enlightenment and revolution 1550-1789 scientific revolution enlightenment american revolution
TRANSCRIPT
Enlightenment and Revolution1550-1789
Scientific RevolutionEnlightenment
American Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
The American Revolution
(and other revolutions)
A Ripple Effect:
I. The Scientific Revolution• Terms to Know:• Geocentric theory—earth is the center of the
universe• Heliocentric theory—sun is the center of the
universe• Scientific Revolution—developed during
Reformation in mid 1500s, new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon observation and a willingness to question beliefs.
A. Causes of Scientific Revolution
ScientificRevolution
The Reformation
universities
The Renaissance
Expansion of Trade
Humanism
Old Ideas vs New IdeasB. Geocentric vs Heliocentric
• Copernicus published the heliocentric theory in a book (1543), and later other scientists would confirm his theory.
Early Christianity taught that God placed earth at the center of the universe.
C. The Scientific Method• A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas (influenced
and advanced by Frances Bacon and Rene Descartes)
D. Isaac Newton
• Isaac Newton Isaa
c N
ewto
n--T
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aw o
f G
ravi
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Copernicus—heliocentric theory but unsure of WHY planets moved how
they did
Kepler—mathematical laws govern planetary motion, the planets move
in an elliptical orbits
Galileo—phases of Venus and other planets, satellites/moons of Jupiter,
uneven surface of the moon
The Law of Universal Gravitation—1.Every object in the universe attracts other objects2.The degree of attraction depends on the mass of an object
E. Other Important Scientists
• Zacharias Janssen—created the first microscope• Gabriel Fahrenheit—created a thermometer
showing water freezing at 32 degrees• Anders Celsius—created a thermometer showing
freezing at 0 degrees• Edward Jenner—introduces the smallpox vaccine
(live pox inoculation) Jenner Story--Smallpox Vaccine
F. Old Science v New Science
Old Science
scholars relied on ancient authority
Church teachings, common sense
And reasoning
New Science
Scholars began to use observation
Experimentation, and scientific reasoning
To gather knowledge and draw conclusions
II. The Enlightenment
• Terms to Know:• Enlightenment—An intellectual movement that
stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
(AKA—The Age of Reason)• Social contract—an agreement by which people
define and limit their individual rights, creating an organized society or government
• Philosophe—French term for philosopher, group of social thinkers from France
Philosophical Chairs
<<<Agree Disagree>>>
The government should have complete controlover the people in its country so that the
government and society can run smoothly.
Philosophical Chairs
<<<Agree Disagree>>>
The government should have restrictions even when it comes to keeping its citizens safe or
free from harm.
A. The Right to Govern
Old Idea• A monarch’s rule is
justified by divine right
New Idea• A government’s
power comes from the consent of the governed
A. The Right to Govern
Thomas
Hobbes
John Lock
e
A. The Right to GovernTWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENTTHOMAS HOBBES
• Citizens should hand their rights over to a strong ruler to gain law and order because people cannot rule themselves without getting sidetracked by selfishness and self-interest
JOHN LOCKE
• NO! All people are born FREE and EQUAL, people can learn from experiences and improve themselves.
• Democracy
• THREE NATURAL RIGHTS: life, liberty and property
Hobbes and Locke
PAIRING ACTIVITYThe Ideas of Locke
HAND OUT
B. The Philosophes• French social critics
• 3 Major Philosophes1.Voltaire2.Montesquieu3.Rousseau
B. Philosophes Core BeliefsTHE CORE OF THEIR BELIEFS--FIVE CONCEPTS:1.Reason—truth could be discovered through reason or
logical thinking2.Nature—natural things are good and reasonable3.Happiness—rejected medieval notion that happiness
comes after death and urged people to find happiness on earth
4.Progress—stressed that society and humankind could improve
5.Liberty—wanted the liberties the English had won in the Glorious Revolution and with the Bill of Rights
DOCUMENT BASED QUESTIONINGVOLTAIRE, ROUSSEAU,
MONTESQUEIU
C. Voltaire• Wrote books and essays
against intolerance, prejudice and superstition
• Supported freedom of speech and religion
• “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
D. Rousseau
• Believed the only good government was a direct democracy
• Also believed that titles of nobility should be stripped—equal should be included titles
E. Montesquieu• Believed in the separation of
powers—executive branch, judicial branch, legislative branch
• Developed checks and balances—no one branch being able to control all of the government– ”Power should be a check to
power” • Both these were used in the US
Constitution
F.
G. Checks and Balances in the USA
• Checks and Balances
III. The Enlightenment Spreads
• TERMS TO KNOW:• Salons—social gatherings where philosphers,
writers, artists, scientists and other great intellects met to discuss Enlightenment ideas.
• Enlightened despots—rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas and wanted reform and to rule their subjects fairly– Despot- “absolute ruler”
Salon
Maria Theresa of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
Joseph II—Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II of Prussia
Charles III of Spain
• Catherine the Great--Overthrowing Peter
A. Enlightenment Music and Art
• Neoclassical Art: “new classical”, simple and elegant form of art using borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.
• Classical Music: simpler form with less “trills” but very elegant and light– Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and
Ludwig van Beethoven
– Beethoven's Fur Elise (classical)– Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (Bach) (baroque)
• Baroque Art vs Neoclassical Art