq;f Ntiyapy; Nruj;jFjpahFk; vd;w $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah;fs; eyd;fs; fhf;fg;gLjy; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; eyd;fis NgZjw;fhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;w fth;dh; n[duYf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fpaJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ,e;jpahtpy; mbikKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ. gy rKjha rPh;jpUj;jk; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; jiyth; ,dp |,e;jpatpw;fhd mikr;rh;| vd miof;fg;gLthh;.
rl;lf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. A Law commission was constituted for codification of law.
tUl gl;lar;rl;lk;-1853
fk;ngdpapd; rhrdk; NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F GJg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy ,af;Feh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 24Kjy; 18 Mf Fiwg;G. ,jpy; 6 Ngh; kd;duhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
Ml;rpg; gzpj; Njh;Tf;F Nghl;b %yk; epakdk; Competitive exams (Excluding Indians)
fth;dh; n[duypd; MNyhridf; FOthdJ ,dp eph;thff;FO (Execetione) thf khwpaJ.
(Legislature was seprated from excutive) ikar; rl;l rigf;F khepyg; gpujpepjpf;fhd mDg;Gk; Kiwia 1853-k; tUlk; gl;lar; rl;lk;
nray;gLj;jpaJ. ,JNt ika rl;l rigapd; njhlf;fk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Kjd; Kjyhf
GFj;jg;gl;lJ. (Legistative Council) Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (fth;dh; n[duy;) fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; xg;Gjiyg;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gb m];]hk;> kj;jpa khfhzk;> Mf;uh> gh;kh> nly;yp> Nghd;w Gjpa khepyq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Excutive council - 4 can veto the questions of legislative council
tq;fhsj;jpw;F jdpahf fth;dh; epakdk;
Law member was made as full members
tUl rl;lk;-1858
,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F KbT fl;lg;gl;lJ mjpfhuq;fq;fs; fk;ngdpaplk; ,Ue;J gphpl;b\; muRf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
fth;dy; n[duy; ,q;fpyhe;J mur gpujpepjp (Viceroy) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;- 1st it];uha; fhdpq; gpuG
fk;ngdpapd; uhZtk;> fg;gw;gilAk; ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fj;jpd; nghUg;gpw;F khw;wg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa muR epakd mjpfhuq;fis ngw;whh;. ,e;jpa muR nrayhsh; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;. 1858k; tUlr; rl;lg;gb fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;
,af;Feh; FOTk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itfspd; nghWg;gpd; midj;Jk; ,e;jpah muR nrayhplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpah muR nrayh; ,q;fpyhe;J mikr;ruitapy; Xh; mq;fk; tfPj;jhh;. ,e;jpa muR nrayUf;F MNyhrid $w 15 Ngh; nfhz;l- ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 8 Ngh; murpayhYk;> 7 Ngh; jw;NghJ ,Ue;j ,af;Feh;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLth; ,jpy; ,e;jpah;fs; ahUk; ,y;iy. ,e;jpa muR nrayhsh; ,e;jpah fTd;rpypd; rl;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fthh;. fTd;rpy; ngUk;ghd;ik Kbit kPwp nray;gl nrayhsUf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkepiy thf;F Vw;gLk;NghJ ||KbT nra;Ak; thf;F nrayhsUf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ||.
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xt;nthU Mz;bd;; ,WjpapYk; ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Kd; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp Kiwapy; gw;wp xU mwpf;ifapid rkh;g;gpg;ghh;.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; ghpe;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUj;jy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fpilf;Ffpd;w tUkhdj;ij ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;F nrytpl Ntz;Lk;.
tpf;Nlhhpa Nguwptpg;G (1858)
tpf;Nlhhpa kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;if nlh;gp gpugp vd;gtuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L> kfhuhzpahy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L fhdpq;gpuGthy; etk;gh; 1> 1858 myfhghj; efhpy; eilngw;w xU gpukhz;lkhd jh;ghypy; thrpj;jhh;.
,;e;jpa ,dp gphpl;b\; Nguurpahy; Neubahf Ml;rp nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;jpah RNjr murh;fSld; fk;ngdp nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;iffisAk;;> xg;ge;jq;fisAk;
gphpl;b\; muR mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhz;L cWjpg; gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,e;jpahtpd; goikahd chpikfs;> kjpg;Gfs;> tof;fq;fs;> tof;fhWfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;
MfpaitfSf;F chpa kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kj topghl;bYk;> kj ek;gpf;ifapYk; gphpl;b\; muR jiyaplhJ. KOikahd kj
topghl;Lchpik toq;fg;gLk;. ehL gpbf;Fk; ehl;lk;apd;ik ,dk;> nkhop> kjk;> Mfpa NtWghLfs; ,y;yhky; fy;tpj;jFjp> jpwik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpah;fSf;F muR gjtpfs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ey;tho;Nt gphpl;\; murpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. kf;fspd; ed;ikfSf;fhfNt Ml;rp
elj;jg;gLk;. Mq;fpy Fbkf;fspd; nfhiyfsy; Neubahfr; rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; jtpu 1857-58y; tUl Gul;rpapy;
gq;F nfhz;l vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; nghJ kd;dpg;G mspf;fg;gLk;(general Amesty)
||mth;;fspd; (,e;jpa kf;fs;) tsk;> mgptpUj;jp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpNyNa vq;fs; typik> mth;fspd; kdj;jpUg;jpNa vq;fs; ghJfhg;G> mth;fsJ ed;wp tsh;f;fNt vq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; rd;khdk; MFk||;.
tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;: -1861
itrpuhapd; eph;thf cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4 Kjy; 5 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb Gjpjhf epjpj;Jiw ty;Yeh; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,yhf xJf;fPL nra;Ak; Kiw mwpKfk; (Portfolio Systems)
khepy rl;lkd;wq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; rl;l,aw;Wk; chpik (1833-y; Chart & Act %yk; ,oe;j chpik 1861y; ngw;wdh;)
khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfis khw;wTk;> jpUj;jp mikf;fTk;> Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fTk; itrpuha;f;F mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh khepyq;fspy; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rl;l kpaw;Wk; gzpapy; ,e;jpah;fs; fye;J nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.
tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;:- 1892
ika rl;lkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 10f;F FiwahkYk;> 16f;F Nkw;glhkYk; tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij tpthjpf;Fk; chpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mjd; kPJ thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;F nghJeyd;fs; gw;wpf; Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; rigj; jiytUf;F 6 ehl;fSf;F Kd;Ng Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ gw;wpa nra;jpiaf; njhptpf;fNtz;Lk;.
gpujpepj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwf;F top tFj;jJ. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdiu epakpg;gij tpl Njh;e;njLf;f gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;if xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Njh;jy; vd;w thh;j;ij mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
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tFg;Gthhp gpwjpepjpj;Jt Kiw mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,jd; K];yPk;fSf;F jdp njhFjpfs; xJf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; epyf;fpohh;fs;> Njhl;l Kjyhspfs;> K];yPk;fs; vd;w r%fk;> Cuhl;rp> kd;wq;fs;> tzpf kd;wq;fs;> fy;fiyf;fofq;fs; vd;w epWtdq;fSk; njhFjpfshapd.
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuk;
murpd; muR nryTjpl;lk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;> jPh;khdq;fs; nfhz;LtuTk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Jiz Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;bw;Fk;> ];jy Ml;rp epWtdq;fSf;F fld; toq;Fjy;> Gjpa thpfs; tpjpg;gJ. Mfpait njhlh;ghd fhhpaq;fis tpthjpf;f KbAk; Mdhy; ,Wjpahd jPh;g;G itrpuhapdhNyNa vLf;fg;gLk;.
uhZtk;> may;ehl;L nfhs;if> ,e;jpa rk];jhdq;fs;> Nghd;wit gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk; jPh;khdq;fs; nfhz;LtuTk; rl;lkd;wq;fSf;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
Njh;jy; Kiw mjpfhuk;
mjpfhhpfs; my;yhj cWg;gpdh;fs; epakdj;jw;F Njh;jy; Kiwia mq;fPfhpj;jJ. thf;Fhpik vy;NyhUf;Fk mspf;fgltpy;iy. nrhj;J> fy;tp> Mfpaitfspd; mbg;gilapy; thf;fsh;fspd; jFjp eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
,e;jpah mikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kpfTk; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld
gil may;ehl;Lj;njhlh;G murpay;> fz;fs;> ehza nrythzp Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaq;fSf;F kl;LNk itrpuhAk; mtuJ MNyhrid FOTk; ,e;jpah mikr;riu fye;J nray;gl;lhy; NghJ khdJ vd;W ,r;rl;lk; mwptpj;j.
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhu gq;fPL
kj;jpa muR mjpfhuk;- ghJfhg;G> may;ehl;L tptfhuq;fs;> gilg;Nghf;Ftuj;J> jghy; je;jp> ehzak;> nghJkf;fs;> thzpgk;> fhg;Gthp> tUkhdtphp> fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J> kf;fs; njhif fzf;fPL> Gs;spapay;> Ntiytha;g;G epWtdq;fs;> rptpy;> fphpkpdy; rl;lq;fs;> kjrk;ge;jgl;l eph;thfk;.
va;rpa mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa khepy muR gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj kw;w Jiwfs; midj;Jk; kj;jpa muRf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
khepy mjpfhuq;fs; 2 tif
1. xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; 2. khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;
xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs;
fhtw;gil> ePjp eph;thfk;> epy tUtha;> ePh;g;ghrdk;> gQ;repthuzk;> gj;jphpf;if> mr;rfk;> Gj;jff; fl;Lg;ghL> tptrhaf; fld;> tdq;fs;> rpiwrhiy> njhopy; jfuhW jPh;j;jy;> (National Building
Department)
,tw;iw fth;dUk; 4 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l mtuJ eph;thf rigapdUk; epUtfpg;gh;.
khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;
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fy;tp> nghJgzpj;Jiw> tptrhak;> kPd;thhpak;> jyRahl;rp> nghJ Rfjhuk;> $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;> njhopy; Jiwf;F fy;tp> njhopw;rhiy tsh;r;rp> njhopy; Muha;r;rp.
,tw;iw kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fspUe;J fth;duhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mikr;rh;fs; epUtfpj;jdh;.
nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> If;fpa kfhzk;> gQ;rhg;> gPfhh;> kj;jpa kfhzk;> m];]hk; mfpa 8 khepyq;fshf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Rahl;rpapd; gb khepyj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshf mikr;rh;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuhq;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
thf;Fhpik 3rjtPjk; Kjy; 15 rjtPjk; mstpw;F cah;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lghl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eilKiwapy; Vw;gLfpw gpur;ridfisj; jPh;g;gjw;Fk;> mt;tg;NghJ Njhd;Wfpd;w Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;aTk;> murpayikg;ghdJ nefpo;r;rpAiljhf (Flexible) rk;ge;jgl Ntz;Lk;.
mwpf;ifapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
nlhkpdpapd; me;j];ij ,e;jpah cldbahf miljy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,J jw;fhypfkhd Vw;ghNl MFk;. g+uz Rauh[;aNk ,Wjp yl;rpakhFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; midj;Jg; gFjpfSk; ,ize;j $l;lhl;rp murhq;f Kiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; rka rhh;gw;w Kiwapy; murpayikg;kG ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. muR ve;j xU kjj;jpw;Fk; jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jy; $lhJ. vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,e;jpa RNjr muRfs; midj;Jk; ghuhSkd;w mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. xU RNjr
muRf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; gpur;rid Vw;glkhapd; mij S.C jPH;j;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa S.C Nk ,Wjp Nky; KiwaPl;L kd;wkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpag; ghJfhg;ig eph;tfpf;f xU ghJfhg;Gf;F mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tUl ,e;jpa murhq;fk; rl;lk;-1935
,r;rl;lk Mf];l;> 4> 1935-y; kd;dhpd; xg;Gjiy ngw;W. rl;lkdhJ. Vg;uy;>1> 1937y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
,J 321 tjpfisAk;> 10 ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
rpwg;G mk;rk;
khepyj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;L khepy Rahl;rp GFj;jg;gl;lJ (Provincial Avtonomy). ,jd;gb khepy xJf;fg;gl;l> khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs; xopf;fg;gl;ld.
mfpy ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp (All India Federation) gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah khepyq;fs;> ,e;jpa RNjr muRfisAk;> nfhz;l xU mfpy ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp mikf;fgl toptFj;jJ ,r;rl;lk;.
kj;jpapy; ,ul;ilahl;rp ghJfhg;G ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 1935-rl;lk; nefpo;r;rp ,y;yhj rl;lkhFk;. $l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;wNkh
(m) khepy rl;lkd;wq;fNsh ,r;rl;lj;ij khw;wNth> jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;LtuNth KbahJ.England
Parlil kl;LNk ,r;rl;lj;lij jpUj;j KbAk;.
$l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; (Federal Court)
thf;Fhpik tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 10 kf;fs; thf;Fhpik ngw;wdh;. tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia NkYk; tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa Nky;rig-260 MfTk;> fPo;rig-375 MfTk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. nkhj;j cs;s 11 khepyq;fspy; 6 khepyq;fspy; <uq;f mD (Bicameralis on ) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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mjpfhu gq;fPL
$l;lhl;rp> mjpfhugl;bay; - 59 khepy - 36 ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;Jf;fspy; SUPREME COURT ,ikfSf;Fk;> ngz;fSf;Fk; ,lxJf;fPL K];yPk;fSf;Fk; fhg;gpl;L
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 1/3 gq;F ,l xJf;fPL.
gh;kh ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. RBI cUthf;Fjy;
mikr;ruitj; J}Jf; FOtpd; jpl;lk; (1946)
Cabinet Mission Plan – y; gphpl;b\; mikr;ruitapy; ,Ue;j 3 mikr;rh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
FOtpd; jiyth; ,e;jpa tptfhu mikr;rh;-nge;jpf; yhud;]; gpuG th;j;jf mikr;rh; - rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; flw;gil mikr;rh; - V.tp. miyf; rhe;jh; ,f;FO khh;r; - 24> 1946-y; nly;yp te;jJ. Nk> 14> 1946 ,jd; ghpe;Jisfis ntspapl;ldh;.
jpl;lk;:-
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j khepyq;fSk;> Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahTk;> ,ize;J If;fpa ,e;jpah vd;w mikg;G Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. may;ehl;L tptfhuk;> ghJfhg;G> nra;jp njhlh;G cl;gl vy;yh kj;jpa muR JiwfSk; mjd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
khepyq;fSf;F rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld may;ehl;L> tptfhuk;> ghJfhg;G> nra;jp njhlh;G jtpu.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jp khw;wpaikf;fTk; top nra;ag;gl;lJ. 10 Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw murayikg;G fl;lj;ij kW ghprPyid nra;ayhk;.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpah;fs; mlq;fpa murpayikg;G eph;az rig xd;W mikf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLk; tiu ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; xd;W ehl;L eph;thfj;ij ftdpj;J nfhs;Sk;.
,e;jpa khepyq;fs; %d;W FOf;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. Group A, B, C
,e;jpah Rje;jpur; rl;lk;-[Piy 4> 1947
|,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh| [Piy 4> 1947-y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. rl;lkhdJ. mjd;gb Mf];;l; 15> 1947 Mq;fpy Ml;rp Kbtile;jJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd vd;w ,uz;L Rje;jpu
ehLfs; cUthapd.
,ilf;fhy muR -1946
S.No Name of Members Portfolios‟ held 1 Jawaharlal Nehru External Affairs and Commonwealth Relation 2. Sardar Vallabbai Patel Home, information and
Broadcasting 3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Food & Agriculture 4. Dr. John Mathai Industries and Supplies 5. Jagjivan Ram Labour 6. Sardar Bal dev Singh Defence
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7. C.H. Bhabha Works, Miners, Power 8. Liaquat Alikhan Finance 9. Abdur Rab Nishtar Post and Air 10. Asat Ali Railway and Transport 11. C. Raja Gopalachari Education & Arts 12. I. T. Chundrigar Commerce 13. Ghaznafar Ali Khan Health 14. Joginder Nath Mandal Law
murpayikg;G cUthf;fk; (Making of the constitution)
,e;jpah murpay; eph;zaprig Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb May 16, 1946 mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
C.A. Kjy; rl;lk; brk;gh; 9> 1946-k; jw;fhypfj; jiyth; rr;rpjhde;j rpd;`h jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
brk;gh; 11> 1946-y; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; epue;ju jiytuhf Dr. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
murpay; mikg;G rig 2 Mz;Lfs;> 11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;; $b tpthjpj;J murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.
murpayikg;Gf;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; [dthp Kjy; murpayikg;G eph;za rig $l;lj;jpy; brk;gh; 13> 1946-y; [t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,J [dthp 22> 1947-y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Idea of Constitution - M.N. Roy
Advisor of Constitution - B.N. Rao
murpay; eph;za rig cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 299 njhlf;fj;jpy; - 389 khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Neubahf Njh;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjp - 292 RNjr muRfspd; %yk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; - 93 Delhi, Ajmer, Marwar, Coorg, Brithish Baluchistan
Chief Commissions - 4
Totel 389
[Piy 16> 1947-y; K];yPk; yPf; ghfp];jhDf;F jdp murpay; eph;za rig mikf;f Ntz;b ,e;jpa murpay; eph;az rigapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpaJ. ,jdhy; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 389ypUe;J 299 Mf Fiwe;jJ.
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; - 229 RNjrp muRfs; epakdk; nra;j cWg;gpdh;fs; - 70
Totel - 299
cWg;gpdh;fs; xU kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F xU cWg;gpdh; vd;w Kiwapy; (10 yl;rk; kf;fSf;F xUth;) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. (Proportional representation)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G etk;gh; 26> 1949-y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehspypUe;J FbAhpik> Njh;jy;> (Provisional Parliament) Nghd;witfs; cldbahf eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G [dthp 26>1950 Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. Art -395 –Supreme Courthedule-8 Part-22
444 12 Part- 24
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Committees of the constituent Assembly:-
Name Head
Jawaharlal Nehru.:-
Union Power Committee - kj;jpa mjpfhu FO
Union Constitution Committee - kj;jpa murpayikg;G FO
State Constitution Committee - khepy murpayikg;G FO
Sardar Patel:-
Provincial Constitution Committee – khfhz murpayikg;G FO
Advisory Committee On Fundamental rights & Minorities (mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; rpWghz;ikapdH FO)
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Rules of Procedure Committee - rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; topKiwf;fhd FO
Steering Committee - newpKiwf;FO
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Drafting Committee - murpay; rl;l tiuTf;FO
JB.Kripalani
Flag Committee - nfhbf;FO
murpay; eph;za rigapd; $l;lj;njhlh;fs;
Kjy; $l;lk;
brk;gh; 9> 1946 - brk;gh; 21 ,jpy; Dr. uhN[e;jpugpurhj; epue;ju jiytuhf Njh;T NeUtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ $l;lk;
[dthp 20> 1947 [dthp 26 ,jpy; topg;gLj;jy; FO (Steering Commitee)
rig eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa FO rpWghd;ikapdiug; gw;wpa mwpTiuf;F kj;jpa muR mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpa FO Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd FOf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
%d;whtJ $l;lk;;
Vg;uy; 22> 1947 Kjy; khh;r; 2 ,jpy; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wpa FO mwpf;if mbg;gil chpik rpWghd;idapdiug; gw;wpa FO mwpf;iffis rkh;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
ehd;fhtJ $l;lk;
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mbg;gil chpikfs; gw;wpa cl;FOtpd; mwpf;ifAk;> cah;ePjp kd;wj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpf;ifAk; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW mwpf;iffs; kPJ tpthjq;fs; eilngw;wJ.
nkhj;jk; 11 $l;lj; njhlh;fis ele;jJ. ,jpy; 114 ehl;fs; murpayikg;gpd; tiuT kl;Lk; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;G tiuT FO:-
Mf];l; 29 1947-y; gy;NtW FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; tiuTf;FO mk;Ngj;fhh; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. tiuTf;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia gpg;uthp 1948-y; rkh;gpj;jJ.
cWg;gpdh;fs;
1. Dr. mk;Ngj;fhh; - jiyth;
2. N. Nfhghyrhkp Iaq;fhh; - cWg;gpdh; 3. my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp Iah; - cWg;gpdh; 4. Dr. k.M. Kd;\p - cWg;gpdh; 5. iraj; KfkJ rhJy;yh - cWg;gpdh; 6. N. khjt uht (Nkds;)
(Replaced by BL Mitra due to ill health) - cWg;gpdh;
7. T.T. fpU\;zkhr;rhhp(Replaced by DP nfa;jhd; died in 1948) - cWg;gpdh;.
murpayikg;G tiuT [dthp 1948-y; kf;fspd; tpthjj;jpw;F tplg;gl;lJ. jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf; $w kf;fSf;F 8 khj fhy mtfhrk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
etk;gh; 4> 1948-y; ,Ue;J tpthjq;fs; eilngw;wd. nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nkhj;j 7635 jpUj;jq;fspy; 2473 jpUj;jq;fs; kl;LNk tpthjj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
etk;gh; 14> 1949- %d;whtJ thrpg;G Kbe;jJ. ,Wjpahf [dthp 26 1950-y; ,e;jpah murpayikg;G rl;lk; nra;y;gl njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. First Reading -4 Feb 1948
Second Reading – 15 Nov 1949
Third Reading – 14 Nov 1949
Finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949( Provincial Parliament, Election)
Last meeting – Jan 24 ,1950(National anthem , citizenship, National song)
Came into Force- Jan 26, 1950(National emblem)
Sources of the Constitution of India
1935 ,e;jpah muR rl;lk; 75 Blue Print of cons
British constitution
ghuhSkd;w Kiw murhq;fk; - Parlimentary Government
xw;iw FbAhpik - Single citizenship
rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw - $l;Lg;nghWg;G
rl;lj;jpd; gzp/Ml;rp
nfgpdl; Kiw murhq;fk; - Cabinet Government
FbauR Kiw murhq;fk; - Rebublication Government
rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G - Protection from Law
Nky;rigia tpl fPo; rigf;Fk; kpFe;j mjpfhuk; - Lower house more powerful
First past post system
Office of the CAG
Bicameral parliaments
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Council of ministers responsible to lower house
Post of prime minister
President nominal head like queen.
United States constitution
President as excutive head of state & supreme commander of armed forces
murpayikg;gpd; Kd;tiu - Preamble
Jiz [dhjpgjpapd; nghWg;Gfs; - Vice President as exofficio chairman of Rajya -Sabha
Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw - Independence of Judiciary
mbg;gil chpik - Fundamental Rights
ePjpGudha;T (Judicial Review)
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G - Written Constitution
Supreme Court
Removal of Supreme Court a high court judge.
Irish Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy (Ireland Sorrowed it from Spain) - muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
[dhjpgjp Njh;T Kiw - Method of election of president
[dhjpgjpahy; uh[;arigf;F epakpf;fg;gLk; epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; - Nomination of members to rajya
sabha by president.
khepyq;fs; msitf;F FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfs;
Canadian constitution:-
miu $l;lhl;rp muR vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; SUPREME COURT advisory Jurisdiction
1. $l;lhl;rpj; jj;Jtk; 2. typikahd kj;jpa muR
3. kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; mjpfhu gfpHT
Supreme Courtheme of federation with strong centre
Distribution of powers b/w centre by state
Former USSR
mbg;gil flikfs; - Fundamental Rules
5 Mz;L jpl;lk;
Australian constitution
nghJ gl;bay; - (Concurrent list)
KfTiu nkhop (Preamble Language)
Provision regarding trade, commence inter - tzpftpahghuk; njhlHghd tifKiwfs;
Weimar constitution of Germany
mbg;gil chpik ePf;fk;> neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; - Suspension of Fundamental rights
during emergency.
South Africa constitution
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Procedure of constitutional Amendment
Constitution of France
Republican government Liberty, Equality Fraternity.
Preamble (KfTiu)
“,e;jpahtpd; kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; ,e;jpahit xU ,iwahz;ikAs;s (Sovereign)> rkjh;kKs;s (Socialist)> rkar;rhh;gw;w (Secular)> kf;fshl;rp (Democratic) – FbauR (Republic) ehlhf mikf;f kdkhHe;J KbTnra;J> mjd; Fbkf;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; r%f> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; murpay; epahaKk;> vz;zj;jpy;> ntspg;ghLfspy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;> kjk; kw;Wk; topghLfspy; Rje;jpuKk;> r%fepiyapy; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfspy; rkj;JtKk; fpilf;fr; nra;aTk;> xt;nthU kdpjdpd; kjpg;igAk; ehl;bd; xUikiaAk; KOikiaAk; fhf;Fk; tz;zk; mtHfs; midtuplKk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fTk; ek; murpay; mikg;G cUthf;Fk; mitapy; ,e;j 1949 etk;gH ,Ugj;jhwhk; ehspy; ,q;qdk; ,e;j murhq;f rhrdj;ij ,aw;wp> vq;fSf;Nf je;J> Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwhk;”
Preamble means introduction or preface of constitution
Preamble as the identity-NA palkivala.
Preamble USA aplk; ,Ue;j ngwg;gl;lJ. Preamble Language S.A aplk; ngwg;gl;lJ.
NeUtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Preamble cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; brk;gh; 13.12. 1946 epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L [dthp 22> 1947-y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah kf;fshfpa ehk; ,e;jpahit Xh; ,iwahz;ikAs;s (Sovereign)> rkjh;k (Socialist)>
rkar;rhh;gw;w (Secular)> kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurhf (Republic) cUthf;f cWjp Vw;fpNwhk;.
ePjp (Justice) ehl;bd; Fbkf;fSf;Ff;nfy;yhk; r%f nghUshjhu murpay; ePjp
KOchpik (Liberty) vz;zk;> Ngr;R> Nfhl;ghL> kjk;> topghL Mfpatw;wpy; KOchpik
rkj;Jtk; (Equality) tho;f;if epiyapYk; tha;g;GfspYk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ngw;Wju tpiotJ.
rNfhjuj;jtk; (Fraternity) mth;fspilNa rNfhujg;ghz;ig tsh;j;J> jdp kdpjdJ cah;jFjpfisAk;> ehl;bd; xw;WikiaAk; epiyehl;Ltjhf cWjp $WfpNwhk;.
The idea of Justice, Social, Economic and Political daure been taken fro m Russion Revolution (1917)
The idea of Libersty Equality and fraternity have been taken from the French Revolution (1789-1799)
Significance of the preamble
The preamble embodies the basic philosophy and Fundamental valver political moral and religious on which the
constitution is based.
It contains the grand and noble vision of the constitutent Assembly
It reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of our constitution
It act as a key for understanding and interpretation of the constitution.
KfTiu (Amendment of the preamble)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G 22 gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;L;s;sJ. vdpDk; KfTiu mg;gFjpfSf;Fs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.
KfTiu ,e;jpamurpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNah ,y;iyah vd;gij cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,U tof;Ffspy; jPh;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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ngUghhp Vs ,e;jpah muR (1960) tof;fpy; KfTiu murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp my;yh vd jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
Nfrtghujp Vs ,e;jpa muR (1973) tof;fpy; KbTiu murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp vdj;jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
Preamble can be amended, Subject to the condition that no amendment is done to the basic features of the
constitution
KfTiu ,Jtiu xU Kiw kl;Lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. 1976 42nd gb Socialist, Secular, Integnity vd;w %d;W thh;j;ijfs; Preamble- y; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G jd;ikfs;
cyfpd; kpf ePz;l murpayikg;G (Lengthiest constitution)
ghjp nefpOk;> nefpoh jd;ik nfhz;lJ (Partly Flexibe and Partly rigid)
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapyhd murhq;fk; (Parliamentary System)
Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw (Independunce of Judiciary )
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G (Written constitution )
rpwg;ghd KfTiu (Preamble)
$l;lhl;rp Kiw (Federal Polity)
mbg;gil chpikfs; (Fundamental rights)
mbg;gil flikfs;(Fundamental duties)
muRf;F topfhl;L newpfs;(Directive Principles of state policy)
rka rhh;gw;w muR (Secular state)
xw;iw FbAhpik (Single Citizenship)
ePjpg;Gduha;T (judicial Review)
murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; (Constitutional Amendment)
fhkd; nty;j; cwT(Common Wealth Membership)
taJ te;NjhWf;F thf;Fhpik (Adult franchise)
neUf;fb epiy (Emergency provisions)
murpayikg;G epWtdq;fs; (Election Commission Planning, Finance Commisson etc. CAG, AG)
cyfpd; kpf eP;z;l murpayikg;G:-
395 Art, 22 gFjpfs; 12 ml;ltizfs; cs;sd.
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
xU $l;lhl;rp ehl;bw;fhd Kjy; jFjp me;j ehl;bd; murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ekJ ehl;L murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigapy; vOjg;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU $l;lhl;rp ehl;bw;fhd Kjy; jFjp me;j ehl;bd; murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ekJ ehl;L murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigapy; vOjg;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghjp nefpOk; ghjp nefpoh jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig jpUj;jk; nra;tjpy; rpytw;iw rhjhukhd KiwapYk; rpy tw;iw 2 / 3 ngUghz;ikAld; ,U mitfspYk; thf;nfLg;G elj;jp jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;.
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapyhd murhq;fk;:-
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapyhd murhq;fk; kj;jpapYk; khepyj;jpYk; murhq;fq;fs; miktjw;F top tif nra;fpwJ.
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Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw
mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; cr;rePjpkd;wk; SUPREME COURT k;> khepy mstpy; caHePjpkd;wq;fis
HIGH COURT epWtp Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
,jw;F cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ePjp Gduha;T (Judicial Review) toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rka rhh;gw;w muR:-
1976 42nd Amendment act NghJ Kfg;Giuapy; rkjh;k> rkarhh;gw;W (Secular) vd;w ,uz;L
thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa muR ve;j rkaj;ijAk; rhuhky; tpyfp epw;fpwJ. (eLepiy tfpf;fpwJ.)
xw;iwf;FbAhpik:-
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpa kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; xw;iwf; FbAhpik toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jpa Fbkfd; mth;fs; thOk; khepyq;fspd; Fbkfdhf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. ve;j khepyj;jpYk;
gpwe;jhYk; mth;fs; ,e;jpauhf fUjg;gLthh;.
taJ te;NjhUf;F thf;Fhpik
Art 326-d; gb 21 taJ epuk;gpa Mz;> ngz; midtUf;Fk; epwk;> ,dk;> nkhop> kj NtWghLfs; vJTk; ,y;yhky; Xl;Lhpik toq;fpaJ.
1989> 61th Amendment Xl;LNghLk; taJ tuk;G 21 ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;G gFjpfs;:- (Part of th Constitution) ( 22 gFjpfs);
1. gFjp-1 Art (1-4)
,e;jpa murpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs;
2. gFjp-02 Art (5-11)
,e;jpa FbAhpik
3. gFjp-03 Art (12-35)
mbg;gil chpikfs;
4. gFjp-04 Art (36-51)
muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
5. gFjp-05 Art (52-151)
FbauR jiyth;> kj;jpa murhq;fk;> cr;rePjpkd;wk;
6. gFjp-152-237 Art (1-4)
khepy murhq;fk;> MSeh;>
7. gFjp-07 Art (238)
Kjy; ml;ltizapy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j part B khepyq;fs; njhlh;ghdJ. 1956-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l VohtJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. gFjp-08 Art (239-242)
a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
9. gFjp-9A
Art (243-2430) gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
10. gFjp-09 Art (243P-243ZG)
efuhl;rpfs;
11. gFjp-10 Art (244-244A )
SUPREME COURT, goq;Fbapdh; gFjpfs;
12. gFjp-11 Art (245-263)
kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;
13. gFjp-12 Art (264-300A)
epjp nrhj;J> xg;ge;jq;fs;> chpik tof;Ffs; Mfpait
14. gFjp-13 Art (301-307)
,e;jpa Ml;rpgug;Gf;Fs;shf tzpfk;> ngUtzpfk; kw;Wk; thzpfk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghf
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15. gFjp-14 Art (308-323)
kj;jpa khepy muRg;gzpfs; Njh;thizaq;fs;
16. gFjp-14A
jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
17. gFjp-15 Art (324-329)
Njh;jy;
18. gFjp-16 Art (330-342)
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; gl;bay; ,dj;jth;fs; goq;FbapdUf;fhd rpwg;G rYiffs;
19. gFjp-17 Art (343-351)
Ml;rpnkhopfs;
20. gFjp-18 Art (352-360)
mtruepiyg; gpufldk;
21. gFjp-19 Art (361-367)
FbauR jiyth;> MSeh; nray;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;G> ngUe;JiwKfq;fs;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju tp\aq;fs;
22. gFjp-20 Art (368)
murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;j Kiwfs;
23. gFjp-21 Art (369-392)
jw;fhypf> ,ilf;fhy> rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;
24. gFjp-22 Art (393-395)
murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; njhlf;fk;> ePf;fk;> mjpfhug;g+h;t guty;
ml;ltizfs; (12)
1. khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; gl;bay; 2. FbauRj; jiyth;> MSeh;> S.C, H.C ePjpgjpfs; Cjpaq;fs; 3. gjtpNaw;G cWjp nkhopfspd; gl;bay; 4. khepyq;fSf;fhd uh[;argh ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5. gl;bay; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; eph;thfk; 6. m];]hk;> Nkfhyhah> jphpGuh> kpNrhuk;> mUzhry gpuNjrk;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
cs;s goq;Fbapdh; eph;thfk; 7. kj;jpa khepy mjpfhuk; gfph;T gl;bay; 8. mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpah nkhopfspd; gl;bay; (22) 9. cr;rePjpkd;w Nkyha;tpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngw;w fl;lq;fs; 10. fl;rpj;jhty; jil rl;lk; 11. gQ;rhapj;J uh[; njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fs; (29 nghUs;fs;) 12. efuhl;rp njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fs; (18 nghUs;fs;)
murikg;Gr;; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jNghJ 8 ml;ltizfis nfhz;bUe;jJ. jw;NghJ 12
cs;sd. Kjy; (1st) murikg;Gr;; rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ (1951) 9- tJ ml;ltiz Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. (Land
tenure, Land tax, railways, Industries)
10-tJ ml;ltiz - 52nd Amendment Act (1985) - Disqualification Defection
11-tJ ml;ltiz -73th Amendment Act (1992) - Panchayat raj
12.-tJ ml;ltiz-74th Amendment Act (1992) - Municipal corporation
nkhopfs;
8tJ ml;ltizapy; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j nkhopfs; 14 Now 22
21 > 1907-rpe;jp nkhop Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. 71tJ Amendment Act (1992)-nfhq;fzp> kzpg;Ghp> Neghsp nkhopfs; Nrh;g;G
92tJ Amendment Act (2003) NghNlh (m];]hk;)> Nlh ;̀hp (fh\;kPh;) ikjpyp (gPfhh;)> re;jhyp (gPfhh;) nkhopfs; Nrh;g;G
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gl;bay;:-
kj;jpa gl;bay; - 100 - 97 khepyg;gl;bay ; - 61 - 66 nghJ gl;bay; - 52 - 47
Union and its Territory
gFjp - gphpT 1-4 ,e;jpah khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; a+dpad; gpuNjrd; jw;nghOJ 28 khepyq;fs;> 7 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;sd. Art-1 ,e;jpah mjhtJ ghujk; khepyq;fspd; xU xd;wpak; vd;fpwJ.
Art-2- khepyq;fis gphpf;fTk;> Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhhuk;
cs;sJ. (Refer class notes)
Art -3-xU khepyj;jpd; ngah;> vy;iy>gug;gsT ,tw;iw khw;wNth> mjpffhpf;fNth ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
Art -4- Nfhl;ghL 2 kw;Wk; 3-d; gb nray;gLk; NghJ ehlhSkd;wk; mjw;fhd ml;ltiz I kw;Wk;
IV jpUj;jk; ngWk; tpjpKiwfisAk; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyk; Njitapdf; fUJk; khw;wq;fisAk; Nfhjpdhy; ehlhSkd;wk; mij epiwNtw;wj;ju Ntz;Lk;.
khepyq;fspd; kW rPuikg;G:-
S.K jhh; fkp\d;
nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikg;gJ gw;wp Ma;T nra;a 1947-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; SK jhh; fkp\id kj;jpa muR epakpj;jJ.
jhh; fkp\d; nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs; gphpg;gij ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; muR epuhfhpj;jJ.
JVP fkpl;b:-
jhh; fkp\d; ghpe;Jiufis ghprPiyid- eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Ma;T nra;a 1948-k; Mz;L n[a;g+h; efhpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; 3 cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l JVP FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
FO ghJfhg;G> xw;Wik> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp MfpaitNa kWfl;likg;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpaJ.
,jpd; ghpe;Jiufisf; fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO 1949-k; Mz;L Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpapd; tpisthf mf;Nlhgh; 1> 1953-y; Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyk;
fh;Diyj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L mikj;jJ.
/ghry; myp fkp\d;
khepy kWrPuikg;G gpur;ridia KOikahf Ma;T nra;a ,e;jpa muR jpU. / ghry; myp vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; `pUjaehj; Fd;]; - U> K.M. gdpf;fh; cl;gl khepy kWrPuikg;G Ma;Tf;FOtpid 1953-Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
1953-k; Mz;L rkh;gpf;fg;gl;l ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;if nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikf;f nra;jJ.
/ghry; myp FO ghpe;Jiufis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy kWrPuikg;G $l;lj;ij 1956-y; ,aw;wpaJ.
1956-y; 14 khepyq;fSk;> 6 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. A.P. -1953 From Madras
Kerala -1956
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Karnataka -1956 from Princely state Mysore (-1973 Renamed as Karnataka.
Gujarat , Mararashtra- 1960 from Bombay
Nagaland – 1962 from Assam. by state Nagalant Act
Haryana- 1966 fro m Pujab by Pujab reorgainsation Act Chandigarh become union Tesritory
H.P. -1970, Union Tesrritory of H.P. become state H.P. Act
Manipur,TriPura Meghalaya - 1971 (Substae of Assam full state)
Sikkim - 1974, 36th
Amendment Act-1975(22) (Associate State - full state)
Mizoram - (23) 1986
Arunachal Pradesh - 1986(24)
Goa - 1987(25)
Chhattisgarh (26)
Uttarakhand (27)
Jharkhand (28) - 2000
1954-y; ghz;br;Nrhp gpnuQ;Rf;fhhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ
1961-y; Nfhth> ila+> lhkd; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah; ghlk ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ. jhj;uh ehfh;N`NtypAk; Nghh;r;RfPrpahplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ. 1991- 70th
Amendment Act gb nly;yp Njrpa jiyefh;
Part-II Art 5-11
Citizenship
Art -6(1)
xU eghpd; Kd;Ndhh; vtNuDk; ,e;jpahtpy; FbapUe;jhYk; mtUk; ,e;jpaf; FbkfNdahth;
6(3)
ntspehl;bypUe;J FbNawpth;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; 5 Mz;LfSf;Fk; gpwF tpz;zg;gpj;J ,e;jpa Fbkfd; Mfyhk;.
Art -7
,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpw ehl;by; FbNawpdhYk; mth; jkJ ngaiu ePf;f Nfhhp kD nra;ahj tiuapy; mth; ,e;jpatuhfNt fUjg;gLthh;. Mdhy; gpw ehl;by; FbAhpik ngw;Wtpl;lij cWjp nra;J tpl;lhy; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; vd;w jFjpia ,oe;J tpLthh;.
Art -8
gpw ehl;by; FbapUe;jhYk; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gk; xUth; me;j ehl;by; cs;s J}jufj;jpy; jk; ngaiug; gjpT nra;J nfhs;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Art -9
xUth; jhNk Kd; nrd;W gpw ehl;bd; FbAhpikiag; ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; mtH ,e;jpa FbAhpik ,oe;jtuhfpwhH.
Art -11
,e;jg; ghfj;jpd; gbAs;s tpjpKiwfis khw;wpaikf;f my;yJ Nrh;f;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F rpwg;G mjpfhuk;; cz;L
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,e;jpa FbAhpikiag; ngWk; Kiwfs;:- (5)
1. gpwg;G (By Birth)
2. kuGtop(By DeSupreme Court )
3. gjpT (By registration )
4. ,ay;g+l;Ljy; (By Naturalisation)
5. epyg;gFjp ,izg;G (By incorporation of Territories)
gpwg;G
,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk; 1955-d; gb ,e;jpa vy;iyf;fs; 1950 [dth 26 f;Fg; gpd;dh; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ngWfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ntspehl;L J}Jth;fs;> md;dpah;fs; jtpu. 1986 Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpw;F gpd;dH Foe;ijapd; ngw;Nwhhpy; vtNuDk; xUtH ,e;jpaf;
Fbkfdhf ,Ug;gpd; mtH gpwg;gpy; FbkfdhthH.
kuGtop:
[dthp 26> 1950 f;F Kd;Ng (m) gpd;Ng ,;e;jpa vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; gpwF thOk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd; (jha; (4) je;ij)Foe;ijfs; kuGtopf; FbAhpik ngWthh;fs;.
gjpT
,e;jpah tk;rtopapdh;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 7 tUlk; jq;fpapUe;jhy; ntspehLfspy; FbapUf;Fk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdh; FbAhpik ngw;w ,e;jpaiu kzf;Fk; ntspehl;L ngz;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 7 Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;jhy; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwf;fhky; mth;fsJ. ngw;Nwhh;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; fhkd;Nty;j; ehLfis Nrh;j;j taJ te;Njhh; Nghd;wth;fSf;Fk; gjpT %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpik
ngwyhk;.
,ay;g+l;Ljy; (Naturalization)
ntspehl;lth;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 12 Mz;Lfs; FbapUe;jhy; ,ay;G++l;Ljy; %yk; ,;e;jpa FbapHpiik toq;fg;glyhk;.
epge;jizfs;
jFjpaw;w ehL vd ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpf;fg;glhj ehl;il Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; jd; jha; ehl;bd; FbAhpikia Jwe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; ey;y gz;Gilatuhf ,Uj;jy; ,e;jpa ml;ltizapy; cs;s nkhopfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa muRg; gzpapy; (m) ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;jJ Xh; Mz;lhtJ ,e;jpahtpy; tho;e;J ,Uj;jy;
(kD nra;Ak; Mz;bw;F Ke;ijia Mz;L). FbAhpik rhd;W toq;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; njhlh;e;J ,e;jpahtpy; FbapUf;f xg;Gjy; mspj;jy;. mwptpay;> jj;Jtk;> fyhr;rhuk;> ,yf;fpak;> cyf mikjp> kdpj ,d Nkk;ghL Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
rpwg;ghd Nrit nra;j ntspehl;lth;fsf;F muR Nkw;nfhz;l epge;jidfspypUe;J tpjp tpyf;F mspj;Jk; ,ay;g+l;Ljy; %yk; FbAhpik toq;fyhk;.
md;id njurh ,jd; %yk; Fbahpik ngw;whh;.
epyg;gFjp ,izg;G:-
Gjpajhf Xh; epyg;gFjp ,e;jpahTld; ,iztJ %yk; mg;gFjp kf;fSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fshf fUjg;gLth;
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Nfhth> ila+> lhkd;> ghz;br;Nrhp
FbAhpikia ,of;Fk; Kiwfs; (3)
1. Jwj;jy; (Renunciation)
2. KbTf;F tUjy; (Termination)
3. ePf;Fjy;(Deprivation)
Jwj;jy;
FbAhpikia jhdhf Kd;te;J Jwg;gJ
KbTf;F tUjy; (NtnwhU ehl;bd; FbAHpiikia mile;jhy;)
rl;lj;jpdhy; FbAhpikia KbTf;F nfhz;LtUjy;
ePf;Fjy; (FbAhpikia ,of;fr; nra;tJ)
jtwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp gjpT Kiwapd; %ykhf my;yJ Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwapd; %yk; ngw;w FbAhpikia fl;lhakhf ePf;Fjy;. (Refer classnotes)
Part –III Art 12-35
Fundamental Rights
F.R. gFjp III -y; உs;sJ.(சரத்து 12-35)
F.RUSA tpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy; 7 mbg;gil chpikfs; ,Ue;jd , gpwF Art - 31 nrhj;Jhpik 1978> 44tJ சட்டத்தின்
மூலம்300A tpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. jw;nghOJ 6 chpikfs; kl;Lk; cs;sJ. mbg;gil chpikfs; vd;git xU ehl;L kf;fs; Rje;jpuj;JlDk;> tpUg;gj;JlDk; tho toq;fg;gLk;
, Mjhu chpikfs;
mbg;gil chpikfs; Xh; murpd; jd;dpr;irahd mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fbkf;fisg; ghJfhg;git. F.R. ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ kf;;fs; jPh;T Ntz;b ePjpkd;wj;ij ehlyhk;.
Art-12
mbg;gil chpikfs; muR mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;LgLj;Jtjhy; murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; cWg;G 12 muR vJ vd $WfpwJ.
Art -13
mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Kuzhf ,e;jpahtpy; VNjDk; rl;lk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ nry;yj; jf;fJ
my;y. vdNt midj;J சl;lq;fSk; ifahsg;gLk; NghJ murpay; rhrdj;jpd; ve;j Nfhl;ghL vd;gijAk;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,JTk; ||rl;lk;|| vJ vdTk; tiuaWf;fpwJ.(judicial review)
Art -14-32
tiuAs;sit Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s 6 mbg;gil chpikfs; gw;wpait.
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1. rkj;Jt chpik Art (14-18) 2. Rje;jpu chpik (19-22) 3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (23-24) 4. rka chpik (25-28) 5. fyhrhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpik (29-30) 6. murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L ghpfhhuk; NjLk; chpik(32)
rkj;Jt chpik(14-18)
Art -14 (Refer class notes)
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; /Equality before law and equal protection of law
tpyf;F
1. President; Governor, not answerable to any court for the excrcise and performance of the powers and duties of his
office
2. NO criminal procedings during the Term of office
3. No Arrest.
4. Foreign rulers and ambassadors are exempted.
Art-15 (Prohibition of discrimination on certain grounds). 1. rhjp> kj> ,d> rka> ghy; NtWghL fhl;lf; $lhJ (race, caste, sex, or place of birth)
2. $Ljyhd rYiffis Fiwf;fTk; , Njitahd cjtpfis mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; muR jaq;f $lhJ.
Exceptions:
1. 15-(3) ngz;fSf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; rpwg;G tiuKiwfis nfhz;Ltu muRf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
2. 15-(4) r%f kd;Wk; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpy; gpd; jq;fpa kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd rpwg;G nray;fis nra;a muRf;F mjpfhuk; ,J 1951 1st Amendment Act gb Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 15 (5) SUPREME COURT, ST, rpwg;G rYiffs; toq;f muRf;F mjpfhuk;.
Art-16 (1) nghJgzpfspy; rk Ntiytha;g;G
Art-16 (2) (Equality of opportunity in Public Employment.)
muRg;gzpfspy; rkak;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghypdk;> gpwg;gplk;> kuGtop> FbapUg;G Mfpa fhuzq;fspy; xw;iwf; nfhz;L Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.
16 (3>4>5) ,y; 16 (1) (2)-y; nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;Wf;fhd tpjptpyf;Fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
kz;ly; fkp\d;-1979 By ம ோரஜ் ; Njrha; muR
1980 mwpf;if jhf;fy; (P.M. I.G)
27% ,l xJf;fPL (For OBC) 1992 eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ ( P.M. eurpk;kuht;)
kz;ly; fkp\d; tof;F (1992)
Art -17 jPz;lhik xopg;G
The Term Untouchability has not been defined either in the constitution or in the Act. 1955- Abolition of Untouchability. It abolishes Untouchability and forbids its practice in any form.
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Article-18
Abolition of Titles. ( military + academic) 1976 – protection of civil Rights Act (PCR)/உரிம கள் போதுகோப்பு சட்டம்.
Rje;jpu chpik:- Art-19-22
Art-19
MW tifahd Rje;jpu chpikfis toq;FfpwJ.
1a. Ngr;Rhpik ற்றும் கருத்துகமள வெளியிடும் சுதந்திரம் .
1b. $l;lk; $Lk; chpik ( ஆயுதங்கள் இன்றி )
1c. rq;fq;fs; mikf;Fk; chpik
1d. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; வசன்று ெர; chpik.
1e. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j njhopiyAk;> tzpfj;ijAk; nra;Ak; chpik.
1f. ,e;jpahtpy; எப்பகுதியிலும் தங்கி ெோழும் சுதந்திரம்.
1g. Muk;gj;jpy; 7 chpikfs; ,Ue;jJ. (nrhj;Jf;fis thq;Fk; tpw;Fk; chpik
19 1e) 1978 , 44th Amendment Act ePf;fg;gl;டு ,
Art -20 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;G
1. eilKiwapy; ,y;yhj rl;lq;fspd; fPo; jz;bf;fg;gLtij jtph;j;jy; .
(Ex Post facto Legilation)
2. XU Fw;wj;jpw;F xU Kiw kl;Lk; jz;bf;Fk; அதிகோரம் (Double jeoparely)
3. jd;id தோமே Fw;wk; rhl;l tw;GWj;J jiyjLj;jy;
(Rights against Self- incrimination)
Art -21( Refer class notes)
jdpegh; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; tho;Thpik (Inferred Rights)
21(A) 6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuapyhd Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpia mbg;gil chpikahf;fpaJ (86th
Amendment Act-2002 )
Art -22( Refer class notes)
tof;Ffspy; ifJ nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J jLf;Fk; chpik
Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (23-24)
Art -23( Refer class notes)
nfhj;jbik> mbikfs; tpw;;gid fl;lha Ntiy> kேிj ,op njhopy tzpfk;
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Art -24( Refer class notes)
14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fis Ntiyf;F mkh;j;jtமத jil nra;fpwJ.
(Child Labour Act-1986)
rka chpik (25-28)
Art -25( Refer class notes)
xUth; tpUg;gl;l kjj;ij jOt> gug;ப chpik mspf;fpwJ.
Art -26( Refer class notes)
rka epWtdq;fs; epWTtjw;Fk;> NgZtjw;Fkhd chpikfis toq;FfpwJ.
Art -27( Refer class notes)
ச யத்திற்கு thp tpjpg;gijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
Art -28
nghJfy;tp $lq;fspy; kjr; rhh;gpd;ik (ச ய மபோதமே வசய்ய தமட )
fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu chpik (29-30)
Art -29
nrhe;j nkhop> gz;ghL> Mfpatw;iw NgZk; chpik
Art -30
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F fy;tpf;$lq;fs; mikf;fT;k; eph;tfpf;fTk; chpik mspf;fpwJ.
(Art 32) murpayikg;gpw;F cl;gl;L jPh;T fhZtk; chpik ( Heart + soul of the constitution )
mbg;gil chpikfs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ Xh; ,e;jpa Fbkfd; (SUPREME COURT)
உச்சநீதி ன்றத்மத மநரடியோக அணுகலோம் .
ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writs)
1. Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Haebeus Corpus) 2. nraYWj;Jk; Nguhiz(Mandamus)
3. newg;gLj;Jk; Nguhiz(Certiorari)
4. jFjp tpdTk; Nguhiz(Quo Warranto)
5. jilnra;Ak; ePjpg;Nguiz(Prohibition)
1. Ml;nfhzh; ePjpNguhiz (Haebeus Corpus)) To produce the body
rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghf ifJ வசய்ெமத jil nra;tNj ml;nfhzh; ePjpNguhiz MFk;.
,e;j Miz toq;fg;gl;lhy; 24 kzp Neuj;Jf;Fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lth; ePjp kd;wj;jpd; Kd;G nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. nraYWj;jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Mandandus)- command
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1. ,J xU egiu (m) mjpfhu mikg;ig xU nghJf; flikr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdக் fl;lisaPLk;
ePjpkd;w cj;juthFk;.
3. newpAWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz(Certiorari)- certify to quash the „ Error of law‟
fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs; KbT nra;j tof;Ffspd; Mtzq;fisj; jq;fspd; Ma;tpw;F mDg;Gk; gb cr;rePjpkd;wk; (m) cah;ePjpkd;wk; gpwப்gpf;Fk; cj;juT.
fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G rl;ltpNuhjkhf ,Ug;gpd; mjid js;Sgb nra;Ak;.
4. jFjp tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz (Quo-Warranto)- What is your Authority ) ve;j mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; , ஒரு egh; nghJg;gjtpia tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdhtpd cj;juT MFk;.
gjtp tfpf;f jFjp mw;wth; vd;W fUjpdhy; mth; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
Not issued against
Ministorial Office, Private Office
Condition for the grant
1. rk;ge;jg;gl;l gjtp nghJg;gjtpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 2. me;j nghJg; gjtp epue;jukhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 3. rk;ge;jg;gl;l egh; mg;gjtpia tருj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. mg;gjtp rl;lj;jpw;Fப் Gwk;ghf tfpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. gpd;djhf Vw;gLk; jFjpapog;G.
5. jil nra;Ak; ePjpg;Nguhiz: ( Prohibition)- To Prevent jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs;> ePjpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mjpfhu mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
jq;fs; Kd; cs;s xU tof;F eltbf;ifapy; jq;fsJ mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy; mij Nkw;Nfhz;L me;j mikg;Gfs; elj;Jtij jil nra;ag;gpwg;gpf;Fk; cj;juT.
1. Art -32 SUPREME COURT
Art- 226 HIGH COURT
2. mbg;gilchpik fis nraYWj;j kl;LNk ,e;j \uj;jpd; %yk; epthuzk;
ngறyhk;
mbg;gilchpik fisAk; kw;w chpikfisAk; nraYWj;Jk; ,e;j \uj;jpd; %yk; eptuhzk; ngwyhk;.
3. ,J murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mbg;gilg; gFjpahFk; (Basic Structure)
,J murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil gFjp my;y
4. Art -32 Xh; F.R MFk;. 226 F.R. ,y;iy. Art -32(1)
mbg;gil chpikfisr; nray;gLj;j xUth; ; SUPREME COURT mZFk; chpik Xh; ; F.R chpik MFk;.
Art -32(2)
F.R. fis nray;gLj;j SUPREME COURT , 5 Writs fis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;
Art -32(4)
d; SUPREME COURT gb mZFk; ,e;j chpikia murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijr; jtpu NtW ve;j
rl;lj;jhYk; jLf;fNth நீf;fNth KbahJ.
Art-32 called as “ Soul and heart of the constitution “ By BR Ambedkar.
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muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :-
Part-IV - Art 36-51
DPSP mah;yhe;J நோட்டிடம் ; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
DPSP ‘Novel feature of the constitution By Ambedkar.
DPSP along with Fundamental rights contain the Phlosophy and Soul of the constitution
DPSP- Constitutional instruction (murpayikg;G mwpTWj;jy;)
,e;jpah murpay; mikg;gpy; ghpe;Jiufs; vdyhk;. ehl;bd; vjph;fhyj;ij cUthf;Fk; kj;jpa khepy muRfs; jq;fSila nfhs;iffSf;F topfhl;b
newpfis gpன்gw;w Ntz;Lk; (m) Fwpf;Nfhs;fshff; fUj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
r%f nghUshjhu murpay; rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; ,r%f eyehL Vw;gLtjw;Fk; DPSP
mbNfhYfpd;wd. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; DPSP tifg;gLj;jglhtpl;lhYk; mjd; mk;rk; kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljy;gb 3
tifahf gphpf;fyhk;. 1. nghUshjhu newpfs; 38>39>41>42 (socialistic)
2. fhe;jpa newpfs; 40>43>46>47 ( Gandhian)
3. Liberal-Western Principles. 44,45,48,49,50,51
Art-38 – To secure and protect a social order ( Welfare of people)
rKjha nghUshjhu murpay; ePjp midtUf;Fk; fpilj;J kf;fs; eyk; Vw;gLk; nghUl;L muR nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
39(a) Fbkf;fs; Njitahd trjpfSld; Vw;Wj; jho;tpy;yhj tUkhdj;ij ngw;W rhp rkkhf
tho;tjw;F(livelihood)
39(b) Njrj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fs; epahakhd Kiwapy; midtUf;Fk;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.(Distribution of material resources
39(c) Njrpakpy;yhj nghUshjhu mikg;ig nray;gLj;Jtj ( Prevent concentration of wealth)
39(d) Mz;> ngz; Mrpa ,UghyUf;Fk; gzp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp rkkhd Cjpak; நtoq;Fjy; ( Equal
pay for Equal work)
39(e) njhopyhsh;fspd; Ntiyj;jpwDf;Fj; jf;f Cjpak; toq;f jdpahh; epWtdq;fs; typAWj;jpaJ.( To
protect health and strength of the worker)
39(f) Foe;ijfs; KiwNahL tsh;tjw;Fk; tsh;e;j Foe;ijfSf;F rhpahd topfhl;Ltjw;Fk; mth;fhd ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Cjpa tifapy; newpg;gLj;jp nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
39(g) nghUsjhu trjpaw;w kf;fSf;Fk; ePjp fpilf;f ,ytr rl;l cjtp toq;f Ntz;L;k; (42nd
Amendment Act 1976)
39(h) Foe;ijfs; ed;F tsu tha;g;Gfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. (42nd 1976)
Art-40 fpuhkk; NjhWk; Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mjw;F RaMl;rp mikg;Gfshf khw;w Kay Ntz;Lk;.
Art -41 Ntiy ghh;f;Fk; chpik> fy;tpAhpik> Ntiytha;g;gw;Nwhh;f;Fk;> taJ Kjph;e;Njhh;f;Fk; ,ayhjth;fSf;Fk; mjdhy; muR nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
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Art -42 njhopyhsh;fs; gzpGhpakplj;jpy; epahakhd kdpjhagpkhdr; $oy; epyTk; ngz;fSf;F kfg;NgW epthuzk; fpilf;fTk; tif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Art -43 fpuhkq;fspy; Fbirj; njhopy;fs; Nkk;gTk; muR Kay Ntz;Lk;.
43(A) njhopw;rhiyfis Nkyhz;ik nra;tjpy; njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;F ngw tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
43(B) $l;LwT rq;fj;ij elj;JtJ (97th Amendment Act-2011)
Art -44 ,izj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; xNu tpjkhd nghJrptpy; rl;lk; Vw;gLj;jy;
Art -45 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l ,ytr Foe;ijfSf;F fl;lha ,ytr fy;tp
Art -46 rKjhaj;jpy; eype;j gphptpdh; SUPREME COURT, ST MfpNahh;fs; rKjha me;jp kw;Wk; Ruz;lypUe;J fhj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fy;tp Nkk;ghL mila nra;jy;.
Art -47 kf;fspd; czT rj;Js;sjhf mikj;J mth;fs; cly; eyk ngw Kay Ntz;Lk;.
Nghij jUk; ghsq;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jg; nghUs;fis gad;gLj;Jjy; jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Art -48 fhy;eil guhkhpg;G etPd mwptpay; Kiwg;gb mika muR ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. gR kw;Wk; fd;Wfis nfhy;YtJ jil nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
48(A) Rw;WGwr; #oiy Nkk;gLj;jTk; fhLfisAk; tdtpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhf;fTk; muR muR Kay Ntz;Lk;.
Art -49 tuyhw;W kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpd;dq;fisAk;> ,lq;fisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Art -50 ePjpj;Jiwia mikjp fhf;fTk; ehLfspilNa ,zf;fj;ij tsh;f;fTk; gd;dhl;L gpur;ridfis mikjp topfspy; jPh;f;fTk; muR Kay Ntz;Lk;.
DPSP with 42 nd
Amendment Act (1976)
Art-39, 39A, 43A, 43B, 48A
DPSP with 44th
Amendment Act (1978)
Art-350A, 351
S.NO FR DPSP 1. murhq;fk; rpytw;iwr; nra;af; $lhJ vd;W
mbg;gil chpikfs; jiltpjpf;fpd;wd. rpytw;iw nra;a Ntz;Lk; ghpe;Jiufs; nra;fpd;wd.
2. Mbg;gil chpikfis kf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; epiyehl;bf; nfhs;syhk;.
DPSP kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk; %yk; ngwKbahJ.
3. jdpegh; eyd; Vw;gLtjw;F FR toptFf;fpwJ. r%f ey ehL Vw;gLtjw;Fk; DPSP toptFf;fpwJ.
4. Nehf;fk; murpay; rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;JtJ (Political democracy)
DPSP Nehf;fk; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;JtJ.
5. Mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fis ePjpkd;wq;fs; nry;Ygbahfh njd;W js;sptpLk;.
DPSP f;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; nry;yhjJ vd;W js;sptpLk;.
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mbg;gil flikfs; (Fundamental duties)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F te;jNghJ இெற்மறப் gw;wp vitAk; Fwpg;gplg; gltpy;iy
Rtரd;rpq; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1970 42tJ Amendment Act 10 FD Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.--> Art 51A
2002 , 86 Amendment Act 11-tJ FD Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
1. xt;nthU ,e;jpaf; FbkfDk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;Ff; fP;o;g;gbtJld; murpayikg;G epWtdq;fs;> ,yl;rpak;> Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; Njrpa fPjk; Mfpa tw;iw kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ Gj;Jzh;tspj;j cd;djkhd ,yl;rpaq;fis epidtpw;nfhz;L gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwik> xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;ilg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4. miof;fg;gl;lhy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Lj; Njrr; Nrit nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 5. rka> nkhop> gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfisAk; fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fs; midth; kdjpYk; rNfhjuj;JtKk;
,zf;fKk; Vw;glg; ghLgl Ntz;Lk;. 6. ekJ $l;Lf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ghuk;ghpaj;ijg; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; ngz;fis ,opT nra;Ak;
nray;fis tpl;nlhopf;f Ntz;Lk;. 7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs;> tpyq;fpdq;fs; Mfpait cs;spl;l Gwr;#oiyg; ghJfhj;J
Nkk;gLj;JtJld; caphpdq;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. 8. mwptpay; czh;T> kdpNeak;> GwdwpT kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;j czh;it tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 9. td;Kiwia ntWj;J xJf;fpg; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. 10. jdpg;gl;l mstpYk; $l;L nray;ghl;bYk; kpfr; rpwe;j epiyia mila KaYtjd; %yk; ehl;bd;
Nkk;ghlbw;F Kaல Ntz;Lk;.
11. 6 Kjy; 14 tJ tiuAs;s Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 86th
Amendment Act-2002
FbauRj;jiyth;
Art--52
,e;jpahTf;F xU jiyth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mtNu ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; Mthh;.
FbauRj; jiyth; jFjp (Art-58)
58(1) ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
58 (2)35 taJ Kbe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;;
58(3) kf;fsit cWg;gpduhOk; jFjp ngw;wpUg;gjNjhL vy;yh tifapYk; rpwg;ghd jpwikAk;> jFjpAk; cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
58(4) kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpd; mYtypy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L Cjpak; ngwf;$ba eguhf ,Uf;f$lhJ.
Contidions Art-59
59(1) FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkd;wk; my;yJ rl;lrigapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; me;jg; gjtpapypUe;;J mth; tpyfpf; nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;glthh;.
59(2) FbauRj; jiyth; yhgk; ngwf; $ba vj;jifa mYtiyAk; Vw;gf;$lhJ.
59(3) FbauRj; jiyth; thlifapd;wp murhq;f khspifiag; ;gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk; (uh\;bugjp gtd;)
59(4) muR eph;zapf;Fk; Cjpak;> gb kw;Wk; rYiffs; midj;Jk; cz;L.59(5) FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpfhyj;jpd; NghJ mtuR rk;gsk;> rpwg;G rYiffs; gbfs; Fiwf;f $lhJ.
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FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;:
,e;jpaf;FO jiyth; Njh;jy; kiwKf Njh;jy; MFk;. ,e;jpaf; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gpujpepjpfyhd Nyhf; kw;Wk; uh[;a cWg;gpdh; khepy
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nly;yp> ghz;br;Nrhp cWg;gpdh;fSk; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy;
tpyf;fkspf;fyhk;. epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;jpypy; thf;fspf;f chpik fpilahJ. Art-55-d; gb FbauRj;;jiyth; Njh;jy; Njh;jy; FOtpdhy; khw;W Xl;nlg;gpd; %yk; tpfpjhr;rhu
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ.
MLA Xl;L kjpg;G
khepyj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × --------- nkhj;jk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; 1000
MP Xl;L kjpg;G
khepy rl;lrigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xl;L kjpg;G ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
( LS 543+RS 233= 776)
FbauRj; jiythpd; Njh;jy; rk;ge;jkhd rr;ruTfis SUPREME COURT %yk; jPh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jYf;fhd nlghrpl; njhifia 15>000& gha; RBI apy; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
FbauRj; jiyth; ngaiu Kd;nkhopAk; kw;Wk; topnkhopAk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 50 MFk;.
Jizf; FbauR jiyth;Uf;F Kd;nkhopa topnkhopa 20 Ngh; (,J FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; 2 FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; kNrhjh 1997 Mf];l; 13 epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
1971-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif mbg;gilapy; MLA MP cyfpd; Xl;L kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
Art--56 gjptpfhyk;
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; FbauRj;j jiyth; jdJ uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij Jizf;FbauR jiytUf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk; V. Prej
Nyhf;rgh rigaUf;F njhpag;gLj;jntz;L;k;.
Art--60 FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp gpukhdk;
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpia Vw;Fk; Kd;ghf cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp Kd;G murpay; rhrd Nfhl;ghLfis Fiwapd;w nray;gLj;Jtjhf cWjpnkhopg;gpukhdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
cr;r jiyik ePjpgjp ,y;iynad;why; mtUf;F mLj;jjhf cs;s ePjpgjp Kd;G cWjp nkhop kw;Wk; gjtp gpuhadk; nra;ag;gLk;.
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk; (Art--6-1)
murpayikg;ig kPWk; Fw;wj;jpw;hfhf FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Fw;wk; fhl;lg;gl;L gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;fg;glyhk;.
,U rigfspy; ve;jr; rigapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisj; njhlq;fyhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 1/4 gq;fpw;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnaOj;jpl;L 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhf
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis jPh;khdk; tbtkhf FbauR jiytUf;F mdg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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Fw;wr; rhl;Lfis njhlq;Fk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; 2/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; kW rigapy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Muhag;gLk;.
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; Fw;wrhl;Lfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gLthh;.
Gyd; tprhuidapy; FbauRj; jiyth; jhNk Nehpy; M[uhfpNah vy;yh gpujpepjp %ykhfNth jkJ thjj;ij vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;F chpik cz;L.
FbauR jiyth; gjtp fhyp,lq;fs; (Art -62)
5 Mz;Lfs; KOikahf gjtp Kbe;jgpwF ,uh[pdkh nra;tjd; %yk; Fw;wrhl;L %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lgpwF ,wg;G Neh;e;jhy; Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ nry;yhjJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,uh[pdhkh> gjtpePf;fk;> ,wg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fyhs; fhyp,lq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ 6 khjj;jpw;Fs;
epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 5 Mz;Lfs; gjtpfhyk; KbAk; jUthapy; Vw;gLk; fhyp,lq;fSf;F Kd;jhf Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
1. eph;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; 2. rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; 3. epjp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; 4. ePjp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; 5. ntspcwT Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; 6. neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs;
eph;thf mjpfhuk;
Art -53
1. eph;thfj; Jiwapd; midj;J nray;fSk; FbauR jiythpd; ngauhNyNa eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
epakzk;:
gpujkh; mikr;rh;fs;> cr;rePjpkd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w jiyikePjpgjp kj;jpa jzpf;ifmiw mjpfhhp ml;lh;dp n;[duy;> kj;jpa Njh;thiza jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk; ,juMizah;> cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; midj;J ePjpgjpfisAk; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
,e;jpahtpd; eph;thfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd nghUs;fisg; gw;wpAk; mikr;ruit vLf;Fk; KbTfs; gpujk ke;jphpAk; mtUf;F njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
eph;thfk;> fl;lq;fs; Mfpait gw;wp ve;j nra;jpiaAk; mth; gpujk ke;jphpAk; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Art -74 (1)eph;thfj;ij ,af;Fk; NghJ FbauRj; jiyth; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ. Mdhy; mikr;ruit $Wk; MNyhridfSf;Fk; fl;Lg;gl;ltuh vd;gJ gw;wp murpayikg;G xd;Wk; $wtpy;iy.
Art -74(1) 44th
Amendment Act 1978- gb jiyik mikr;rh; kw;Wk; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fspd; MNyhridg;gb FbauRj; jiyth; nray;gLthh;. Mdhy; me;j MNyhridia kWghprPyid nra;Ak;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.
kWghprPyid nra;ag;gl;L nfhLf;fg;gLk; MNyhridapd; gbNa FbauRj;jiyth; fl;lhakhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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ntspehl;LfSld; cld;gbf;iffs;> gd;dhl;L xg;ge;jq;fs; FbauRj; jiythpd; ngahpy; nra;ag;gl;lhYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jf;F gpwNf mitfs; mkYf;F tu KbAk;.
rl;l kpaw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;:-
ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;Ljy; ciuepfo;j;Jjy;
FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Lk;> js;spitf;Fk; kw;Wk; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lth; Mthh;.
Gjpjhff; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; $Lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj; njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; ,U rig cWg;gpdh;fis xd;whf mkh;j;jp Nehpy; tiuahw;Wthh;.
Fiwe;jJ MWkhjq;fSfF xU KiwahtJ mth; ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;w $l;L $l;lj;ij $l;Lk; mjpfhuk; ,tUf;F cz;L $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik
jhq;Fgth; LS rgh ehafh; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F nra;jp mDg;Gjy;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; kNrhjh Fwpj;Njh my;yJ NtW ve;jg; nghUs; gw;wpNah> ,U rigfSf;Fk; Nrh;j;Njh my;yJ xU rigf;F kl;LNk nra;jpfs; mDg;gyhk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpf;iffis rkh;gpj;jy;.
Pre’s xt;thU Mz;Lk; ghuhSkd;;wj;jpw;F rpy mwpf;iffis rkh;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfhug;gLfpwhh;.
tUlhe;jpu tuT nryT gl;bay; (Aunval finanuialStatement) mwpf;if epjpf;FOtpd; rpghhpRfs;> kj;jpa nghJg;gzpfofj;jpd; Mz;lwpf;if> ml;ltiz rhjpapdh;> ml;ltizf;Fbfs; MfpNahUf;fhd jdp mjpfhhpapd; mwpf;if> gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpzhpd; mwpf;if Mfpatw;iw Mz;LNjhWk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ghprPyidf;F itf;f Ntz;baJ FbauRj; jiythpd; flikahFk;.
kNrhjhf;fSf;F xg;gjy; mspj;jy;:-
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspd; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; FbauRj; jiythpd; ifnaOj;J ngw;w gpd;Ng rl;lkhFk;.
kNrhjhit Vw;fTk; nra;ahky; kWf;fTk; nra;ahky; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;. kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gLk; kNrhjh kPz;;Lk; ,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L FbauRj;
jiytUf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy; ,k;Kiw mth; kNrhjhit Vw;Wf; nfhs;s flikg;gl;lth; Mthh;. khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; MSeh;fSf;F mDg;Gk; kNrhjhf;fs; kPJ mth;fs; ve;jtpjkhd
KbTk; vLf;fhky; mtw;iw FbauRj; jiythpd; KbTf;F mDg;gyhk;. mtw;iw Vw;why; rl;lkhFk;. kpy;iynad;why; rl;lkhfJ.
gz kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk; mwpKfk; nra;a FbauRj; jiythpd; Kd; mDkjp mtrpak;. gz kNrhjh rl;l kNrhjh epuhfhpf;Fk; chpik ahUf;Fk; ,y;iy.
mtrur; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jy; (or dinamces)
Art -123-d; gb ghuhSkd;wf; $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj fhyq;fspy; FbauRj; jiyth; mtruj; rl;lq;fis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
ghuhSkd;wk; ve;nje;j ,zq;fs; kPJ rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w KbANkh mit midj;jpd; kPJk; FbauRj; jiyth; mtrur; rl;lq;fis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
mtrur; rl;lj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;;lj;jpw;Fs;s Mw;wYk; mjpfhuk; cz;L. ghuhSkd;wk; kPz;Lk; $baTld; FbauRj; jiytuhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l mtrur; rl;lq;fs; mjd; ,U
rigfspYk; itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;wk; mij rl;lkhf Vw;ftpy;iy nad;why;. ghuhSkd;wk; $b MW tuhq;fs; Kbtile;jJk; mJ rl;lg;gb nry;yhJ.
mtrur; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F kl;LNk ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.
ghuhSkd;w epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; epakpj;jy;
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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uh[;arghtpw;F fiy> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdk;> r%f Nrit> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; gy Jiwfspy; ehl;Lf;fhf njhz;lhw;wpa 12 egh;fs; uh[;rgh cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fpwhh;.
Nyhf;rghtpw;F Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rpWghd;ikapdUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf ,uz;L Ngiu Nyhf;rghtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fpwhh;.
epjp mjpfhuk; (Financial Powers)
gz kNrhjh Nyhf;rhgtpy; jhf;f nra;a FbauRj; jiythpd; mDkjp Njit ,e;jpa vjph;ghuhj njhifapypUe;J nryT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjp cz;L. epjpf;FO [dhjpgjp epakpf;fpwhh;. tUlhe;jpu epjpepiy mwpf;if vdg;gLk; gl;n[l; Mz;LNjhWk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;a
FbauRj; jiyth; MizapLfpwhh;. epjp kNrhjhitj; jtpu gpw kNrhjhtpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fNth> xg;Gjy; mspf;fhky; epWj;jp
itf;fNth mtUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
ePjpJiw mjpfhuk;:-
FbauR jiyth SUPREME COURT HIGH COURT Justice kw;Wk; Justice epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; rl;lnjhlh;ghd mwpTiuia Nfl;L ngwyhk;. ml;lh;dp n[duy;iy epakpf;fpwhh;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; kd;dpg;G mjpfhuk; (Art-72)
Pardon: Fw;wthspfis kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;: Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth; ve;j jtWk; ,iof;ftpy;iy vd;W mwptpf;Fk; mjpfhuhk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
Reprieve: jz;lidia epWj;jp itf;Fk; mjpfhuk:; (Fwpg;ghf kuz jz;lid) ,jd; %yk; jz;lid ngw;Wth; Fw;wkd;dpg;G Ntz;bNah> jz;lid khw;wk; Ntz;bNah FbauRj;jiytUf;F fUiz kDit mDg;Gtjw;F mjpfhuk; jug;gLk;.
Remission: Fw;wthspapd; jz;lidfhyj;ij Fiwf;Fk; mjpfhuk;: (With out Changing its)
jz;lidapd;Charceter ,ay;ig khw;whky; jz;lid vd;W Fiwg;gJk; (10-5 Mz;Lfs;)
Respite rpy #o;epiyfspy; jz;lid rl;lj;ij (cly; eyf;FiwT Vw;gl;bUe;jhNyh (m) jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ngz;zhf ,Ue;J mth; fUTw;wpUe;jhNyh mth;fSf;F rpwg;G rYifahf Fiwe;jgl;r jz;lid toq;FfpwJ. (m) jz;lid epiwNtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F xj;jp itg;gJ.
Commutation: xU jz;lidia kw;nwhU jz;lidahf khw;WtJ.
Ex : (kuz jz;lid - fLq;fhty; jz;lidahf Fiwj;jy; vspa rpiw jz;lidahf Fiwj;jy;.
,uhZt mjpfhuqfs;:-
mtNu ehl;bd; Kg;gilfspd; jiytuhthh; Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpfisAk; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. Nghh;fhyj;jpy; Nghh; mwptpg;G nra;tJk; Nghh; epWj;jk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; uhZt ePjpkd;wq;fs; toq;Fk; jz;lidfis kz;zpf;fTk;> Fiwf;fTk;> js;Sgb nra;aTk;
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs;:-
Njrpa neUf;fb gpufldk; (Art-352)
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,e;jpa my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may;ehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjyhy;(m) cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfshy; mghak; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik cUthfpw NghJ Njrpa neUf;fbia ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l me;j gFjpf;F kl;Lk; mtru epiy gpufldk; nra;ayhk;.
,e;j gpufldj;ij mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa Pre’s ntspapLfpwhh.
ghuhSkd;wk; jdJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij xU jlitapy; Xh; Mz;bw;F kpfhky; cah;j;jyhk;. khepy muR ve;j tpjkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; nkd;W khepy muRf;F kj;jpa muR
fl;lisaplhyk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; tUkhdk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; cs;s
mjpfhug;; gq;fPl;il FbauRj; jiyth; khw;wTk; nra;ayhk;> Mdhy; neUf;fb epiy ePf;fg;gLfpwNjh mg;nghOJ ,e;j cj;juTk; Kbe;JtpLk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs; (Art - 21 jtpu) jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jps itf;fg;gLk;.
neUf;fb epiyia NkYk; njhlu ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xt;nthU 6 khjj;jpw;Fk; xU Kiw mDkjpngw;W ePl;bf;fyhk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Njrpa neUf;fb
1. mf;Nlhgh; 26> 1962-[dthp 10>1968-rPd Mf;fpug;G 2. brk;gh;-3> 1971 [dthp-Pak Nghh; 3. [Pd; 25> 1975-1977 khh;r; 21> cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rp
2 tJ Njrpa neUf;fb ,Uf;Fk; nghONj 3-tJ Njrpa neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ. 1978 48th Amendment Act cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rp vd;w thh;j;ij vLf;fg;gl;L mjw;F gjpyhf MAj
Nke;jpa fpsh;r;rp vd;w thh;j;ij Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp (khepy neUf;fb epiy)
Art -356
Art -356-d; gb xU khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuk; nray;glhj epiyapy; FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rpia gpufldg;gLj;jyhk;.
FbauRj; jiytNu khepy murd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;W tpLfpwJ. ,e;j gpufldk; mKypy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ khepyj; cah;ePjpkd;wk; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ghjpf;fg;glhky;
jdpj;jd;ikAld; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
epjpneUf;fb epiy
Art -360
,e;jpahtpd; my;yJ VjhtJ xU gFjpapy; epjpepiyapd; ];jpuj; jd;ikf;F my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; ehzaj;jpw;F Mgj;J Vw;glf; $ba #o;epiyapy ,g;gpufldj;ij FbauRj; jiyth; mwptpg;ghh;.
muhrq;fk; nryTfspy; rpf;fdk; nra;a khepy Copah;fspd; rk;gsq;fSk; gbfSk; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhuyhk;.
khepy rl;lrigfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gz kNrhjhf;fisj; jiythpd; Nkw;ghh;itf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW khepyq;fSf;F kj;jpa muR fl;lisfs; tplyhk;.
,Jtiu ,e;jpahtpy; Financial emecry ony implement nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
epuhfhpf;Fk; kWf;F mjpfhuk;:-
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; ve;jnthU kNrhjhTk; [dhjpgjpapd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wjhd; rl;lkhFk;.
,e;jp kNrhjhf;fSf;F [dhjpgjp xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk; my;yJ uj;J mjpfhuhj;ij gad;gLj;jyhk;.
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murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fSf;F veto mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
Absolute Suspensive Pocket Qualified
(Pre’s ,y;iy)
Absolute:
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjf;fSf;F Xg;Gjy; mspf;fhky; epWj;jp itg;gJ.
Suspensive
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fis kW ghprPyidf;fhf kPz;Lk; xU Kiws kl;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;GtJ mk;kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wk; kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wp mDg;Gk; NghJ Pre’s mjw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz kNrhjhit jpUg;gp mDg;g KbahJ.
Pocket Veto:
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhit jpUk;gTk; mDg;ghky; xg;GjYk; mspf;fhky; fhy tiuaiwapd;wp epYitapy; itg;gJ.
,e;jpa FbauR jiyth;fs; 1. lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; (1950-1962) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauR jiyth; njhlh;e;J ,uz;L Kiw Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;lth;.
2. lhf;lh; uhjh fpU\;zd; (1962-1967) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Jiz FbauR jiyth;
3. lhf;lh; [hfPh; cNrd; (1967-1969) Kjy; ,];yhkpa FbauR jiyth; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj fhykhdth;
4. tp.tp. fphp (1969-1974) thOk; NghJ jghy; jiy ntspapl;lth; FbauRj; Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhf FbauRj; Jizj;jiyth; gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jth;
5. gf;&jPd; myp KfkJ (1974-1977) mtruepiy gpufldrl;lj;jpy; ifvOj;J Nghl;lth;
6. ePyk; rQ;rPt nul;b (1977-1982) Nghl;bapd;wp Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l xNu FbauRj; jiyth;
7. fpahdp n[apy; rpq; (1982-1987) FbauRj; jiytuhf - Kjy; rPf;fpah; uh[Pt; mikr;ruitahy; mDg;ggl;l jghy; Jiw kNrhjhit ifnahg;gkplhky; jpUg;gp mDg;gpath;
8. Mh; ntq;fl;uhkd; (1987-1992) uh[Pt; fhe;jp> tp.gp. rpq; re;jpuNrfh; gp.tp. eurpk;kuht;> ehd;F gpujkh; Ml;rpia re;jpj;jth;.
9. Nf.Mh;. ehuhazd; (1997-2002) ehl;bd; Kjy; jyPj; FbauR jiyth; kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; thpirapy; epd;W thf;fspj;j Kjy; FbauRj; jiyth;.
uj;J mjpfhuj;jpd; tiffs;
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10. lhf;lh; V.gp.N[. mg;Jy; fyhk; (2002-2007) FbauR jiytuhd Kjy; tpQ;Qhdp ePh;Ko;fp fg;gypy; gazk; nra;jth;
11. jpUkjp. gpujPgh ghl;By; (2007-2012) Kjy; ngz; FbauR jiyth;
12. jpU. gpudhg; Kfh;[p (2012 [{iy 25 Kjy;) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epjpaikr;rh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J Njh;;e;J vLf;f gl;lth;
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd; ntspehl;L J}Jtuhf gzpahw;wpath;fs; lhf;lh;. uhjhfpU\;zd;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh;. Nf.Mh;.ehuhazd;. FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd;Ng ‘ghuj uj;dh’ tpUJ ngw;wth;fs; lhf;lh;. uhjhfpU\;zd;
lhf;lh;. [hfph; `{ird; kw;Wk; lhf;lh;. mg;Jy; fyhk;. FbauRj; Jizj; jiyth; gjtp tfpf;fhkNy Neubahf FbauRj; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> g ;̀Ujpd; myp m`kJ> ePyk; rQ;rPt; nul;b> fpahdp n[apy; rpq;> lhf;lh;. mg;Jy; fyhk; kw;Wk; gpujPgh ghl;By;.
,Jtiu jw;fhypf FbauRj; jiytuhf nghWg;G tfpj;Js;s xNu ,e;jpa jiyik [];b]; KfkJ `pjaJy;yh.
Jiz FbauRj; jiyth;
Art -63 ika murpy; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $WfpwJ.
Art -66 ,UrigfspYk; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fs; (Electoral College) %yk; Njh;T nra;ag;gLfpwhh;.
uh[;arh Nky;rghtpd; jiyth; Mthh;.
Art -71 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; gw;wpa rr;ruTfSf;FSUPREME COURT %yk; jPh;T ngwg;gLk;.
Qulification:-
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 35 taJ Kbe;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. uhf; rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs; cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Cjpak; ngWk; ve;j muR gzpapYk; ,Uf;f $lhJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;j rigapYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.
gjtp gpukhdk;( Art-69)
FbauRj; jiyth; my;yJ mtuhy; mtUila rhh;gpy; mjw;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; xUth; Kd;G gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;.
gjtpf;fhyk;( Art-67)
gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; gjtp tpyf tpUk;gpdhy; jdJ gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythpaplk; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. ,tiu gjtpePf;fk; nra;aNtz;Lkhdhy; khepyq;fsitapy; xU jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L
uh[;arghtpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUghz;ik MjuTld; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L kf;fs; mitapd; xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdYk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
FbauRj;jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;- gzpfs;.
uh[;arghtpd; jiytuhf gzpahw;Wfpuhh;. uh[;rghtpd; $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;.
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,tUila mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; Nyhf;rgh rghehafh; gzpfSf;F rkkhdit. FbauRj; jiyth; ,we;J tpl;lhNyh my;yJ uh[pdhkh nra;jhNyh (m) Neha;tha;gl;bUe;jhNy
Jiz FbauRj; jiyth; mjpf gl;rkhf MW khj fhyj;jpw;F FbauRj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wyhk;. FbauRj; jiyth; ntspehLfSf;F Rw;Wg;gazk; nrd;whNyh FbauRj; jiythpd; gzpfis ,th;
nra;fpwhh;. jw;fhypf FbauRj; jiytuhf gzpahw;Wk; NghJ uh[;rgh jiytUf;fhd flikfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
,th; nra;ayhJ. Mjyhy; uh[;argh Jizj;jiyth; uh[;argh jiytuhf gzpahw;Wthh;. ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; J}Jtuhf cyf ehLfspy; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;J ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; kw;w
ehLfSf;F kpilNa el;Gwit tsh;f;fpwhh;.
Jiz FbauR jiyth; 1. lhf;lh; ,uhjh fpU\;zd; (Kjy; Jiz FbauR jiyth;) ----- 1952-1962 2. lhf;lh; [hfPh; `{ird; ----- 1962-1967 3. tuhfphp ntq;flfphp ------ 1967-1969 4. Nfhghy; ];t&g; gjf; ------ 1969-1974 5. gp.b. [hl;b (Kjy; jw;fhypf Jiz[dhjpgjp) ------ 1974-1979 6. [];b]; KfkJ `pjaj;Jy;yh(,uz;lhtJ jw;fhypf [dhjpgjp) ------- 1979-1984 7. Mh;.ntq;fl;uhkd; ------ 1984-1987 8. lhf;lh; rq;fh; jahs; rh;kh ----- 1987-1992 9. Nf. Mh;.ehuhazd;(Kjy; jypj; FbauRj; Jiz jiyth;) --------- 1992-1997 10. fp\z; fhe;j; --------- 1997-2002 11. igud; rpq; n\fhtj; ------ 2002-2007 12. KfkJ `kPj; md;rhhp(,uz;L Kiw Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;) ----- 2007-2012 Kjy; lhf;lh; ,uhjfpU\;zd; Kjy; FbauRjiyth; njhlh;e;J ,uz;L Kiw gjtp tFj;jth; lhf;lh; ,uhjfpU\;zd;> lhf;lh; [hfPh; `{ird;> tp.tp. fphp Mh; ntq;fl;uhkd;> lhf;lh; rq;fh; jahs; rh;kh>
Nf. Mh;. ehuhazd; MfpNahh; gpw;ghL FbauR jiyth;.
gpujk ke;jphp (Art-78)
P.M. murhq;fj;jpd; cz;ikahd eph;thfj; jiytuhfj; jpfo;fpwhh;.
(dejure executive) Real executive (de facto executive)
P.M. murpd; jiyth; Mthh;;.
P.M. murpd; eph;thf jiyth; Mthh;.
njhq;Fk; jiyth; (by feet)
jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiyth; NDC (Njrpa tsh;r;rp FO) jiyth;
LS cWg;gpdh;fspd; jiyth;
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk; rpw;gp gpujkh; Mthh;.
gpujkh;fs; ngah; fhyk; 1.[t`h;yhy; NeU -------- 1947-1964 Kjy; gpujkh; &mjpf fhyk; gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth; ‘,e;jpa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; rpw;gp’>‘Mrpa N[hjp’>‘kdpjUs; khzpf;fk;’ NeU 1947 Mf];by; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; Mw;wpa ciuf;F Tryst with destiny (tpjpNahL nra;j xg;ge;jk;) vd;W ngah;.
ghujuj;dh tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; gpujkh; 2.Fy;rhhpyhy; ee;jh-- 1964-1964 Kjy; jw;fhypf gpujkh; ,uz;LKiw ,ilf;fhygpujkuhfg; nghWg;G tfpj;jth;
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3.yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp--------- 1964-1966 jh\;fz;l; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lth; ntspehl;by; fhykhd ,e;jpa gpujkh; ‘mikjp kdpjh;’ &fhe;jp n[ae;jpad;W gpwe;jth; ‘n[a; [thd;! n[a; fprhd;!’ vd;W Koq;fpath; ghfp];jhDld; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jth;
4.Fy;rhhpyhy; ee;jh (jw;fhypfk;) -- 1966-1966 5.,e;jpuh fhe;jp --------- 1966-1977 tq;fpfis Njrpakakhf;fpath; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp gpwe;jehs; (etk;gh; 19) – Njrpa xUikg;ghL jpdk;. Kjy; ngz; gpujkh; 20 mk;r jpl;lj;ij tFj;jth; rpk;yh xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lth; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy;Kjyhf mZFz;L Nrhjid ele;jNghJ gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth; ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW’ (1942) ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lf;fhuh;fSf;F ,ilNa nra;jpg; ghpkhw;wj;Jf;F cjtpa ‘thdu Nrid’ vd;w Foe;ijfs; mikg;gpy; gq;F ngw;wth;
6.nkhuhh;[p Njrha; --- 1977-1979 gpg;uthp 29-k; Njjpad;W gpwe;jth; mjpf taJ cila gpujkh; kz;ly; fkp\id mikj;j ,e;jpa gpujkh; ,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j tpUjhd ghujuj;dh> ghfp];jhdpd; cah;e;j tpUjhd ‘eprhkp ghfp];jhdp’ Mfpa ,U tpUJfisAk; ngw;wth;
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia Nruhj Kjy; gpujkh; 7.ruz; rpq;(ghuhSkd;wk; nry;yhjth;) --1979-1980
- gpwe;jehs; (brk;gh; 23) – tptrhapfs; jpdk;. 8.,e;jpuh fhe;jp ------- 1980-1984
kz;ly; fkp\d; jd; mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jNghJ gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth; 9.uh[Pt; fhe;jp --1980-1984 ghfp];jhDf;F tp[ak; nra;j Kjy; ,e;jpa gpujkh; kpf Fiwe;j taJ gpujkh;
10.tp];tehj; gpujhg; rpq;-- 1984-1989 gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd 27% ,lxJf;fPl;il eilKiwg;gLj;jpa ,e;jpa gpujkh; (kz;ly; fkp\d; mwpf;ifia nray;gLj;jpa gpujkh;)
ek;gpf;if xl;L vLg;gpy; gjtp ,oe;jth; Xtpak; tiugth;
11.re;jpu Nrfh; --------- 1989-1990 kpff; FWfpa fhyNk gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth;
12.gp.tp. eurpk;kuht; --1991-1996 nghUshjhu rpw;gp gpujkuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; njd;dpe;jpah; jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; kz;ly; fkp\d; ,lxJf;fPLg;gb Kjy; epakd Miz toq;fpa gpujkh;. gQ;rhaj;Juh[; rl;lk; mkyhf;fg;gl;lNghJ gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth;
13.mly; gpfhhp th[;gha; -- 1996-1996 ‘n[a; [thd;! n[a; fprhd;!n[a; tpQ;Qhd;!’ vd;W Koq;fpath; ftpij vOJgth; %d;W Kiw gpujkuhdth; ntt;NtW khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J ehd;FKiw ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth; I.eh. rigapy; Kjd;Kjypy; `pe;jpapy; ciuahw;wpath;
14. Njt nfslh -- 1996-1997 15.I.Nf. F[;uhy; -- 1997-1998
ntspehl;L J}Jtuhfg; gzpahw;wp> gpujkuhdth; F[;uhy; nfhs;if vd;gJ mz;il ehLfNshL ,e;jpahtpd; cwT gw;wpaJ.
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16.mly; gpfhhp th[;gha; -- 1998-2004 17.kd;Nkhfd; rpq; -- 2004- rpwe;j epjp mikr;rh; ,uz;lhtJ Kiw kPz;Lk; gpujkuhf Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;lth; jpl;lf; fkp\d; Jizj;jiytuhfTk; gpd;dh; jiytuhfTk; gjtp tfpj;jth; &gha; Nehl;Lfspy; ifnaOj;jpl;l xNu ,e;jpa gpujkh; (hprh;t; tq;fp MSeuhf ,Ue;jNghJ) Kjy; Jiz gpujkh; rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;. Fy;rhhpyhy; ee;jh> I.Nf. F[;uhy;> kd;Nkhfd; rpq; Mfpa ,e;jpa gpujkh;fs; gpwe;j ,lq;fs;
ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sd. Jizg; gpujkuhf ,Ue;J gpujkuhdth;fs; - nkhuhh;[p Njrha;> ruz;rpq;. nkhuhh;[p Njrha;> tp.gp.rpq;> gp.tp. eurpk;kuht;> NjtfTlh MfpNahh; Kjyikr;rh;fshfg; gzpahw;wp> gpd;
gpujkuhdth;fs;.
Art -75
gpujk ke;jphp FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
gjtpgpukhdk;:-
FbauRj; jiythpd; Kd;G gjtp gpukhzk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;thh;.
gjtpf;fhyk;:-
PM gjtpfhyk; gw;wp xd;Wk; $wg;gl tpy;iy
gpujk ke;jphpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lth; kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuT ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; jhd; gpujkuhf ePbf;f KbAk;.
PM my;yJ mtuJ mikr;ruit kPJ kf;fsitapy; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; gpujk ke;jphp gjtp ,of;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujk ke;jphpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;:-
1. mikr;ruitia cUthf;fp Ml;rp mikj;jy; 2. mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fjy; 3. cah; murhq;f mjpfhupfis epakzq;fis KbT nra;jy; 4. ghuhSkd;w eltbf;iffspy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy; 5. ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; FbauRj; jiytUf;Fk; njhlh;G ghyhkhf nray;gLjy; 6. kf;fs; rigia fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; 7. jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiyth; 8. Njrpa tsh;r;rpf; FO jiyth;.
mikr;ruitia cUthf;fp Ml;rp mikj;jy;:-
gpujkh; jdJ mikr;ruitapd; mikr;rh;fis KbT nra;J Ml;rp mikf;fpwhh;. gpujkhpd; mwpTiuapd; Nghpy; jhd; FbauRj; jiyth; mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fpwhh;. mikr;rh;fsplk; gy;NtW Jiwfis xJf;fp nfhLg;gJk; gpujkhpd; jdp chpikahFk;.
mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fjy;:-
gpur;rizf;Fhpa nfhs;ifia Fwpj;J kw;w mikr;rh;fspilNa epyTk; fUj;J NtWghLfis ePf;fp xU kdjhf KbT nra;a gpujkh; cjtp nra;fpwhh;.
muhrq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd nfhs;iffis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpf;fpwhh;.
cah; murhq;f epakdq;fis KbT nra;jy;:-
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cah; murhq;f mjpfhhpfis FbauR jiyth; epakpj;jhYk;. mtw;iw gpd;ddpypUe;J KbT nra;tJ gpujkNu Mthh;.
Ex:-CAG, AIU, AGI, ECC UPSUPREME COURT, FC, Chairan menhers
ghuhSkd;w eltbf;iffspy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy;:-
fPo;rigahd kf;fs; rigapy; ngUghz;ik fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;. jhd; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fSf;F kf;fs; rigapd; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;batuhthh;. murhq;fj;jpw;F KOg;nghWg;Ngw;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; rigapd;
nfhz;Ltug;gLk; xj;jpitg;G my;yJ ntl;L jPh;khdq;fSf;Fk; gpujkh; jFe;j gjpy;fisj; juNtz;b tuhthh;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; gw;wp mwpf;iffis ntspapl Ntz;bapYk; mth; nghWg;ghFk;.
Budget jahhpf;fg;gLtjpy; gpujkUf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L mjpy; PM rk;kjk; ,y;yhky; ve;j khw;wq;fisAk; nra;a KbahJ.
Bridge b/w parliament and President
ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lg;gLk; Njjpia Pre’s njhptpf;fpwhh;.
ghuhSkd;w ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; Pre’s Mw;Wk; tiuia
gpujkNu jahhpf;fpwhh;. mikr;ruitapd; Kf;fpakhd KbTfis Pre’s njhptpf;fpwhh;.
mikr;ruitapd; KbTfspy; vijahdJ kWghprPyid nra;AkkhWPre’s Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhy; tpthjpj;J KbT nra;fpwhh;.
LS. fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
murhq;fk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Ntnwe;jf;fl;rpahYk; ml;rpia mikf;f Kbatpy;iynad;why; gjtpypUe;J tpyNf gpujkh; Pre’s f;F fiyj;J LS tpLk;gb ghpe;Jiu nra;a mjpfhuk; cz;L.
Union Council of Ministers - kj;jpa mikr;ruit (Art-74)
mikr;rh; epakdk;:-
Art-75gb FbauRj; jiyth; jiyik mikr;ruit epakpj;J mtuJ mwpTiuapd; Nghpy; gpw mikr;rh;fis epakpg;ghh;.
kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. mikr;rh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapypUg;gh;. mikr;rh;fis epakpf;Fk;k tp\aj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth; gpujk ke;jphpapd; ghpe;Jiuiag;
Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; mikr;ruit vd;w nrhw;nwhlh; jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nfgpdl; vd;w
thh;j;ij ve;j ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Art-74(1) mikr;ruit jiytuhd gpujkh; ,Ug;ghh;.
Art-75(1) mikr;rh;fs; jdpjdpahf FbauRj; jiytUf;F nghWg;ghsth;fs;
mikr;ruitapd; ,ay;Gfs;:-
mikr;rh;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jp;d; ,uz;L rigfSs; xd;wpd; cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; gjtpNaw;W 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;w rig xd;wpy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Nlhh; my;yJ epakdk; %yNkh cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lk; mg;gb cWg;gpduhf Kbatpy;iy nad;why; 75 (5) gb gjtp fog;gh;.
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mikr;ruit cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;j xU rigapYk; Ngha; NgRtjw;Fk;> rig eltbf;iffspy; fye;J nfhs;tjw;F Art- 88-d; gb chpik cz;L. Mdhy; jhq;fs; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj rigapy; thf;fspf;f chpik fpilahJ.
mikr;rh;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo;rigahd Nyhf; rghTf;F $l;Lg; nghWg;Gilath;fs; xU mikr;rh; kPJ nfhz;L tug;gLk; Fw;wr;rhl;L ,ju mikr;rh;fs; kPJk; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
Fw;wr;rhl;lhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU mikr;rh; kPJ nfhz;Ltug;gLk; ek;gpf;fiapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gLkhdhy; mJ ,ju
mikr;rh;fs; kPJk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhjhf fUjg;gl;L ke;jphprig KOtJkhfg; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa mikr;ruitapd; cs;s mikr;rh;fs; 3 tif
1. Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; 2. ,iz mikr;rh;fs; (jdp nghWg;G) 3. Jiz mikr;rh;fs;
Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;
Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fNs ehl;bd; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. Nfgpdl; jFjp ngwhj ,iz mikr;rh;fSf;F mjpy; gq;F fpilahJ.
,iz mikr;rh;:-
,th; NfgpNdl; mikr;rh;fSf;F fPOk; Jiz mikr;ruf;Fk; NkyhdJkhd juj;ijg; ngWfpwhh;. ,th; jdpg; nghWg;Gld; $ba gjtp tfpg;ghh;fs;
Jiz mikr;rh;fs;
,th;fSf;F jdpg; nghWg;Gld; $ba gjtp fpilahJ.
NfgpNdl; fkpl;bfs;:-
mikr;rh; FOtpd; gzpfs; NkYk; NkYk; tsh;e;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ. mikr;rh;fspilNa Ntiyg;gSitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhd nghUs;fis gw;wp Muha;e;J
mwpf;if rkh;gpg;gjw;Fk; mikr;rh; FOtpy; rpy Jiz FOf;fs; (4) cl;FOf;fs; epWtg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,thpd; epue;juf; FOf;fs; MFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd cl;FOf;fSf;F gpujk ke;jphpNa jiyik tfpf;fpwhh;. Ex: nghUshjhuf; FO> ghJfhg;Gf;FO > ntspAuTf; FO
mikr;ruitapd; gzpfs;
1. murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy; 2. ehl;bd; eph;thfg; nghWg;ig ftdpj;jy; 3. FbauR jiythpd; ghuhSkd;w ciuia jahhpj;jy; 4. ghuhSkd;w eltbf;iffspy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy; 5. kNrhjhf;fis jahh; nra;jy;
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ghuhSkd;w rpwg;G ngah;fs;:-
,e;jpah ----- rd;rhj; (Nyhf;rgh uh[;rgh) ,q;fpyhe;J ---- ghuhSkd;wk; [g;ghd; ------ lal; ,u\;ah ----- ^lkh]; mnkhpf;fh ----- fhq;fpu]; gpNurpy; ----- Ne\dy; fhq;fpu]; ,];Nuy; ----- ne];]l; gpuhd;]; ----- Ne\dy; mrk;gpsp nld;khh;f; ----- Nghy; nfl;bq; ];tPld; ----- hpf;];lhf; n[h;kzp ----- gz;l];uhl; ehh;Nt ------ ];Nlhh;gpq; Neghsk; ---- gQ;rhapj;J <ud; khyj;jPT ------ kh[;[pyp]; vfpg;J ----- l&y; mthk; mh;n[z;bdh ------ Ne\dy; fhq;fpu];
ghuhSkd;wk;
LS RS President
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w Kiw murhq;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;fpAs;sJ. -79-d;gb Nyhf;rgh> uh[;argh> FbauRj; jiyth; %d;Wk; Nrh;e;jNj ghuhSkd;wk;. FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mth;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rq;fkhfNt fUjg;gLfpwhh;. nkhj;j cs;s 7 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; nly;yp> ghz;br;Nrhp kl;Lk; khepyq;fsit cWg;gpzh;fis
nfhz;lJ.
uh[;argh-khepyq;fsit>Nkyit
1952> Vg;uy;>3 Orginally Council of State on 1954> Mf];l; 23>RS
Art-80-d; gb Nky;rig mikg;ig $WfpwJ.
mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if-250(238+ 12)
Now -245(233 + 12)
RS -epiyadh rghahFk;> Pre’s jiytuhy; fiyf;fKbahJ
uh[;argh cWg;gpdh;fs;; me;je;j khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. gjtpfhyk; MW Mz;Lfs; 1/3 %d;Wk; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw Xa;T ngWfpwhh;fs;.
RS-tpy; SUPREME COURT, ST ,l xJf;fPL ,y;iy
kf;fs; gpujpepj;Jt rl;lg;gb (1951) RS cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpfhyk;-6 tUlk;.
khepyq;fsitj; jiyth;
-89-d; gb ,e;jpa Jiz FbauR jiyth; khepyq;fsitapd; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;. mth; rigapd; $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;. khepy rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; xUth; Jizj; jiytuhj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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RS jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk; LS rghaehafUf;Fk; Jiz rghaeahfUf;Fk; vd;ndd;d rYiffSk; rpwg;GfSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wdNth mNj rYiffisAk; rpwg;GfisAk; ngWfpd;wdh;.
jiytiuAk;> JizjiytiuAk; nra;J ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rigf;F cz;L. rigapy; mg;NghJs;s nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghz;ikNahhpd; gjtp MjuTld; ePf;f jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
mth;fisg; gw;wpa tprhuiz ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ jiytNuh> Jizj; jiytNuh jiyik jhq;ff; $lhJ.
khepyq;fs; rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; (rhjuhz kNrhjh) rhjhuzr; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjpy; khepyq;fs; ,it kf;fs; rigAld; rk mjpfhuk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;tjpy; khepy rigapd; xg;Gjy; mtrpak; Njit. jpUj;jk; xd;iw khepy rig Vw;ftpy;iynad;why; ,U rigfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;ij FbauRj; jiyth; $l;b ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld; jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;.
Gjpa xU midj;J ,e;jpah Ml;rpj; Jiwg; gzpia (All India Service) Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;W khepy
rigjhd; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. (Art-312)
ehl;bd; eyDf;fhdJ vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf khepy mjpfhuk; gl;baypYs;s xU nghUisg; gw;wp kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk; vd;W khepyq;fs; rig jPh;khdk; nra;a mjpfhujk; cz;L (Art-249)
RS gyk; Fiwg;G:-
gz kNrhjhitj; jpUj;jNth> epuhfhpf;fNth mjpfhuk; fpilahJ. 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; 2 thuj;Jf;Fs; jdJ ghpe;Jiuia Ntz;LNkahdhy; njhptpf;fyhk;.
xU kNrhjh gz kNrhjhth ,y;iyah vd;w KbT nra;tJ kf;fs; rigapd; rghehafuhFk;. mikr;rh;FO (Cabinet) LS jhd; nghWg;Gs;sJ. fl;Lg;gl;lJ. RS my;y.
,J rigfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghLfisj; jPh;f;f ,izg;Gf; $l;lk; $l;bdhYk; kf;fs; rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 2 klq;F ,Ug;gjhy; gyk; Fd;wpajhf tpLfpwJ.
Nky;rig rhjhuz kNrhjhit 6 khjk; fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;.
Nyhf;rgh-kf;fsit fPoit.
1952 Vg;uy; 17 Kjy; $l;lk;-Nk 13 1952 House of the People – LS (1954) May 14)
,J epue;jukw;w rig mjpf gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if-552(550+2)
State-530+ Union -20
jw;NghJ-545(543+ 2) = 530 + 13
Nyhf;rgh cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubahf kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; LS fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; Pre’s jiytUf;F 82 (2) gb cs;sJ.
42tJ Amendment Act gb LS MAl;fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfshf mjpfhpg;G kPz;Lk; 43tJ 5 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
LS mjpfhuk;:-
1952-y; 489 njhFjpfs; ,Ue;jd. 1961 Cences gb 1966-Yk;
1971 Cencus gb 197-Yk; Gjpa njhFjpfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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1975-76k; Mz;Lfspy; FLk;geyr; rl;lk; gy khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; njhif FiwT vdNt MP fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwAk; #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
2001-Art 81-d Amendment Act. gb 2026 tiu MP njhFjp vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpg;Njh> Fiwg;gNjh $lhJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; njhFjp vy;iyia kl;Lk; Gjpjhf khw;wpaikj;J nfhs;syhk;;.
kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g LS-tpy; ,lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.
LS & RS cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; LS -25 taJ> RS 30 taJ Kbe;JUf;f Ntz;Lk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; $wg;gl;Ls;s midj;J jFjpfisAk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cWg;gpduhTjw;F jFjpapy;yhjth;fs;
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,y;yhjth; kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepy muRfspy; Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiy ghh;gth;. jpthyh MdtUk;> gpj;J gpbj;jtUk; Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fSf;fhff; jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,uz;lhz;LfSf;F Fiwahky; jz;lid ngw;wth;. Njh;jy; nryTfis Fwpj;j fhyj;jpYk; Fwpj;j tifapYk; rkh;g;gpf;fhjth; JNuhfk; kw;Wk; yQ;r Coy; nra;J muR gzpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lth;;.
cWg;gpdh;fs; fhypaplq;fs;
,uz;L rigfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; jFjpapy;yhjtuhf ,Ue;jhy; gjtp tpyfpdhy; mDkjpapd;wp 60 ehl;fs; rigf;F tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ nry;yhjJ vd jPh;khdpj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy;. Expelled by the House
FbauR jiyth; my;yJ Jiz FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy; khepy MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhy;.
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F cs;s chpik:-
ghuhSkd;w fl;lj;jpw;Fs;Ns rghehafh; mDkjpf;fhky; cWg;gpdh; kPJ rl;lg;gbahd eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J chpik.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lj;njhlh; ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; Neuj;jpYk;> $l;lj; njhlUf;F Kd;Gk;> gpd;Gk; 40 ehl;fspy; cWg;gpduhf ifJ nra;jhy; $lhJ.
rigapy; my;yJ mjd; FO $l;lq;fspy; Ngrpajw;fhfNth my;yJ nra;j nray;fSf;fhNth mth;fs; kPJ rl;lg;gb eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rghehafh;
ngah; fhyk; 1.[p.tp. kht;yq;fh; (Kjy; rghehafh;) --- 1952-1956 6.gp.Mh;. gfj; (Fiwe;j fhy rghehafh;)-- 1976-1977 7.vd; rQ;rPtp nul;b (FbauR jiyth; gjtpf;F te;j rghehafh;) 9.lhf;lh; gy;uhk; [hf;fh; --- 1980-1989 (kpf mjpf fhyk; rghehafuhf ,Ue;jth;)
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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16.jpUkjp kPuhFkhh;(Kjy; ngz; rghehafh;)-- 2009 Kjy; Jiz rghehafh; -- mde;jak; Iaq;fhh; jw;NghJ Jiz rghehafh; ---- Thambithurai
kf;fs; rigapy; rghehafh;> Jiz rgh ehafh; Mfpa ,uz;L mYtyh;fs; cs;shh;fs; cWg;gpdh;fs; xUtiu rghehafuhfTk;> kw;nwhU tiu Jiz rghehafuhfTk; Njh;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ. rghehafh; Njh;jy; Njjpia FbauR jiyth; mwptpg;ghh;. gjtpfhyk; rghehafUk; cjtp rghehafUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Mal;fhyk; tiu gjtptfpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fshfNt gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij rghehafh; Jiz
rghehafhplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsitapy; ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jP;h;khdj;ij mthfSf;F vjpuhf epiwNtw;wpdhYk; gjtp tif
Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; rig fiyf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; Njh;jy; Kbe;J Gjpa kf;fs; rigapd; rghehafh;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu rghehafh; njhlh;e;J gjtpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw:-
14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;G mwptpg;G nra;J kf;fs; rig $Lk; NghJ rigf;F te;Js;s nkhj;j cWg;gpdUs; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; thf;Ffs; Njit.
rghehafiuAk;> Jiz rghehafiuAk; gjtp ePf;Fk; jPh;khdj;ij Nky; rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wpa gz;G FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irTld; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLth;.
mjpfhuhq;fs; gzpfs;:-
1. Nyhf;rghtpd; jiyth; 2. rigapd; rghehafhpd; KbTNt ,WjpahdJ 3. rigapd; mikjpiaAk; xOq;ifAk; guhkhpg;gJk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; fz;zpzkhf NgRk;gb ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tJk; mtuJ gzpahFk;. 4. rigia xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tUf;F cz;L 5. KbT nra;tjw;F ,tUf;F cz;L. 6. ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lk; eilngWk; NghJ rghehafNu mf;$l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik tfpg;ghh;. 7. kNrhjhf;fspy; vdNt gz kNrhjhf;fs; vd;W KbT nra;tJ rghehafh; MFk;. 8. kNrhjh (m) jPh;khdq;fs; my;yJ ntl;fj; jPh;khdq;fs; (m) xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdq;fs;
Mfpaitfis mDkjpg;gjh (m) kWg;Ggjh vd;gJ rghehafhpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; mlq;Fk;. 9. Nfhuk; vd;gJ 10% cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; $l;lk; elj;j KbAk;.
ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlh; njhlq;Fk; ehs;
tUlj;jpw;F %d;W Kiw $Lk;. 1. gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp-Nk) Longest 2. gUtfhy $l;lj;njhlh;([Piy-Mf];l;) 3. Fsph;fhy $l;lj; njhlh; (etk;gh;-brk;gh;) Shortest
rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw:-
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gzpfSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ rl;lq;fis ,aw;WtJ MFk;. Nyhf;rgh> uh[;argh> FbauRj; jiyth; Mfpa ,e;j %d;W mikg;Gfspy; xg;GjYf;F gpwNf xU
kNrhjh rl;lkhfpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Kd;nkhopag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit mikr;rh;fshNyNa
Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wd.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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kNrhjhf;fs; 4 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. rhjhuz kNrhjh 2. gzkNrhjh 3. epjp kNrhjh 4. murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh gz kw;Wk; epjp kNrhjf;fs; Nyhf;rghtpy; kl;LNk jhd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl KbAk;. khepyq;fsitapy;
nfhz;LtuKbahJ. kw;w kNrhjhf;fs; midj;Jk; ,uz;L rigfspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. gz kNrhjhit jtpu midj;J kNrhjhf;fSk; 5 rl;lq;fis elf;f Ntz;L;k;. 1. Kjy; thrpg;G (First Reading)
2. 2 thrpg;G(2nd Reading)
3. 3 thrpg;G(3nd Reading)
4. khepyq;fs; rigapy; kNrhjh 5. FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irT
First Reading:-
mikr;rh; FOtpdhy; kNrhjh tpthjpj;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwF Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; Nyhf;rghtpy; rkh;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Mdhy; mDkjp Ntz;b xU khjj;jpw;F Kd;ghfNt tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. kNrhjhtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fhuzq;fs; Mfpait mlq;fpa mwpf;if xd;iwAk; tpz;zg;gj;Jld;
rigf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdh;fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; vJ ,e;jpa murpfspy; ntspg;gLk;.
Second Reading:-
kNrhjhitf; nfhz;LtUk; mikr;rh; mjDs; mlq;fpAs;s nfhs;iffisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; tpsf;fp thrpf;fg;gl Ntz;L;k;.
gpwF cWg;gpdh;fshy; kNrhjh tpthjpf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; vjph;fl;fpapdh; jdJ fUj;JfisAk;> vjph;g;GfisAk; njhptpf;fyhk;.
FOfl;lk;
kNrhjhSelect committee, joint committee f;F mDg;gpjd; mjd; mwpf;if ngwyhk;.
mwpf;if $l;lk; (Report Stage)
kNrhjhTk; FOtpd; mwpf;ifAk; kf;fs; rigapy; FOj; jiytuhy; rkh;gpf;fg;gLk; ,g;NghJ kNrhjh Mokhf Muhag;gLk; kNrhjhtpd; xt;nthU tpjpAk; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; Njitahdhy;
jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gLk;. gpwF xt;nthU tpjpAk; thf;nfLg;gpw;F tplg;gLk; vy;yh gFjpfSk; epiwNtwpdhy; mwpf;if rl;lk;
KbfpwJ.
Third Reading:-
,J kNrhjhtpd; filrp rl;lk; MFk;. mwpf;if Kd;Ng jPu tprhhpf;fg;gl;L tpl;l kNrhjhit ,g;nghOJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjh ,y;iyah
vd;gij gw;wp rig tpthjpf;Fk;. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jq;fs; vJTk; nfhz;Ltu KbahJ.
,Wjpay; kNrjh thf;nfLg;gpw;F tplg;gLk;. thf;nfLg;gpy; kNrhjh ngw;wp ngWkhdhy; vJ LS Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; mjNdhL
khepyq;fs; rigf;F mDg;gg;gLk;.
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khepyq;fs; rigapy; kNrhjh
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; midj;Jk; rl;lq;fshtjw;F ,U rigfspd; ,irTk; Njit.
LS kNrhjhf;fis RS mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNth> kWf;fNth nra;ayhk;.
kuGg;gb ngUk;ghyhd kNrhjhf;fis vt;tpj khWjYkpd;wp mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJjhd; Nky;rigapd; tof;fk;.
fUj;J NtWghLfSk;> ,izg;Gf; $l;lq;fSk;.
kNrhjh gw;wpa jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,U rigfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghLfis jPh;;f;f ,U rigfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;ij FbauRj; jiyth; $l;Lthh;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irT:-
,U rigfspYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ngw mtUf;F mDg;gg;gLk; mth; mij Vw;why; rl;lkhFk;. kWj;jhy; rl;lk;khfhJ.
FbauRj; jiyth; kNrhjhit jpUg;gp mDg;gp mij kW ghprPyid nra;Ak;gb Nfhuyhk;. ghuhSkd;wk; kNrhjhit kPz;Lk; kWghprPyid nra;J mij Vw;gJ FbauRj; jiytUf;F kW
KiwAk; mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F jd; ,irT kWf;fhky; mspf;f flikg;gl;ltuhthh;.
$l;L $l;lk;
,Jtiu (2001) Kiw 1961-Nk 9 tujl;riz jLg;G kNrhjh 1978 Nk 16 tq;fpfs; fkp\d; rl;lj;ij uj;J nra;Ak; kNrhjh 2001 khh;r; 26 NghNlh rl;lk; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;lJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;(124)
,e;jpahtpd; cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;jpa cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; jiyikahdJ kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; SUPREME COURT ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf cs;sJ. SUPREME COURT [dthp 28>1950-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. vg;nghOJ 1 + 7 ePjpgjpfs; ,Ue;jdh;
jw;nghOJ 1+ 30.
S C
H C
District & Sessions Court
Senioner Sub-Judge Chief-judinial magistrate
(Civil cases) (Criminal cases)
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
45
SUPREME COURT epakdk;:-
jiyik ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia cl;gl ePjpgjpfis FbauRj; jiyth; epakpf;fpwhh;. kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ ,e;jpaj; jiyik ePjpgjpia MNyhrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jiyik ePjpgjp epakdj;jpd; NghJ kw;w %j;j ePjpgjpfs; mlq;fpa FOtpid MNyhrid nra;J
FbauRj; jiyth; epakpg;ghh;.
SUPREME COURT jFjpfs; (124)(3)
1. ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 2. njhlh;e;J 5 Mz;Lfs; xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh (m) xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l cah; ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh
ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;wp ,Uj;j Ntz;Lk;. 3. njhlh;e;J 10 Mz;Lfs; xU HIGH COURT Nyh(m) xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l HIGH COURT Nyh
tof;FiuQuhf gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4. FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;jpd;gb xU rpwe;j ePjp mwpQuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 5. SUPREME COURT ePjpgjpfspd; Fiwe;jgl;l taJ gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
gjtpf;fhyk;:-
SUPREME COURT ePjpgjpfsp;d; gjtp fhyk; gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
SUPREME COURT jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> gpw ePjpgjpfSk; 65 taJ epiwtilAk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fyhk;.
SUPREME COURT ePjpgjpfs; jq;fsJ gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghuhSkd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; %yKk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
gjtp ePf;fk;
23 nah[hl;b ePjpgjp xUth; jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ jpwikapd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; Gtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
ePjpjgjpf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdq;fs; ,uz;L rigfspYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;gg;glNtz;Lk; gpd;G ePjpgjp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
,Jtiu ve;j jiyik ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpAk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl tpy;iy. 1993 Nk 11 ePjpgjp g.uhkrhkpf;F vjpuhf gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a jPh;khdk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,Wjpy;
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. nrskpj;uh nrd; vjpuhf RS jPh;khdk; mDg;gl;lJ BSP ,jid vjph;j;jJ. ,Wjpahf ,th; gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;. 1996 khh;r; 6 vjpuhf nrd;id HIGH COURT ePjpgjp rptg;gh vy;iyth; gpwe;j Njjp jtwhf nfhLj;jp
62 taJf;F Nky; ,Ue;jhh; Pre’ s Vidg;gb tpsf;fg;gl;lhh;.
rk;gsk; kw;Wk; gbfs;:- (125)(Cjpak; gbfs;> tpLKiw Xa;t+jpak;)
ePjpgjpfspd; Cjpaj;jpid eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; cs;sJ. Mdhy; mth;fsJ gjtp fhyj;jpy; Fiwj;jy; $lhJ.
CJI-1 yl;rk;
CJI-90>000
Retried CJI Xa;t+jpak; filrpahf mth;fs; ngw;w Cjpaj;jpy; 50%
jw;fhypf; jiyikePjpgjp (Art-126)
CJI appointed by pre’s
CJI ,lk; fhypahFk; NghJ
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CJI gzpahw;w ,ayhj nghOJ
CJI jw;fhypkhf tuhj $o;epiyapy;.
Retried Judges (128)
SUPREME COURT/HIGH COURT Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpfis jw;fhySUPREME COURT ePjpgjpahf FbauRj; jiyth; epakpf;fyhk;.
Indepentence of the Judges
1. cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfs; epakd Kiw
2. gzpf;fhy ghJfhg;G (Securiry of junura by pre’s only Remove)
3. Cjpa eph;zak; from CFI, 2nd
Supreme Courthecule
4. ePjpgjpfspd; elj;ij Fwpj;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjk; Nkw;nfhs;s $lhJ
5. Xa;Tngw;w gpz;G tof;fiuQuhf gzpahw;wy; jil
6. SUPREME COURT kw;Wk; HIGH COURT jq;fis mDkjpj;j Fw;wj;jpw;fhf (Contempt of court ) ve;j
egiuAk; jz;bf;f mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. (Art-129 & 215)
7. mjpfhu tuk;G ePl;bg;G(Art-121) ghuhSkd;wk; SUPREME COURT jpd; mjpfhu tuk;ig ePl;bf;f kl;LNk nra;a KbAk; Fiwf;f KbahJ.
8. eph;thfj; JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiw gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Art-50)
9. fLikahd gjtpf;f Kiw
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;Gfs;:-
cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtyhshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
mjpfhuq;fs;
1. mry;-Kjy; mjpfhu tuk;G (Art-131) 2. ePjpg; Nguhiz Ms; tiu 3. Nky; KiwaPl;L Ms; tiu 4. kjpg;GW ePjpkd;wk; 5. ePjpj;Jiw Gduha;T 6. kw;Wk; ,ju mjpfhuq;fs;
mry; mjpfhu tuk;G:-
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; xU khepy (m) xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; tof;Ffs;.
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; xU khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fs; xU jug;gpYk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs; kw;nwhU jug;gpYk; ,Ue;J vOk; tof;Ffs;.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd toq;Fjs;.
ePjpNguhiz:- (Art-32)
mbg;gil chpikfis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd rpf;fy;fs; SUPREME COURT d; mjpfhu tuk;gpy; cs;sitahFk;. 1. Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg;Nguhiz 2. nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz 3. jilg; Nguhiz 4. Mtzf;Nfl;Gg; Nguhiz
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5. jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg; Nguhiz.
Nky;KiwaPl;L Ms;tiu- mjpfh tuk;G:-
fPo; ePjpkd;w jP;h;g;gpw;F vjpuhf xUth; SUPREME COURT jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. uhZt rl;lq;fs; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ jPh;g;ghaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; jPH;g;GfSf;F
rpwg;G mDkjp Nky;KiwaPL nghUe;jhJ. 1. murpayikg;G Fwpj;j tof;fpy; Nky; KiwaPL (Art-132)
2. chpikapay; Fwpj;j tof;fpy; Nky;KiwaPL (Art-133)
3. Fw;wtpay; Fwpj;j tof;fpy; Nky;KiwaPL (Art-134)
4. rpwg;G mDkjp Nky; KiwaPL (Art-136)
Advisory (MNyhrid $Wk; mjpfhu tuk;G)
nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;lg; gpur;ridNah my;yJ ngUk;ghz;ikg; gpur;ridNah vOk; NghJ- vOtjw;F tha;Gs;sJ.
vd FbauRj; jiyth; fUJk; NghJ mJ Fwpj;J Nfl;Fk; NghJ FbauRj; jiytUf;F MNyhrid toq;fyhk;.
gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;:- (Art-129)
,jd;gb SUPREME COURT-jpd; gjpNtLfis rhl;rpag; gjpNtLfshf gad;gLj;jyhk;.
epjpGduha;T mjpfhu tuk;G:-( Art -137)
murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L jhd; kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk; ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;wKk;> rl;lkd;wKk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; murpayikg;G tpjpfSf;F Kuzhditfshf
,Uf;Fnkd;why; SUPREME COURT mtw;iw murpayikg;kGf;F Gwk;ghdit vd;W js;sptpLk;.
ePjpg;Guha;tpd; Njit
1. murpayikg;gpd; Nkyz;ikia epiyehl;l 2. mbg;gil chpikfis ghJfhf;f 3. mjpfhu gq;fPL- $l;lrphpik epiyehl;l
SUPREME COURT gad;gLj;jp ePjpGduha;T
1. Nfhyf; ehj; tof;F (1967) 2. tq;fpfis muRlikahf;fpa rl;l tof;F (1971) 3. Nf\;thdhe;j ghujp tof;F (1973) 4. kpdh;th kpy;]; tof;F (1980)
cah;ePjp kd;wk; miktplk; epytuk; cah;ePjp kd;wk; Mz;L mjpfhu vy;iy jiyikafk;
myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpugpuNjrk; myfghj; Me;jpuh 1956 Me;jpuh i`jpuhghj; gk;gha; 1862 kfhuh\;Guk; Nfhth jhj;uh efu;
`Ntyp lhkd;-ila+ Kk;ig
fy;fj;jh 1862 Nkw;Ftq;fhsk; nfhy;fj;jh rB];fh; 2000 gpyh];g+h; gpyh];g+h; jpy;yp 1966 jpy;yp - jiyefh; jpy;yp nfsfhj;jp 1948 mrhk;> kzpg;g+h;> nfsfhj;jp
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Nkfsah> ehfyhe;J> jphpGuh gpNrhuk; mUzhry gpuNjrk;
F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; mfkjhghj; ,khry gpuNjrk;
1971 ,khry gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
[k;K fh\;kPh;
1928 [k;K fh\;kPh; =efh;
[hh;fd;l; 2000 [hh;fd;l; uQ;rp fh;ehlfk; 1884 fh;ehlfk; ngq;fSh; Nfusk; 1956 Nfusk; ,yl;rjPT Vh;zhFsk; kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
1956 kj;jpa gpuNjrk; [gy;g+h
nkl;uh]; 1962 jkpo;ehL ghz;bNrhp nrd;id Xbrh 1948 Xbrh fl;lhf; ghl;dh 1916 gPfhh; ghl;dh gQ;rhg; `hpahdh
1966 gQ;rhg; `hpahdh rz;bfhh;
rz;bfhh;
uh[];jhd; 1944 uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk; fhq;ghf; cj;jufhz;l; 2000 cj;jufhz;l; iedplhy; kzpg;g+h; 2013 kzpg;g+h; jphpGuh 2013 jphpGuh kpNrhuk; 2013 kpNrhuk; ,e;jpahtpy; 24 cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; cs;sd. gQ;rhg; `hpahzh ePjpkd;wk; - Adpad; gpuNjrk; rz;bfhpy; cs;sJ fy;fj;jh ePjpkd;wk; - Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpw;Fk; me;jkd; epNfhgh; jPTf;Fk; gzp nra;fpwJ. Kk;ig cah; ePjpkd;wk; - ,uz;L khepyj;jpw;Fk; ,uz;L Adpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; gzp nra;fpwJ Nfush cah;ePjpkd;wk; - Nfuhstpw;Fk; yl;rjPTf;Fk; gzp nra;fpwJ.
,J khepy jiyefhpy; ,y;iy.vh;zhFsj;jpy; cs;sJ. nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wk; - jkpo; ehl;bw;Fk; GJr;Nrhp a+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; gzp nra;fpwJ.
nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wk;; kJiu fpis 2004-y; ngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ. nghJey tof;Ffs;
(Public interest Litigation)
ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; Vo;ik my;yJ ,ayhik fhuzkhf ePjpkd;wj;ij mYtfj; jaq;Fk; epiyapy; mth;rhh;gpy; nghJ eyd; nfhz;l vtUk; ePjpkd;wj;ij mDfyhk; vd;w fUj;jpd;gb PIL
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJey tof;Ffs; vd;w fUj;J SUPREME COURT Kd;dhy; ePjpgjpfs; B.N. gftjp
(85-86) R. fpU\;za;ah;> gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
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khepy muR
khepy gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiwfis eph;thfpf;Fk; nghWg;G khepy muir rhUk; khepy muRk; epUthfj;Jiw> rl;l Jiw> ePjp Jiw vd gphpTfis nfhz;lJ 152 Kjy; 237 tiu khepy murpd; epUthf gzpfis gw;wp njspthf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ murpayikg;gpd; 153 Kjy; 160 gphpTfs; MSehpd; epakdk; jFjp mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wd
epUthfj;Jiw MSeh;
153 –khepyq;fSf;F xU MSeh; epakpf;fyhk; 154 – khepyq;fs; rk;ke;jkhd vy;yh KbTfisAk; MSeNu jPh;khdpf;fpwhh; 155 – Mseiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauR jiythplk; cs;sJ 156 – Mseh; gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; vd;Wk; mth; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gJ FbauR jiythpd; tpUg;gj;ij
nghWj;jJ vd;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;by; cs;sJ. 157 – Msehpd; jFjpfs; tpsf;FfpwJ. 158 – Msehpd; mYtyf tpjpKiwfis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ 159 – Msehpd; gjtp gpukdk; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpYs;s jiyik ePjpgjp nra;J itg;ghh; jiyik ePjpgjp
gzpaplk; fhypahf ,Ue;jhy; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp mg;gzpia nra;thh;. 165 –rl;l rpf;fy; MNyhriz ngw khepyq;fspd; xU ml;tNfl; n[duy; MSeh; epakpf;fpwhh; 166 – khepy murpd; nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; MSehpd; ngauhy; nray;gLj;j gLfpd;wd. MSeh; - murpayikg;gpd;gb khepy murpd; jiyth;.
epakdk;:- ,e;jpa FbauR jiyth; MSeiu epakpf;fpwhh;. ,tiu xU khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntW khepyj;jpw;F FbauR jiyth; khw;wk; nra;ayhk; cah;ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp Kd;G gjtp gpukzk; ngw;Wnfhs;fpwhh;.
jFjpfs;:- 1. ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 2. 35 taJ epwk;gpatuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; 3. ehlhSkd;wj;jpNyh rl;l kd;wj;jpNyh cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ 4. kj;jpa khepy murpd; ve;j gjtpapYk; Cjpak; ngWtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. 5. MSeuhf epakpf;f gLth; epakpf;fgLk; khepyj;ij rhh;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
gjtpfhyk;:- nghJthf MSehpd; gjtpfhyk; 5 tUlk;
Mdhy; FbauR jiyth; jpUg;jp ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; jhd; mth; gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
gjtpfhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng FbauR jiyth; ,tiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;:- 1. rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; khepyq;fspy; kl;Lk; 2. eph;thf mjpfhuk; khepyq;fspy; kl;Lk; 3. ePjp toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; khepyq;fspy; kl;Lk; eph;thf mjpfhuk;:- 1. khepy murpd; vy;yh eph;thfKk; MSehpd; ifapy; cs;sJ ,tuJ ngahpy; Kf;fpa KbTfs;
vLf;fgLfpd;wd. 2. khepy murpd; Kjd; ke;jphp> khepy rl;l mjpfhhp> khepy Njh;jy; Mizah; khepy nghJ gzp FOjiyth;>
gy;fiy fofq;fspd; Jiz Nte;jh; Kjyikr;rh; MNyhrid ngahpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fs; MfpNahiu epakpf;fpwhh;.
3. khepy murpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J FbauR jiytUf;F mwpf;if mDg;Gfpwhh;. 4. khepyj;jpy; FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp eilngWk; NghJ khepy eph;thfj;ij Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;. 5. khepy rl;l Nkyit ,uz;lhtJ mit cWg;gpdh;fspy; 1/6 gq;F gFjpapdiuAk; rl;l Nguitapy; xU
Mq;fpy ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh; epakzk; nra;fpwhh;. rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk;:- khepy rl;l kd;wk; epiwNtw;Wk; ve;jnthU kNrhjhTk; MSehpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;w gpd;dNu rl;lk;
epiwNtWk;. rl;l Nguit eilngwhj rkaq;fspy; rkaq;fspy; mtrur; rl;lj;ij gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L
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khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;F rPh;Fiye;J khepy muR nray;glhj epiyapy; murpayikg;G rl;l gphpT 356ia Ald; gLj;jp khepy muir fiyj;J tpl;L FbauR jiyth; Ml;rpia gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. ,g;nghOJ khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; ngw;W jpfo;fpwhh;. ,J FbauR jiythpd; Ml;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
MSeh; mDkjpapd;wp epjp kNrhjfis rl;l kd;wj;jpy; mwpKf gLj;j KbahJ. JiwfSf;fhz khdpaf; Nfhhpf;iffs; MSehpd; ghpe;Jiu Nghpy; jhd; rl;l kd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tu
KbAk;. Murpd; Mz;L tuT-nryT jpl;lk; Msehpd; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;dNu rl;l kd;wj;jpy; rkh;gpf;fgLk;. vjph;ghuhj nryTfis Nkw;nfhs;s rpy;yiu nryT epjpapy; ,Ue;J epjp toq;fpl murpay; rl;lk;
MSeUf;F mjpfk; toq;fpAs;sJ. [dhjpgjpapd; fUj;jpw;F xJf;f gl Ntz;ba kNrhjhf;fs; cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp
kd;wq;fspd; jPh;gpy; me;j];ij ghjpf;Fk; kNrhjh. ePjp toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;:- kuz jz;lidia jtph;j;J kw;w jz;lidfis Fiwg;gJ epWj;jp itg;gJ tpl;L nfhLg;gJ epthuzk; toq;FtJ Nghd;w mjpfhuk;
cilath;. jz;lizia mjpfgLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy khepy murpd; gzp Mizaj;jpd; Mz;L mwpf;if ngw;W rl;l kd;wj;jpd; kWghprpypiz xg;GjYf;Fk;
rkh;gpf;fpwhh;. khepy MSeh; &fth;dh; nkl;uh]; Vn]d;]p ------ 1639 1639 - Md;Ut; Nfhfd; 1640 - Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il epWTjy;.. 1640 - nkl;uh]; gpnu]pnld;rp 1785 – [hh;[; nkf;fhh;bdp --- Kjy; fth;dh; 1798 - ,uhgl; fpist; 1805 –tpy;;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuT 1820 –rh; gpnulhpf; Mlk; 1866 – Neg;gpah; gpuG
jkpof fth;dh; 1919 – 1924 ntypq;fld; gpuG 1946 – 1948 Mh;rpghy;l; vl;th;l; ie (Rje;jpujpw;F gpwFk;) Rje;jpuk; milAk; NghJ 1948 – 1952 fpU\;z Nf. gtrpq; (Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh;> FbauR Md NghJ jkpof fth;dh;) 1997 –2001 nry;tp.vk;.ghj;jpkh gptp- Kjy; ngz; fth;dh; 2004 – 2011 R[pj;rpq; gh;dhyh - ePz;l fhy fth;dh; 2011 - Nuhra;ah jw;fhypf fth;dh;:- ePjpgjp lhf;lh; gp.tp. uh[kd;dhh; 1957. ePjpgjp gp. re;jpuh nul;b 1964> 1965> 1966 ePjpgjp gp. Nfhtpe;jd; ehah; 1977 ePjpgjp K.K. ,];khapy; 1980 jkpof Kjy;th;fs;:- 1. Rg;guhaY nul;bahh; -------- 1920 – 1921 2. gzfy; uh[h -------- 1921 – 1926 3. gp. Rg;guhad; -------- 1926 – 1930 4. gp. KDrhkp ehAL -------- 1930 – 1932 5. nghg;gpyp uh[h -------- 1932 – 1937 6. gp.gp. ,uhrd; -------- 1936 7. Nf. tp. nul;b ehAL -------- 1937 8. rp. ,uh[h[p -------- 1937 – 1939 9. gp. gpufhrk; -------- 1946 – 1947 10. x.gp. ,uhkrhkp nrl;bahh; -------- 1947 – 1949 Rje;jpuk; mile;j NghJ
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11. gp.v]; Fkhurhkp uh[h -------- 1949 – 1952 Kjy;th; rp. uh[Nfhghyr;rhhp - 1952 Kjy; nghJNjh;jy; Kjy; ngz; Kjy;th; - [hdfp uhkre;jpud; ePz;lfhyk; Kjy;th; - M.G.R. Kjy; Kjy;th; - ,uh[h[p (1952 gpwF) FWfpa fhy Kjy;th; [hdfp uhkre;jpud; mjpfKiw Kjy;th; gjtp tfpj;jth; - fUzhepjp
Kjyikr;rh; murpayikg;G rl;lk; 164-tJ gphptpd;gb khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik nfhz;l fl;rpapd; jiytiu
Kjyikr;ruhfTk; mtuJ MNyhrid ngahpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fisAk; MSeh; epakpf;fpwhh;. Kjyikr;rh; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitNa cz;ikahd epUthf nghUg;gpid ngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ ,e;j mikr;ruit khepy rl;l Nguitf;F nghWg;ghdjhFk;.
epakdk;:- khepy Kjyikr;rh; MSeuhy; epakpf;f gLfpwhh; rl;lNguitapy; ve;j fl;rp my;yJ ve;j mzp ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W cs;sNjh me;j fl;rpapd; jiyth;
my;yJ me;j mzpapd; jiytiu MSeh; Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fpwhh; ve;j xU fl;rpAk; my;yJ ve;j xU mzpAk; rl;l rigapy; miwapWjp ngUk;ghd;ik my;yJ
,WjpngUk;ghd;ik ngwtpy;iy vdpy; rl;l rigapd; jdp ngUk; fl;rp jiytUf;F mikr;ruit mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLf;fyhk;
MSeh; Fwpg;gpLk; fhy msTf;Fs; jdf;F ngUk;ghd;ik cs;sJ vd;gij epUgpf;f Ntz;Lk; Kjyikr;rh; gjtp tpyfy; xl;L nkhj;j mikr;ruit tpyf;fy; MFk; nghJthf gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; Kjyikr;rh; gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk;:- 1. khepy epUthfj;jpd; cz;ikahd jiyth; mikr;ruit mikj;jy; 2. mikr;rh;fSf;F Jiwia xJf;fPL nra;tJ 3. MSeh; mwpf;ifapd;gb Jiwfis mikr;rh;fSf;F khw;wk; nra;tJ. 4. mikr;ruit jiytuhf ,Ue;J mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik tfpg;gJ 5. Gjtp fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng rl;l Nguitia fiyf;f MSeUf;F mwpTWj;JtJ. mikr;ruit FO:- 1. khepy mikr;ruit khepy rl;lkd;wjpw;F nghWg;GilajhFk; 2. midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk; khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mikr;ruha;
Njh;e;njLf;fgLk; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhjth; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;f gl Ntz;Lk;
3. Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu mikr;ruit gjtp ePbf;Fk; 4. Kjyikr;rh; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w khepy mikr;ruit KOtJk; gjtp tpyf
Ntz;Lk;. ,J xl;L nkhj;j nghWg;G.
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rl;l Nguit
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lgb xt;nthW khepyj;jpYk; xU rl;l Nguit Vw;gLj;j gl;L cs;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fs; xuit nfhz;ljhFk;
rpy khepyq;fs; <uit nfhz;lJ(rl;l Nkyit> rl;l Nguit) cjhuzk; - fh;ehlfk;> kfhuh\;luk;> cj;jpu gpuNjrk;> [k;K fh\;kPh;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fs; - Mrphpah;fs;> gl;ljhhpfs;> cs;shl;rp gpujpepjpfs;.
rl;l Nguit - fPo;rig Fbkf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fgl;l cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;L cs;sJ. kf;fs; njhif mbg;gilapy; cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if mjpfgl;rk; 500 Fiwe;j gl;rk; 60 mike;jpUf;Fk;. rl;l Nguitapy; jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; Mjpjpuhtplh; goq;Fbapdh; rpy ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ ,it
jdp njhFjp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ 25 taJ epiwtile;jhy; Njh;jypy; Nghl;baplyhk; gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; ,Ug;gpDk; Kd; $l;bNa ,j fiyf;f glyhk;
rghehafh;:- rl;l Nguitf;F jiyik tfpg;gth; mit jiyth; my;yJ rghehafh; rghehafh; Jiz rghehafh; rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;J vLf;fgLfpd;wdh;. rghehafh; ,y;yhj rkaq;fspy; Jiz rghehafh; nghWg;Ngw;W elj;Jthh;. rl;l rigia Kiwg;gb elj;Jk; nghWg;G rghehafh; my;yJ rl;l Nguit jiytUila nghWg;gpyhFk; rl;lNkyit:- 1. khepyq;fspd; rl;l Nkyit epue;jukhdjhFk; 2. Mdhy; khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspd; ghpe;Jiwapd; Nghpy; ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; fiyf;f glyhk;. 3. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fspd; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdh; ,uz;L Mz;Lf;F xUKiw xa;T ngWfpd;wdh;. 4. ,e;j ,lq;fSf;F Njh;jy; %ykhfNth MSehpd; epakdk; %ykhfNth mLj;j 6 Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F
cWg;gpdh; epug;g gLfpd;wdh;. 5. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if nkhj;j khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy; xU
gq;Ff;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ Mdhy; 40f;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 6. 30 taJf;F epuk;gpath; ,e;jpa Fbkfd; cWg;gpduhf jFjp gilj;jth;. Njh;e;njLf;fgLk; Kiw:- 1/3 gq;F cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; gpujpepjpfshy; Njh;e;JvLf;fgLfpd;wdh;. 1/12 cWg;gpdh; khepy gy;fiy fof gl;ljhhp 1/12 cWg;gpdh; Mrphpah;fshy; epakdk; 1/3 gq;F rl;l Nguitapy; Njh;T nra;a gLfpd;wdh; 1/6 ,yf;fpak; fiy mwptpay; r%f Nrit Nghd;w Jiwfspd; rpwg;G mwpTk; elKiw mDgtKk;
cs;sth;fs; MSeh; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. 1986 etk;gh; 1 jkpo;ehl;by; rl;l Nkyit xopf;fgl;lJ. rl;l Nkyit jiyth;(Chair Person) Nkyit jiyth; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; Jiz jiyth; elj;Jfpwhh;. ,UtUk; Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;J vLf;fgLfpd;wdh;. rl;l kd;wj;jpd; gzpfs;:- khepy rl;l kd;wk; khepy gl;baypy; kw;Wk; nghJ gl;bay; cs;s JiwfSf;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis
,aw;WfpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xU kNrhjh rl;lkhtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sgLk; KiwNa khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspYk;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. khepyj;jpd; epjp rhh;e;j nray;fis fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. rl;l kd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp Gjpa thpfis tpjpf;f KbahJ rl;lrigf;F mikr;ruit nghWg;GilaJ fl;LgLj;JtJk; rl;lNkyit tpl rl;lNguit mjpfhuk; kpf;fJ.
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epjp xJf;fPl;L rl;l tiuT kNrhjh rl;l kd;wj;jpd; fPoitapy; kl;LNk nfhz;L tuKbAk; Ie;J epiyfshf %d;W Kiw gbf;fgl;lgpd; MSehpd; mDkjpAld; ,J rl;lkhFk;. rl;lkd;w mitfspd; eltbf;iffSf;F mikr;rh;fs; nghWg;ghthh;fs.; nghWg;gpy; cs;s mikr;rh; rl;l
kd;w cWg;gpdh;fshy; Nfl;fgLk; Nfs;tpf;F gjpy; ju Ntz;Lk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk; rl;l Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wgl;lhy; mikr;ruit fiyf;fg;gLk;. epUthfk; rl;l kd;w epfo;Tf;F flikgl;L cs;sJ. khepy epUthfk; cah; mjpfhhpfs; nfhz;l FOthy; epUthfpf;f gLfpd;wJ ,f;FOtpy; ,e;jpa Ml;rp gzp
mYtyh; gzpahsh; FOthy; Njh;e;J vLf;fgl;l rhh; epiy gzpahsh; MfpNahh; mlq;Fthh;fs;. khepy murpd; murpay; rhrd Nfhl;ghLfs;:- 168 – khepyq;fspy; xU rl;l kd;wKk; rl;l Nkyit vd ,uz;Lk; ,Uf;fyhk; 214 – midj;J khepyq;fspYk; cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;fyhk; 216 – midj;J cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; kw;w ePjpgjpfis FbauRj; jiytNu
epakpf;fpwhh;. 222 - cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis muR jz;zpr;irahf khw;wk; nra;ayhk; 227 - cah; ePjpkd;wk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; kw;w ePjp kd;wq;fis fz;fhdpf;Fk; chpikiaAk;
mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;Lcs;sJ. 235 – cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F khepyj;jpy; kw;w ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Copah;fis khw;wTk; gzp cah;T mspf;fTk;
mjpfhuk; cz;L 229 – cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd; Copah;fs; nray;ghl;bid fl;LgLj;JtJ. 247 – rl;lk; xOq;if ghJfhf;f $Ljyhf ePjpkd;wk; mikf;f ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;. 250 –mtru epiy gpwg;gpj;j gpwF khepyq;fSf;F ehlhSkd;wk; MNyhrid $Wk; mjpfhuk; cz;L 252 - ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspd; Ntz;LNfhs; ,zq;f ehlhSkd;wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
khepyj;jpd; kPJ rl;l jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;. 253 – may; ehl;Lld; my;yJ ehLfSld; nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;w ,e;jpah KOtJk; my;yJ
xU gFjpapy; rl;lk; ,aw;w $ba mjpfhuk; ehlhSkd;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 280 –epjp fkp\d; mikg;gJ gw;wp $WfpwJ. 299 – midj;J kj;jpa muR Copah;fSk; [dhjpgjpf;F fl;Lgl;L fPo;gbjy; Ntz;Lk; [dhjpgjpf;F
khepyq;fspd; cah; mjpfhhpfis gzpePf;fk; nra;aTk; epakdk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. 301 – th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpgj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; 312 – Gjpa gzpaplq;fis cz;lhf;f mtrpak; 315 – kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; nghJg;gzp Njh;thidaq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk; 316 – nghJg;gzpJiw Njh;thidaiu FbauR jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeuhy; epakpf;f glyhk; 326 – taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik mbg;gilapy; ehlhSkd;w Njh;jYk; rl;l kd;w Njh;jYk; elj;j Ntz;Lk; 327 – Njh;jy; tpjpKiwia nfhz;L ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk; 329 – Njh;jy; eilKiw njhlq;fpa gpwJ Njh;jy; Midaj;jpd; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPl $lhJ vd;W ePjp
kd;wq;fSf;F jil tpjpf;f gl;Ls;sJ. 331 – kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpduhf Mq;fpy ,e;jpa ,dj;jtiu Njh;e;njLj;jy; 335 –SC/STgzp ,lq;fSf;fhd kj;jpa khepy muR ,l xJf;fPL 343 – Njtehfhp tbtpy; cs;s ,e;jp ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; Mq;fpyk; mYtyf nkhopahfTk;
gad;gLj;jgLk; 345 – xU khepyj;jpd; mYtyf gzpf;F me;j khepyj;jpd; gad;gLj;jgLk; nkhopfspy; xd;W `e;jp
Njitgl;lhy; mjid khepy eph;thfNk Nrh;f;fyhk; Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf gad;gLj;jyhk; 347 – xU khepyj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; njhifapy; mjpfk; NgRgth; nkhopia khepy nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FbauR jiytuhy; Vw;W nfhs;s gl;lhy; mjpfhu g+h;tkhd nkhop 350 – xUth; jk; Fiwfs; jPh;gjw;fhd kDit kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muR gad;gLj;jp tUk; ve;j nkhopapYk;
vOjyhk; 352 - ,e;jpahtpy; my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapy; Nghh; my;yJ cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpahy; mghak; Vw;glyhk;
vd FbauR jiyth; mwpe;jhy; ve;j gFjpapYk; neWf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. 354- neWf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ kj;jpa murplk; khepy muR ngWk; epjpapy; khw;wk; nra;a FbauR
jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. 355 – ve;j xU khepyj;ijAk; may;ehl;L jhf;Fjy; cs;ehl;L fpstp ,Ue;J Ml;rp GhptJ murpay; rh];d
flik
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356 - ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpd; gb Ml;rp nra;a ,ayhj khepyq;fspy; MSeh; ghpe;Jiu fPo; FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp
358 – neWf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ Nfhl;ghL – 19 jhdhf nraypof;fpd;wd 359 –neWf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ Nfhl;ghL 20> 21 jutp kw;wit FbauR jiyth; nraypof;f
nra;ayhk; 360 - ,e;jpahtpd; epjp epiyapy; mghak; Vw;gl;lhy; epjp neWf;fb gpufldk; nra;ayhk; ,e;epiyapy; midj;J
ePjpgjpfs; cah; mjpfhhpfs; Cjpaj;ij Fiwf;f FbauR jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. 368 – ehlhSkd;wk; jdJ murpay; eph;iza mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp murpay; rh];d ve;j tpjpAk; khw;wp
mikf;fyhk; uj;J nra;ayhk; jpUj;jp mikf;fyhk; 370 – [k;K fh\;kPUf;F jdp murpay; me;j];J jUfpwJ khepyq;fspd; cs;ehl;L tp\paq;fspy; ehlhSkd;wk;
jiyapl $lhJ.
Njh;jy; Mizak;
jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; ngah; fhyk; 1. RFkhh; nrd; Kjy; Mizah; 1950 - 1958 18. tp. v]; rk;gj; 2012 - ,ij murpay; rl;lk; cUthf;FfpwJ murpay; rl;l mikg;G (324) MFk; Njh;jy; Mizak; jtph;j;J murpay; rl;lj;jpd; kw;w mikg;G tpjpfs; vy;yhk; 26-01-1950 mKYf;F te;jJ. Njh;jy; Mizak; rk;ke;jgl;l tpjpfs; kl;Lk; 26-11-1949 y; mKYf;F te;jJ. xU jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; [dhjpgjp epakpf;fpwhh; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; gzp tUlk; 6 tUlq;fNsh 65 taJ epuk;Gk; tiuapNyh gjtpapypUf;fpwhh; cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpia ePf;Ftjw;F cs;s eilKiw %yk; jiyik Njh;jy; Midaiu [dhjpgjp
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfs;:- thf;fhsh; gl;baiy jahhpg;gJ thf;fhsh; gl;baiy Gjgpg;gJ> guhkhpg;gJ> fz;fhzpg;gJ newpgLj;JtJ. [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp khepy fPo;rig khepy Nky;rig khepyq;fsit khepy rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; murpay; fl;rpfis gjpT nra;tJ murpay; fl;rpfis mq;fPfhpg;gJ Njrpa fl;rpfis mq;fPfhpg;gJ murpay; fl;rpfSf;F rpd;dq;fis xJf;FtJ Njh;jy; KbTfs; mwptpf;f gLtjw;F Kd;G Njh;jy; jfuhWfis epakpg;gJ ,jd; jPh;g;Gfis cr;r ePjp kd;wk; KbT nra;Ak; xU murpay; fl;rpapy; gpsT Vw;gl;lhy; mJ %yf; fl;rp vd;W eph;izg;gJ.
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak;:- khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; gzpfs; 1. gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdk; 2. efuhl;rp epWtdk;,tw;wpf;F Njh;jy; elj;JfpwJ khepy Njh;jy; Midah; jkpo;ehL
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jiyik rl;l mjpfhhp: (Attorney general)
,th; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fgLfpd;whh; Fwpg;gpl;l gjtp fhyk; ,y;yhjth; [dhjpgjp jpUg;jp ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; jhd; ,th; gjtpapy; njhlUthh; [dhjpgjp mtiu ve;j Neuj;jpYk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk; rh;fhh; khWk;NghJ ,th; nghJthf ,uh[pdhkh nra;fpwhh; gzpfs;:- ,e;jpa muRf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wjpw;Fk; rl;l MNyhrid jUfpwhh; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjpahf ,th; M[uhfpwhh; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik rl;l mjpfhhp ,th;jhd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;fj;jpduhf fUjgLfpwhh; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspYk; ,th; M[uhfyhk; Ngryhk;Mdhy; xl;L Nghl KbahJ. jiyik rl;l mjpfhhpf;F Solicitor General jd; gzpia mtUld; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpwhh;. Kjy; ngz; Solicitor General- ,e;jpuh n[apy; rpq;
ml;lh;dp n[duy;fs; ngah; gjtpfhyk;
1.vk;.rp. n]jy;thj; ---------- 1950-1963 12. [p.,. th`d;tjp ---------- 2009---
jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp (CAG-Comptroller and Auditor General of India)
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLk; ,th; 6 tUlk; my;yJ 65 taJ epuk;Gk; tiu ,J vjpy; Kd;dNjh mJtiu gjtpapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;. jzpf;if mjpfhhp ypg;];
fk;g;l;Nuhyh; n[duy; ngah; gjtpfhyk;
1.tp. eu`hp uht; ------ 1948-1954 11.tpNdhj; uha; ------ 2008 gzpfs;:- kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis guhkhpg;gJ jzpf;if nra;tJ kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; tuT
nryTfis nrhj;J nghWg;Gfis jzpf;if nra;tJ. kj;jpa muR fzf;Ffs; kPjhd mwpf;if [dhjpgjpAk; rkh;gpg;gJ khepy muR fzf;Ffs; kPjhd mwpf;if MSehplk; rkh;gpg;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; nghJepjpapd; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; tpsf;fgb murpay; rl;lj;jpd; cah;e;j mjpfhhp ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpf;F rkkhd
me;j];ijg; ngw;W ,Uf;fpwhh;.
epjpFO Mizak;
epjp Mida jiyth;fs; gl;bay; 1. jpU. Nf.rp. epNahfp ------ 1952 – 1957 13. jpU. tp[a; Nfy;fh; ------ 2010 – 2015 14. y. v. nul;b
epjp FO:- tpjp 280 ,J FbauR jiyth; mikf;fg;gLk; ,J murpay; rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;f gLfpwj murpay; rl;l mikg;G Xt;nthU 5 tJ tUlKk; my;yJ mjw;F Kd;djhfNt epjp FOit [dhjpgjp epakpf;fpwhh;. epjp FOtpy; 1 jiytUk; 4 mq;fj;jpdUk; cs;sdh; gzpfs;: kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa thpfis gphpg;gjw;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfis eph;zapg;gjw;Fk; khepy muRfspilNa thpfis gphpg;gjw;F Nfhl;ghLfis eph;zapf;f kj;jpa khepy muRfspilNa khdpa njhifia toq;FtJ vd;gJ eph;zapj;jy;
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epjp rk;ke;jkhd gzpfis [dhjpgjpahy; xJf;fg;gLk; ,jug; gzpfs; Ml;rp nra;a $ba nfhs;iffs; khepy tUtha; xl;L nkhj;j ita;g;G epjpapy; ,Ue;J cjtp njhif mspg;gJ rPuhd epjp epiyikia FbauR jiythplk; ghpe;Jiu nra;tJ ,jd; flikahFk; 1953-,y; ,Ue;J tpjp 280-gb epjpFO ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
rpy Kf;fpa murpay; rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; 1tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;; 1951 – xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Ngr;Rhpik fUj;J ghpkhw;wk;
7tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1956 nkhop thhp khepyq;fs; mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghJthd khepyq;fSf;F cah;ePjpkd;wk; mika top nra;jJ.
9tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1960 –
,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; vy;iy khw;wk; 13tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1962 –
ehfyhe;J ,e;jpahtpd; 16-tJ khepyk; 14tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; -
kj;jpa Ml;rp gFjpahd ghz;bNrhpapy; rl;lkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 18tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1966 –
gQ;rhg; `hpahd ,uz;lhf gphpe;jJ. 19tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1966 –
Njh;jy; fkp\d; gzpfs; njspthf;fg;gl;ld 22tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; -
m];]hk; khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nkfhyah khepykhf Gjpajhf cUthf;fg;gl;L jdpkhepykhdJ. (1969) 21tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1967 –
rpe;jp nkhop vl;lhtJ ml;ltidapy; Nrh;e;jJ. 24tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; -
murpayikg;gpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk; jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wjpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ FbauJ jiythpd; kWghprpypid mjpfhuk; ,y;iy (1971)
26tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1971 –
kd;dh; khdpak; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. 30tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1972 –
cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpy; Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhuk; 31tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; -
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 525 ,y; ,Ue;J 545 MdJ kj;jpa Ml;rp gFjpapy; 25 ,y; ,Ue;J 20 tjhf cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. (1973)
36tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; - rpf;fpk; 1975-y; ,e;jpahtpd; 22 tJ khepyk;
37tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1975 – mUzhry gpuNjrk; rl;lkd;wk; cUthf;fk;
38tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1975 – gphpT 113 213 289(M) 352 356 359 360 FbauR jiythpd; mtru epiy gpufldk; ePjpkd;w tprhuizapy; tpyf;fg;gl;ld
39tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; - FbauR jiyth; Jiz FbauR jiyth; gpujkh; rgehafh; Njh;T ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lit
41tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1976 – khepy Njh;thiza FO cWg;gpdh;fspd; cr;r taJ tuk;G 60 ,y; ,Ue;J 62 Mf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
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42- tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1976 - ,e;jpufhe;jp muR nfhz;L te;jJ ‘FW murpay; rl;lk;’ KfTiuapy; Socialist secular integrity Mfpa thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld mbg;gil flikfs; nfhz;L tugl;ld fy;tp &tpisahl;L khepy mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J nghJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F khw;wgl;ld eph;thf tp\aq;fspy; ke;jphp rigapd; MNyhrid ngahpy; [dhjpgjp nray;gl Ntz;Lk; Nyhf;rgh uh[;rgh gjtp fhyk; 6 Mz;lhf khw;w gl;ld. rl;lk; xOq;F rkhspf;f kj;jpa gilfis khepyq;fSf;F mDgt mjpfhuk; je;jJ [dhjpgjp Ml;rp 6 khjk; 1 tUlk; vd khwpaJ. cr;rePjp kd;wk; cah; ePjp kd;wk; chpik Nguhiz mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;jJ.
43tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1977 –
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd; ePjp Gduha;T kw;Wk; chpik Nguiz mjpfhuq;fs; jpUk;g mspf;fg;gl;ld. Njr tpNuhj nraYf;F vjpuhf rl;lkpaw;w ghuhSkd;wjpw;F toq;fg;gl;l 42 tJ jpUj;jk; rpwg;G mjpfhuk; gwpf;fg;gl;ld.
44tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1977 - Nyhf;rgh kw;Wk; rl;lrig fhyj;ij 6 Mz;bypUe;J 5 Mz;L Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. nrhj;Jhpik mbg;gil chpikapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;lJ. 300A fPo; nrhj;Jhpik murpay; rl;l
chpikahdJ nkhu[p Njrgha; muR ,ij nfhz;l te;jJ. cs;ehl;L Fog;gk; vd;gjw;F gjpy; uhZt Gul;rpia Njrpa mtru epiyf;F fhuzkhf;fpaJ.
46tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1982 –
khepyq;fSf;fpilNa Md tpahghu thp gzk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNa fpilf;f nra;fpwJ. 51tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1984 –
gphpT 330 332 m];]hk; ehfyhe;J Nkfyha mUzhrygpuNjrk; gpNrhuk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; jho;j;jgl;l goq;FbapUf;fhz ghuhSkd;w rl;l kd;w njhFjp ,l xJf;fPL.
52tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1985 - gj;jhtJ ml;ltiz:
,uh[Pt;fhe;jp muR nfhz;L te;jJ fl;rp fhty; jil rl;lk;.
54tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1986 – cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp jiyik ePjpgjp rk;gs jpUj;jk;
56tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1987 – Nfhth khepy me;j];J lhkd; - ilA+ kj;jpa Ml;rp gFjp.
58tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1987 – ,e;jp nkhopngah;g;G jpUj;jk;
61tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1989 – thf;fspf;Fk; taJ 21 ,y; ,Ue;j 18 Mf Fiwg;G
65tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1990 – goq;Fbapdh; &kiyrhjpapdh; eyDf;F jdp Njrpa fkp\d;
66tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1990 – epy rPh;jpUj;j rl;lk;
69tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1991 – jpy;yp Njrpa jiyefh; gFjp mwptpg;G
71tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1992 – nfhq;fdp kzpg;g+h; Neghsp Njrpa nkhop
72tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1992 – ST hprh;t; njhFjp ngz;fSf;F jdp njhFjp gQ;rhapj;J Njh;jypy; xJf;FtJ
73tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1992 – gQ;rhaj;j uh[; mikg;Gf;F murpay; mq;fPfhuk; 11 ml;ltidapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
74tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1992 – efh;Gw cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F murpay; mq;fPfhuk; 12 tJ ml;ltiz ,y; ,lk; ngw;wd.
75tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1993 – khepy mstpyhd thlif FO
76tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1994 –
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jkpof murpd; khepy muR gzp kw;Wk; fy;tp Jiwapy; SC /ST 69% ,L xjf;fPL 77tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1995 –
kiy rhjpapdh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; gjtp cah;tpy; Kd;Dhpik 78tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1995 –
9tJ ml;ltiz rPh;jpUj;jk; 79tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;1999 –
SC /ST ,l xJf;fPL 10 Mz;L ePl;bg;G 80tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
gj;jhtJ epjp fkp\d; go kj;jpa – khepy muRfSf;fpilNa tUtha; gfph;T 29% khf khw;wg;gl;lJ. 81tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
SC /ST Ntiytha;g;G ,l xJf;fPL 82tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
SC /ST ,d khzth;fSf;f kUj;Jtk; nghwpapay; gbg;gpy; ,l xJf;fPL Njh;T kjpg;ngz; jsh;j;jg;gl;lJ. 83tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; gQ;rhapj;J uh[; ,l xJf;fPL gw;wpaJ. 84tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
[hh;fz;l; cj;juQ;ry; rjP];fh; GJ khepy cUthf;fk; 85tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2000 –
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa tUtha; gfph;it 29% cah;j;jp Ie;jhz;Lf;F mspg;gJ fhh;g;gNu\d; thp f];lk;]; thp jdp egh; tUkhd thpf;F ,izahf Nrh;g;gJ.
86tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2002
fy;tp mbg;gil chpikahdJ. 6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuAs;s Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fl;lha fy;tp mspg;gJ vd;w nghUs; cWg;G 45-ypUe;J> cWg;G 21 A-f;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
6 taJf;Fl;gl;l ,sQ;rpwhh; ghJfhg;G vd;w Gjpa nghUisf; nfhz;lhjhf cWg;G 45 khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngw;Nwhh;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; jUtij typAWj;Jk; 51K vd;w cWg;G Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
87tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2003
ST ,uz;L ngUk; gphpthf khw;wp jpl;l fkp\d; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kf;fsit> khepy rl;lkd;w rPl;Lfis 2001 nrd;r];gb khw;wpaikj;jJ.
88tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2003 – ika khepy muRfspd; Nrit thp gw;wp $WfpwJ.
89tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2003 – goq;FbapdUf;fhd Njh;jy; gPjp
90tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2003 – fl;rp fhty; jil nra;Ak; rl;lk; NkYk; tYTl;l mikr;ruit 10% Fiwf;fTk; tif nra;fpwJ.
91tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2003 –
mrhk; khepy ST cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if tpfpjk; gw;wpaJ. kj;jpa> khepy mikr;ruit mikr;rh;fspd; vz;zpf;if> Nyhf;rgh> khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;
vz;zpf;ifapy; 15%-f;F Nkk;glf; $lhJ vd cr;rtuk;G nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 92tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2004 –
8tJ ml;ltizapy; Gjpajhf NrhNlh Nlhf;hp ikjpyp re;jhyp Mfpa nkhopfis nfhz;L Njrpa nkhop 22 Mf khwpaJ.
93tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2005 – murpd; epjpAjtp ngwjh Raepjp fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; gpd;jq;fpAs;s gpw;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fhd ,l xJf;fPL top nra;fpwJ.
94tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2006 ruj;J 164-,y; gPfhh; vd;w thh;j;ijf;F gjpy; rjP];fh; kw;Wk; [hh;fz;l; vd khw;wpaJ. kiytho; kf;fspd; eyDf;F jdp mikr;rh; epakdj;ij ([hh;f;fd;l;> rj;jP];fh;) typAWj;jp
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 95tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2010 –
ruj;J 334 SC /ST tFg;gpdh;f;F Nyhf;rghtpYk; khepy rl;lrigapYk; ,l xJf;fPL
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96tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2010 – ml;ltiz 8:- xhpah vd;w ngaUf;F gjpyhf xbah vd khw;wk; nra;a gl;lJ.
97tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 2012 –
ruj;J 19-apy; khw;wk; nra;agl;L $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; gw;wp gFjp IX B Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ $l;LwT rq;fq;fspd; %yk; tptrha fpuhk Gw tsh;r;rpf;F ,J tif nra;fpwJ.
Ml;rpapay; eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j fkpl;bfs; ];tud;rpq; fkpl;b – mbg;gil flikfs; gry; myp fkpl;b – nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; jhh; fkpl;b - khepy vy;iy rPuikg;G rh;fhhpah fkpl;b - kj;jpa> khepy cwTfs; uh[kd;dhh; fkpl;b - kj;jpa> khepy cwTfs; ehfehjd; fkpl;b - kj;jpa> khepy cwTfs; ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh fkpl;b – Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jk; jpNd\; Nfh];Rthkp fkpl;b – Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jk; gy;te;uha; Nkj;jh fkpl;b - %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J Kiw mNrhf; Nkj;jh fkpl;b - ,uz;lLf;F gQ;rhaj;J Kiw vy;.vk;. rpd;tp fkpl;b – gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiwf;F murpayikg;G mq;fpfhuk;. Nthuh fkpl;b – murpay;thjpfSf;F Fw;wthspfSldhd njhlh;G fhf;fNyfh; fkp\d; - gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; eyDf;fhd Kjy; fkpl;b kz;ly; fkp\d; - gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; 27% ,lxJf;fPL rr;rhh; fkpl;b – fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;gpy; K];ypk;fspd; ,lk;. uq;fehj; kp];uh fkpl;b – K];ypk;fSf;F ,lxJf;fPL. Ntq;flhrya;ah fkpl;b – murpayikg;Gr; rl;l kW Ma;T.
,e;jpa Ml;rpapay; Kjd;ikfs; Kjy; FbauRj; jiyth; - lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;. Kjy; FbauRj; Jizj;jiyth; - lhf;lh; uhjhfpU\;zd;. Kjy; gpujkh; - [t`h;yhy; NeU. Kjy; Jizg; gpujkh; - rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;. Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp - P̀uhyhy; N[. fhdpah. Kjy; jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; - RFkhh; nrd;. Kjy; kf;fsit rghehafh; - [p.tp. kht;yhq;fh;. Kjy; uh[;argh Jizj;jiyth; - v];tp. fpU\;z%h;j;jp. Kjy; I.rp.v]; mjpfhhp – rj;Nae;jpuehj; jh$h;. I.rp.v]; Njh;tpy; ntw;wpngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; - RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p. ,q;Nf…..mq;Nf….. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 5 Mz;Lfs;. mnkhpf;f mjpghpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 4 Mz;Lfs;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; Mfyhk;. xUth; 2 Kiwf;F Nky; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; gjtpf;F Nghl;bapl KbahJ. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;Fg; Nghl;bapl ,e;jpa FbAhpik ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. mnkhpf;fhtpy; gpwe;jth;fs; kl;LNk mnkhpf;f mjpguhf KbAk;. /gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l; 4 Kiw mnkhpf;f mjpgh; MfpAs;shh;. &];nty;l; fhyj;Jf;F gpwNf> ,uz;LKiw kl;LNk mjpguhFk; fl;Lg;ghL nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,uz;LKiw ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; Mdth;.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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