V. Age of Revolution

I. RenaissanceII. Reformation

III. Scientific RevolutionIV. Enlightenment

V. Age of RevolutionVI. Industrial Revolution

VII. Penetration of Africa and India VIII. World Wars

IX. Cold WarX. Modern World

Change Over Time

• Explain the development and change in the current of thought in the Western World from 1450-1800.

• Have intro with ORIGINAL THESIS!!!

Compare and contrast how revolutions in one country incited revolutions elsewhere.

Choose three countries:– France– Haiti– Brazil– Mexico– Spanish South America

Causes of American Revolution

1) Enlightenment philosophy

2) Frustrations over Mercantile policies of England

3) Taxation without Representation

Colonial America

• 17th century: Britain colonizes east coast of N. America

• 1756-1763: French-Indian War/7 Years War

Problems:

1) cost of war

2) cost of administering colonies

3) war with Native Americans• Britain passes series of tax and

mercantile laws

“No taxation without representation”

• Proclamation Act of 1763: colonists could not travel west past Appalachian Mountains

• Sugar and Currency Acts of 1764

• Stamp Act of 1765• Townsend Duties in 1767• Tea Act of 1773

• Boston Massacre:1770• Boston Tea Party: 1772• Intolerable Acts• Thomas Paine• Thomas Jefferson,

Declaration of Independence

American Revolution

• Paul Revere/Minutemen/Lexington

• Guerilla tactics• Second Continental

Congress: organized army with G. Washington

• 1777: Saratoga; France commits ships, soldiers, weapons, and money

• 1781:Yorktown• 1783: Independence

recognized• Articles of Confederation• 1787: Constitutional

Convention in Philadelphia

• 1791: Bill of Rights

Notes• British Empire in America • Most colonies had British governors

appointed by King• Each American colony had a

representative assembly• British Parliament passed laws for the

colonies• Navigation Acts in 1600s passed to

protect GB trade

Sugar Act of 1764 increased cost of foreign molasses and

endangered colonial exports lower New England profitable trade with

French and Spanish Caribbean sugar colonies 

Currency Act of 1764 Outlawed colonial practice of issuing

paper money This caused restricted trade and limited

money supply This lead to widespread anger Which caused organized boycotts of

British goodsStamp Act of 1765Imposed a direct tax to be paid on all legal

documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and nearly all other types of printed material

Notes• 1765: NY protest• Women organized boycott• Sons of Liberty: held public meetings, intimidated royal officials, and enforced the boycottsviolent protest + trade boycott = repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766

Colonial Power play Great Britain:• Created new taxes and duties, gave more power to colonial governors, and sent British troops to quell

urban riotsNew England:• New boycotts

-cut British imports by 2/3• Destroyed property• Bullied or attacked royal officials (tar and feather) Great Britain:• Dissolved the colonial legislature of Massachusetts • Dispatched a warship and 2 regiments of soldiers on British streetsBoston Tea Pary• March 5, 1770: British troops fired into an angry British crowd and killed 5 people• This massacre of innocent Americans radicalized public opinion

More taxes• Again, GB repealed some taxes and duties• Yet, granted British East India Company a monopoly a monopoly for importing tea to the coloniesBoston Tea Party

1772 Protesters disguised as Amerindians dumped 10,000 of tea into the harbor Intolerable Acts • Closed Boston harbor• Required colonists to house British soldiersBritish response to the Tea Party• Appoint military man, Thomas Gage as governor of Massachusetts who closed the port of Boston:1) Public order depended on British troops2) Public administration in the hands of a general

Articles of ConfederationBasic Ideals and Structures of the

Articles of ConfederationWeaknesses of the Articles of

Confederation

Loose Association of States States quarreled over such things as boundary lines and trade. The government had no power to end such disputes.

Limited central government powers Congress would not regulate trade and could not issue an official currency

One vote per state in Congress Vote of 9 out of 13 states needed for important measures. Change required unanimous vote of states

No taxation powers for Congress Congress could not collect taxes to pay the nation’s debts or for necessary programs

No national executive branch No national executive to enforce laws

No national judicial branches No national courts to interpret laws or to judge those who broke them

Bill of Rights

Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)]

11-27

Amendment XI [Suits Against a State (1795)] Amendment XII [Election of President and Vice-President (1804)] Amendment XIII [Abolition of Slavery (1865)] Amendment XIV [Privileges and Immunities, Due Process, Equal Protection, Apportionment of Representatives, Civil War Disqualification and Debt (1868)] Amendment XV [Rights Not to Be Denied on Account of Race (1870)] Amendment XVI [Income Tax (1913)] Amendment XVII [Election of Senators (1913) Amendment XVIII [Prohibition (1919)] Amendment XIX [Women's Right to Vote (1920) Amendment XX [Presidential Term and Succession (1933)] Amendment XXI [Repeal of Prohibition (1933)]

22-27

Amendment XXII [Two Term Limit on President (1951)] Amendment XXIII [Presidential Vote in D.C. (1961)] Amendment XXIV [Poll Tax (1964)] Amendment XXV [Presidential Succession (1967)] Amendment XXVI [Right to Vote at Age 18 (1971)] Amendment XXVII [Compensation of Members of Congress (1992)]

The French Revolution

French SocietyFirst Estate

Clergy

•Clergy•130,000•Owned 10% of land•Gained wealth trough tithes and ecclesiastical fees

Second Estate

Nobles

•high administrative, judicial, military, and church positions•Important participants in wholesale trade, banking , manufacturing, and mining

Third Estate

95% of population

•Everyone else: wealthy financier – homeless beggar.•Bourgeoisie (boor-swah-ZEE): middle class•Gained wealth from commerce and manufacturing.•Owned 1/3 of the nations land•80% of French population were peasants.•Artisans and other skilled workers, small shopkeepers and peddlers, and small land owners held a more privileged position in society.

1) War Debt War of the Austrian Succession 7 years war American Revolution

2) Droughts in French harvests

3) Poor become poorer (1760: 25,000 prostitutes; 40,000 orphans yearly)

4) Extravagant court of King Louis XV

Problems before Revolution

Revolution begins

• Louis XVI calls Estates General (all 3 estates)• June 17, 1789: 3rd estate forms National

Assembly• Tennis Court Oath• July 14, 1789: peasants storm the Bastille• “Great Fear”• NA: abolish feudal and estate system• August 1789: “The Declaration of the Rights

of Man”• October 1789: March to Versailles

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• Inspired be Declaration of Independence (17??)• Manifested enlightenment ideas (Locke,

Montesquieu, Rousseau, Jefferson)• Popular sovereignty and Representative

government• Equality, Fraternity, Liberty• Freedom of speech, press, and religion• Equal protection before the law• Did not grant equal rights to women

Starving Women Gone Wild

• Poor French harvest; 1/3 unemployment in Paris; high cost of bread.

• Parisian market women organized thousands of people to march 12 miles to Versailles

• Demanded action from NA• Arrived and demanded bread;

“Let them eat cake.”• Took bread and flour; forced

royal family to go to Paris; aristocrats heads on pikes

Pg. 570” “Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.”

1791: New Constitution (#1)

• Kept Monarchy, but created unicameral legislation – Legislative Assembly

• Seized church lands; priests to take loyalty oaths >>> counterrevolutionary movements

• Neither side content• Austria and Prussia invade France; patriotic

French army prevails by end of 1792• King and queen fail in escape to Austria;

treason? • August 1792: LA imprisons king; call for

National Convention by popular election

National Convention: New Constitution (#2)

• National Convention becomes ruling body

• Monarchy abolished; France declared a Republic

• 1793: NC convicts Louis XVI of treason; Guillotine

Committee of Public Safety (New Constitution #3)

• Foreign threat (Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Spain) and internal chaos

• Committee of Public Safety• Jacobins• French victory at Valmy saves

Paris and Revolution• sans-culottes • Maximillian Robespierre• 1793-94: “Reign of Terror”: 40,000

under guillotine; 30,000 jailed • Radical, or just plain silly, ideas• If you live by the guillotine…1794

guillotine splits Robespierre and CPS

The Directory (New Constitution #4)

• 1795: Directory: 5 man executive government

• Protected land ownership• Weakened power of

masses• Weak domestic policy• Age of “republic” dead• Strong military• Napoleon Bonaparte

general by age 24

Napoleon (New Constitution #5)

• 1799: Napoleon returns to France and overthrows Directory

• Popular authoritarianism • Declares himself First Consul

with new Constitution• France dominated Europe• 1804: declares himself

Emperor

Napoleon’s EuropeDomestic policy• reforms in agriculture,

infrastructure, public education• Normalized relations with Church• Restored tolerance and stability• Napoleonic Codes (1804):

recognized equality of French citizens (male); protected property rights; instituted some enlightenment ideas and human rights; rule of law

• WOMEN DENIED POLITICAL RIGHTS

• Civil liberties limited

Foreign policy• Conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain,

Portugal, kingdoms of Italy• Dissolved HRE into confederacy of

German states1810: empire at peak• Conflicts with GB• Nationalistic uprisings1812: attacked Russia• Mistake• Army decimated1814: Napoleon forced into exile on Elba• Monarchy restored• Napoleon returns from exile

The Congress of Vienna• Prince von Metternich of

Austria• Alexander I of Russia• Duke of Wellington of Britain

• 1815: decrees balance of power among existing powers

• France cut to pre-Napoleonic borders; no indemnities

• New kingdoms in Poland and Netherlands

• Reinstate absolute monarchs in France, Spain, Holland, Italian city-states

• Restore royal order and erase ideals of French Revolution and Napoleon

Ebb and Flow of Chaos• Return of conservative monarchies• Still movements for democracies and national self-determination• 1821: Greek against Ottoman control (1830: recognized with RS,

FR GB help)• 1830: King Charles X abdicates French throne; enfranchisement

extended• Revolutions of 1848: Second French Republic: voting rights for

men, slavery abolished, end of death penalty, and 10-hour workday; elected Louis Napoleon (nephew) who becomes dictator and Emperor Napoleon III until 1871.

• Other revolutions: Vienna, Rome, and Berlin; all failed in the end

notes• Fiscal Crisis • Poor were growing rapidly• Led many to crime and beggary• Streets swarmed with beggars &

prostitutes- 25,000 prostitutes in 1760- 40,000 children abandoned

yearly by parents• Periodic outburst of violent protest

because of increase of fees and dues and lack of:

- descent housing- steady employment- food

Tax Raising Problems• Estates General in order to raise taxes • 1788-1789 Three Estates come together.• 3rd Estate wanted delegates to have individual votes.• Third Estate breaks away from the Estates General and

becomes known as National Assembly.• National Assembly took Tennis Court Oath

“Great Fear” • Wave of violence that spread throughout

France after fall of the Bastille• Fearful Nobles of the National Assembly

passed reforms to destroy feudalism:-abolition of feudal dues and

tithes-tax the nobility-open the government, army

and church office to all male citizens• National Assembly also passed the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

End of Old Order • August 4, 1789, nobles in NA vote to end

feudalism in France (no more dues)• Nobles began to pay tax• All male citizens could hold government,

army or church office• Estate system over

NotesNational Convention • August 1792, radicals kill imprisoned

nobles and clergy in the “September Massacre”

• Radicals take over the Assembly and calls for National Convention to create new constitution

• French victory at Valmy saves Paris and Revolition

• NC convicts Louis XVI of conspiracyLeft, Moderate, Right • Jacobins: middle class members of the

National Convention who were extreme radicals; The Mountain

• Girondists: members of the NC who wanted to protect the middle class moderates

• Conservatives: wanted to keep things as they were

• Reactionaries: wanted to return things to how they use to be

Sans-culottes • Ordinary citizens for whom the revolution

was being fought• Wore pants• Saw themselves as heroes and heroines

of the revolution• Supported by the JacobinsReign of Terror July 1793-1794 • Jacobins set out to crush opposition in

France during a period called the “Reign of Terror”

• Maximilien Robespierre• Swift trials an harsh punishments (many

false statements)• 40,000 people killed from Marie

Antoinette to commoners (85%) • 30,000 imprisioned • Guillotine

NotesThe Directory • Robespierre sends other Jacobin leaders to the

Guillotine• Robespierre, in turn, sent to the Guillotine• The Directory is formed• New constitution: only those who owned property

could vote• Executive council of 5 members• 1975-99 used army to put down protests• Absolutely inept – people wanted new government• 1799, Napoleon stages coup d’etat against the

Directory in Paris • New constitution with 3 consuls for executive

branch• 1802, named himself consul for life• 1804, named himself Emperor of France• Napoleon rewrote the French law with The Civil

Code 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

Napoleonic Code • Equality of citizen before the law• Religious toleration• Advancement based on merit• Protection of property• Placed the rights of the state above the rights of

the individual (Restricted rights of free speech and press through censorship)

• Discrimination worsened against womenNapoleon’s System Depended on French Arms and

Diplomacy • Defeated Austria, Italy, and Prussia• Napoleon failed to defeat Britain in 1805 at Battle

of Trafalgar• By 1812:

-Napoleon is king of Italy-brother Joseph is king of Spain-brother Louis is king of Holland

• Nationalism emerges in countries that are paying taxes and sending soldiers to France

• Also, in 1812: 600,000 soldiers to Russia: Two Fronts

• Russia “scorched earth”, then Russian winter with no shelter

• France retreats, Russia attacks, 400,000 of French army die

Notes

Napoleon’s Next Objective, Russia • June 1812, the campaign

starts with 600,000 men• Inconclusive battle at

Borodino• Napoleon press on

Moscow• Russians set city on fire &

brutal winter destroyed army (30,00 men return)

• Austria and Prussia ally with Great Britain and Russia

Napoleon’s Downfall • April 1814, he is exiled to

Elba island• French Monarchy is

restored• 1815 - Napoleon escapes

for Elba• Goes back to France• After 100 days in Power

he is defeated in Waterloo in Belgium

• Final exile on St. Helena, South Atlantic where he died 1821

Haitian RevolutionI. Hispaniola with brutal slave regimes: Saint Domingue (1/2 French) and Santo

Domingo (1/2 Spanish)II. French Revolution

A. 1789: Estates General called1. wealthy white planters2. gens de coleur3. Colonial authority weakened

B. 1791: Reaction on the island1. warfare between free whites and blacks2. Slave rebellions from North of island spreads

III. War for IndependenceA. Toussaint L’OuvertureB. 1794: French National Convention abolishes slaveryC. 1798: Defeat of British and freed slaves in Santo DomingoD. 1802: Defeat troops of Napoleon

1. women fighting2. Toussaint L’Ouverture died in French jail

E. free Republic of Haiti (2nd independent nation in Western hemisphere)

Patriots v. Loyalists (Royalists)

Independence of Brazil

1807: Napoleon invades Portugal 1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil1821: King John VI returns to Portugal; son

Pedro stays and joins side for independence

1822: Pedro declares Brazil independent; Constitutional monarchy with Emperor Pedro

1889: Monarchy overthrown by republicans

Spanish South America

1808: Napoleon invades Spain; places brother Joseph Bonaparte on throne-Junta Central: Spanish patriots fighting against Napoleon; claim power over Spanish colonies

1808-1809: Local juntas in Spanish colonies overthrow colonial officials in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia-Draconian repression by Spanish officials galvanizes sense of independence from Spain

1810: new independent revolutions

“Politics make strange bedfellows”

Creoles from Caracas(Venezuela)• Revolutionary junta of

large landowners1. popular sovereignty2. representative democracy3.retain slavery

• Opposed full citizenship of blacks and mix-ed race majority

Defense of the Spanish Empire Loyalists in colonial

administration Church hierarchy Free blacks Slaves

Spanish South American Independence

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)1813-1817: balanced war

between patriots and loyalists

1820: Patriots take control• Bolivar’s army controls

Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

By 1824: last Spanish armies defeated

MexicoI. Mexico

A. Spain’s richest and most populous colonyB. Class conflict: Spanish, creole, native

II. War for IndependenceA. Central Mexico: wealthy ranchers and farmers force Amerindians from native landB. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

1. Parish priest from Dolores2. Rang church bells and delivered fiery speeches to rebel against Spanish officials3. Rural and urban poor united by oppression fought; poor military discipline without

weapons4. 1811: wealthy Mexicans captured and executed Hidalgo; another parish priest, Jose

Morelos, takes up missionC. Colonel Augustin de Iturbide

1. Forms alliance with insurgesnts and some loyalists2. 1821: declares Mexico’s independence3. Conservative origin: monarchical government: Iturbide crowned emperor

D. Mexican republic-army overthrows Iturbide; republic established