Enlightenment and

RevolutionChapter 6

The Scientific RevolutionChapter 6 Section 1

The Roots of Modern ScienceBefore the scientific revolution scholars turn to ancient

____________ or _____________ authors or the Bible for answers to scientific questions

The Medieval ViewGeocentric Theory meant that the _________ revolved around

the _________An idea supported by Ptolemy and the Bible

A New Way of ThinkingThe basic idea of the scientific revolution is what?Based on observation and questioningHow did the Age of Exploration affect the way people

thought? And the printing press?The “classical world” had come to an end

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe The Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to reason that the earth and stars moved around the sun; an idea also known as the _________________ theory

Why didn’t Copernicus want to publish his works?

Galileo’s Discoveries Galileo’s 1st telescope, 1609 Galileo’s findings refute Aristotle’s

ideas but support which scientist? Conflict with the Church

Why would the church warn Galileo about supporting Copernicus and his theories?

What happened to Galileo?

The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical

procedure for _______________ and ________________ ideas

Problem, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

Bacon and Descartes Bacon urges scientists to experiment

and draw conclusions Descartes relies on mathematics and

logic…doubted until proved (“I think, therefore I am”)

Newton Explains the Law of Gravity Heaven and earth are linked through

gravitation…every object in the universe attracts every other object

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy explained what?

The Scientific Revolution Spreads

Scientific Instruments Zacharias Janssen invents the first

what? Van Leeuwenhoek uses Janssen’s invention to do what?

Torricelli and the barometer, Fahrenheit and Celsius both created _________________, the difference?

Medicine and the Human Body On the Structure of the Human

Body, significance? Introduction of the vaccine, giving

small amounts of the germs helps with that?

Discoveries in Chemistry Boyle’s Law of gases

What is the significance of all of this?

6.1 Daily Questions1. Explain the differences between the geocentric and

heliocentric theories. What did the church think about the heliocentric theory, why?

2. Explain the differences between Bacon and Descartes approaches to the scientific method.

Honors Only

3. How does the Scientific Revolution support the saying “necessity is the mother of invention”?

The Enlightenment in EuropeChapter 6 Section 2

Two Views on Government Enlightenment-an intellectual

movement that stressed reason and thought but what else?

Hobbe’s Social Contract Civil War convinces Hobbes of the

cruel nature of people The idea of a social contract that

asks people to hand over rights in exchange for _________ and ______.

What gov’t did Hobbes believe was best?

Locke’s Natural Rights Believed in people and the idea of self-

gov’t Life, liberty, and property Power comes from the consent of the

people

The Philosophes Advocate Reason

Philosophes-social critics in France that applied reason to all aspects of life Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

Voltaire Combats Intolerance The most brilliant and influential

philosophe was a satirist, meaning what? Who did he attack?

Fought for tolerance, reason, and freedom of ______ and _______.

“…defend to the death your right to say it.”

The Philosophes Advocate Reason

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers The study of political __________,

believed what country was the best-governed?

Executive, judicial, and legislative powers contributed to a balance of power

Separation of powers=_______ and ___________

Rousseau: Champion of Freedom “Man is born free, but

everywhere he is in chains.” Belief in ________ democracy How was Rousseau’s social

contract different from Hobbes’?

The Philosophes Advocate ReasonBeccaria Promotes Criminal

JusticeLaws exist to preserve

justice not to do what?Speedy trialTorture should never be

usedCapital punishment

should be abolished, punishment based on the crime

“Greatest good for the greatest number of people”

Women and the Enlightenment Most of the reforms and ideas

of the Enlightenment did not address women

Mary Wolstonecraft A Vindication on the Rights of Woman 1792…women’s education is just as important AND useful

Enlightenment ideas were spread in social gatherings called salons

Why might men hesitate to give women education and equality under the law?

Legacy of the EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment produced 3 long-term effects:

Belief in ProgressStrengthening of science’ philosophers and reformers

attempted to change many long held beliefs such as?A More Secular Look

People began to question _____________ beliefs Started answering religious questions with math and

science instead of the Bible Importance of the Individual

Encouraging people to use their own abilities instead of relying on what?

Turning point in history?

6.2 Daily Questions1. Explain the difference between Hobbes’ and

Rousseau’s social contract.2. Explain the impact of Montesquieu’s ideas on

American government.Honors Only

3. In your opinion, who was the most influential Enlightenment thinker? Why?

The Enlightenment Spreads

Chapter 6 Section 3

A World of Ideas Enlightenment ideas spread from

Paris and the thinkers that lived there…salons hosted what groups of people and their ideas?

Diderot’s Encyclopedia 1751, Geoffrin finances the writing

of an _____________ that includes articles by the leading scholars of Europe

The publishing of the Encyclopedia angers who? Why?

Salons and the Encyclopedia helped with the spread of ideas along with what?

Enlightenment ideas even spread to the _________ ________...significance?

New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges

Baroque art deals with grand and ornate designs, example?

Neoclassical designs were simple yet elegant, like that of Greece and Rome

Changes in Music and Literature Classical music emerges…

differences? Novels became popular among all

classes…entertaining stories in everyday language

Pamela and Tom Jones, examples of ____________ novels

Baroque or Neoclassical

Baroque or Neoclassical?

Baroque or Neoclassical

Enlightenment and Monarchy The enlightened despots

started a new trend of respecting the peoples’ rights…an idea encouraged by ____________

What motivated the enlightened despots?

Frederick the Great (Prussia) Reforms

ReligionCensorshipEducation Justice system (torture)

What about the social order? “The first servant of the state.”

Enlightenment and Monarchy Joseph II (Austria)

Son and successor of Maria Theresa

Legal reforms and freedom of the ______ and _______

What was Joseph’s most radical reform? Reaction? Overall result?

Catherine the Great (Russia) Absolute monarch that sought

reforms (wrote to who?) Creates a commission to

change laws…did it work? Why did Catherine’s views on

serfdom change?

Enlightenment and Monarchy

Catherine Expands RussiaGains territory in

southern Russia near the Mediterranean

Poland is split up by ______, _______, and _______ into partitions

Overall Catherine expanded territory and international control for Russia

6.3 Daily Questions1. How does Neoclassicism reflect the ideas of

order and reason?2. Explain the differences between absolute rulers

and enlightened despots.Honors Only

3. Why do you think Enlightenment ideas spread so rapidly?