Enlightenment and Enlightenment and the American the American

RevolutionRevolutionWorld HistoryWorld History

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

How does the Scientific Revolution

challenge the THEOCRACIES

THEOCRACIES and

ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES of the

ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES of the

1700s1700s?

Philosophes Apply the Scientific Revolution to Society to solve problems: 1700-1800s

The enlig

htenm

ent

The enlig

htenm

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Philosophes Apply the Scientific Revolution in: 1700-1800s

Time o

f illu

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Time o

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ation

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

Essential Question

Why would an Encyclopedia be

revolutionary during the Enlightenment?

Philosophe, Thomas Hobbes

Philosophe, john locke

Philosophe, john locke

• Rulers are NOT absolute in power and must remain bound to laws of reason and nature• Should protect people’s natural rights• Humans have free will • Idea of divine right and kings is NONSENSE!!!

• Citizens have the right to overthrow the ruler if the ruler does not represent the people• Sovereignty

Ideas of modern democracy

Philosophe, Baron de Montesquieu

It’s NATURAL for rulers with ABSOLUTE POWER to use power in corrupt manner… therefore… we must…

Baron

de

MontesquieuMontesquieu

Philosophe, Baron de Montesquieu

…spread power evenly over three branches of government – ensures freedom, liberty, no corruption…

SEPARATION OF POWERS (Checks & Balances)

a. Legislative – Made laws (Congress)

b. Executive – Administered laws (Pres.)

c. Judicial – Interpreted and applied laws (Supreme & Federal Courts.)

Philosophe, jean jacques Philosophe, jean jacques rousseau rousseau believed that people are…believed that people are…

Philosophe, jean jacques Philosophe, jean jacques rousseaurousseau

• He believed the best He believed the best government used government used POPULAR POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY or a SOVEREIGNTY or a vote by all of the vote by all of the peoplepeople

• ““General Will” General Will” OR OR Common GoodCommon Good

• A Social Contract is A Social Contract is necessary.necessary.

MAJORITY RULESMAJORITY RULES

Philosophe, Voltaire

• Used public opinion to fight injusticeUsed public opinion to fight injustice

““I do not agree with a word I do not agree with a word

you say, but I will fight to the you say, but I will fight to the

death for your right to say it.” death for your right to say it.”

Believed the perfect government needed Believed the perfect government needed freedom of speech and of religion.freedom of speech and of religion.

Assignment applying Assignment applying Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment Thinkers

Create an Encyclopedia Cover, Create an Encyclopedia Cover, authored by Diderot using authored by Diderot using

each last name as a piece of each last name as a piece of “word art” to symbolize each “word art” to symbolize each philosophe’s belief of human philosophe’s belief of human

nature & government:nature & government:

* Voltaire* Voltaire

*Hobbes*Hobbes

*Locke*Locke

*Montesquieu*Montesquieu

*Rousseau*Rousseau

… … Or Write a Poem titled: “Ode to Or Write a Poem titled: “Ode to Reason” reflecting the human Reason” reflecting the human nature & government nature & government expressions of:expressions of:

* Diderot* Diderot

*Voltaire*Voltaire

*Hobbes*Hobbes

*Locke*Locke

*Montisquieu*Montisquieu

*Rousseau*Rousseau

Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1775-1783

The right to unalienable rights and the right to representation

Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1775-1783: Background

• Background•Opportunity in colonies=cheap,

land, social advancements, new identity

•British needed to pay for the French and Indian War (Britain v. France over power in North America and Caribbean) =taxed colonies

Causes of the American Revolution

“Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”

Causes of the American Revolution

“Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”

Assignment Assignment Causes of the American Causes of the American

Revolution Revolution Mission:

• Analyze the political cartoon “Causes of the American Revolution”

• Identify the symbols that outline the causes of the war

• Use your textbook (pages 182-184) to create a detailed timeline explaining the causes of the American Revolution

Major Topics:

• French and Indian War

1754-1763

• Trade Laws 1764

• Stamp Act 1765

• Townshend Act 1767

• Boston Massacre 1770

• Boston Tea Party 1773

• Intolerable Act 1774

Causes of the American Revolution:

1. French and Indian War

2. Taxes on Colonies1. Stamp Act 1767: Stamps on newspapers,

public documents, legal papers (help pay war debt)

2. Townsend Act 1767: Tax on glass, paints, tea1. Boston Massacre 1770: Merchants in Boston called

for a boycott of British goods=British sent troops to keep order=shots fired, kill 5 people=repealed most taxes except that on TEA

Causes of the American Revolution

Causes of the American Revolution:

3. Colonists React to British

*Public Assembly: led to Boston Massacre

*Civil Disobedience: Sons of Liberty (Samuel Adams & Paul Revere) protest by dumping tea into harbor=Boston Tea Party 1773

*Representation: 1st Continental Congress 1774 (Philadelphia), list of grievances

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENATION

Causes of the American Revolution:

4. British Counters Opposition: *Intolerable Acts -limited rights of colonists even more after Boston Tea Party (Boston port closed, British troops can’t be punished, British Governor in charge, no rights!)

*Lexington and Concord 1775=British troops leave Boston in search for hidden weapons, meet militiamen in Lexington and Concord

5. Declaration of Independence: *2nd Continental Congress 1776: July 4, 1776*Thomas Jefferson wrote using Locke and Rousseau and English Bill of Rights

Causes of the American Revolution: Causes of the American Revolution: ReviewReview

French & Indian War: Britain Needs $ Blame Colonies for Cost SO….TAX THE COLONIES

↓Stamp Act & Townsend Act

↓Boston Massacre

↓Boston Tea Party

↓Intolerable Act

↓ REVOLT (build up weapons Britain send more troops)

““Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”

Lexington and Concord 1775= Shots Heard Around the World:

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Why were the first shots of the American revolution considered the “Shots heard around the world?”

Write a critical response using your current knowledge.

THINK!!!!

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • 2nd Continental Congress 1776: July 4, 1776• Thomas Jefferson wrote using Enlightenment

thought

It’s a brave new world in America!It’s a brave new world in America!Out with monarchy and in with democracy!Out with monarchy and in with democracy!

Rights of individuals!Rights of individuals!Government must answer to the people!Government must answer to the people!

Declaration of Independence• Drafted by Thomas Thomas

JeffersonJefferson• People had the right to

“alter or abolish unjust governments.”

• Popular sovereignty• All government power

comes from the people• King had trampled the

peoples’ natural rights.• Colonists now had the right

to rebel

Application Activity:Application Activity:

As we have alluded to the Enlightenment ideas of democracy impacted the American revolution and the founding of our nation. It is now your job to make the proper connections.

1. Work with a partner near you. 2. Read the excerpts from the Declaration of Independence

3. Highlight, Define, Visualize, Clarify, Predict 4. Write the ideas in everyday words make it simple to

understand 5. Match the proper Enlightenment philosophe(s) with the idea(s)

expressed in the excerpt

Articles of Confederation 1781

• Created National Government with little power because they didn’t want to create a mini-me Britain

• Could not tax

• Could not navigate with foreign nations

• It failed…SO

United States Constitution 1789

The Constitution – page 186-187The Constitution – page 186-187

• Used ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire

• Created a Representative Democracy (REPUBLIC)• Government in which power is divided between

the national (or federal government) and the states• Separation of powers (3 branches)

• Citizens VOTE • Bill of Rights added later: Amendments 1-10

Federalist Papers – Writing campaign to convince American citizens to ratify the new Constitution

First President: George Washington.