the enlightenment & the american revolution ms. garratt
TRANSCRIPT
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The Enlightenment & the American Revolution
Ms. Garratt
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Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment
• Belief in Progress– The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave
philosophes the confidence that human reason could solve social problems.
• More secular Perspective– Scientists made discoveries that contradicted &
challenged religious teachings. • Importance of the Individual– People turned away from the Church & royalty for
guidance - looked to themselves.– Encouraged to use their own abilities & reason to
problem solve
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Core Values of the Philosophes
• 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason
• 2. Happiness – rejected medieval belief that people should concentrate on finding happiness in the hereafter rather than finding contentment & joy in this world
• 3. Progress – Humankind could improve• 4. Liberty – called for liberties achieve from
the Glorious Revolution in the English Bill of Rights
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“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death
your right to say it”
Voltaire
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Voltaire• Prolific writer who used
satire against his enemies.• Attacked clergy, aristocrats
& gov• Fought for religious
freedom & speech.• Was jailed & exiled for his
beliefs.• Fought superstition,
intolerance and prejudice.• He corresponded directly
with many rulers
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Hobbes
• Influenced by the English Civil War
• Human nature was wicked & life was like state of war
• Social Contract req’d people to give up liberties to an absolute monarch.
• In return they gain order & security.
• Wrote the Leviathan
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Locke• Locke believed that
human nature was essentially good.
• Humans were born with natural rights of life, liberty, property…..
• Purpose of gov was to protect those rights
• If gov abused it’s authority as Britain had done people had a right to overthrow the gov
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Locke’s Chief Influence
• Principles include:– Natural rights– Purpose of gov– Justification to overthrow
gov
– Author of the Two Treatise on Government
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Montesquieu
• Believed the best organization of gov included:
• Separation of powers &• Checks and balances• SOP was by itself a C/B• Both ideas are part of
the US Constitution.• Wrote Spirit of the Laws
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“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.”
Rousseau
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Rousseau
• Civilization corrupted man.• Only good gov had to be freely
formed & guided by the “general will” of society.
• Favored “direct democracy” in which individuals agree to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good.
• Consent of government• Titles of nobility should be
abolished• Influenced French Revolution/• Consent of the governed in US
Constitution
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Beccaria
• Interested in the justice system
• Condemned torture & irregular procedings.
• Favored:– Speedy trial– Fair treatment– Punishment
commensurate with the crime
– Abolishing capital punishment
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Wollstonecraft
• Women were not treated fairly by most philosophes.
• Wollstonecraft believed that women were entitled to an equal education.
• Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women
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How did Enlightenment Ideas Spread?
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Diderot
• Published the Encyclopedia.
• Censorship used to prevent the spread of ideas.
• Enlightened despots, absolute rulers, were those willing to consider some reforms
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Salons & Salonieres
• Originated in 1600s• Noblewomen began
inviting enlightenment philosophes in all fields to their homes
• By the 1700s middle class women began holding salons.
• Another way in which ideas were disseminated
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Catherine the Great
• Experimented with Enlightenment ideas
• Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot.
• Gave some rights to nobles
• However she allied herself with nobles who opposed change.
• Suppressed serf revolt
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Frederick the Great
• King of Prussia• Religious tolerance• Hired Voltaire to set up
Prussian Academy• Instituted reforms to
help commoners• However reforms were
largely to make Prussian gov more efficient
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Joseph II• Dedicated reformer• Disguised himself so he
could learn about their problems and improve them.
• Hired qualified civil servants rather than nobles
• Religious toleration• Ended censorship• Sold some church property
to build hospitals
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Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment
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Baroque
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Neoclassical
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Baroque Music
• Johann Sebastian Bach• George Friedrich Handel• Dramatic Organ &
choral music
I’ll be Bach!
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Classical Music - Enlightenment• Composers– Joseph Haydn– Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart– Ludwig van Beethoven
– Lighter, more elegant music
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Literature
• Novels which had plots, suspense & character development.
• Entertaining stories enjoyed by middle classes.
• Written in language that was understood
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Mercantilism vs. Laissez-Faire
• Government regulated
• Restricted trade– Tariffs– Navigation Acts
• Regulated by the market
• Liberal free trade
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Mercantilism• Government regulated
economic policy based on the following beliefs:
• Wealth was measured by the amount of gold/silver in treasury which req’d that nations maintain favorable balance of trade.
• Colonies were desired because they (1) provided raw materials and (2) markets for finished products.
• Restrictive trade policies which was reflected in the Navigation Laws
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Adam Smith• Leading physiocrat who
opposed mercantilism.• Wrote Wealth of
Nations which argued that natural forces of supply & demand should operate the economy.
• Strong supporter of laissez-faire.
• Encouraged individual initiative
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Enlightenment Influences on the American Revolution
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Impact of the Enlightenment on the Majority
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Le
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