Enlightenment and Enlightenment and RevolutionRevolution

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Chapter 18

The Age of Exploration The Age of Exploration Pages 658-669Pages 658-669

In the 1400s and 1500s nations of ______ _______ began In the 1400s and 1500s nations of ______ _______ began exploring the world. exploring the world. •The opportunity to make The opportunity to make moneymoney drove this exploration. drove this exploration.

–Europeans wanted to go to _____ for ______ from India, and ___ Europeans wanted to go to _____ for ______ from India, and ___ from China and they wanted them fast.from China and they wanted them fast.

•These goods normally came by pack animal or by walking; a faster These goods normally came by pack animal or by walking; a faster all-all-waterwater route was wanted and needed. route was wanted and needed.

–New _________ would allow for these water routes to become New _________ would allow for these water routes to become possible.possible.

»Eventually, European countries would begin to dominate the Eventually, European countries would begin to dominate the world, as ________ were founded in North and South America, world, as ________ were founded in North and South America, Africa and Asia.Africa and Asia.

Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial expansion of Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial expansion of European powers and their impact on world government in the seventeenth and eighteenth European powers and their impact on world government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. centuries. 7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European powers in 7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European powers in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P) Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P) 7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational advances 7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational advances and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world politically, socially, and and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world politically, socially, and economically and contributed to the power of European nations. (H, G, P, E)economically and contributed to the power of European nations. (H, G, P, E)

Europe Gets Ready to ExploreEurope Gets Ready to Explore Pages 659-660Pages 659-660

Trade With Asia Trade With Asia Page 659Page 659• During the Middle Ages, Europeans began buying During the Middle Ages, Europeans began buying

vast amounts of _____, ___, and other goods from vast amounts of _____, ___, and other goods from ___. Why?___. Why?– The Mongol empire had kept the ___ ____ open and The Mongol empire had kept the ___ ____ open and

protected until their empire ended.protected until their empire ended.• When the Mongols fell, local rulers and robbers started to tax or When the Mongols fell, local rulers and robbers started to tax or

steal the goods coming to Europe making the goods expensive.steal the goods coming to Europe making the goods expensive.

• The _______ ____, then blocked trade using the The _______ ____, then blocked trade using the Black Sea so prices of goods continued to rise.Black Sea so prices of goods continued to rise.

• Regardless of price ________ still wanted the Regardless of price ________ still wanted the spices and silks.spices and silks.– Food without spices tasted: (3 S’s) _______, _____, or Food without spices tasted: (3 S’s) _______, _____, or

_______, cloth was made from _______ or plant fibers, _______, cloth was made from _______ or plant fibers, so clothing was scratchy. Why?so clothing was scratchy. Why?

– Anyone who could find a way to get goods cheaply to Anyone who could find a way to get goods cheaply to Europe would become very Europe would become very wealthywealthy very quickly. very quickly.

• Merchants began looking for a ___ route to ____ _____.Merchants began looking for a ___ route to ____ _____.

New Technology New Technology Pages 659-660Pages 659-660

• Without the right ________, Europeans would not Without the right ________, Europeans would not find this new all water route.find this new all water route.– The _______ Ocean was very dangerous.The _______ Ocean was very dangerous.

• By the 1400s Europeans learned about the By the 1400s Europeans learned about the ________ from ____ and the ______ from ____ to ________ from ____ and the ______ from ____ to help them navigate.help them navigate.

• They also started using They also started using lateenlateen or _______ ____ or _______ ____ that allowed them to sail into the wind.that allowed them to sail into the wind.

• They also changed the design of their ships They also changed the design of their ships adding many _____ and smaller lateen _____, and adding many _____ and smaller lateen _____, and using a new type of ______ that made steering using a new type of ______ that made steering easier.easier.– The ________ from ________? built a ship called the The ________ from ________? built a ship called the

________ and Europeans began exploring the world. ________ and Europeans began exploring the world.

Compass, Compass, Astrolabe, and Astrolabe, and

CaravelCaravel

The Rise of Strong Nations The Rise of Strong Nations Page 660Page 660

• At the end of the Middle Ages most of At the end of the Middle Ages most of the kingdoms of Europe were too the kingdoms of Europe were too poorpoor and and weakweak to ______ the world. to ______ the world.

• Kings and queens could tax ____ and Kings and queens could tax ____ and use the money to build their political use the money to build their political and military strength. and military strength.

• By the end of the 1400s, four By the end of the 1400s, four kingdoms: ________, ____, ______, and kingdoms: ________, ____, ______, and _______ were wealth and strong _______ were wealth and strong enough to begin looking for a enough to begin looking for a sea routesea route to ___.to ___.

Find: Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal

Did Maps Encourage Exploration?Did Maps Encourage Exploration? Page 660Page 660

• By the 1400s, most educated people in By the 1400s, most educated people in __________ knew the world was ______. knew the world was ______. – Europeans had few Europeans had few mapsmaps and they did not know much and they did not know much

about rest of the world. about rest of the world. • Most of the maps that Europeans possessed were Most of the maps that Europeans possessed were

based on those by Egyptian geographer _______ based on those by Egyptian geographer _______ ________.________.

• Ptolemy’s ideas about __________ were influential Ptolemy’s ideas about __________ were influential because of his system of _________ and because of his system of _________ and ________; that is still used today.________; that is still used today.

• Europeans also used the maps of Arabian Europeans also used the maps of Arabian geographer ________.geographer ________.– Using the maps of ________ and ________ Europeans Using the maps of ________ and ________ Europeans

learned the geography of ____ ______ and the ______ learned the geography of ____ ______ and the ______ _____._____.

• Europeans knew that if they could find a way around ______, Europeans knew that if they could find a way around ______, they could get to ____. they could get to ____.

Find: North America, South America, Europe, Find: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and AntarcticaAsia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica

Exploring the World Exploring the World Pages 661-664Pages 661-664

Because the France, Great Because the France, Great Britain, and Spain were fighting Britain, and Spain were fighting wars, __________ had the wars, __________ had the opportunity to explore the world opportunity to explore the world first.first.

Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial expansion of European powers and their impact on world government in the expansion of European powers and their impact on world government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European 7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European powers in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P) powers in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P) 7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational 7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational advances and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world advances and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world politically, socially, and economically and contributed to the power of European politically, socially, and economically and contributed to the power of European nations. (H, G, P, E)nations. (H, G, P, E)

Who Was Henry the Navigator? Who Was Henry the Navigator? Page 661Page 661

• 1419 Prince Henry of 1419 Prince Henry of ________, set up a ________, set up a research center.research center.– He invited sailors, He invited sailors,

mapmakers, and mapmakers, and shipbuilders to share their shipbuilders to share their knowledge to help explore knowledge to help explore the world.the world.

• In 1420, Portugal began to In 1420, Portugal began to map the coastline of map the coastline of ________, while attempting ________, while attempting to find the all water route to find the all water route to Asia.to Asia.– They also discover that They also discover that

sugarcanesugarcane can grow in can grow in this region.this region.

•To work the sugarcane fields the Portuguese start bringing To work the sugarcane fields the Portuguese start bringing enslaved ________; so Portugal started the slave trade.enslaved ________; so Portugal started the slave trade.

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Page 661Page 661

• Is a __________ Is a __________ explorer.explorer.

– 1497 da Gama goes 1497 da Gama goes around the tip of around the tip of ________ and ________ and across the Indian across the Indian Ocean to ______.Ocean to ______.

– Proves that an all Proves that an all ______ ______ to ______ ______ to ____ has been ____ has been found.found.

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Page 662Page 662

• Came up with a daring plan Came up with a daring plan to get to ____. to get to ____. – He believed it would be He believed it would be

faster to sail across the faster to sail across the ________.________.

– Only the Only the King FerdinandKing Ferdinand and and Queen IsabellaQueen Isabella of _____ were of _____ were willing to pay for his voyage.willing to pay for his voyage.

– ____ Columbus sets sail and ____ Columbus sets sail and after many weeks he reaches after many weeks he reaches land.land.

– He believes he has made it He believes he has made it do the do the East IndiesEast Indies spice spice islands of the coast of India.islands of the coast of India.

– He makes three more He makes three more voyages, never realizing that voyages, never realizing that he had arrived in a new land.he had arrived in a new land.

Who Was Magellan? Who Was Magellan? Pages 662-663Pages 662-663

• He was a Spanish sea captain.– He decides to finish what

______ started.– ____ he left _____ sailing

across the Atlantic, sails around the tip of South America and entered into the _______ Ocean.

– After four months of sailing he reaches the _________, where he is killed by a local chief.

– His men return to _____ by sailing around the tip of ______. They became the first known people to ___________ the _______.

The First English and French Explorers The First English and French Explorers Pages 663-664Pages 663-664

• As news about Columbus spread throughout Europe, As news about Columbus spread throughout Europe, ________ decided to find a northern route to ___.________ decided to find a northern route to ___.– In 1497, In 1497, John CabotJohn Cabot sailed from England arrived on the sailed from England arrived on the

coast of Canada to an island he named ______________. coast of Canada to an island he named ______________. • He continued south but never found a path to _____.He continued south but never found a path to _____.

• In 1524, ______ sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map In 1524, ______ sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map America’s coast. America’s coast. – He mapped from ____ _______ to ___________ but did He mapped from ____ _______ to ___________ but did

not find a not find a Northwest passageNorthwest passage to ____. to ____.• 1534 ____ ______ sailed past Newfoundland and entered 1534 ____ ______ sailed past Newfoundland and entered

the __ _________ River.the __ _________ River.– He too did not find a He too did not find a Northwest passageNorthwest passage..– These would be the last voyages of exploration for These would be the last voyages of exploration for

_______; a religious civil war broke out between _______; a religious civil war broke out between ProtestantsProtestants and and CatholicsCatholics..

John Cabotaka: Giovanni Caboto

Giovanni da Verrazano

Jacques Cartier

Spain Fights England Spain Fights England Page 664Page 664

• In 1588, war broke out between ____ and ______ (Great In 1588, war broke out between ____ and ______ (Great Britain) over religion.Britain) over religion.

• England’s Queen ________ allowed English pirates to England’s Queen ________ allowed English pirates to attack attack Spain’s coloniesSpain’s colonies in the New World. in the New World.

• The English attacks angered Spain’s King ________ and in The English attacks angered Spain’s King ________ and in 1588 he sent a huge fleet of ships, known as the ______ 1588 he sent a huge fleet of ships, known as the ______ ______, to invade England.______, to invade England.– EnglishEnglish ships moved faster and forced the ships moved faster and forced the ArmadaArmada to to

flee north, where many of the ships were sunk by flee north, where many of the ships were sunk by storms.storms.

• The The SpanishSpanish defeat was an important event. defeat was an important event.– While ____ was still strong, ______ now had the power While ____ was still strong, ______ now had the power

to stand up to ____.to stand up to ____.• This encourages the ______ and _____ to start This encourages the ______ and _____ to start

exploring the world.exploring the world.

A Global ExchangeA Global Exchange Pages 668-669 Pages 668-669

•After the Age of Exploration, the economies in After the Age of Exploration, the economies in Europe changed the economies of Africa, Asia, and Europe changed the economies of Africa, Asia, and America. America.

–Europe traded with the world creating a ______ Europe traded with the world creating a ______ _______ of good things like food, goods, and _______ of good things like food, goods, and technology but they also did bad things like technology but they also did bad things like spread diseases and start the slave trade.spread diseases and start the slave trade.

•This global transfer is called the __________ This global transfer is called the __________ ___________ named after Christopher ___________ named after Christopher Columbus. Columbus.

7-1.3 Compare how European nations exercised political and economic influence 7-1.3 Compare how European nations exercised political and economic influence differently in the Americas, including trading-post empires, plantation colonies, differently in the Americas, including trading-post empires, plantation colonies, and settler colonies. (H, G, P, E) and settler colonies. (H, G, P, E) 7-1.4 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial power and explain its 7-1.4 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial power and explain its effects on the society and culture of African nations, including instances of effects on the society and culture of African nations, including instances of participation in and resistance to the slave trade. (H, G, P, E) participation in and resistance to the slave trade. (H, G, P, E)

A Global ExchangeA Global Exchange Page 668 Page 668

• The Columbian Exchange brought two very important The Columbian Exchange brought two very important foods to Europe from North America: ____ and ________.foods to Europe from North America: ____ and ________.– CornCorn helped improve the health of ________ resulting in helped improve the health of ________ resulting in

more meat and ____. more meat and ____. – PotatoesPotatoes were important for _______ because four times were important for _______ because four times

as many people could be fed off the same amount of as many people could be fed off the same amount of land.land.

• Other Other American goodsAmerican goods such as such as squash, beans and squash, beans and tomatoestomatoes changed the food and cooking of Europe. changed the food and cooking of Europe.– Imagine spaghetti without tomato sauce.Imagine spaghetti without tomato sauce.

• Some American foods such as chili peppers and peanuts Some American foods such as chili peppers and peanuts also became important foods in also became important foods in AsiaAsia and and AfricaAfrica. . – One of the most harmful American goods was One of the most harmful American goods was

__________, as Europeans, Asians, and Africans __________, as Europeans, Asians, and Africans became and still are addicted to it.became and still are addicted to it.

• Europe exchanged wheat and other grains for coffee and Europe exchanged wheat and other grains for coffee and other tropical fruits such as _________. other tropical fruits such as _________.

A Global ExchangeA Global Exchange Page 669 Page 669

• Important animals were brought from Important animals were brought from EuropeEurope: pigs, sheep, cattle, chickens, and : pigs, sheep, cattle, chickens, and most important the _______.most important the _______.– _______ would both help defeat the Native _______ would both help defeat the Native

Americans and help them move faster and start Americans and help them move faster and start hunting animals such as the ________.hunting animals such as the ________.

• Another harmful effect will be a huge Another harmful effect will be a huge movement of people after Europeans movement of people after Europeans started growing sugarcane in the started growing sugarcane in the _____________._____________.– To plant and harvest sugarcane Europeans To plant and harvest sugarcane Europeans

enslaved millions of __________ and moved enslaved millions of __________ and moved them to the __________.them to the __________.

A Global ExchangeA Global Exchange Page 669 Page 669

• Europeans also changed ______ society.Europeans also changed ______ society.– They started using They started using gunpowdergunpowder, which was originally , which was originally

invented in invented in AsiaAsia, guns, cannons, and powerful ships to , guns, cannons, and powerful ships to easily defeat Arab fleets and Indian princes. easily defeat Arab fleets and Indian princes.

• They also used these weapons to force open Asian ports for They also used these weapons to force open Asian ports for trade.trade.

– Within two hundred years England took over all of IndiaWithin two hundred years England took over all of India» The ______ East India Company built an empire in Indonesia.The ______ East India Company built an empire in Indonesia.

• Europeans also changed the society of _______, Europeans also changed the society of _______, using European guns and cannons the country using European guns and cannons the country was reunited.was reunited.

• The most dangerous thing that Europeans brought The most dangerous thing that Europeans brought to the Americas was ____.to the Americas was ____.– Native Americans did not have Native Americans did not have immunityimmunity to European to European

diseases such as small pox, measles, and malaria.diseases such as small pox, measles, and malaria.• The germ was mightier than the sword, as a result, millions of The germ was mightier than the sword, as a result, millions of

Native Americans died.Native Americans died.

The Commercial RevolutionThe Commercial Revolution Read Pages 666-667Read Pages 666-667

•_____ built its empire in _____ built its empire in AmericaAmerica..–At the same time __________ began building its At the same time __________ began building its empire in ____.empire in ____.–To dominate trade in To dominate trade in AsiaAsia, the __________ , the __________ fought a war against _______ merchants.fought a war against _______ merchants.

•The The PortuguesePortuguese defeated the defeated the MuslimsMuslims they they controlled controlled tradetrade and built ______ ____ in and built ______ ____ in India, China, Japan, the Persian Gulf, and the India, China, Japan, the Persian Gulf, and the ____ ______ of Southeast Asia. ____ ______ of Southeast Asia.

7-1.5 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial powers in Asia and their 7-1.5 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial powers in Asia and their effects on the society and culture of Asia, including global trade patterns and the effects on the society and culture of Asia, including global trade patterns and the spread of various religions. (H, G, P, E)spread of various religions. (H, G, P, E)7-1.6 Explain the emergence of capitalism, including the significance of 7-1.6 Explain the emergence of capitalism, including the significance of mercantilism, a developing market economy, an expanding international trade, mercantilism, a developing market economy, an expanding international trade, and the rise of the middle class. (E, H, P)and the rise of the middle class. (E, H, P)

What is Mercantilism? What is Mercantilism? Page 666Page 666

• As As SpainSpain and and PortugalPortugal built their empires other built their empires other European countries wanted to become as ___.European countries wanted to become as ___.– The way to build their wealth was through the idea of The way to build their wealth was through the idea of

__________. __________. • The idea is for countries to increase their amount The idea is for countries to increase their amount

of gold and silver through their “Balance of _____”. of gold and silver through their “Balance of _____”.

– The goal to ______ more than ______.The goal to ______ more than ______.

• Countries that use Countries that use MercantilismMercantilism are ___________; are ___________; they believed that countries should set up ______.they believed that countries should set up ______.– The country that sets up the colony sends people, or The country that sets up the colony sends people, or

________, to produce goods not available at home.________, to produce goods not available at home.• This way allows the _____ _______ to no have to This way allows the _____ _______ to no have to

import those goods thus lowering its “________ __ import those goods thus lowering its “________ __ ______”.______”.

Trade Empires in Asia Trade Empires in Asia Page 666Page 666

• Mercantilism encouraged Europeans to set up Mercantilism encouraged Europeans to set up trading poststrading posts and colonies in and colonies in AsiaAsia and ______ and ______ ________.________.– SpainSpain controlled the controlled the AmericasAmericas but the set up a colony in but the set up a colony in

the __________. the __________. • The Spanish shipped Peruvian ______ to the Philippines to buy The Spanish shipped Peruvian ______ to the Philippines to buy

______ and ____ to sell in Europe.______ and ____ to sell in Europe.

• In the 1600s, trying to catch up to In the 1600s, trying to catch up to SpainSpain and and PortugalPortugal, the _______ and _______ began trading , the _______ and _______ began trading with ____. with ____.

• EnglandEngland and and FranceFrance would eventually fight a war over control of would eventually fight a war over control of IndiaIndia..

– In 1619, the ______ built a trading post in ____ and they In 1619, the ______ built a trading post in ____ and they slowly pushed the ____________ out of the _____ trade.slowly pushed the ____________ out of the _____ trade.

• This is the beginning of the end of Portuguese power.This is the beginning of the end of Portuguese power.

What Are Joint-Stock Companies?What Are Joint-Stock Companies? Pages 666-667 Pages 666-667• Trading overseas was very expensive, Europeans Trading overseas was very expensive, Europeans

developed new ways of doing business in ______.developed new ways of doing business in ______.– This is the beginning of the ________ _________, This is the beginning of the ________ _________,

countries move away from barter to buying and countries move away from barter to buying and selling large amounts of goods world wide. selling large amounts of goods world wide.

• Worldwide trade was expensive, money is needed Worldwide trade was expensive, money is needed for ships, warehouses, and buying the goods. for ships, warehouses, and buying the goods.

• To get the money needed for trade they contacted To get the money needed for trade they contacted wealthy individuals to ______ money, these wealthy individuals to ______ money, these individuals are called ___________.individuals are called ___________.– The goal is to have a higher “Balance of The goal is to have a higher “Balance of

___________”.___________”. • Some trading projects were so large that to raise Some trading projects were so large that to raise

enough money many ____________ had to come enough money many ____________ had to come together to sell shares of ______. together to sell shares of ______. – These joining of These joining of entrepreneursentrepreneurs are called are called

____________ companies. ____________ companies.

What is the Cottage IndustryWhat is the Cottage Industry Page 667 Page 667

• To trade goods world wide, ________ needed a To trade goods world wide, ________ needed a large supply of goods. large supply of goods. – They needed these goods They needed these goods cheaplycheaply so they could so they could

maximize their profits by selling them for higher prices maximize their profits by selling them for higher prices elsewhere.elsewhere.

• By the 1600s, merchants had become frustrated By the 1600s, merchants had become frustrated with the artisans and _______ that controlled the with the artisans and _______ that controlled the production of goods in Europe. production of goods in Europe. – To avoid the To avoid the guildsguilds, the merchants began asking , the merchants began asking

__________ to make goods for them in their __________ to make goods for them in their cottagescottages..• The peasants were happy for the extra money and work they The peasants were happy for the extra money and work they

could do in their _____.could do in their _____.

• The system of producing wool goods in peasant The system of producing wool goods in peasant homes is called the _______ ________.homes is called the _______ ________.

– ***This will lead to the start of the ***This will lead to the start of the Industrial Revolution***Industrial Revolution***