,e;jpa ,e;jpa murpayikg;gmurpayikg;g · 2017. 11. 30. · page 3 of 39 department of employment and...

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Department of Employment and Training, Tamil Nadu

Study Material For Competitive Examinations

,e;jpa,e;jpa,e;jpa,e;jpa murpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;G xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf;

$WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa rl;lkpaw;Wk;> rig eph;thfk;. ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;.

tuyh‰W Ã‹då (tuyh‰W Ã‹då (tuyh‰W Ã‹då (tuyh‰W Ã‹då (Historical Background)

ekJ muÁayik¥Ã‹ gšntW Áw¥ÃašòfŸ M§»nyna M£Áæ‹ jh¡f¤ij bfh©LŸsJ. M§»nya®fshš V‰gL¤j¥g£l fhyå MÂ¡f r£l§fŸ (colonial administration) ekJ muÁaY¡F« muÁayik¥ò¡F« Jh©Ljyhf cŸsd. mit:

� xG§F¥gL¤J« r£l« 1773

� Ã£° ÏªÂa r£l« 1784

� g£la¢ r£l« 1833

� g£la¢ r£l« 1853

� ÏªÂa muR¢ r£l« 1853

� ÏªÂa fÎ‹Áš r£l« 1861

� ÏªÂa fÎÁš r£l« 1892

� ä‹nlh-kh®è Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ 1909

� kh©lF-bf«°ngh®L Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ 1919

� ÏªÂa muR¢r£l« 1935.

murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfsmurpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfsmurpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfsmurpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs ;; ;;

� Nk 16 1946 fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J 1946 fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J 1946 fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J 1946 fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lJmwpf;if ntspapl;lJmwpf;if ntspapl;lJmwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.

� 9 brk;gh; 19469 brk;gh; 19469 brk;gh; 19469 brk;gh; 1946 lhf;lh; rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;`h ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

� 11 brk;gh; 194611 brk;gh; 194611 brk;gh; 194611 brk;gh; 1946 lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

� ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ. � Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;.uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. � lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiuf;FO xd;W lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiuf;FO xd;W lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiuf;FO xd;W lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiuf;FO xd;W

1947 Mf];L 29 Mk;1947 Mf];L 29 Mk;1947 Mf];L 29 Mk;1947 Mf];L 29 Mk; Njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.Njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.Njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.Njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. � kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb fpU~;z];thkp

Iah Nf.vk;.Kd;rp. iraJ KfkJ rhJyh> vd;. khjtuht;> b.b. fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.

� 1949 etk;gh; 26 Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa ,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa kf;fs; ,aw;wp Vw;WVw;WVw;WVw;Wf;f;f;f; nfhz;Lnfhz;Lnfhz;Lnfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

� 1950 [dthp 26Mk; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950 [dthp 26Mk; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950 [dthp 26Mk; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950 [dthp 26Mk; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F te;jJeilKiwf;F te;jJeilKiwf;F te;jJeilKiwf;F te;jJ.

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� murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk;; gzpia %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.(2 Years 11 months 18 days )

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs ;; ;; 1) cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd vOjcyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd vOjcyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd vOjcyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd vOjg;g;g;g;ngw;w murpayikg;Gngw;w murpayikg;Gngw;w murpayikg;Gngw;w murpayikg;G ::::

ÏªÂa muÁayik¥ò cy»nyna äf Úskhd vGj¥g£l (Written constitution) muÁayik¥ò MF« ÏJ 465 ÃçÎfŸ 25 gFÂfŸ k‰W« 12 m£ltizfisf; bfh©lJ. ÏªÚ©l muÁayik¥Ã‰fhd K¡»a fhuz§fŸ:

� eh£o‹ guªj òéaik¥ò � fhyåahÂ¡f r£l§fŸ k‰W« muÁayik¥Ã‹ ts®¢Á M»at‰whš

V‰g£l mG¤j« ngh‹w tuyh‰W fhuâfŸ. � #«K fhZÛ® jéu ehL KGtj‰F« xnu muÁayik¥ò. � muÁayik¥ò ã®zarigæš (Constituent Assembly) Ïl« bg‰w r£l

tšYd®fë‹ MÂ¡f«. 2) gy ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; jd;ikfis gy ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; jd;ikfis gy ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; jd;ikfis gy ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; jd;ikfis ekJ ,e;jpa ekJ ,e;jpa ekJ ,e;jpa ekJ ,e;jpa

murpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJmurpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJmurpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJmurpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ � mbg;gil cupikfs; (Fundamental Rights) mnkhpf;fh � Kfg;Giu (Preamble)... mnkhpf;fh � ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk; (Removal of judges of SC-HC)..... mnkhpf;fh � jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ePjpj;Jiw (Independent judiciary)...mnkhpf;fh � ePjpg;Gzuha;T (Judicial Review)...... mnkhpf;fh � mbg;gilf; flikfs; (Fundamental Duties)....... u~;ah � Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (Five year plan)...... u~;ah � topfhl;L newpKiwfs; (DPSP)... mah;yhe;J � uh[;arig cWg;gpdh; epakdk; (Nomination of Rajyasabha Member)

mah;yhe;J. � FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; Kiw (Method of election of the President)...

mah;yhe;J. � ghuhSkd;w Kiw (Parliamentary Type).......,q;fpyhe;J � rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of law)..... ,q;fpyhe;J � xw;iwf; FbAhpik (Single citizenship).......... ,q;fpyhe;J � fPo; rigf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; (Lower house more powerful).... ,q;fpyhe;J � ghuhSkd;w ,U mit (Bicameral Parliament).....,q;fpyhe;J � kf;fsit jiyth; (Speaker in the Lok Sabha)...,q;fpyhe;J � $l;lhl;rp Kiw (Federal System)... fdlh � neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfs; uj;J(Suspension of FR

during Emegency ).............n[h;kd; � nghJg;gl;bay; (Concurrent List)..... M];jpNuypah � kj;jpa – khepy cwTfs; (Centre-State Relations)..... M];jpNuypah � murpayikg;Gr; rl;l jpUj;jk; (Amendment of Constitution)..... njd;

Mg;gphpf;fh

� jw;Nghija murpayikg;ghdJ 75757575%%%% 1935k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;f 1935k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;f 1935k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;f 1935k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpd; kWgjpg;Grl;lj;jpd; kWgjpg;Grl;lj;jpd; kWgjpg;Grl;lj;jpd; kWgjpg;G

� neUf;fb epiy - ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935 � muR eph;thf mikg;G Kiw-,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935 � hprh;t; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah Njhw;wk;-- ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935

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murpayikg;G gFjpfs;murpayikg;G gFjpfs;murpayikg;G gFjpfs;murpayikg;G gFjpfs;

gFjpfs; jiyg;G tpjpfs;

I xd;wpak; mjd; Ml;rp gzpfs; 1-4

II FbAhpik 5-11

III mbg;gil chpikfs; 12-35

IV murpd; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; 36-51

IV-A mbg;gil flikfs; 51A

V kj;jpa muR 52-151

VI khepy muR 152-237

VII ePf;fg;gl;lJ.(1956- 7-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb ePf;fg;gl;lJ 238

VIII A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 239-242

IX gQ;rhaj;J 243-243O

IX-A efuhl;rp 243P – 243ZG

XI-B $l;LwT (97-tJ rl;ljpUj;jk;) -2011 243ZH-243ZT

X jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; & goq;Fbapdh; gug;gplq;fs; 244-244A

XI kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd cwTfs; 245-263

XII epjp> nrhj;J> xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghdit 264-300A

XIII ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; tpahghuk;> tzpfk; njhlh;ghdit 301-307

XIV kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPohd gzpfs; 308-383

XIV-A jPh;g;ghaq;fs; 323A-323B

XV Njh;jy;fs; 324-329A

XVI rpy tFg;gpdh;fs; njhlh;ghd rpwg;ghd rl;l tifKiwfs;

330-342

XVII Ml;rpnkhopfs; 343-351

XVIII neUf;fb epiyfs; 352-360

XIX gpwtifKiwfs; 361-367

XX murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; 368

XXI jw;fhypf> ,ilfhy> rpwg;G me;j];Jfs; 369-392

XXII murpayikg;gpd; jiyg;G> njhlf;fk;> mjpfhu guty; & jpUk;g ngwg;gl;l tpjpfs;

393-395

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,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs; 1tJ1tJ1tJ1tJ ml;ltizml;ltizml;ltizml;ltiz

� khepyq;fs; & A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;

� khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; vy;iyfs; kw;wk; ngah;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

2tJ ml;ltiz2tJ ml;ltiz2tJ ml;ltiz2tJ ml;ltiz � rk;gsk;> gbfs;> rYiffs; � FbauRj;jiyth;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp> MSeh;> kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk;

Jiz rghehafh;> khepyq;fsitj; jiyth; kw;wk; Jizj; jiyth;> khepy rl;lg;Nguit rghehafh;fs;> Jiz rghehafh;fs;> khepy rl;l Nkyit jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyth;fs;> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> CAG, MfpNahhpd; rk;gsk;> gbfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

3tJ ml;ltiz3tJ ml;ltiz3tJ ml;ltiz3tJ ml;ltiz � gjtpgpukhzk;> cWjpnkhopfs; � kj;jpa> khepy mikr;rh;fs; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> rl;lkd;w

cWg;gpdh;fs;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> CAG, MfpNahhpd; gjtpgpukhzk; kw;Wk;

cWjpnkhopfs;.

4tJ ml;ltiz4tJ ml;ltiz4tJ ml;ltiz4tJ ml;ltiz

� uh[;argh ,lxJf;fPL (Allocation of Seats in Rajya Sabha) � khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F uh[;arghtpy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;

gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

5tJ ml;ltiz5tJ ml;ltiz5tJ ml;ltiz5tJ ml;ltiz � SC/ST gFjpfspy; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; � ehl;bYs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; (ST) gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;

kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

6tJ ml;ltiz6tJ ml;ltiz6tJ ml;ltiz6tJ ml;ltiz � tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; ST gFjp eph;thfk;

� Assam, Megalaya, Tiripura, Mizoram, Mfpa tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; ST gFjpfis eph;thfk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

7tJ ml;ltiz7tJ ml;ltiz7tJ ml;ltiz7tJ ml;ltiz � kj;jpa - khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

� kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W gl;bay;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) kj;jpa gl;bay; (Central list)

(ii) khepy gl;bay; (State list)

(iii) nghJg;gl;bay; (Concurrent list)

kj;jpa gl;baykj;jpa gl;baykj;jpa gl;baykj;jpa gl;bay;;;;

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� kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s Jiwfs; kPJ kj;jpa muR (ghuhSkd;wk;) rl;lk; ,aw;wp mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;.

� kj;jpa gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 97 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950) jw;NghJ - 100 Jiwfs; (2015)

v.fh: � tq;fp

� gzk; ntspapLjy;

� mQ;ry; je;jp

� ghJfhg;G

� uapy;Nt

� mZrf;jp

� fzf;nfLg;G

� jfty;njhlh;G> jfty; xypgug;G

� tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

� jzpf;if - kj;jpa gl;baypy; Kf;fpaj;JiwfshFk;.

khepyg; gl;baykhepyg; gl;baykhepyg; gl;baykhepyg; gl;bay;;;;

� khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s Jiwfs; kPJ khepy muR (rl;lkd;wk;) rl;lk; ,aw;wp mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;

� khepy gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 66 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950) jw;NghJ - 61 Jiwfs; (2015)

1976y; - 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd;gb � fy;tp

� fhLfs; (m) tdq;fs;

� vil mstPLfs;

� td tpyq;F ghJfhg;G

� ePjp eph;thfk; Mfpa 5 Jiwfs; khepy gl;baypypUe;J nghJg;gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. v.fh:v.fh:v.fh:v.fh:

� rl;lk; xOq;F> fhty;> rpiw

� nghJ Rfhjhuk;

� cs;shl;rp

� kPd;tsk;

� re;ijfs;

� jpiu muq;Ffs;

� Nfspf;if> R+jhl;lk;

� Ntshz;ik – khepyg;gl;baypd; Kf;fpa JiwfshFk;.

nghJg; gl;baynghJg; gl;baynghJg; gl;baynghJg; gl;bay ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; � Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfs; kj;jpa muR> khepy muR Mfpa ,U muRfspd;

fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;.

� ,j;Jiwfs; kPJ ,U muRfSk; rl;lkpaw;Wk;.

� kj;jpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> khepy rl;lj;jpw;Fk; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; kj;jpa rl;lNk mjpfhukpf;fJ.

� nghJg; gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 47 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950)

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jw;NghJ - 52 Jiwfs; (2015) v.fh

� fy;tp

� fhLfs;

� vil mstPLfs;

� tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G

� njhopyhsh; eyd;

� vhprf;jp> kpd;rhuk;

� ePjp eph;thfk;

� kUe;Jfs;

� kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghL

� nra;jpj;jhs;- nghJg;gl;baypYs;s Kf;fpaj;Jiw


� murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. � murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; - 22 � ,e;jpahtpy; NgRk; nkhj;j nkhopfs; - 1652

9t9t9t9tJ ml;ltizJ ml;ltizJ ml;ltizJ ml;ltiz � gy;NtWtifahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; � 1951 – 1tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 9tJ ml;ltiz murpaikg;gpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. � epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;> [kPd;jhhpKiw cs;spl;l gy;NtW tifahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

tpjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. � Muk;gj;jpy; (1951) 9tJ ml;ltizapy; 13 rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ 282

rl;lq;fs; cs;sJ. � jkpo;ehl;by; 69% ,lxJf;fPl;il cWjp nra;Ak;. jkpo;ehL ,l xJf;fPLfs;

rl;lk; 1994y; 9tJ ml;ltizapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

10tJ ml;ltiz10tJ ml;ltiz10tJ ml;ltiz10tJ ml;ltiz � fl;rpj;jhty; jil rl;lk;. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd;

fl;rpj;jhtiy jilnra;fpwJ. � 1985 – 52 – tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb 10tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. � 2003 – 91tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb 10tJ ml;ltiz jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.


� gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; (m) fpuhkghypfh rl;lk; � 1992- 73tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 11tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. � 24.04.1993 y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ � gQ;rhaj;Juh[; mikg;Gfspd; 3 gphpTfs;

(i) fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J (ii) Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; (iii) khtl;l Cuhl;rp mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp 29

jiyg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

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� efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;> efh;ghypfh rl;lk; � 1992y; 74tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 12tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. � efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; njhlh;ghd (i) Ng&uhl;rp (ii) efuhl;rp (iii)

khefuhl;rp 18tifahd mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Kfg;GiuKfg;GiuKfg;GiuKfg;Giu � Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ. ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J itf;Fk;

gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;. rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

“ÏªÂa k¡fsh»a eh«, ÏªÂahit xU Ïiwah©ik ä¡f, rkj®k« “ÏªÂa k¡fsh»a eh«, ÏªÂahit xU Ïiwah©ik ä¡f, rkj®k« “ÏªÂa k¡fsh»a eh«, ÏªÂahit xU Ïiwah©ik ä¡f, rkj®k« “ÏªÂa k¡fsh»a eh«, ÏªÂahit xU Ïiwah©ik ä¡f, rkj®k« rh®ªj, kj¢rh®g‰w, k¡fsh£Á, Foaurh®ªj, kj¢rh®g‰w, k¡fsh£Á, Foaurh®ªj, kj¢rh®g‰w, k¡fsh£Á, Foaurh®ªj, kj¢rh®g‰w, k¡fsh£Á, FoauR mik¡fÎ«, mj‹ Fok¡fŸ R mik¡fÎ«, mj‹ Fok¡fŸ R mik¡fÎ«, mj‹ Fok¡fŸ R mik¡fÎ«, mj‹ Fok¡fŸ midtU¡F«.midtU¡F«.midtU¡F«.midtU¡F«.

r_f, bghUshjhu, muÁaš ÚÂ (r_f, bghUshjhu, muÁaš ÚÂ (r_f, bghUshjhu, muÁaš ÚÂ (r_f, bghUshjhu, muÁaš ÚÂ (JUSTICE) »il¡fÎ«.»il¡fÎ«.»il¡fÎ«.»il¡fÎ«.

Áªjidæš Áªjidia btë¥gL¤JtÂš, e«Ã¡ifæš, g‰WWÂæš Áªjidæš Áªjidia btë¥gL¤JtÂš, e«Ã¡ifæš, g‰WWÂæš Áªjidæš Áªjidia btë¥gL¤JtÂš, e«Ã¡ifæš, g‰WWÂæš Áªjidæš Áªjidia btë¥gL¤JtÂš, e«Ã¡ifæš, g‰WWÂæš k‰W« têgh£oš RjªÂuK« k‰W« têgh£oš RjªÂuK« k‰W« têgh£oš RjªÂuK« k‰W« têgh£oš RjªÂuK« (LIBERTY),,,,

jFÂ ãiyæš k‰W« thŒ¥Ãš rk¤Jt« jFÂ ãiyæš k‰W« thŒ¥Ãš rk¤Jt« jFÂ ãiyæš k‰W« thŒ¥Ãš rk¤Jt« jFÂ ãiyæš k‰W« thŒ¥Ãš rk¤Jt« (EQUALITY), cWÂahf cWÂahf cWÂahf cWÂahf midtU¡F« »il¡f¢ brŒaÎ«, jå xUtç‹ kh©ò¡F«,midtU¡F« »il¡f¢ brŒaÎ«, jå xUtç‹ kh©ò¡F«,midtU¡F« »il¡f¢ brŒaÎ«, jå xUtç‹ kh©ò¡F«,midtU¡F« »il¡f¢ brŒaÎ«, jå xUtç‹ kh©ò¡F«,

rnfhjurnfhjurnfhjurnfhju¤Jt¤ij (¤Jt¤ij (¤Jt¤ij (¤Jt¤ij (FRATERNITY) midtçl¤Âš ts®¡fÎ«, eh£o‹ midtçl¤Âš ts®¡fÎ«, eh£o‹ midtçl¤Âš ts®¡fÎ«, eh£o‹ midtçl¤Âš ts®¡fÎ«, eh£o‹ x‰Wi¡F«, xUik¥gh£L¡F« cWÂaë¡F«.x‰Wi¡F«, xUik¥gh£L¡F« cWÂaë¡F«.x‰Wi¡F«, xUik¥gh£L¡F« cWÂaë¡F«.x‰Wi¡F«, xUik¥gh£L¡F« cWÂaë¡F«.

éGäa KiwikÍŸs cWÂ ó©L, 1949 et«g® ÏUg¤J Mwh« ehsh»a éGäa KiwikÍŸs cWÂ ó©L, 1949 et«g® ÏUg¤J Mwh« ehsh»a éGäa KiwikÍŸs cWÂ ó©L, 1949 et«g® ÏUg¤J Mwh« ehsh»a éGäa KiwikÍŸs cWÂ ó©L, 1949 et«g® ÏUg¤J Mwh« ehsh»a Ï‹W e«Kila muÁayik¥ò ã®za rigæš,

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vd T¿ÍŸsJ.

bgUghç Ãunjr tH¡F

1960 Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥Ãš X® gFÂ Ïšiy vd c¢r ÚÂk‹w« T¿Aj

nfhy¡eh¤¡F« vÂuhd gŠrh¥ khãy¤J¡F« Ïilæyhd tH¡F

1967 mo¥gil cçikfŸ m¿btšiy flªj kh‰wKoahj fU¤jhf tH§f¥g£LŸs ãiyia ghuhSk‹w« RU¡fnth mšyJ vL¡fnth KoahJ vd c¢r ÚÂk‹w« m¿ÎW¤ÂÍŸsJ.

nfrthdªj ghuÂ tH¡F

1973 ehlhSk‹w« muÁayik¥Ã‹ mo¥gil f£lik¥òkhwhkš vªj xU bghU©ikia ÂU¤j« brŒa KoÍ« ÚÂ kW MŒÎ v‹gJ muÁayik¥Ã‹ äf K¡»a TwhF« vdnt ÏjidvL¡f ÏayhJ. Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥Ã‹ gFÂahF« mj‹ mo¥gil f£lik¥ò khwhkš ÂU¤j« brŒayh«.

nkdfh tH¡F 1978 thœtj‰fhd cçik, jåeg® RjªÂu« M»at‰iw jFªj fhuz¤Â‰fhf ne®ikahf, tH§f¥g£LŸs r£l¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš mšyhkš g¿¡f ÏayhJ.

äd®th äš tH¡F

1980 tŠrfkhd v©z« mšyJ bghU¤jkšyhj mšyJ bghUªjhj tifæš FoauR jiytuhš mtrç ãiy Ãufld« brŒa¥g£lhš mjid vÂ®¤J ÚÂ k‹w¤ij ehlyh«.

k©lš ÏªÂa murh§f¤Â‰F vÂuhd tH¡F

1992 ca® #hÂæš cŸs ViHfS¡F 10 rjÅj« xJ¡Ñ£il jŸSgo brŒJ Áy egªjidfSl‹ Ïju Ã‰g£l tF¥ÃdU¡fhd 27 rjÅj xJ¡Ñ£il cWÂ brŒjJ c¢rÚÂk‹w«.

bgh«ik tH¡F (Bommai Case)

1994 kj¢rh®g‰w bfhŸifæ‹ v‹D« mo¥gilæš gufld« brŒa¥g£l FoauR¤ jiyt® M£Á cWÂ brŒjJ k‰W« õu¤J 356-‹ Ñœ eh£oš FoauR¤ jiytt® M£Áia mKšgL¤j Áy be¿fis c¢rÚÂk‹w« tF¤JŸsJ. r£lk‹w¤Âš bgU«gh‹ik ÏU¡F« tiu Kjyik¢riu MSe® gjé Ú¡f« brŒa KoahJ muÁayik¥ò T£lh£Á Kiw rh®ªJ mªj T£lh£Á g©ò mo¥gil TwhF«.

ÏªÂa MÍŸ fh¥Õ£l 1995 fHf tH¡F

1995 Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥òl‹ xU§»iz¡f¥g£l gFÂahF« vd c¢r ÚÂk‹w« T¿aJ.

X‹¿a« k‰W« mj‹ Ãunjr« (X‹¿a« k‰W« mj‹ Ãunjr« (X‹¿a« k‰W« mj‹ Ãunjr« (X‹¿a« k‰W« mj‹ Ãunjr« (Union and its Territory)

� gFÂ-I cŸs õu¤J 1 Kjš 4 tiu ÏJg‰¿ TW»wJ. � ÏªÂah RjªÂu« milªjnghJ 549 k‹d® khãy§fŸ (Princely States)

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ÏªÂahÎl‹ Ïizªjd. � iAjhuhgh¤, ÉdhAh¤ k‰W« fhZÛ® M»a _‹W« ÏªÂahÎl‹

Ïiza kW¤jd. � iAjhuhgh¤ nghÄ° elto¡if _ykhfÎ«, ÉdhAh¤ th¡bfL¥Ã‹

_yK« fhZÛ® Instrument of Accession _yK« Ïiz¡f¥g£ld. � 1950-š eh‹fL¡F khãy Kiwia ÏªÂa muÁayik¥ò bfh©oUªjJ

(Part A,Part B,Part C & Part D states) � jh® fäõ‹ (jh® fäõ‹ (jh® fäõ‹ (jh® fäõ‹ (Dhar Commission):- bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš

khãy§fis Óuik¡f 1948-š SK Dhar v‹gt®jiyikæš FG mik¡f¥g£lJ. or«g® 1948-š FGthdJ ã®thf trÂæ‹ mo¥gilæš khãy§fŸ Óuik¡f¥gl nt©L«. bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš mšy vd m¿¡if tH§»aJ.

� JVP Committee:- or«g® 1948 –š mik¡f¥g£lJ V¥uš 1949-š m¿¡if rk®¥g¤jJ Ï¡FGÎ« bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš khãy§fis Ãç¥gij Mjç¡féšiy

� m¡nlhg®-1953-š MªÂuhÃunjZ v‹w Kjš bkhêthç khãy« cUth¡f¥g£lJ ( bgh£o $ uhkY v‹gt® 56 eh£fŸ c©zhéuj« ÏUªJ cæ®é£lh® ÏJnt bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš Kjš khãy« cUthtj‰F fhuzkhf mikªjJ).

� ghÁš mè fäõ‹ghÁš mè fäõ‹ghÁš mè fäõ‹ghÁš mè fäõ‹:- or«g®-1956-š mik¡f¥g£l _‹W cW¥Ãd® FGthF« br¥l«g®-1955-š m¿¡if rk®¥Ã¤J. bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš ãiy§fis Óuik¡fyh« vdÎ« Mdhš “xU bkhê xU khãy«“ v‹w nfh£ghL TlhJ vdÎ« gçªJiu¤jJ. nkY« eh‹fL¡F Kiwia u¤J brŒa Kiwia gçªJiu brŒjJ.

� VHhtJ muÁayik¥ò r£l¤ÂU¤j« VHhtJ muÁayik¥ò r£l¤ÂU¤j« VHhtJ muÁayik¥ò r£l¤ÂU¤j« VHhtJ muÁayik¥ò r£l¤ÂU¤j« ---- 1956195619561956----‹go ‹go ‹go ‹go States Reorganisation Act-1956 Ïa‰w¥g£L et«g®Ïa‰w¥g£L et«g®Ïa‰w¥g£L et«g®Ïa‰w¥g£L et«g®----1 1956 Kjš 14 1 1956 Kjš 14 1 1956 Kjš 14 1 1956 Kjš 14 khãy§fŸ k‰W« 6 Íåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cUth¡f¥g£J. khãy§fŸ k‰W« 6 Íåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cUth¡f¥g£J. khãy§fŸ k‰W« 6 Íåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cUth¡f¥g£J. khãy§fŸ k‰W« 6 Íåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cUth¡f¥g£J.

� j‰bghGJ 29 khãy§fŸ k‰W« 7 ôåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cŸsd.

• 1960 F#uh¤ 15-tJ khãy« • 1963 ehfyhªJ 16-tJ khãy« • 1966 Açahdh 17-tJ khãy« • 1971 ïkh¢rš Ãunjr« 18-tJ khãy« • 1972 kâ¥ó® (19-tJ), Âçòuh (20-tJ) k‰W« nkfhyhah (21-tJ

khãy«). • 1975 Á¡»« 22-tJ khãy« • 1987 änrhu« (23-tJ), mUzh¢ry Ãunjr« (24-tJ) k‰W« nfhth

(25-tJ • khãy«) • 2000 r£O°f® (26-tJ), c¤ufh©£ (27-tJ) k‰W« #h®f©£ (28-

tJ khãy«) • ÏWÂahf MªÂuh khãy« Ãç¡f¥g£L bjY§fhd v‹w khãy«

2014-š cUth¡f¥g£lJ.

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� khãy§fë‹ bga® kh‰w«khãy§fë‹ bga® kh‰w«khãy§fë‹ bga® kh‰w«khãy§fë‹ bga® kh‰w«: • bk£uh° khãy« 1969-š jäœehL vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ. • 1973 ikN®, f®ehlfh vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ. • 1992-š blšè ôåa‹ Ãunjr« National Capital Territory of Delhi

vd • kh‰w¥g£lJ. (69-tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 1991) • 2006-š c¤uŠrš khãy«, c¤jufh©£ vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ. • 2006-š gh©o¢nrç, òJ¢nrç vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ. • 2011-š xçrh, xorh vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.

xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp vy;iyAkrp vy;iyAkrp vy;iyAkrp vy;iyAk;:;:;:;:

((((~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J 1111----4( gFjp4( gFjp4( gFjp4( gFjp----1)1)1)1) � ,e;jpah> mjhtJ ghujk; khepyq;fspd; Xh; xd;wpakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;(

~uj;J.1)

� khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; KjyhtJ ml;ltizapy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

� ,e;jpa gug;gplk; vd;gJ> khepyq;fspd; gug;gplq;fs;> Kjy; ml;ltizapy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kj;jpa murpd; vy;iyfs; (UT) kw;Wk; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

kw;w gug;gplq;fs;.

� ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa khepyq;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;

ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ. (~uj;J -2)

� Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;fTk;> khepy gug;Gfis> vy;iyfis> ngah;fis

khw;wTk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ ehlhSkd;wk;.( ~uj;J -3)

� ,e;jpa FbauR> 28 khepyq;fisAk;(02.06.2014 Kjy; 29 khepyq;fs;) 7 A+dpad;

gpuNjrq;fisAk; cilaJ.

� Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;Fk;> khepy gug;Gfis> vy;iyfis> ngah;fis

khw;wTs;s kNrhjh> me;j khepyj;jpw;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

� me;j khepyk; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis FbauRj; jiytuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

fhyj;jpw;Fs; njhptpf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j fUj;Jf;fs; FbauRj; jiytiuf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.

~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J - 4: � ~uj;J -2 my;yJ 3-d; gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lhy;(Gjpa khepyq;fis

cUthf;fpdhy;) ml;ltid 1 kw;Wk; 4 jhdhf jpUj;jk; ngWk;.

� ,t;thW ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jkhf fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

FbAhpikFbAhpikFbAhpikFbAhpik: ((((~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J~uj;Jffff;fs;-5-11) (gFjp-2)

� ,e;jpahtpy; xw;iwf; Fbahpik gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

� FbAhpik gw;wp rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ ehlhSkd;wk; MFk;.

� 1955-y; ,e;jpa FbAhpik rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

FbAhpik ngWk; KiwfsFbAhpik ngWk; KiwfsFbAhpik ngWk; KiwfsFbAhpik ngWk; Kiwfs;: ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fpa nghOJ (~uj;J -5)

• ,e;jpahit ciwtplkhf nfhz;L> ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtuhf ,Ue;jhNyh

my;yJ mtuJ ngw;Nwhhpy; vtNuDk; xUth; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtuhfNth

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my;yJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlf;fj;jpw;F cld; Ke;jpa 5

Mz;LfSf;F Fiwahky; FbapUe;J te;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;(Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;(Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;(Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;( ~uj;J 6666----7777):

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ ghfp];jhdpypUe;J

,e;jpahtpw;F Fbngah;e;J te;jth;fSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fshth;.

• jw;NghJ ghfp];jhDld; cs;slf;fpa gug;gplj;jpypUe;J Fbngah;e;J

te;jth;fSk; Fbkf;fshf fUjg;gLth;.

gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;(gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;(gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;(gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;( ~uj;J ----8888): • xUth; jhNkh my;yJ jk; ngw;Nwhhpy; xUtNuh my;yJ jk; ngw;Nwhhpd;

ngw;Nwhhpy; xUtNuh 1935-k; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpy;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;J> ,e;jpa vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; cs;s

ntspehl;by; tof;fkhf FbapUe;J tUgtuhf ,Ue;jhy; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf

fUjg;gLthh;.

,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (~uj;J ----9)9)9)9): • ntspehl;L FbAhpikiag; ngw;why; mth; ,e;jpaf; FbAhpikia

,oe;jthuhfpwhh;.

~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J ----11111111: • FbAhpikia xOq;Fg;gLj;j rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ ehlhSkd;wk;

MFk;. ,jd;gb ,e;jpa Fbahpikr;rl;lk; -1955 ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;----1955195519551955:

• ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fpa gpd;dh; FbAhpik gw;wp

tifKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.

1. gpwg;ghy; FbAhpik ngwy;.

2. kuGtopj; Njhd;wypdhy; FbAhpik ngwy;.

3. gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpikiag; ngwy;

4. ntspehl;lth; xUth; jd;idf; Fbkfdhff; Nfhuy; %yk; FbAhpikg;

ngwy;.

5. vy;iyiaf; fl;baizj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;.

FbAhpik KbTFbAhpik KbTFbAhpik KbTFbAhpik KbT: 1. ,e;jpaf; FbAhpikiaj; JWj;jy; %yk;.

2. NtnwhU ehl;bd; FbAhpikia miljy;.

3. FbAhpikia ,of;fr; nra;tjd; %yk;.

mbg;gil chpikfsmbg;gil chpikfsmbg;gil chpikfsmbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp –III ))))

� rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18) � Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22) � Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24) � rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28) � fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30) � murpayikg;G jPh;topfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)

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� ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil chpikfs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

� ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ÚÂ¥òduhŒÎ mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13> 32> 226 Nghd;w ~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� ~uj;J 13~uj;J 13~uj;J 13~uj;J 13 mo¥gil cçikfS¡F Kuzhf cŸs r£l§fŸ ( all laws that are inconsistent) mid¤J« Ïšyhj ãiybad Ï¥Ãçt‹ _y« gpufld¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ. mjhtJ ca® ÚÂ k‹w§fŸ k‰W« c¢r ÚÂk‹w¤Âš ÚÂ¥òduhŒÎ (judicial review) brŒtj‰F tif brŒ»wJ.

� ~uj;J 14~uj;J 14~uj;J 14~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk; rk ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk; rkePjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. “rl;lj;jpd;Kd; rkj;Jtk;” vd;gjpy; xUikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ ilrp vd;gth; Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpapd; Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gijNa Fwpf;Fk;.

� ~uj;J 15~uj;J 15~uj;J 15~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d ghy; gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lhik.

� ~uj;J 16~uj;J 16~uj;J 16~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d ghy;. tk;rhtop gpwg;gpl. ,Ug;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj; jFjp ,y;iy vd;W ve;jj; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.

� 1992k; Mz;L etk;gh; 16k; Njjp kz;ly; fkp~d; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F 27 tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

� ~uj;J 17~uj;J 17~uj;J 17~uj;J 17 jPz;lhik xopg;G jPz;lhikr; rl;lk; 1955. gpd;dh; ,jidNa rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; vd 1976y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.

� ~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J~uj;J 18181818 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk; rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� ~uj;J 19~uj;J 19~uj;J 19~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik (a) Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk; (b) MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk; (c) rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk; (d) ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha; tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; (e) ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk; FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk; (f) ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;.

� 1978 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;. 44tJ ,Ue;j nrhj;Jhpik> ~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjuhz chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31 ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

� ~uj;J 20:~uj;J 20:~uj;J 20:~uj;J 20: Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G ,e;jpag; gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru epiyapd; mtru epiyapd; mtru epiyapd; mtru epiyapd; NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJepWj;jpitf;f KbahJepWj;jpitf;f KbahJepWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ.

� ~uj;J 21~uj;J 21~uj;J 21~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd ghJfhg;G: rl;lj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU eghpd; capiuAk; jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ

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gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk; mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.

� ~uj;J 22~uj;J 22~uj;J 22~uj;J 22 jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd fhuzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G %d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld; jLg;Gf; fhtYf;F tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk; mjpfgl;rk; vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fj; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; fz;bg;ghff; $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.

� ~uj;J 23~uj;J 23~uj;J 23~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G rl;ltpNuhjdkhf kdpjh;fis tpahghuk; nra;tJ ‘ngfh;’(Beggar) eph;g;ge;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy thq;FtJ Nghd;w Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 24~uj;J 24~uj;J 24~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj; njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> Ruq;fq;fspNyh gpw mghafukhd njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jtijj; jil nra;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 25~uj;J 25~uj;J 25~uj;J 25 Fbkf;fs; vt;tpjf; fl;LghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr; rkaj;ijAk; Vw;fTk; gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.

� ~uj;J 26~uj;J 26~uj;J 26~uj;J 26 vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk; rka kw;Wk; mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f rkak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf; nfhs;s nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil chpikia mspf;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 27~uj;J 27~uj;J 27~uj;J 27 ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhTk; guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.

� ~uj;J 28~uj;J 28~uj;J 28~uj;J 28 Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

� ~uj;J 29~uj;J 29~uj;J 29~uj;J 29 ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w Fbkf;fspd; ve;j xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nahfkhd nkhopiaNah> vOj;J tbtj;ijNah gz;ghl;ilNah nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik mth;fSf;F cz;L.

� ~uj;J 30~uj;J 30~uj;J 30~uj;J 30 rpWghd;ikapdh; midtUk; mth;fs; rkar; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; mth;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp eph;tfpg;gjw;F chpikAz;L.

� ~uj;J 32~uj;J 32~uj;J 32~uj;J 32

• ePjpg;Nghuhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;.

• murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy; cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.

� Ml;nfhz;h;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;NghuhizMl;nfhz;h;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;NghuhizMl;nfhz;h;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;NghuhizMl;nfhz;h;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.

� nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhiznraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhiznraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhiznraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh; mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj; jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.

� jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhizjilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhizjilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;NghuhizjilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp mjpfhhpNah jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy; mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.

� newpKiwAWj;Jk; enewpKiwAWj;Jk; enewpKiwAWj;Jk; enewpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz:Pjpg;Nghuhiz:Pjpg;Nghuhiz:Pjpg;Nghuhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;e;j mYty;fisr; nra;Ak; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mjpfhhpfs; jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw

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kW Ma;T nra;J ePf;fk; nra;tjw;nfd mit rk;ge;jkhd Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd; newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz MFk;.

� jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;NghuhizjFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;NghuhizjFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;NghuhizjFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy; cs;stiu mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdtp> gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz MFk;.

~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:

� cah;ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk; (226) cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk; (32)

� cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpLtJ mbg;gil chpikapy;iy> rhjhuz chpikNa. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpLtJ mbg;gil chpikahFk;.

� ~uj;J 226y; jPh;top Nfl;Fk; chpikia neUf;fb epiyik gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk; nghOJ epWj;jp itf;fg;gl KbahJ. Mdhy; ~uj;J 32y; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;.

� mbg;gil chpik kPwg;gl;ljw;F khw;W jPh;top ,Ug;gpd; xU cah; ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhizia gpwg;gpf;fhJ mbg;gil chpik kPwg;gl;ljw;F jPh;top ,Ug;gpDk; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg; Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk;. Vnddpy; ,J xU mbg;gil chpikahFk;.

� mbg;gil chpikiaj; jtpu rhjhuz chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhYk; cah; ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.

gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ – III- ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ : (Rights Outside Part III)

gFÂ – III –š cŸs mo¥gil cçikfSl‹ muÁayik¥Ã‹ k‰w Áy cçikfŸ tH§f¥g£LŸsd. Ï›ÎçikfŸ muÁayik¥ò cçikfŸ mšyJ r£l¥ó®tkhd cçik¡ smšyJ mo¥gil cçikfŸ mšyhjit mitfŸ.

� gFÂ – XII –š õu¤J 265:- (Article 265 in Part XII) r£l¥ó®tkšyhj têfëš tçia éÂ¤jš mšyJ tNè¤jš MfhJ.

� gFÂ – XII –š õu¤J 300 A (Article 300 A in Part XII) r£l¥ó®t¤Â‹ têæšyhkš vtçläUªJ« brh¤J g¿¡f¥gLjš MfhJ.

� gFÂ – XIII –š õu¤J 301:- (Article 301 in Part XIII) ÏªÂa ãytiu¡FŸ, tâf«, thâg« bjhl®òwÎfŸ M»at‰¿‰F jilæšiy

� gFÂ – XV –š õu¤J 326:- (Article 326 in Part XV) k¡fsit¡F« khãy§fë‹ r£lk‹w ngyitfS¡Fkhd nj®jšfŸ taJtªnjhU¡F th¡Fçik v‹w mo¥gilæš ÏU¡F«.

� nkny F¿¥Ã£LŸs cçikfS¡F ÚÂk‹w« _y« rkkhd Ô®Î fhz ÚÂk‹w« _y« rkkhd Ô®Î fhz ÚÂk‹w« _y« rkkhd Ô®Î fhz ÚÂk‹w« _y« rkkhd Ô®Î fhz KoÍ«. våD« mit mo¥gil cçikfëèUªJ khWg£lit.KoÍ«. våD« mit mo¥gil cçikfëèUªJ khWg£lit.KoÍ«. våD« mit mo¥gil cçikfëèUªJ khWg£lit.KoÍ«. våD« mit mo¥gil cçikfëèUªJ khWg£lit.

muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;

(gFjp (gFjp (gFjp (gFjp IV ~uj;J 36~uj;J 36~uj;J 36~uj;J 36----51)51)51)51)

rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (Socialistic Principals):

� õu¤J 38õu¤J 38õu¤J 38õu¤J 38: bghJ ey muÁš k¡fS¡F r_f, muÁaš k‰W« bghUsjhu ÚÂ tH§f¥gLtij cWÂ brŒjY« (Securing a social order) k‰W«

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k¡fS¡F ÏiinaÍŸs tUkhd«, jFÂ, trÂ k‰W« thŒ¥òfëš cŸs ntWghLfis Fiw¤jY« MF«.

� õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39: • Fokfå‹ thœé‰F njitahd mo¥gil njitfis ó®¤Â

brŒjY« (Adequate means of livelihood) • ts Mjuh§fis rkkhd Kiwæš Ãç¤jë¤jY«. • Xnu Ïl¤Âš ts§fŸ Fé¡f¥gLjiy jL¤jY« • M©, bg© vd ntWgho‹¿ brŒj ntiy¡F rk CÂa«

tH§fY«. • bjhêyhs®fis f£lha¥gL¤Â ntiy¡F mk®¤j¥gLtij¤

jL¤jY«. • FHªijfis eykhd, tskhd Kiwæšb ts®¥gj‰fhd

thŒ¥òfis më¥gJ« ÏitfŸ F¿¤J ghJfh¥ò tH§FjY«.

� õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J 39A :midtU¡F« rkÚÂ tH§FtJ« njit¥go‹ ÚÂk‹w¤Âš thjhLtj‰F (m) KiwæLtj‰fhd Ïytr r£l cjéia (free legal aid) ViHfS¡F tH§FtJ«.

� õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J 41: ntiybrŒtj‰fhd cçik bgWtJ«, fšébgW« cçikÍ«k (Right to education) k‰W« ntiyæšyhnjh® ãiyæš, muR cjé¤bjhiffis bgw cWÂ brŒjY« MF«.

� õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J õu¤J 42: kåjhÃkhd mo¥gilæyhd gzp NHY« k‰W« kf¥ntW njitahd cjéfS« (maternity relief)

� õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 : bjhêyhs®fS¡fhd thœtjhuhu« Tè, Kiwaghd jukhd thœ¡if¡F¤ njitahd trÂfis brŒJ jUjY«.

� õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 A: bjhê‰rhiyfŸ ã®thf¤Âš bjhêyhs®fis g§f bfhŸs têtif brŒa nt©L«.

� õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 : C£lr¤J k‰W« k¡fë‹ thœ¡if¤ ju¤ij nk«gL¤jY« k‰W« bghJ Rfhjhu¤ij nk«gL¤JtJ« MF«.

fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ :- (Gandhian Principles):

� õu¤J 40 õu¤J 40 õu¤J 40 õu¤J 40 : »uhk gŠrha¤Jfis Kiw¥gL¤jÎ«, r£l¥go mÂfhu« tH§fÎ« k‰W« cŸsh£Á mik¥òfshd bghW¥òfis tH§FtJ MF«.

� õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 :»uhk¥òw§fëš Rabjhêš, Foir¤bjhêš k‰W« T£LwÎ Kiwæš bjhê‰Ka‰Áfis C¡F é¡f têbrŒ»wJ.

� õu¤J 43õu¤J 43õu¤J 43õu¤J 43B :T£LwÎ r§f§fŸ jhkhfnt K‹tªJ bjhê‰rh®ªj nkyh©uikia V‰gLJjš, Rna£irahf brašgLjš, mj‰bfd Áy cçikfŸ, RjªÂuk më¤jiy g‰¿ ÏJ TW»wJ.

� õu¤õu¤õu¤õu¤J 46 J 46 J 46 J 46 : r_f¤Â‹, MÂÂuhél® gH§Foæd® k‰W« eèªj ÃçédU¡F bghUshju¤Âš nk«gl cjÎtJ«, rKjha¤Âš mt®fS¡F vÂuhf eilbgW« brašfis j©o¤J ÚÂ tH§fY«, mt®fis ghJfh¤jY«.

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� õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 õu¤J 47 : Clš ey¤Â‰F Ô§FjU« kJ k‰W« òif¥gH¡f¤J¡F jiléÂ¤jš.

� õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 :fhšeil éy§Ffis gèæLjiy jL¤jY«, fhšeil ts®¥ò g‰¿ éê¥òz®Î c©lhFjš g‰¿Í« TW»wJ.

guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ (Liberal –Intellectual Principles):

� õu¤J 44 õu¤J 44 õu¤J 44 õu¤J 44 : midtU¡F« (mjhtJ ehL KGtj‰Fnk) xnu khÂçahd “bghJ r£lbjhF¥ig” (Uniform civil code) Fok¡fŸ bgWtij cWÂbrŒ»wJ.

� õu¤J 45:õu¤J 45:õu¤J 45:õu¤J 45: FHªijfS¡F 6 taJ MF« fhy« tiu mt®fŸ fšé bgWtij cWÂ brŒjY« Mu«g fhy FHªij kU¤JJj¤Â‰fhd m¡fiw fh£LjY«.

� õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 :eÅd k‰W« m¿éaš bjhêš E£g¤ij¡ bfh©L étrha« k‰W« éy§F ts®¥òfis xU§»iz¤jš.

� õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 A :R‰WRHiy ghJfh¤jY«, fhLfŸ k‰W« mj‹ cæ® Ïd§fŸ (Wild life) guhkç¤jiyÍ« F¿¡»wJ.

� õu¤J 49 õu¤J 49 õu¤J 49 õu¤J 49 :ghu«gça Ïl§fŸ k‰W« ãidÎ Á‹d§fŸ mšyJ tuyh‰W K¡»¤Jt« thŒªj njÁa ãidÎ¢Á‹d§fis ghJfh¤jY« MF«.

� õu¤J 50 õu¤J 50 õu¤J 50 õu¤J 50 : ÚÂ¤Jiwia muÁ‹ brayh¡f Jiwæš ÏUªJ Ãç¤jš (Seperation of Judiciary from excutive)

� õu¤J 51 õu¤J 51 õu¤J 51 õu¤J 51 :g‹dh£L cwÎfëilna mikÂ k‰W« ghJfh¥ig nk‰bfhŸSjY« R_f cwÎfis nk«gL¤jÎ«, T£oizÎ Ka‰ÁfisÍ«, x¥gªj§fŸ brašgL¤Jjš g‰¿Í« TW»wJ.

òÂa be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfŸ ( òÂa be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfŸ ( òÂa be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfŸ ( òÂa be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfŸ ( New Directive Principles): � 42tJ r£lÂU¤j¥go 42tJ r£lÂU¤j¥go 42tJ r£lÂU¤j¥go 42tJ r£lÂU¤j¥go (The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976) 4 òÂa òÂa òÂa òÂa

nfh£ghLfŸ nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd nfh£ghLfŸ nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd nfh£ghLfŸ nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd nfh£ghLfŸ nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd • õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39- FHªijfis tskhd Kiwæš ts®tj‰fhd

thŒ¥òfis cWÂ brŒjš. • õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39õu¤J 39 A - r_f¤Âš midtU¡F« rkÚÂ »il¡f têbrŒjš

k‰W« ViHfS£fF Ïytr r£l cjé më¤jš. • õu¤J 43õu¤J 43õu¤J 43õu¤J 43 A - bjhê‰rhiyfŸ ã®thf¤Âš bjhêyhs®fë‹

g§fë¥ig cWÂ brŒjš. • õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 õu¤J 48 A - R‰WNHš, fhLfŸ k‰W« tdéy§Ffë‹ ÛJ

ghJfh¥ò, éêòz®Î V‰gL¤jš. � 44 tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 197844 tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 197844 tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 197844 tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 1978----š š š š be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfëš nr®¡f¥g£l

õu¤J 38 õu¤J 38 õu¤J 38 õu¤J 38 tUthŒ, jFÂ, trÂfŸ k‰W« thŒ¥òfëš cŸs V‰w¤ jhœÎfis Fiw¡f muR¡F bghW¥gë¤jJ.

� 86 t86 t86 t86 tJ r£lÂU¤j« 2002J r£lÂU¤j« 2002J r£lÂU¤j« 2002J r£lÂU¤j« 2002----‹‹‹‹ _y« õu¤J 45õu¤J 45õu¤J 45õu¤J 45----š më¡f¥g£l š më¡f¥g£l š më¡f¥g£l š më¡f¥g£l bghU©ikia kh‰¿aik¤JbghU©ikia kh‰¿aik¤JbghU©ikia kh‰¿aik¤JbghU©ikia kh‰¿aik¤J k‰W« õu¤J 21-A æš bjhl¡f¡fšé v‹gJ mo¥gil cçikahF« (elementary education a fundamental right) v‹W« tH§»aJ. Ï¤ÂU¤j« _yk muR Mu«g fhy FHªij

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ts®¥ò eyåš m¡fiwbfhŸtj« 6 taj FHªijfS¡F fšé më¥gJ« cWÂ brŒa¥g£LŸsJ.

� T£LwÎ r§f§fë‹ j‹å¢irahf brašglÎ« bjhêšrh®ªj nkyh©ikia V‰gL¤jÎ« 97 tJ r£l¤ ÂU¤j« 201197 tJ r£l¤ ÂU¤j« 201197 tJ r£l¤ ÂU¤j« 201197 tJ r£l¤ ÂU¤j« 2011-‹ _y« nr®ff¥g£l õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 õu¤J 43 B têtif brŒ»wJ.

mo¥gil cçikfS¡F be¿Kiw nfh£gmo¥gil cçikfS¡F be¿Kiw nfh£gmo¥gil cçikfS¡F be¿Kiw nfh£gmo¥gil cçikfS¡F be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfS¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ hLfS¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ hLfS¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ hLfS¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ (Differences Between Fundamental Rights and DPSP) mo¥gil cçikfŸmo¥gil cçikfŸmo¥gil cçikfŸmo¥gil cçikfŸ be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfŸ.be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfŸ.be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfŸ.be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfŸ.

muR k¡fS¡F vÂuhf brašglhkš ÏU¡F«go (vÂ®kiwahf) gh®¤J¡bfhŸ»wJ.

Ïit ne®kiwahdit. muR k¡fS¡F ey‹fŸ brŒa têtF¡»wJ.

ÚÂk‹w mÂfhu¤Â‰F c£g£lJ. Ïit Û¿dhnyh (m) kW¡fg£lhnyh r£l¥go elto¡if vL¡f¥gL«.

Ã‹g‰whj (m) filÃo¡fhj fhuz§fs¡fhf j©o¡f¥gl ÏayhJ. ÚÂk‹w všiy¡F c£glhjJ.

eh£oš muÁaš #dehaf¤ij V‰gL¤JtJ Ïj‹ F¿¡nfhshF«.

R_f, bghUshjhu #dehaf¤ij V‰gL¤Jtij F¿¡nfhshf bfh©LŸsJ.

Ïj‰F r£l¥go x¥òjš c©L Ïj‰F xG¡f j¤Jt§fŸ k‰W« #dehaf x¥òjšfŸ c©L

ÏJ jå kåj eyed C¡Fé¡»wJ ÏJ xU F¿¥Ã£l gFÂæ‹ k¡fë‹ eyed C¡Fé¡»wJ.

Ït‰iw brašgL¤Jtj‰fhf jå¢r£l« Ïa‰w njitæšiy

Ït‰iw brašgL¤Jtj‰f Áw¥ò (m) jå¢r£l§fŸ Ïa‰w¥gl nt©L«.

mo¥gil cçikfS¡F vÂuhf r£l« Ïa‰W« nghJ mJ éÂ Ûwš vd¡T¿ mjid ãuhfç¤jY¡Fça flik ÚÂ k‹w¤Â‰F cçaJ.

Ï§F éÂ ÛwšfŸ (m) Ãw fhuz« T¿ r£l« bršyhJ vd m¿é¡f ÏayhJ khwhf vj‹ mo¥gilæšb Ï¢r£l« Ïa‰w¥gL»wJ v‹W T¿ mjid tèik¥gL¤jyh«.

gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ IV ----¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ ¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ ¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ ¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ (Directives Outside part IV)

� gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ XVI õu¤J 335õu¤J 335õu¤J 335õu¤J 335 (Article 335 in Part XVI) ã®thf¤Â‹ Ó®ikahd brašgh£o‰F«, k¤Âa khãy muRfëš gH§Foæd® k‰W« Ã‰gL¤j¥g£nlh®fis ãaä¤J mt®fë‹ nfhç¡iffis nf£L, cçikfis bgwbrŒtJ g‰¿ TW»wJ.

� õu¤J 350õu¤J 350õu¤J 350õu¤J 350 A – gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ XVII: (Article 350-A in Part XVII) x›bthU khãy muÁ‰F« cŸsh£Á mik¥òfS¡F« xU K¡»a flikahf ÏU¥gJ bkhêthç ÁWgh‹ikædç‹ FHªijfŸ j§fsJ jhŒbkhêæš fšé bgWtj‰F njitahd trÂfis cUth¡» jUtj‰F têtif brŒ»‹wJ.

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� gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ gFÂ XVII õu¤J 351õu¤J 351õu¤J 351õu¤J 351: ÏªÂ bkhêia C¡Fé¥gJ« mjid bghJbkhêahf ÏªÂah KGtJ« brašgL¤JtJ k¤Âa muÁ‹ bghW¥ghF«.

mbg;gilf; flikfsmbg;gilf; flikfsmbg;gilf; flikfsmbg;gilf; flikfs; ( Fundamental duties) (Part – IV-A)

� 1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ> ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gid mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ.

� ,jw;fhf 51-A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

a. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> mikg;Gfs; Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij nrYj;Jjy;.

b. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jy;.

c. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyepWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy;.

d. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag gzpGhpjy;

e. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf; fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk; ,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj; jho;j;Jfpd;w gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;

f. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuhj;jpd; cah;e;j ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;

g. fhLfs; Vhpfs; MWfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; thOk; caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;

h. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz czh;T kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

i. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy; j. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr;

nray;ghLfspd; Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk; ,jdhy;> ehL Kah;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp epiyahf caUfpwJ.

k. 6 Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fl;lhak; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; flikahFk; ( 2002y; ,aw;wg;gl;l 86tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb)

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

� ~uj;J 52 ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;

,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;>

� ,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth> jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs; %ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

jFjpfsjFjpfsjFjpfsjFjpfs ;; ;;

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� xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk; � 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk; � ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wtuhfTk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. � kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy murhq;fj;jpNyh

my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j xU gjtpiaAk; tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.

� Cjpak;-khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000 � NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq;f FbapUg;ig gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

chpikAz;L � Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;; KiwNjh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;; KiwNjh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;; KiwNjh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;; Kiw

� kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy khwhf mth; xU Njh;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;Njh;jy; FO (m) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; (M) khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW ~uj;J ~uj;J ~uj;J ~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ54 $WfpwJ54 $WfpwJ54 $WfpwJ.

� ,j;Njh;jy; FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ tpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwtpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwtpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwtpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk; Xl;L> xw;iwkhw;W Xl;Lxw;iwkhw;W Xl;Lxw;iwkhw;W Xl;Lxw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;.

� ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;. jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5 Mz;Lfs; njhlh;e;J gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpfj; Njh;jYf;Fg; Nghl;baplyhk;.

� “FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJFbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJFbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJFbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ” njhlh;ghd eilKiwfis ~uj;J 61~uj;J 61~uj;J 61~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk; my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VjhtJ xU mitapy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU jPh;khdj;jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mJ njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF mj;jPh;khdk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Ff;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109~uj;J 109~uj;J 109~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ

nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfnrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfnrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfnrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;fshuq;fshuq;fshuq;fs;

� cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspy; MSeh;fs; ml;lhh;dp n[duy;. jzpf;ifj; jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd jdp mYtyh;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;l gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO gpw;gl;Nlhh; epiyia MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauR jiyth; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs; ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs; ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs; ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;

� ��பைடகள� தைலவ� ஜனாதிபதியாவா� � ேபா� (அ) அைமதிைய அறிவ��பவ� ஜனாதிபதியாவா�

rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;

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� ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf; $l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l;Lk; mjpfhuKk;. xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

� NkYk; FbauR jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu epfo;j;jTk;. my;yJ ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu epfo;j;jTk; chpikg; ngw;W cs;shh;.

� rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk; chpikiaAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J 86)

� Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAkkhepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAkkhepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAkkhepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk;> fPoitahd kf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAkkf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAkkf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAkkf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;.

� FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh Fwpj;J jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk; (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhk;. my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpguk; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf mk;kNrhjhit mitf;Nf jpUk;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd; Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPz;Lk; mtUila ,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth; jd;Dila ,irtpid mspf;f kWf;f KbahJ Mdhy; epjp kNrhjhf;fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a KbahJ.

� xU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd; mjidj; jPh;j;J itf;f. ,U mitfspd; $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. (~uj;J 108).

� அவசர கால ச�ட� gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Ordinance ) ~uj;J 124 � FbauR jiyth; gpwg;gpf;Fk; அவசர கால ச�ட� ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

kf;fsitkf;fsitkf;fsitkf;fsit Kd;Ngh. ,U mitfs; ,Ug;gpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Ngh FbauR jiytuhy; mitfs; $Lk;NghJ rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� ghuhSkd;wk; $ba NjjpapypUe;J MW thuq;fs; tiu ,e;j அவசர கால ச�ட�க mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fhyf;nfLtpw;F Kd;ghfNt. ghuhSkd;w mit Nkw;gb ச�ட!ைத xU jPh;khdk; thapyhf epuhfhpj;jhy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpa NjjpapypUe;J அ"ச�ட� nry;Yk;gb MfhJ.

� FbauR jiyth; gpwg;gpj;j அவசர கால ச�ட!ைத MW thuq;fSf;Fs; mtuhfNt jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;

� ,U mitfspd; ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

� jFjpfs;:

� ,e;jpaf;Fbkfdhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

� 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� Mjhak; jUk; gjtpapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ

FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp fhypahFk; gl;rj;jpy; mthpd; gzpia 6khjfhyj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh

,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh; � murhq;fj;jpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fis MNyhrid toq;fTk;

rl;l rk;ge;jkhd ,lg;gLk; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp

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Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J 76)

� FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth; epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld; ml;lh;dp – n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU kughf cUthf;fptpl;lJ.

� ,e;jpahtpd; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy; jd;Dila fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L.

� ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd; eltbf;iffspy;

gq;F nfhz;L NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L vdpDk; jPh;khdq;fspd;kPJ thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.

gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit � ~uj;J 74 kw;Wk; 75 ‘mikr;ruit’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; fPo;

mikr;ruitapd; mikg;G nfhs;if gw;wpj; njhptpf;fpwJ. gpujk ke;jphpiaj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L Xh; mikr;ruit> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytUf;F cjtpAk; kw;Wk; MNyhridAk; mspf;Fk; nghUl;L ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd $WfpwJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jphpia epakpf;fpwhh;.

� gpujk ke;jphpapd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; kw;w mikr;rh;fis epakdk; nra;fpwhh; vd ~uj;J 75(1) njhptpf;fpwJ. ~uj;J 75(3) mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mJ kf;fsitf;F kf;fsitf;F kf;fsitf;F kf;fsitf;F (Nyhf;rgh) $l;lhf nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ(Nyhf;rgh) $l;lhf nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ(Nyhf;rgh) $l;lhf nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ(Nyhf;rgh) $l;lhf nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy; mike;j murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil m];jpthuNk $l;Lg; nghWg;Gf; nfhs;if MFk;.

$Lg; nghWg$Lg; nghWg$Lg; nghWg$Lg; nghWg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; nghUs;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; nghUs;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; nghUs;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; nghUs; � $l;L nghWg;Gf; nfhs;if vdg;gLtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ eilKiw

tptfhuq;fSf;F mikr;ruitapdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fs; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; $l;Lj; jPh;kdkhf fUjg;gLk;. mikr;ruitapd; jPh;khdj;JlNdh my;yJ gpujk ke;jphpAlNdh xU mikr;rh; xj;J nry;ytutpy;iynad;why; mth; jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;tijj; jtpu NtW topapy;iy ,jd; %yk; gpujk ke;jphp mikr;ruitapd; xw;WikiaAk; xOf;fj;ijAk; fl;bf; fhf;fpwhh;. mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSkmikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSkmikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSkmikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

� ,e;jpa jpUehl;by; nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf mimimimikr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s kr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s kr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s kr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s mjpfhuq;fs; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fNs MFk;.mjpfhuq;fs; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fNs MFk;.mjpfhuq;fs; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fNs MFk;.mjpfhuq;fs; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fNs MFk;. eilKiwapy; murhq;fj;jpd; KbTfs; midj;Jk; mikr;ruitapdhNyNa nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. eilKiwf;Fj; jf;f tpjj;fjpy; mit FbauRj; jiythpd; ngauhy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd.

� Njh;jy;fs; Kbe;J Gjpa ghuhSkd;w mikf;fg;gl;lTld; KjyhtJ $l;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ciu epfo;j;Jthh; ,t;Tiuapy; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j ciuahdJ ‘FbauRj; jiythpd;’ ciu vdg;gLk;. ,t;Tiu cz;ikapy; mikr;rh; mitahy; ,t;Tiu cz;ikapy; mikr;rh; mitahy; ,t;Tiu cz;ikapy; mikr;rh; mitahy; ,t;Tiu cz;ikapy; mikr;rh; mitahy; jahhpf;fg;gLfjahhpf;fg;gLfjahhpf;fg;gLfjahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.pd;wJ.pd;wJ.pd;wJ.

� kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlh;ghfg; nghJthd nfhs;iffisAk; mtw;iw mky;gLj;jg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba top KiwfisAk;

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mikr;ruit eph;zak; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiyth; ngaustpy;jhd; jiytuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ GydhFkngaustpy;jhd; jiytuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ GydhFkngaustpy;jhd; jiytuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ GydhFkngaustpy;jhd; jiytuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ GydhFk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhukmwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhukmwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhukmwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;

� ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; cz;L. ,Ug;gpDk; Kf;fpakhd kNrhjhf;fs; mikr;rh;fshNyNa mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; mikr;rh;fshy; mwpKfk; mikr;rh;fshy; mwpKfk; mikr;rh;fshy; mwpKfk; mikr;rh;fshy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; ‘murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd. mikr;rh; my;yhj kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; kNrhjhf;fs; mikr;rh; my;yhj kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; kNrhjhf;fs; mikr;rh; my;yhj kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; kNrhjhf;fs; mikr;rh; my;yhj kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; kNrhjhf;fs; ‘jdp cWg;gpdh; kNrhjf;fs;jdp cWg;gpdh; kNrhjf;fs;jdp cWg;gpdh; kNrhjf;fs;jdp cWg;gpdh; kNrhjf;fs;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd.

� ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epfo;r;rp epuy; mikr;ruitapdhy; eph;zak; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; gw;wpa midj;J tpguq;fisAk; mikr;ruitNa KbT nra;fpwJ.

� ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s ePjpgjpfs; epakd mjpfhuk; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; thapyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj;jhd; ~uj;J 74 gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ. gpujk ke;jphpiaj; jiytuhf nfhz;l mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mJ FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ gzpia nraYWj;j mtUf;F cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhridfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

� mikr;ruit ehl;L kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd nfhs;iffis eph;zak; nra;J mitfSf;Fr; rl;l tbtk; nfhLg;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mr;rl;lq;fis mky; nra;Ak; nghWg;igAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;

� FbauRj;jiyth;> khFbauRj;jiyth;> khFbauRj;jiyth;> khFbauRj;jiyth;> khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L epyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L epyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L epyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mike;Js;sJmike;Js;sJmike;Js;sJmike;Js;sJ. FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:

� ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhjNghJ> FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba mtrpakhd o;epiy ,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;> ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tPr;Rila mtrur; rl;lj;ijj; FbauRj;jiyth; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. khepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsit

� xd;wpaj;jpd; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;ghf khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ.

� kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf mjpfgl;rkhf 34 cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;g+h;> kpN[huk;> rpf;fk;> jphpGuh Nghd;w rpwpa khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU cWg;gpdUk; khepyq;fsitf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

� murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh; khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.

jFjpjFjpjFjpjFjp � ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

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� 30 taJ epukpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

� gjtpf;fhyk; 6 tUlq;fs;. xt;nthU 2 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw 1/3y; xUgq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;T ngWfpwhh;fs;.

� khepyq;fsitia fiyf;f KbahJ.

� Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ,jd; jiyth;.

� mitapy; gzkNrhjhitj; jtpu ve;j kNrhjitAk; nfhz;L tuyhk;.

kf;fsitkf;fsitkf;fsitkf;fsit

� kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;> rl;lj;jpd;gb jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy; kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; chpik ngw;wtuhthh;.

� khepyq;fspy; cs;s njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 530 f;F kpfhkYk; Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 20 f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

� NkYk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk; nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;

� ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj; Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj; Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj; Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk;Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk;Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk;Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jiyth; xUtUk; Jizj;jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

� ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk; MthhMthhMthhMthh;.

� khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;th;

� kf;fsitapd; jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;) Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh;) jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;e;njLg;gh;.

� kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh;fshf ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.

� ,Uthpy; vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

� mth;fisg; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why; 14 ehl;fs; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fspd; MjuNthL xU jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

� khepyq;fsitj;Jizj; jiytiug; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd ,Nj Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ.

� xU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

� nghJthf xt;nthuhz;Lk; %d;W ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; mit

• gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp.Nk)

• kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; ([{iy> nrg;lk;gh;)

• Fsph;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;> brk;gh;)

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� Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf eilngw;W xuhz;by; ehd;F $l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;.

� ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk; mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[huhfp gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[huhfp gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[huhfp gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[huhfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW ve;j kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; xh; mitapy; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

� mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk; jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wpNah ,uz;L mitfSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpUj;jq;fSlNdh> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� gz kNrhjhitj; jtpu VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iwj; jPh;g;gjw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L mitfspy; $l;Lj; $l;lj;ij miof;fyhk;.

gz kNrhjhgz kNrhjhgz kNrhjhgz kNrhjh � xU kNrhjh gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy; kf;fsitj; kf;fsitj; kf;fsitj; kf;fsitj;

jiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJjiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJjiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJjiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ.

� gzk;Nrhjhitf; FbauR jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd;W kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� gzkNrhNjhitf; FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;. kf;fsitapy; kf;fsitapy; kf;fsitapy; kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;

� kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; khepyq;fsitெத$வ�%கேவ&'�

� kf;fsit VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah> jpUj;jq;fs; midj;ijANkh epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;.

� khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh jpUg;gp

mDg;ghtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.

k¡fsit¡Fça Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ k¡fsit¡Fça Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ k¡fsit¡Fça Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ k¡fsit¡Fça Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ :- (Special Powers of the Lok Sabha)

� gz knrhjh nyh¡rghéš k£Lnk m¿Kf¥gL¤j ÏaY«. � gz knrhjhth Ïšiyah vd ã®zæ¡F« cçik rghehafU¡F

k£Lnk c©L � ehlhSk‹w¤Â‹ T£lk®it rghehafnu jiyik jh§F»wh®. � Ïuh{arghthdJ g£b#£il g‰¿ éthÂ¡f k£Lnk ÏaY« khwhf

khåa nfhç¡if ÛJ th¡F më¡f ÏayhJ. ÏJ nyh¡rghé‰F k£Lnk cçaJ.`

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� njÁa beU¡foia Û©L« ÂU«g bgWtj‰fd Ô®khd« k¡fséš k£L« Ïa‰w ÏaY«.

� Ïuh{arghé‹ mik¢r®fis e«Ã¡ifšyh Ô®khd« éy¡f ÏayhJ. Vbdåš mik¢ruitahdJ KGikahf nyh¡rghé‰nf bghW¥ghF« (Collectively responsible only to the Lok Sabha).

khãy§fsité‹ Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸkhãy§fsité‹ Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸkhãy§fsité‹ Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸkhãy§fsité‹ Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ:- ((((Special Powers of Rajya Sabha)

� khãy¥g£oaèš cŸs (249-x)æ‹ ÛJ ehlhSk‹w« r£läa‰w ÏJ

m§Ñfhu« më¡»wJ..

� òÂjhf m»y ÏªÂa Foikah£Ágâ òÂa gâ cUth¡Ftj‰F

ehlhSk‹w¤ij m§Ñfç¡»wJ (õu¤J – 312)

� FoauR¤ Jiz¤jiytU¡fhd gjéÚ¡f¤Â‰fhd Ô®khd« Ï§F

k£Lnk ãiwnt‰w ÏaY«.

� c¢r ÚÂk‹w« mšyJ khãy ÚÂk‹w ÚÂgÂfis gjé

éy¡FjY¡fhd Áw¥ò K‹bkhê jiy tH§F»wJ.

k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs rYiffŸrYiffŸrYiffŸrYiffŸ:-(Parlimentary Privileges to MPs)

� k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fŸ ehlhSk‹w T£l¤bjhl® fhy¤Â‹nghnjh

mit Jt§F« K‹ mšyJ Koªjgp‹ 40 eh£fëš Áéš

tH¡FfS¡fhfnth ifJ brŒa ÏayhJ. ÏJ F‰wéaš tH¡FfS¡F

bghUªjhJ.

� ehlhSk‹w¤Âš k£L« mt®fŸ éU¥go ngr mjhtJ ng¢Rçik

tH§f¥g£LŸsJ. mj‰fhf ÚÂä‹w§fëš gÂš brhšy njitæšiy.

� T£l¤bjhlç‹ nghJ, ÚÂk‹w¤Âš tH¡F ãYitæš ÏUªjhY«

k¡fsit cW¥Ãd® m›tH¡»‰F Mjhu« ÏšyJ rh£Áahf ÏU¥ÃD«

ÚÂk‹w bryy njitæšiy.

� cW¥Ãd® ehlhSk‹w¤Â‹ všiy¡FŸ ÏU¡F«nghJ mit jiyik

jh§Fgtç‹ mDkÂæ‹¿ ifJ brŒanth mšyJ Ãw elo¡iffis

vL¡f ÏayhJ.

ehlhSk‹w FG¡fŸehlhSk‹w FG¡fŸehlhSk‹w FG¡fŸehlhSk‹w FG¡fŸ:- ((((Parliamentary Committees)

bghJfz¡F FGbghJfz¡F FGbghJfz¡F FGbghJfz¡F FG ((((PAC) ehlhSk‹w¤jhš nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l cW¥Ãd®fŸ 22 ng® 15 ng® nyh¡rgh 7 ngh® Ïuh{argh Ï§F cŸsd®. xU mik¢r® Ïªj¡FGé‹ cW¥Ãduhf ÏayhJ. rhehaf® Ïªj FG¤jiytiu

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ãaä¥gh®. Ïj‹ gâ – jâ¡ifahs® jU« m¿¡ifia mid¤J nfhz§fëY« rçgh®gjhF«. nkY« ehlhSk‹w¤jhš muR¡F tH§f¥g£l ãÂahdJ njitæ‹ neh¡f¤Â‰FŸ cŸsjh v‹gijÍ« gh®¡F«.

kÂ¥Õ£L¡FGkÂ¥Õ£L¡FGkÂ¥Õ£L¡FGkÂ¥Õ£L¡FG:- ((((Estimate Commmittee) Ïªj FGéš M©LnjhW«, ehlhSk‹w¤jhš nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l

cW¥Ãd®30 ng® cŸsd®. Ïj‹ jiyt® MS§f£ÁæèUªJ nj®Î brŒa¥g£L rghehafuhš gâ mk®¤j¥gL»wh®. Ïj‹ gâ – g£b#£ilÍ« nr®¤J mj‹ kÂ¥Õ£il MuhÍ« k‰W« bghJbryÎfëš MF« bryit gçªJiu¤jY« MF«.

bghJ¤Jiwæ‹ FGbghJ¤Jiwæ‹ FGbghJ¤Jiwæ‹ FGbghJ¤Jiwæ‹ FG(Committee on Public Undertakings)

ÏÂY« 22(15,7) ng® cŸsd®. jâ¡if fz¡fhsç‹ Ï¤Jiw g‰¿a m¿¡ifia MŒÎ brŒjY«, Ïj‹ brašghLfŸ bjhê‰bfhŸiffis Ã‹g‰¿a jhfÎ« k‰W« éntfKŸs t®¤jf brašghLfŸ cŸsdth v‹gJ f©fhâ¥gJ« mj‰F tênfhYjYkhF«. khepy MSeh;:khepy MSeh;:khepy MSeh;:khepy MSeh;:

mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;

� .nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; � epjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;:

• MSehpd; ghpe;Jiu ,y;yhky; xU gz kNrhjh khepyr; rl;lrigapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ.

• gl;n[l; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; tUlhe;jpu epjp mwpf;ifia MSeh; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspNyh my;yJ xd;wpNyh rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� rl;lkpaw;wy; rhh;e;j mjpfhuq;fs;:xU khepyj;ij nghWj;jtiu MSehpd; ,irtpy;yhky; rl;lkhf;fg;gl KbahJ. MSeh; rpy kNrhjhf;fis FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irtpw;fhf xJf;fPL nra;a ~uj;J 200 chpikaspf;fpwJ.rl;lkd;w Nky; rigapd; Mwpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;a MSeUf;F chpikaspf;fpwJ

� அவசர கால ச�ட� gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Ordinance ) ~uj;J 213

� MSeh; gpwg;gpf;Fk; அவசர கால ச�ட� rl;lrigapy; mitapd; Kd;Ngh. ,U mitfs; ,Ug;gpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Ngh MSeuhy; mitfs; $Lk;NghJ rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� rl;lrig $ba NjjpapypUe;J MW thuq;fs; tiu ,e;j அவசர கால ச�ட�க mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fhyf;nfLtpw;F Kd;ghfNt. rl;lrigapd; mitNah. mitfNsh Nkw;gb ச�ட!ைத xU jPh;khdk; thapyhf epuhfhpj;jhy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpa NjjpapypUe;J அ"ச�ட� nry;Yk;gb MfhJ.

� MSeh; gpwg;gpj;j அவசர கால ச�ட!ைத MW thuq;fSf;Fs; mtuhfNt jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

� jFjpfs;: FbauRj; jiythpd; jFjpfis xj;Js;sJ.

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jkpo;ehL jkpo;ehL jkpo;ehL jkpo;ehL ---- ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw

• \uj;J-124 Kjy; 147 tiu> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp - 5> cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G> Rje;jpuk;> vy;iyg;gFjp> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfis gw;wp $WfpwJ. ehlhSkd;wkhdJ cr;rePjpkd;w (ePjpgjpfspd;

vz;zpf;if) jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 2008 (Supreme Court (Number of Judges)

Amendment Act,2008)-apd; gb ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia 26 ypUe;J 31 (jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; cah;j;jpaJ) Mf cah;j;jpaJ.

cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptukcr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptukcr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptukcr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;Gk;Gk;Gk; � cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;Gk;. ~uj;J 131. � cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjptuk;Gk; ~uj;J 132 � cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; ePjptuk;Gk; ~uj;J 143 � cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 137 � cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; xU gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; ~uj;J 129

ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (Appointment of Judges):

• FbauRj;jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. mtuJ MNyhridapd; Nghpy; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj; jiytNu epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.

ePjpgjpahtjw;fhd jFjpfsePjpgjpahtjw;fhd jFjpfsePjpgjpahtjw;fhd jFjpfsePjpgjpahtjw;fhd jFjpfs;( Qualification of Judges):

• murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; \uj;J 24-d; gb cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh ePjpgjpahtjw;F gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfs; cs;sd.

• mth; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 5 Mz;Lfs; ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;Jiug;gb rpwg;G kpF tof;fwpQuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpapd; gjptpfhyk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. khwhf 65 taJ epiwtilAk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. jdJ gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;fyhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb ,tiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: (Re-moval of Judges))))

• ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuf;Fg; gpwNf FbauRj; jiyth; ePjpgjpia gjtp ePf;fk; nra;thh;. ,jw;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ikapd;gb MjuT njhptpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. (mitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; kw;Wk; 2/3 klq;F te;J Xl;lspg;Gk; juNtz;Lk;) gjtp ePf;fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l xOf;f newp

kPwy; (Proved misbehavior) kw;Wk; ,ayhikapd; (incapacity)fhuzkhf mikAk;.

• cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Cjpak;> gbfs;> rYiffs;> tpLKiw> Xa;t+jpak; Mfpait mt;tg;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; \uj;J 360-I jtpu NtW ve;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; ePjpgjpia epakpj;j gpd; mth;fsJ Cjpaj;ijNah my;yJ rYifiaNah Fiwf;f ,ayhJ.

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cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; vy;iycr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; vy;iycr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; vy;iycr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; vy;iy:- Kjy; tprhuiz mjpfhuk;.

(m) mry; mjpfhu tuk;G(Original Jurisdiction)gpd;tUk; tof;Ffis tprhhpf;f cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cz;L. (M) kj;jpa murpw;Fk;> khepy murpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk; tof;Ffs;. (,) kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR xUGwKk; kw;Wk; gpw khepy muRfSf;F ,ilapy; tUk; tof;Ffs;. ( Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs; cah;ePjpkd;w jPh;g;gpw;F vjpuhf xUth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. mjw;F cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYk; Njit.

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: (Power of Judicial Review)

• murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;iffs;> eltbf;iffis ,J Njh;T nra;fpwJ. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F

Gwk;ghf (violation of the Constitution)VNjDk; eltbf;iffs; Vw;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ nry;yhJ vd mwptpj;J nray;glhky; jLf;fpwJ.

• murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik> $l;lhl;rpapd; rkepiy> Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfis ghJfhj;jy; Mfpait mbg;gil nfhs;iffspd;gb ,J nray;gLfpwJ.

kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;: kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;: kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;: kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;: (Other Powers)

• FbauRj; Jizj; jiythpd; Njh;jypy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fis jPh;j;J itf;fpwJ.

• kj;jpa Fbikahl;rp Njh;thizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kPJ vOk; Gfhh;fis FbauRj;jiyth; ghpe;Jiuj;j gpwF mjid tprhhpf;fpwJ.

• ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSk; ,J vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;F fl;Lg;gLk;.

• murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,jw;F kl;LNk cz;L.

cah;ePjpkd;wk;: cah;ePjpkd;wk;: cah;ePjpkd;wk;: cah;ePjpkd;wk;: (HIGH COURT)

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;; rl;lk; gFjp 6y; \uj;J Kjy; 231 tiu cah;ePjpkd;wk; gw;wpAk;> me;j mikg;G> Rje;jpuk;> MSif tuk;G> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzpfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wp ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mij FbauRj; jiythpd; tpUg;Ghpikf;F tpl;Ltpl;lJ. Mifahy;> FbauRj;jiyth; Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; jFe;jgb ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia KbT nra;Jnfhs;thh;.

ePjpgjpfspd; jFjpfs;: ePjpgjpfspd; jFjpfs;: ePjpgjpfspd; jFjpfs;: ePjpgjpfspd; jFjpfs;: (Qualification of Judges)

• ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,e;jpa epyg;gFjpapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 Mz;Lfs; ePjpj;Jiw mYtyfk; rhh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ VNjDk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gj;jhz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhf (my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tof;fwpQuhf ),Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F vd;w Fiwe;j gl;r taJ eph;zapf;ftpy;iy.

gjtp ePf;fk;: gjtp ePf;fk;: gjtp ePf;fk;: gjtp ePf;fk;: (Removal of Judges)

• cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtpePf;fk; Nghd;Nw cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtpePf;f KiwAk; mike;Js;sJ.

cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; MSif tuk;G: cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; MSif tuk;G: cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; MSif tuk;G: cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; MSif tuk;G:

(Jurisdiction and Power of High Court)

mry; mjpfhu tuk;Gmry; mjpfhu tuk;Gmry; mjpfhu tuk;Gmry; mjpfhu tuk;G: Original Jurisdiction fPo;f;fhZk; rr;ruTfs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mry; mjpfhu tuk;G fPo;Neubahf tUk;.

• jpUkzk; > tpthfuj;J> epWtd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G.

• ehlhSkd;w kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; Njh;jy; rk;ge;jkhd rr;ruTfs;.

• tUtha; tR+ypg;G rk;ge;jkhd tof;Ffs;.

• Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfs;.

• fy;fj;jh> nkl;uh];> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nly;yp Mfpa ehd;F cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; mry; mjpfhu tuk;G cs;sJ.

ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpg;Nguhiz: Writ Jurisdiction

• \uj;J 226- cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;Nguhiz gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. ,it Ml;nfhzh;T ePjpg;Nguhiz> nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> jilAWj;jy; ePjpg;Nguhiz> jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz kw;Wk; newpKiw czh;j;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz. ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikia epiyehl;Lk; nghUl;L cs;sJ.

nfhyP[pak; Kiw: nfhyP[pak; Kiw: nfhyP[pak; Kiw: nfhyP[pak; Kiw: Collegium System.

• nfhyP[pak; Kiw vd;gJ cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakdk; kw;Wk; khWjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis nra;Ak; mikg;G MFk;. ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp> ehd;F %j;j cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs;. cah;ePjpkd;wk; rhh;ghf(cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp cl;gl) ,th;fs; midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpaJ nfhyP[pak; MFk;.

Jiz my;yJ fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;: Jiz my;yJ fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;: Jiz my;yJ fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;: Jiz my;yJ fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;: Subordinate Courts.

• fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPo; khtl;l mstpy; nray;gLk; (The

District and Local Levels) ePjpkd;wq;fshFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gFjp 6-y; \uj;J 233 Kjy; 237 tiu ,jidg; gw;wp tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• epakdk;> gjtp kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T Nghd;w khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; nray;ghLfis cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J MSeh; KbntLg;ghh;.

ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f jFjpfs;: (ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f jFjpfs;: (ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f jFjpfs;: (ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f jFjpfs;: (The qualification to be appointed as a judge))))

• ,th; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR gzpfspy; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. ,th; tof;fwpQuhf my;yJ gpsPluhf VOtUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• cah;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,th; ghpe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• khtl;l kw;Wk; fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jplk; cs;sJ. cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPo; %d;wLf;F ePjpKiw( Three tiers of civil and criminal court) cs;sJ. khtl;l ePjpgjpNa khtl;lj;jpd;

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cah;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpahthh;. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; (mkh;T ePjpgjp) kw;Wk; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; (khtl;l ePjpgjp) ,thplk; Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjp mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,tuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l J}f;F jz;lid cah;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

• khtl;l kw;Wk; mkh;T ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F fPo; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; fPo; ePjpgjpAk;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Kjd;ik ePjpj;Jiw Fw;weLtUk;(Chief Judicial Magistrate) cs;sdh;. ,jw;Fk; fPo; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; Kd;rPg; ePjpkd;w eLtUk; cs;sdh;. ,jw;Fk; fPo; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; Kd;rPg; ePjpkd;w ePjpj;Jiw eLtUk;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Fw;w eLtUk; ftdpf;fpd;wdh;.

kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfskj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfskj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfskj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfs ;; ;; rl;lkpaw;Wk; cwTfs;:rl;lkpaw;Wk; cwTfs;:rl;lkpaw;Wk; cwTfs;:rl;lkpaw;Wk; cwTfs;:

� ~uj;J 245 gpd;tUk; %d;W gl;bay;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mit � kj;jpa gl;bay;: 97 Jiwfs; (Kd;G). jw;NghJ 100 Jiwfs;. � khepy gl;bay;: 66 Jiwfs; (Kd;G). jw;NghJ 61 Jiwfs;. � ெபா( gl;bay;: 47 Jiwfs;(Kd;G). jw;NghJ 52 Jiwfs;.

eph;thf Ml;rp cwTfs;:eph;thf Ml;rp cwTfs;:eph;thf Ml;rp cwTfs;:eph;thf Ml;rp cwTfs;: � ,jidg;gw;wp 256 Kjy; 263tiu cs;s ~uj;Jf;fs; $WfpwJ. � kj;jpa murpdhy; khepy murpw;F ,lg;gLk; VTiu my;yJ fl;lis. � kj;jpa murpd; gzpfs; khepy murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gly; � midj;jpe;jpa muRg;gzpfs; � cjtpj; njhif mspg;G. � KO ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;G Fwpj;j tifKiwfs;

epjpcwTfs;:epjpcwTfs;:epjpcwTfs;:epjpcwTfs;: � rl;lj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp thp tpjpf;fNth my;yJ t#ypf;fNth $lhJ

vd 265 jpl;ltl;lkhf $Wfpd;wJ.

� ெபா(�gl;bay; vt;tpjkhd thpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy

� kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; khekj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; khekj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; khekj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; khepy muRfshy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L py muRfshy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L py muRfshy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L py muRfshy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs; kj;jpa gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kj;jpa jPh;itfs; kw;Wk; kUe;J kw;Wk; xg;gid Mf;fg; nghUs;fs; kPjhd Maj;jPh;itfs;.

� kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Lk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk;. khepy murhy; kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Lk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk;. khepy murhy; kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Lk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk;. khepy murhy; kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Lk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk;. khepy murhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;:gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;:gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;:gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;: 1.efu epy thp 2.ruf;F kw;Wk; gazpfshy; thp 3.,uapy; fl;lz thp 4.gq;F khw;w epiyia thpfs; 5.tpsk;guthpfs; 6.khepyq;fSf;fpilNa elf;Fk; tzpfj;jpd; NghJ thq;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; tpw;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; kPjhd thpfs;

� kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk; kj;jpa murpw;kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk; kj;jpa murpw;kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk; kj;jpa murpw;kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy Fk; khepy Fk; khepy Fk; khepy muRf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; thpfsmuRf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; thpfsmuRf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; thpfsmuRf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: 1.tUkhd thp 2.kj;jpa gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s thpfs;. mjhtJ kUe;J kw;Wk; xg;gid Mf;fg;nghUl;fs; kPjhd Maj;jPh;itfs; jtpu.

� kj;jpa murhy; tpjpj;J> t#ypf;fg;gl;L. kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy muRfSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;J mspf;fg;glyhk; vdg;glf;$ba thpfs;: ~uj;J 272 njhptpf;fpwJ.

� khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;:khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;:khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;:khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;:

• khepy epyq;fs; jtph;j;j kw;w nrhj;Jf;fis thhpRhpikahfg; ngWNthh; kPjhd jPh;it.

• tptrha epyq;fs; jtph;j;j kw;w nrhj;Jf;fs; kPjhd kuz thp.

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• uapy; %ykhfTk;> fly;topahfTk; nry;Yk; gazpah; kw;Wk; gz;lq;fs; kPjhd jPh;it.

• uapy;Nt gazf;fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;Ff; fl;lzq;fs; kPjhd thp.

• gq;F re;ij tpahghuq;fs; kPjhd thp.

• nra;jpj;jhs;fis tpw;gJ kw;Wk; thq;FtJk; kPjhd thp.

• nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; tpsk;guk; jUtjw;Fk; ntspapLtjw;Fk; tpf;fg;gLk; thp.

• nra;jpj;jhs;fs; jtph;j;j gpw gz;lq;fspd; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd tpw;gid my;yJ thq;Fjy; kPjhd thp

• khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa mDg;ggLk; ruf;Ffs; kPjhd thp.

� kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: Rq;f thp epWtdq;fspd; tUkhd thp. %yjd kjpg;G thp. tUkhd thp kPjhd Nky;thp xd;wpag; gl;baypy; cs;s tp~aq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thp Mfpait Kw;wpYk; xd;wpaj;Jf;F chpait. epjpf;FOepjpf;FOepjpf;FOepjpf;FO

� murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 280tJ ~uj;Jk;> 281tJ ~uj;Jk; epjpf;FOtpd; mikg;G Fwpj;J mjd; gzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; gzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; $Wfpd;wd.

� murpayikg;G Njhd;wpa ,uz;L Mz;bw;Fs; ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; jiyth; epjpf;FO xd;wpid mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ஐe;jhz;bw;F xUKiw epjpf;FO mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjpf;FOtpw;F xU jiytUk; kw;Wk; ehd;F mq;fj;jpdh;fSk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,th;fs; FbauRj;jiytuhy; jFjpfs; vd;d vd;Wk; vg;gb Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ghuhSkd;wk; $WfpwJ. gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;

� ,J kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa epjp vt;thW gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;wJ.

� ,e;jpahtpd; jpul;L epjpapy; ,Ue;J khepyq;fSf;F vt;thW epjpxJf;FtJ vd

,e;jpa ,e;jpa murpayikg;gmurpayikg;g · 2017. 11. 30. · page 3 of 39 department of employment and...

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