A genealogical approach of the evolution of the occupations in France in the XIXth and XXth centuries

First draft of a paper prepared for the INCHOS workshop held in Cambridge July 29 – 31 2009

Jean-Pierre Pélissier (INRA Ivry, unité Mona), Danièle Rébaudo (CNRS, Paris Laboratoire de Démographie Historique)

During the XIXth and XXth centuries, society has undergone a deep change. These centuries are centuries of mobility, characterized by geographical, social or economic mobilities. The growth of cities and the appearance of numerous occupations connected to the technical developments (in particular industrialization and transport) or to the services have deeply modified the landscape of professional activities. This evolution is classically analysed throughout the measure of the social mobility, often described in term of professional evolution by using generally the information of the censuses. Proceeding to such an analysis requires, on one hand, a classification of the professional activities adapted to the whole considered period and, on the other hand, a source of homogeneous information on these activities declarations.

The classification of professional activities

The mentions of occupations or activities, even statuses or state, are used since a long time for the social or economic analysis of a population. The accomplishment of the classification of these mentions was made necessary, among others, by the needs of creating categories to gather the data of the enumerations and allow their statistical analysis. Then, sociologists, historians, economists and statisticians have often made numerous groupings adapted to their specific needs1. For a long time, nomenclatures have been also used by the administration for financial purposes. Indeed, in France, the implementation of the capitation in 1695 entailed the creation of 22 classes taxed at different rates. Every person could be connected with one of these classes either directly or indirectly because the statement said that " all those who will not be in the one the aforementioned classes will be imposed and paid the contribution like the aforementioned classes to which they will have most relationship by their profession, state and quality2 ". This classification is quoted in the appendix 1. The law of 1791 on the censuses had planned to collect the information on "the profession and the other way of living ". But we must wait until 1851 to see the question effectively asked 3 and slowly becoming efficient. From 1851 to 1891, in spite of certain variations on the number of economic sections, with a record of 292 in 1866 against usually about ten for the other censuses, the occupations are registered on a mainly sociological base. The appendix 2 presents the categories used in the census of 1872 ordered by a social classification inside five fields. However it is necessary to wait until 1896 to have correct information because the data of the previous censuses presented an important heterogeneousness, which makes that the scientific analyses sometimes begin only in this date without trying to quantify the evolutions during 19th century4. From 1896, the analysis of the productive system becomes an important datum of the censuses with the recording of the profession by professional sectors. Between 1936 and 1939, the first collective agreements begin to take into account the diverse labor categories. In parallel, "trade personnal" appear

1 - Desrosières A. (1987) "Eléments pour l'histoire des nomenclatures socio-professionnelles". Dans "Pour une histoire de la statistique" Tome 1 Contributions pp. 155-231. Paris INSEE. 2 - Marion (1910) "Les impôts directs sous l'Ancien Régime". Paris. 3 - Bernard Gildas (1988) "Guide des recherches pour l'histoire des familles". 335p. Archives Nationales. Paris. 4 - Carré Jean-Jacques, Dubois Paul, Malinvaud Edmond (1972) "La croissance française. Un essai d'analyse économique causale de l'après guerre". Editions du Seuil, Paris.

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with the Matignon’s negotiations of 1936. They will be quoted in the statistics after the war. After World War II, the creation of civil services such as the INSEE (National Institute of the Statistics and the Economic Studies) and the INED (National Institute of Demographic Studies) produces the appearance of new classifications. In France, depending on the periods, these nomenclatures were based on social criteria or on branches of economic activities to end in 1954 in a social and occupational classification ( CSP) based originally on 4 criteria:” The persons belonging to the same category are presumed to may maintain relations between them, have often behaviour or similar opinions, be considered themselves and be considered as the others as belonging to the same category”5. In spite of a certain evolution of this CSP in the diverse censuses, this nomenclature is since used in numerous studies. The third publishing of this nomenclature, of 1954, is presented in the appendix 3.

These diverse classifications are intermediate frames of classification between the grouping of strict titles of occupations and social categories. This requires, to use them, in a heavy work of distribution of the mentions of professional activities between these categories if we analyze declarations of occupations not made directly in these classifications, what is particularly the case for the mentions resulting from acts of registry office in which the declaration of activities are "free" without reference to pre-existent classifications. Parallel of these national classifications, the International Labour Office (BIT) set up, in 1954, a "international typical classification of the occupations". This first classification was replaced by a new version in 1968 (ISCO68 : International Standard Coding of Occupations) intending to allow the comparisons between countries. This nomenclature is developed "so as to constitute a systematic frame for the presentation of the information on the occupations collected in the various countries, to facilitate the international comparisons. The second purpose - which is associated moreover strictly with the precedent is to supply a system of typical international classification which countries can use for the elaboration of their national classification of the occupations "6. This nomenclature allows to identify in a very precise and secure way professional activities. For instance, the preparation of the textile fibres recovers from the big group 7/8/9 " workers and not agricultural workers and heavy plant drivers of transport " and of the subgroup 7-5 of the " workers of the textile industry " and more exactly of the basic group 7-51 of the “ Fibre Preparers". The nomenclature places 10 types of professions there by taking into account different occupations as "Fibre Carder" (7-51-35), "Fibre Lapper" (7-51-40), "Fibre Comber " (7-51-45). Thus, this classification presents the advantage to allow comparisons between countries. However this is not perfectly adapted for the analysis of ancient documents. Then researchers' workgroup of diverse countries developed a codification derived of this one for historic data, particularly those of the XIXth century. This work was ended in the implementation of the codification HISCO7. This classification is based on a hierarchical structure at 4 levels of increasing order of precision: The building blocks of the HISCO scheme : At the highest level there are 8 major groups, which are sub-divided into a total of 83 minor groups (show appendix 4), and 284 unit groups. Unit groups are further divided into occupational categories, of which there are 1881". It is this codification we used here to test its validity in the analysis of professional data stemming from declarations registered in marriage certificates and genealogies of the XIXth and XXth centuries in metropolitan France.

5 - INSEE "Code des Catégories Socio-Professionnelles. 1ère partie. Principes – code analytique". 3ème édition. 1954. 6 - Bureau International du Travail. "International standard classification of occupations" Genève. 1969. 7 - van Leeuwen M. , Mass I., Miles A. (2002) "HISCO Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations". Leuven University Press. 441p.

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The evolution of the professions in time The analyses of the evolution of the professional activities concern mostly short periods if we consider them with the glance of historians. The current works, going back up to World War II, appear to concern a prehistoric period, especially for certain economists. Nevertheless the knowledge of the main tendencies, on the long term, brings useful information for the deciphering of the mechanisms which were able to intervene in this evolution and still influence the current situation. Naturally the usual techniques of the sociology, with conversations to collect the information are unsuitable if we want to analyze the work of the women since the beginning of the XIXth century for instance. Then it is advisable to use archival sources allowing to identify the activity of the persons, if possible in their family trained. The censuses can give first images for intermittent series of years, with variable intervals. But these were realized by using the schemes of different classifications used by a census in other what can engender some difficulties of analysis: see the work of Marchand and Thélot " Deux siècles de travail en France "8. However these authors tried to reconstitute homogeneous series on the whole period. This work presents the advantage to supply a reference base on the evolution of the big groups of activity in France for XIXth and XXth centuries. Tables in Appendix 5 summarize these data for men and women on one hand for period 1806-1936, in percentage of the working population and for period 1896-1990 in percentage of jobs for the big sectors (agriculture, industry and building, service industry) then, for period 1851-1982 in percentage of the working population in a series of more detailed categories (exploiting Farmer; agricultural Employee; Bosses of the industry and the business; Liberal professions; Managers; Employees; Workers; Domestics of the person; Army and police; Clergy). Another source than the censuses to study the evolution of the activities of French population: the

TRA dataset. Occupations are a very important element in the historical study of mobility. But the interpretation of the social mobility could be developed in a comparison between social and geographical mobility. To try to used this way of study, it is necessary to used data that could give information about these two aspects. The civil registers of marriages seem to be a good source of data for such a research. In this paper we presented some results obtained from the "TRA families" survey. This survey aims at reconstructing the descending patronymic genealogies of 3000 couples who got married between 1803 and 1832. The sample size corresponds to one marriage for 10 000 inhabitants, in 1806, per department. Started by J. Dupâquier at the beginning of the 80's, this research aims at collecting all the births, marriages, divorces and deaths certificates of all peoples whose names started with the three letters TRA (such as Tranchant, Travers, ...). An alphabetic corpus was chosen to facilitate the obtaining of the certificates by consultation of alphabetic index( (containing only date, surname, first name) built every 10 years (Decennal tables: DT) in each local administration (more than 36 000 in France). The choice of the three TRA letters allowed to constitute a sample of names found in all the languages spoken in France (such as Alsatian, Catalan, ...) and which size is as close as possible of a marriage for 10 000 peoples per department. Copies of all the corresponding marriage, birth and death certificates for the 1803-1986 period have to be collected and computerised. The data collection is not yet completed, in particular for the 20th century. If genealogies (manually reconstituted by various correspondents) existed in 1993 for 2965 families, these were often fragmentary. Indeed, the sometimes multiple mentions of residence and profession had not been noted with corresponding year, which is very annoying for a survey concerning the geographical and

8 - Marchand O. et Thellot C. (1991) Deux siècles de travail en France. Etudes. INSEE

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social mobility! The controls also put in evidence women's TRA important deficit9. Moreover, numerous persons with a patronymic TRA could not be connected with the couples-origins of 1803-1832 and the analysis of the occupations observed for the period of the years 1970-1986 descendants of these families showed a proportion of more than 60 % of farmers while all the people with another last names analyzed for the same period was of the order of 5 - 6 %, which is a much more realistic value referring to the state of the current French population. These observations confirmed us that to obtain correct genealogies it was necessary to take into account all the persons TRA. This requires to reconstitute neither 3000 families but something about 6000 couples TRA married between 1803 and 1832. Then, a very heavy work of systematic control was undertaken to obtain the most complete possible genealogies. The on-line publishing on Internet of the registry office by departmental archives, for the XIXe century makes easier the task: but we had the surprise to notice by reading systematically DT of the department of Charente-Maritime for instance, that some of marriage certificates had been forgotten: we found approximately 200 for XIXth century (which is 20 % of increase), and were able to complete the quasi-totality of acts already existing as for the mentions of occupations and/or residence. The same check was begun for other departments. The method of acts collection was different for the two periods: for XIXth century, the DT was theoritically systematically found; for XXth century, we had an extract of the national directory of identification of the physical persons thanks to an authorization of the CNIL10 and a special decree in Council of State. This file concerns the still alive persons TRA in 1970 and been born after 1890, as well as those been born after 1945 and died before 1970. Then we asked to town councils the copy of the birth certificates of the concerned persons; then the birth certificates of the parents not appearing in the first demand as well as the marriages and the deaths noted in marginal mentions. There is obviously a problem of exhaustiveness : Indeed, no answers of certain town councils, the sending of birth certificate and not complete copy, but especially the individuals been born between 1902 and 1922 without descent in 1970 cannot be tracked down. To complete, the DT of certain main cities, in particular Paris, was collected, but this is not enough to fill the gaps as the distribution in the time of the marriages shows it.

Annual distribution of the marriages

The annual evolution of the number of the TRA marriages corresponds to that supplied by the General Statistics of France ( SGF) for XIXth century. For XXth century (from 1903), the curve brings to light the main lines of the evolution: decrease of the number of the marriages because of the wars (1870, 1914 and 1939) as well as their recovery observed after both world wars and strong increase of 1813 because of the announcement of the military service exemption for the married men. From 1903, an unhooking, a characteristic of non systematic collection of the DT in the XXth century is sharply visible. Then we haven't representative sample of the whole French population for now, but an important corpus allowing numerous studies if we are aware of the imbalance between two centuries owed to both methods of collection (figure 1: annual distribution of the marriages in the XIXth and XXth centuries). We now have 78568 marriage certificates for period [ 1803-1986 ] again 56000 in 1993 ; with 53 % of men's TRA marriages and 46,9 % of women's TRA marriages.

9 The estimation was aroud 20% of missing TRA women observed in 1993 when the CNRS transfert us the data and the direction of the survey. Cf Michel Villac (mars1993) Rapport pour le CNRS sur "L'enquête sur les 3000 familles TRA". 10 -CNIL : Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés.

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Geographical distribution of the marriages We observe an important changeableness in the geographical distribution of marriages among the departements (figures 2 and 3). For the periode 1803-1902 where the collect of DT is theoretically completed we optain in the Landes (40) only 72 marriages and for Paris (75) 2484 marriages. At the communal level we have found Tra marriages in 12358 communes. With : 5181 with only 1 marriage. 2086 with 2 marriages. 1148 with 3 marriages. 770 with 4 marriages. 556 with 5 marriages. wich means : 9742 communes with 1 to 5 marriages (concerning 78% of communes where Tra were found). 11071 communes with 1 to 10 marriages (concerning 89% of communes where Tra were found). and only 1467 with more than 10 marriages. 643 communes whith more than 20 marriages. I375 communes whith more than 30 marriages. 250 communes whith more than 40 marriages. 179 communes whith more than 50 marriages. And only 78 with more than 100 marriages. The main part of the marriages in each departements corresponds to the period 1803-1902 (figure 4). If we observe the repartion of communes with marriages TRA at the level of Administratives Regions (22 in France) we could observe the dispersion of the TRA. As exemples figure 5 and figure 6 present the results for Nord – Pas-de-Calais and the Burgundy. However we can nevertheless use these data to observe the evolution of the professions in France for period 1803-1986. With marriage certificates we shall measure the evolution in the time of the diverse professions. With the genealogies we shall observe the transmission and the distribution of the professions by generation in generation.

The HISCO codification of the activities

The activity names have been homogenised to correct some mistakes and to suppress some information of no interest in this study. For example the name of the town where the activity takes place or the name of the regiment for a military have been eliminated from the occupations name. As much as possible all the activities have been coded with the HISCO code. The temporal evolution of missing declaration for men and women where in figures7, 8 and 9. We have 16402 different activity titles for 78110 marriage certificates corresponding to 311245 persons, among which 12705 corresponding to 173049 men and 3694 corresponding to 138196 women. However, there are another 1634 activities which were not able to be coded in HISCO ( 4700 persons). The 500 most frequent names correspond to more than 87 percent of the population and the 1000 most frequent 91 percent. Nevertheless, some activities are observed under a great number of similar names

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with only some variations. For example "cultivateur" (farmer), which concerns more than 24 percent of the husbands from the 1803-1986 period, could also appeared in other forms like "cultivateur et maire" (farmer and mayor). This dispersion explains, in part, the important number of different activities found (more than 15000 original activity names for more than 78 000 marriage certificates). Nevertheless, an occupation appearing under different names, that relate only to marginal differences could end up out the set of the most frequent ones, despite the fact that, when summed up, all these related activities concern a fair number of people. In the first step of the analysis, we have grouped theses activities with the most frequent activity names. Tables 1 - 6 give by decades the distribution, for each of 6 persons appearing on the marriage certificate. in absolute number and in percentage for 10 main groups of occupations, unemployed, status and not declared occupations. These tables show the main evolutions observed in the occupations during XIXth and XXth centuries. The differences between men and women appear in the major groups: for the women, for instance the group -2 of the "unemployed" is majority especially from 1840, but until this date, we have no mention of profession for the most part of between them; the almost complete absence of the group 2 (Administrative and Managerial Workers), the late appearance of the group 0/1 (Professional, Technical and Related Workers, Teachers); we also note the importance much more marked with the group 5 (Service Workers) than for the men. For the group 7/8/9 (Production and Related Workers, Transport Equipement Operators and Labourers), the mothers are less numerous than the wives, showing an effect of age in the exercise of these activities. All over the period, the women are more numerous in this main group and in the services ( 5 ) that in the group 6 (agriculture), counts them lessening regularly. In the decade 192 appear new occupations ( 3 ): administrative and assimilated staff, this group is the most mattering from 1960; it is also the case for the mothers, but in a lesser extent. For men, the farmers are majority in the four first decades (48 to 42 %), their number decreases regularly and they are not more than half at the beginning of the XXth century, then 10 % in the 60s and 5 % twenty years later. At the same time, the number of workers and assimilated (7/8/9) increases regularly from 37 % to 52 % to decrease slightly then. The evolution is the same for the fathers, but not so important. The group 0/1 is multiplied by more than 10 of the first decade to the last one, it is less important at the father's. The group of the Sale Workers ( 4 ) evolves little and is for its maximum during the first 30 years of the XXth century. The numbers of Administrative and Managerial Workers (2 ) are multiplied by 20, but this is after the World War II that it accelerates. The corpus of marriage certificates seems to be a good sample to describe the evolution of the French society during the two centuries. If we study the results obtained from 1851, during the censuses, by Marchand and Thélot, we notice it is difficult to compare because classifications are different. So, although the numbers of the persons working in the agriculture are nearby for the men, the disparity is very important for the women. It certainly results from the technique of collection used in the censuses: we attributed to the wife the profession of her husband, while in the marriage, a farmer’s daughter did not declare herself farmer. It is confirmed by the improbable proportion of "manageress of the industry and the business"!11 On the other hand, the number of workers is superior in the TRA dataset to that of the censuses except in the last three decades.

11 In 1851 forAdministrative and Managerial Workers 16,6 for men and 19,1 for women in 1866 forAdministrative and Managerial Workers 16,7 for men and 18,9 for women.

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A measure of the endogamy

With marriage certificates, we have, in the same time, occupations of both spouses, and their parents. Obviously, these are not observed at the same stage of their life cycle. However, the comparison of the main groups of activities, according to HISCO, allows an approach of the professional mobility. To illustrate it, we compared, by period of approximately 50 years, the groups of the occupations of the sons with those of their fathers. The marriages were obviously retained only where the information concerning these two persons are known. The tables are presented in numbers and in percentages: with a distribution in 10 main groups, tables of 100 compartments are necessary to analyze and numbers can be relatively weak in certain cases. Then it's necessary to clarify the numbers involved in the precision of the results. This distribution allows to read tables in two directions: from the origin = in which group is the father of a husband of such group (what also indicate the on-line calculated percentages), and from the destination = in which group is located the son of a father of such group. The diagonal represents the professional endogamy. For the first period (Table7) for instance, we can notice that for 4865 fathers of the main group 6 (agriculture), there are only 3840 sons belonging to the same group anymore, but for 100 sons farmers, 91,8 % have themselves a father farmer. For 2nd and 3rd periods (Table 8 and 9), this proportion is not more than of 66 and 63 % but raises in the 2nd half of the XXth century: 844 farmers (on 7978) are 86 % sons of farmers! In the 1st half of the XIXth century, it is obviously the group 6 which is majority, both at the sons and at the fathers; but the sons meet themselves so also in the group 7/8/9; for the 2nd period, if the sons remain farmers, the fathers are mainly workers or not agricultural workers. This tendency is confirmed in the XXth (Table 10), but the distance racks itself strongly after 1950: there is no more than 10 % of farmers and 50 % of workers at the sons and respectively 22 % and 49 % of the fathers.

Using a genealogical approach The occupations mentioned in marriage certificates will be useful to describe the evolution during the two centuries and also to make a comparison between the sons and the fathers, measuring the endogamy. The 3000 families study isn't only a collection of acts of registry office; from these, downward genealogies were established. This gigantic work is in progress. At present, we work on 99 patronymics TRA (on 290) or more than 286000 persons : the genealogies of 43 of them can be considered as finished, that is to say we used all the documents in our ownership and makes all the possible demands of supplementary acts in concerned city halls (some of them have not answered yet!). It represents 113854 persons, for whom we noted the various occupations and residences with the dates in which we met them (on the occasion of marriages, births or death). Then, we have, for each generation, for an individual (and his / her spouse(s) when he (she) is married that his (her) occupations which we can compare to those of his(her) father (mother), of his (her) brothers (sisters), of his(her) uncles (aunts).... For example (Table 11), we've selected a couple, married in 1810, and followed his descendants. In this table with 6 columns, we have in the first the number of the generation: 0 for the origin-couple ; in the 2nd the sex of the individual, in the 3rd its number such as it is calculated in the downward numbering 12;

in 1876 forAdministrative and Managerial Workers 14,1 for men and 15,7 for women. 12 The ancestor is N°1 - The children are tracked down according to the born rank by letters: A for the first one, B for the second and so on. With the possibility of 26 letters. The children take the number of their ancestor to whom is added a letter following the born rank. So the children of A are AA, AB, AC … The number of letters indicates the number of generations, here 2. - The spouses have the number of her husband (wife) followed by a figure giving the rank of the marriage: C has for spouse C1.

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in 4th his profession (in red for the TRA descendant, in blue for his(her) spouse, 5th column the profession in English, 6th column the HISCO code. Then, we notice here, that this weaver (group 7) has a son who is weaver and another one farmer (group 6), 2 domestic daughters (group 5), one grandson weaver and another one carpenter (group 9); in the 3rd generation we find two farmers (gr. 6) and a painter (gr. 9), the women marry a farmer (gr. 6) and a bricklayer (gr. 9); in the 4th generation an electrician (gr. 8) and a painter ( gr.9 ) and the unemployed women (-2) marry a farmer ( gr.6 ) and a mechanic ( gr.8 ); In the 5th generation 2 women who are other teacher (gr. 1) marry the first one a foreman (gr. 2) and the other one a student, an electrician ( gr.8 ) marries a saleswoman (gr. 4), an electronic ( gr.8 ) marries a writer (gr. 1) then a stenographer (gr. 3), a carpenter (gr. 9), a geometer ( gr.0 ) marries a nurse ( gr.0 ) and an unemployed woman ( 2 ) marries a commercial (gr. 4); in the 6th generation, it is about children still having no profession. Then we can summarize : Generations Groups of descendants Groups of spouses 0 7 1 -2, 6, 7 5 2 5, 7, 9 -2, 6, 9 3 -2, 6, 9 5, 6, 9 4 -2, 8, 9 4, 6, 7, 8 5 -2, 0, 1, 2, 8, 9 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Then we see that in this genealogy, the weaver ancestor had a son and a grand-son weavers. The occupations diversify then, not belonging any more to the even larger group. In the generation 5, we notice that some of them are a part of groups 0, 1 and 2. This is how we can describe and analyze the evolution of the occupations within the genealogies.

The futur : using others descriptive variables Other descriptive variables can be added: rank of the marriage, the geographical localization (departments, type of municipality [prefecture, administrative centre of district, administrative centre of canton, rural country; or according to the number of inhabitants in 1901]). Then, geographical mobility mesuring the distances between birth, marriages and death and social mobility could be used.

- The natural children are considered as descended from a marriage of rank 0. - The sex of the persons is indicated by the written form of the letter which gives its born rank, a capital letter for the boys and a small letter for the girls. - In a family genealogy, every downward branch arises from an ancestor. By making precede the number of descent of the number of this ancestor followed by a hyphen (to separate well ascending and downward numbering) it is then possible to differentiate the diverse families.

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APPENDIX 1. The 22 classes used for capitation in 1695

Regroupement en 22 classes utilisé pour la capitation en 1695. 1ère classe (2 000 livres) : le Dauphin, les princes du sang, les ministres, les fermiers généraux. 2ème classe (1 500 livres) : les princes, ducs, maréchaux, officiers de la couronne, gouverneurs des provinces, le premier président du Parlement de Paris. 3ème classe (1 000 livres) : les chevaliers et officiers de l’ordre du Saint-Esprit, lieutenants-généraux des provinces, premiers présidents des cours supérieures de Paris, présidents à mortier de Paris, premiers présidents des Parlements de province. 4ème classe (500 livres) : les conseillers d’Etats, gens du Roi du Parlement de Paris, prévôt de Paris, prévôt des marchands, capitaines des compagnies de gendarmes et de chevau-légers, ... 5ème classe (400 livres) : les maîtres des requêtes, gouverneurs des places frontières, trésoriers des ligues suisses, ... 6ème classe (300 livres) : les lieutenants généraux des armées du Roi, lieutenants généraux de la Marine et des Galères, premiers présidents des Conseils supérieurs, présidents à mortier des Parlements de province, présidents des enquêtes et requêtes du Parlement de Paris. 7ème classe (250 livres) : les marquis, comtes, vicomtes, barons, receveurs des tailles, receveurs du domaine, ... 8ème classe (200 livres) : les maréchaux des camps et armées du Roi, conseillers des cours supérieures de Paris, grands maîtres des Eaux et Forêts, ... 9ème classe (150 livres) : les brigadiers des armées du Roi, capitaines des vaisseaux et des galères, commis au contrôle général des finances, les contrôleurs généraux de la marine et des galères, ... 10ème classe (120 livres) : les colonels, mestres de camp, gentilshommes et seigneurs de paroisses, les échevins et conseillers de la ville de Paris, notaires du Châtelet, banquiers expéditionnaires en cours de Rome, ... 11ème classe (100 livres) : les commissaires des guerres, de marine, lieutenants généraux, procureurs du Roi et greffiers en chef des bailliages et sénéchaussées ressortissant aux Parlements, les maires des villes où il y a Parlement ou autre compagnie supérieure, les marchands en gros, ... 12ème classe (80 livres) : les chevaliers d’honneur, avocats, procureurs du Roi, et greffiers en chef des présidiaux de province, ... 13ème classe (60 livres) : les lieutenants du Roi et majors des places, présidents et lieutenants criminels des élections et greniers à sel, maires des villes de second ordre, les bourgeois des grosses villes vivant de leurs rentes. 14ème classe (50 livres) : les lieutenants d’artillerie, substituts des gens du Roi, des cours supérieures des provinces, sous-fermiers des postes, ...

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15ème classe (40 livres) : les prévôts des maréchaux, gentilshommes possédant fiefs et château, contrôleurs des rentes de l’Hôtel de ville de Paris, bourgeois des villes de second ordre vivant de leurs rentes. 16ème classe (30 livres) : les professeurs de droit, proviseurs et principaux de collèges, officiers des bailliages, élections, greniers à sel, eaux et forêts, connétablie, amirautés, les juges des traites, les avocats au Conseil, les huissiers audienciers du Châtelet, les marchands de blé, de vin et de bois, les traiteurs, partie des fermiers et des laboureurs. 17ème classe (20 livres) : les professeurs du Collège Royal de Paris et autres recevant gages et pensions du Roi, les médecins, chirurgiens et apothicaires de Paris, les notaires des villes où il y a Parlement et cours supérieures, partie des aubergistes de Paris, partie des fermiers et laboureurs, ... 18ème classe (10 livres) : les capitaines et majors de cavalerie et de dragons, les recteurs, chanceliers et suppôts des Universités, les médecins, chirurgiens et apothicaires des villes du premier et du second ordre, les notaires des villes de second ordre, les mesureurs de bois, de charbon, courtiers, jaugeurs, autre officiers de police et des ports, les barbiers et perruquiers des villes de premier et second ordre, partie des aubergistes de Paris, partie des fermiers et laboureurs, 19ème classe (6 livres) : Capitaines et majors d’infanterie, gentilshommes n’ayant ni fief ni château, notaires et bourgeois des petites villes, cabaretiers, artisans tenant boutique et employant des garçons, ... 20ème classe (3 livres) : Les lieutenants et exempts des maréchaussées, juges des justices seigneuriales, procureurs fiscaux et greffiers des justices seigneuriales, notaires et praticiens des bourgs et villages, meuniers dont les baux sont au-dessous de 2 000 livres, partie des fermiers, laboureurs et vignerons, ... 21ème classe (2 livres) : Les archers de la maréchaussée, sergents des justices seigneuriales, artisans des bourgs et villages, partie des vignerons. 22ème classe (1 livre) : les soldats, manœuvres et journaliers.

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APPENDIX 2

Professionnal nomenclature used for the 1872 census Nomenclature professionnelle utilisée dans le recensement de 1872.

I. Agriculture 1- Propriétaires vivant dans leurs terres ou les cultivant eux-mêmes 2- Colons et métayers 3- Fermiers 4- Personnel permanent des fermes (domestiques agricoles) 5- Journaliers employés temporaires. 6- Autres professions agricoles : Bûcherons et charbonniers 7- Autres professions agricoles : Jardiniers, maraîchers, pépiniéristes, fleuristes II. Industrie Patrons 8- Chefs d’exploitation de mines ou de carrières 9- Chefs d’usines (établissements où l’on modifie les matières premières) 10- Fabricants (machines, tissus, objets industriels de toute nature) 11- Entrepreneurs de travaux (constructeurs, architectes) 12- Chefs ouvriers attachés aux arts et métiers Employés 13- Employés (ingénieurs, administration, commis, etc...) Ouvriers 14- Ouvriers de mines et carrières 15- Ouvriers attachés aux usines et fabriques 16- Ouvriers de la petite industrie 17- Journaliers, hommes de peine, charretiers, etc.. III. Commerce Patrons 18- Négociants et marchands en gros 19- Marchands au détail (boutiquiers, débitants) Employés 20- Employés, caissiers, commis, etc... 21- Journaliers, hommes de peine, garçons de service, portefaix et commissionnaires IV. Transports, Crédits, banques, Commission Chefs et directeurs 22- Chefs et directeurs de chemins de fer 23- Chefs et directeurs d’entreprises de transport (maîtres de postes, diligences, omnibus, voitures publiques, bateaux à vapeur) 24- Chefs et directeurs d’établissements de crédits, de compagnies d’assurance 25- Chefs et directeurs de banques (banquiers, changeurs, agents de change) 26- Armateurs, commissionnaires, courtiers, interprètes, etc... Employés 27- Employés, ingénieurs, administrateurs attachés aux professions précédentes Ouvriers 28- Ouvriers employés dans les entreprises de transports, de chemin de fer, de postes, de télégraphe, etc... 29- Marins de commerce 30- Mariniers, et agents des fleuves, ports et canaux.

11

Journaliers 31- Journaliers, garçons de service, hommes de peine, charretiers, etc... V. Professions diverses Chefs et directeurs 32- Chefs et directeurs d’hôtels, meublés, logement garnis, etc... 33- Chefs et directeurs d’établissements de bains, de gymnase, etc... 34- Chefs et directeurs de pompes funèbres. Employés 35- Employés des précédents, gardes-malades Journaliers 36- Journaliers, homme de peine, ensevelisseurs, fossoyeurs Autres 37- Acrobates, charlatans, montreurs de bêtes et curiosités.

12

APPENDIX 3

Social and Professionnal codification used for the 1954 census

La Codification Socio-Professionnelle (CSP) de 1954 0- Agriculteurs 00- Agriculteurs 01- Propriétaires exploitants 02- Fermiers 03- Métayers 10- Salariés agricoles 2- Patrons de l'industrie et du commerce 21- Industriels 22- Artisans 23- Patrons pêcheurs 26- Gros commerçants 27- Petits commerçants 3- Professions libérales et cadres supérieurs 30- Professions libérales 32- Professeurs, professions littéraires et scientifiques 33- Ingénieurs (secteur privé) 34- Cadres administratifs supérieurs (secteur privé) 35- Cadres supérieurs (secteur public) 4- Cadres moyens 41- Instituteurs, services médicaux et sociaux (secteur privé) 42- Instituteurs, services médicaux et sociaux (secteur public) 43- Techniciens (secteur privé) 44- Cadres administratifs moyens (secteur privé) 45- Cadres moyens (secteur public) 5- Employés 51- Employés de bureau (secteur privé) 52- Employés de bureau (secteur public) 53- Employés de commerce 6- Ouvriers 60- Contremaîtres (secteur privé) 61- Ouvriers qualifiés (secteur privé) 62- Ouvriers qualifiés et contremaîtres (secteur public) 63- Ouvriers spécialisés (secteur privé) 64- Ouvriers spécialisés (secteur public) 65- Mineurs 66- Marins et pêcheurs 67- Apprentis ouvriers 68- Manœuvres 7- Personnels de service 70- Gens de maison 71- Femmes de ménage 72- Autres personnels de service 8- Autres catégories 80- Artistes 81- Clergé 82- Armée et police

13

APPENDIX 4 The 83 minor groups of HISCO codification of activities

Major groups 0/1 Professional, Technical and related workers 2 Administrative and managerial workers 3 Clerical and related workers 4 Sales workers 5 Service workers 6 Agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters 7/8/9 Production and related workers, Transport equipment operator and labourers Minor groups 0-1 Physical Scientists and Related Technicians 0-2/0-3 Architects, Engineers and Related Technicians 0-4 Aircraft and Ships' Officers 0-5 Life Scientists and Related Technicians 0-6/0-7 Medical, Dental, Veterinary and Related Workers 0-8 Statisticians, Mathematicians, Systems Analysts and Related Technicians 0-9 Economists 1-1 Accountants 1-2 Jurists 1-3 Teachers 1-4 Workers in Religion 1-5 Authors, Journalists and Related Writers 1-6 Sculptors, Painters, Photographers and Related Creative Artists 1-7 Composers and Performing Artists 1-8 Athletes, Sportsmen and Related Workers 1-9 Professional, Technical and Related Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 2-0 Legislative Officials and Government Administrators 2-1 Managers 2-2 Supervisors, Foremen and Inspectors 3-0 Clerical and Related Workers, Specialisation Unknown 3-1 Government Executive Officials 3-2 Stenographers, Typists and Card-and Tape-Punching Machine Operators 3-3 Bookkeepers, Cashiers and Related Workers 3-4 Computing Machine Operators 3-6 Transport Conductors 3-7 Mail and Telegraph Distribution Clerks 3-8 Telephone and Telegraph Operators 3-9 Clerical and Related Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 4-1Working Proprietors (Wholesale and Retail Trade) 4-2 Buyers 4-3 Technical Salesmen, Commercial Travellers and Manufacturers' Agents 4-4 Insurance Real Estate, Securities and Business Services Salesmen and Auctioneers 4-5 Sales Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 5-1 Working Proprietors (Catering, Lodging and Leisure Services) 5-3 Cooks, Waiters, Bartenders and Related Workers

14

5-4 Maids and Related Housekeeping Service Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 5-5 Building Caretakers, Charworkers, Cleaners and Related Workers 5-6 Launderers, Dry-Cleaners and Pressers 5-7 Hairdressers, Barbers, Beauticians and Related Workers 5-8 Protective Service Workers 5-9 Service Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 6- Farmers 6-2 Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Workers 6-3 Forestry Workers 6-4 Fishermen, Hunters and Related Workers 7-1 Miners, Quarrymen, Well Drillers and Related Workers 7-2 Metal Processors 7-3 Wood Preparation Workers and Paper Makers 7-4 Chemical Processors and Related Workers 7-5 Spinners, Weavers, Knitters, Dyers and Related Workers 7-6 Tanners, Fellmongers and Pelt Dressers 7-7 Food and Beverage Processors 7-8 Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Product Makers 7-9 Tailors, Dressmakers, Sewers, Upholsterers and Related Workers 8-0 Shoemakers and Leather Good Makers 8-1 Cabinetmakers and Related Woodworkers 8-2 Stone Cutters and Carvers 8-3 Blacksmiths, Toolmakers and Machine-Tool Operators 8-4 Machinery Fitters, Machine Assemblers and Precision-Instrument Makers (except Electrical) 8-5 Electrical Fitters and Related Electrical and Electronics Workers 8-6 Broadcasting and Sound-Equipment Operators and Cinema Projectionists 8-7 Plumbers, Welders, Sheet-Metal and Structural Metal Preparers and Erectors 8-8 Jewellery and Precious Metal Workers 8-9 Glass Formers, Potters and Related Workers 9-0 Rubber and Plastics Product Makers 9-1 Paper and Paperboard Products Makers 9-2 Printers and Related Workers 9-3 Painters 9-4 Production and Related Workers Not Elsewhere Classified 9-5 Bricklayers, Carpenters and Other Construction Workers 9-6 Stationary Engine and Related Equipment Operators 9-7 Material Handling and Related Equipment Operators, Dockers and Freight Handlers 9-8 Transport Equipment Operators 9-9 Workers Not Elsewhere Classified Special codification : -1 Status -2 Explicithy without any profession 9-99-00 Worker, No further Information 9-99-20 Day Labourer 9-00-30 Factory Worker 9-99-99 Ill Defined / Unknow Occupation

15

APPENDIX 5

Repartition of activities of men and women according to Marchand et Thélot

Repartition in percentage of active men population by large sectors

and repartition of employed men people by large sectors Table from Marchand and Thélot

Men active population Men Employed population

Year Agricultural Industry and

building Tertiary Agricultural Industry and

building Tertiary

Année Agriculture Industrie et bâtiment Tertiaire Agriculture

Industrie et bâtiment Tertiaire

1806 64,0 21,6 14,4 1821 62,6 22,4 15,0 1831 61,6 23,0 15,4 1836 60,3 23,8 15,9 1841 58,8 24,7 16,5 1846 56,8 25,9 17,3 1851 54,7 27,6 17,7 1856 52,8 29,2 18,0 1861 51,2 30,8 17,9 1866 49,7 30,0 20,3 1872 49,4 29,8 20,8 1876 48,1 30,2 21,6 1881 45,9 31,1 23,0 1886 45,0 30,7 24,4 1891 44,0 30,7 25,3 1896 42,5 32,0 25,6 42,9 31,6 25,51901 41,2 32,4 26,4 41,7 32,1 26,31906 40,3 32,6 27,1 40,8 32,2 27,01911 38,8 33,8 27,4 39,2 33,5 27,31921 36,4 35,5 28,0 37,2 34,9 27,91926 33,4 38,9 27,6 33,7 38,8 27,51931 30,9 39,6 29,5 31,5 39,3 29,31936 31,1 39,6 32,3 32,4 35,5 32,11946 31,5 1949 29,8 37,8 32,41955 25,8 39,4 34,81962 20,4 41,6 38,01968 16,0 44,2 39,81974 11,2 45,7 43,21980 9,2 43,1 47,71985 8,4 39,8 51,81990 7,0 37,7 55,3

16

Repartition in percentage of active women population by large sectors and repartition of employed women people by large sectors

Table from Marchand and Thélot Women active population Women employed population

Year Agricultural Industry and

building Tertiary Agricultural Industry and

building Tertiary

Année Agriculture Industrie et bâtiment Tertiaire Agriculture

Industrie et bâtiment Tertiaire

1806 67,1 18,1 14,8 1821 65,7 18,9 15,4 1831 64,8 19,4 15,8 1836 63,5 20,1 16,4 1841 62,1 20,9 17,1 1846 60,1 21,9 18,0 1851 58,1 23,2 18,7 1856 55,8 24,9 19,3 1861 53,9 26,6 19,5 1866 52,0 25,9 22,1 1872 51,3 25,8 23,0 1876 49,7 27,3 23,0 1881 47,1 27,1 25,8 1886 45,7 27,0 27,2 1891 44,4 27,9 27,8 1896 42,7 30,3 27,0 43,0 30,1 26,81901 40,7 30,7 28,7 41,0 30,4 28,61906 39,0 31,8 29,1 39,4 31,7 29,01911 37,9 31,8 30,3 38,3 31,6 30,11921 35,7 30,4 33,9 36,7 29,4 33,91926 35,5 31,0 33,5 35,8 30,8 33,41931 32,6 30,7 36,7 33,2 30,3 36,51936 32,7 27,7 39,6 33,9 26,8 39,41946 31,6 1949 29,2 24,5 46,21955 26,6 24,6 48,81962 19,5 25,3 55,11968 14,7 24,6 60,61974 9,7 25,7 64,61980 7,7 22,4 69,91985 6,2 19,5 74,31990 4,9 17,3 77,8

17

Men occupational social structure of active population from 1851 to 1982 Table from Marchand and Thélot

exploiting farmer

AgriculturalEmployee

Bosses of the industry and the business

Liberal professions

managers and EmployeesmanagersEmployees Workers

Domestics of the person

Army and Police Clergy

Année Agriculteurs exploitants

Salariés agricoles

Patrons de l'industrie et du commerce

Professions libérales

Cadres et employés Cadres Employés Ouvriers

Domestiques de la personne

Armée Police Clergé

1851 30,0 24,7 16,6 0,6 2,9 3,5 0,51866 28,5 21,2 16,7 0,6 5,6 20,7 2,4 3,6 0,71876 18,2 19,8 14,1 0,6 8,4 21,2 2,7 4,1 0,61881 27,7 18,2 14,1 0,6 9,8 22,2 2,7 4,1 0,61886 27,9 17,1 13,9 0,6 10,1 23,0 2,5 4,5 0,61891 27,5 16,5 13,6 0,6 10,0 24,1 2,1 5,1 0,61896 27,5 14,9 13,1 0,6 11,1 26,1 1,3 4,9 0,51901 27,6 13,6 12,8 0,6 11,5 27,6 0,9 4,9 0,51906 27,0 13,3 12,9 0,6 11,6 28,4 0,8 4,8 0,51911 26,1 12,7 11,6 0,6 12,1 30,7 0,8 5,0 0,41921 24,5 12,0 11,5 0,6 13,7 33,4 0,4 3,5 0,51926 22,5 11,0 12,0 0,6 13,6 36,7 0,4 2,9 0,51931 20,8 10,1 12,0 0,6 14,4 38,0 0,4 3,3 0,51936 20,9 10,2 13,2 0,6 14,6 35,4 0,3 4,3 0,51954 18,0 7,7 11,4 0,8 17,5 8,6 8,9 39,0 0,1 5,1 0,51962 13,9 5,5 9,8 0,8 20,0 11,1 8,9 41,5 0,1 7,9 0,41968 11,2 3,9 9,6 0,8 24,3 14,1 10,2 45,0 0,1 4,7 0,41975 7,8 2,4 8,4 1,0 29,9 18,2 11,6 45,7 0,1 4,5 0,31982 6,4 1,8 8,2 1,2 33,0 20,3 13,3 44,2 0,1 4,3 0,2

18

Women occupational social structure of active population from 1851 to 1982

Table from Marchand and Thélot

Year exploiting farmer

Agricultural Employee

Bosses of the industry and the business

Liberal professions

managers and EmployeesmanagersEmployeesWorkers

Domestics of the person

Army and Police Clergy

Année Agriculteurs exploitants

Salariés agricoles

Patrons de l'industrie et du commerce

Professions libérales

Cadres et employés Cadres Employés Ouvriers

Domestiques de la personne

Armée Police Clergé

1851 41,3 16,8 19,1 0,0 0,0 10,4 0,0 1,11866 38,7 13,4 18,9 0,0 2,4 15,5 9,9 0,0 1,31876 37,9 11,8 15,7 0,0 4,1 19,4 10,0 0,0 1,11881 36,8 10,3 15,6 0,0 5,2 19,0 12,2 0,0 0,91886 36,8 8,9 15,3 0,0 6,5 19,7 11,9 0,0 0,91891 36,0 8,4 14,8 0,0 6,6 22,1 11,1 0,0 1,01896 35,9 6,8 14,3 0,0 7,0 24,6 11,1 0,0 0,41901 35,3 5,4 13,6 0,0 7,6 24,6 11,0 0,0 0,51906 33,9 5,1 13,5 0,0 8,4 28,0 10,6 0,0 0,41911 33,1 4,8 12,2 0,0 9,9 28,6 10,9 0,0 0,41921 30,7 5,0 12,0 0,0 14,7 27,8 9,1 0,0 0,61926 30,6 4,9 13,6 0,0 15,0 26,6 8,7 0,0 0,61931 28,3 4,3 13,7 0,1 17,9 26,3 8,8 0,0 0,71936 28,4 4,1 15,1 0,1 18,8 23,5 8,9 0,0 0,81954 24,6 2,6 12,9 0,3 27,5 7,2 20,3 22,1 8,2 0,1 1,71962 17,7 1,5 11,1 0,3 36,8 10,7 26,1 23,1 7,8 0,2 1,61968 13,1 0,9 9,7 0,4 45,7 13,9 31,7 22,0 7,0 0,1 1,11975 6,9 0,5 7,1 0,5 56,7 19,3 37,4 22,6 4,7 0,1 0,81982 5,7 0,5 6,4 0,6 62,4 21,2 41,2 20,7 3,3 0,2 0,3

19

FIGURE 1 Annual distribution of the marriages

Figure 1 - Annual distribution of the marriages

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Nom

bers

Nb marriages

20

FIGURE 2 Departemental distribution of the marriages

21

FIGURE 3 Departemental distribution of the marriages in five groups

22

Figure4 Number of marriages by departments and periods.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94

departments

num

ber

1803-1902 1903-1986

23

Figure 5 Répartition of communes with marriages TRA in Burgundy

24

Figure6 Répartition of communes with marriages TRA Nord – Pas-de-Calais

25

Figure 7 Missing data for activiy in marriages

MEN WOMEN Decade HH PH PF Decade FF MH MF

180 12,8 54,5 51,2 180 74,8 94,5 94,2181 16,0 52,9 47,4 181 70,9 94,0 92,8182 12,6 50,1 47,3 182 57,7 90,1 88,9183 8,4 43,9 40,5 183 36,8 77,5 76,6184 8,0 43,3 39,5 184 27,1 71,3 69,3185 8,8 44,3 38,7 185 22,3 65,4 63,6186 4,8 40,6 34,0 186 14,8 54,9 50,9187 4,6 42,2 36,5 187 13,7 50,3 47,3188 3,8 38,7 33,3 188 11,2 46,8 42,0189 3,8 38,4 32,4 189 11,8 43,1 39,6190 4,9 38,4 33,6 190 10,9 43,9 39,5191 8,1 44,4 42,1 191 11,7 47,6 43,8192 7,8 46,1 42,4 192 10,5 45,0 42,4193 9,0 47,8 44,9 193 9,7 41,7 39,3194 9,1 49,0 42,9 194 9,2 41,9 38,6195 9,9 42,0 37,3 195 9,5 37,5 34,1196 10,6 36,0 31,6 196 8,6 30,0 27,8197 13,0 29,4 27,2 197 10,6 24,4 23,7198 13,7 31,9 27,9 198 11,9 23,5 23,0

26

Figure8

Percentage of missing activity for men

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200decade

perc

enta

ge HHPHPF

27

Figure9

Percentage of missing data for activities of women

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

100,0

178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200decade

perc

enta

ge FFMHMF

28

TAB1A Distribution of the occupations for husbands HH in number Decade unknown HH -1 HH -2 HH 0 HH 1 HH 2 HH 3 HH 4 HH 5 HH 6 HH 7 HH 8 HH 9 HH7-8-9 Total

180 301 63 0 16 16 4 13 67 111 997 276 182 298 756 2043

181 634 115 5 17 31 8 27 79 227 1581 452 334 446 1232 3322

182 510 129 7 22 20 11 33 87 229 1596 509 353 555 1417 3551

183 374 165 26 22 44 8 38 92 328 1723 578 418 659 1655 4101

184 386 169 21 26 41 17 47 137 341 1717 560 579 769 1908 4424

185 457 157 28 39 62 13 76 151 422 1802 595 521 878 1994 4744

186 253 155 26 26 61 29 82 196 452 1905 587 577 947 2111 5043

187 236 130 18 36 70 28 104 231 410 1780 537 620 910 2067 4874

188 193 121 28 44 104 29 125 261 409 1699 476 602 1011 2089 4909

189 203 103 26 44 88 36 167 296 442 1713 539 635 1067 2241 5156

190 190 65 27 38 65 39 157 226 328 1112 436 355 871 1662 3719

191 215 44 16 46 51 38 147 168 233 603 195 290 605 1090 2436

192 342 36 31 120 88 68 249 304 246 988 351 520 1039 1910 4040

193 338 20 27 124 82 69 249 269 292 700 319 440 814 1573 3405

194 379 10 24 167 121 108 302 196 298 850 340 456 893 1689 3765

195 388 5 28 173 105 85 237 198 274 634 283 493 1001 1777 3516

196 438 8 15 309 168 127 282 209 256 377 265 560 1102 1927 3678

197 549 3 19 391 204 135 384 189 263 212 207 596 1073 1876 3676

198 243 5 12 156 77 61 156 103 136 87 77 241 426 744 1537

total 6629 1503 384 1816 1498 913 2875 3459 5697 22076 7582 8772 15364 7193931718

TAB1B- Distribution of the occupations for husbands HH in percentage except unknown Decade HH -1 HH -2 HH 0 HH 1 HH 2 HH 3 HH 4 HH 5 HH 6 HH 7 HH 8 HH 9 HH7-8-9 Total

180 3,1 0,0 0,8 0,8 0,2 0,6 3,3 5,4 48,8 13,5 8,9 14,6 37,0 100181 3,5 0,2 0,5 0,9 0,2 0,8 2,4 6,8 47,6 13,6 10,1 13,4 37,1 100182 3,6 0,2 0,6 0,6 0,3 0,9 2,5 6,4 44,9 14,3 9,9 15,6 39,9 100183 4,0 0,6 0,5 1,1 0,2 0,9 2,2 8,0 42,0 14,1 10,2 16,1 40,4 100184 3,8 0,5 0,6 0,9 0,4 1,1 3,1 7,7 38,8 12,7 13,1 17,4 43,1 100185 3,3 0,6 0,8 1,3 0,3 1,6 3,2 8,9 38,0 12,5 11,0 18,5 42,0 100186 3,1 0,5 0,5 1,2 0,6 1,6 3,9 9,0 37,8 11,6 11,4 18,8 41,9 100187 2,7 0,4 0,7 1,4 0,6 2,1 4,7 8,4 36,5 11,0 12,7 18,7 42,4 100188 2,5 0,6 0,9 2,1 0,6 2,5 5,3 8,3 34,6 9,7 12,3 20,6 42,6 100189 2,0 0,5 0,9 1,7 0,7 3,2 5,7 8,6 33,2 10,5 12,3 20,7 43,5 100190 1,7 0,7 1,0 1,7 1,0 4,2 6,1 8,8 29,9 11,7 9,5 23,4 44,7 100191 1,8 0,7 1,9 2,1 1,6 6,0 6,9 9,6 24,8 8,0 11,9 24,8 44,7 100192 0,9 0,8 3,0 2,2 1,7 6,2 7,5 6,1 24,5 8,7 12,9 25,7 47,3 100193 0,6 0,8 3,6 2,4 2,0 7,3 7,9 8,6 20,6 9,4 12,9 23,9 46,2 100194 0,3 0,6 4,4 3,2 2,9 8,0 5,2 7,9 22,6 9,0 12,1 23,7 44,9 100195 0,1 0,8 4,9 3,0 2,4 6,7 5,6 7,8 18,0 8,0 14,0 28,5 50,5 100196 0,2 0,4 8,4 4,6 3,5 7,7 5,7 7,0 10,3 7,2 15,2 30,0 52,4 100197 0,1 0,5 10,6 5,5 3,7 10,4 5,1 7,2 5,8 5,6 16,2 29,2 51,0 100198 0,3 0,8 10,1 5,0 4,0 10,1 6,7 8,8 5,7 5,0 15,7 27,7 48,4 100

29

TAB2A Distribution of the occupations for wives FF in number

Decade unknown FF -1 FF -2 FF 0 FF 1 FF 2 FF 3 FF 4 FF 5 FF 6 FF 7 FF 8 FF 9 FF7-8-9 Total 180 1754 26 44 3 1 0 1 15 123 188 145 1 43 189 590181 2804 42 84 1 0 0 0 15 263 319 354 4 70 428 1152182 2344 57 233 0 2 0 0 13 415 409 429 0 159 588 1717183 1647 94 603 5 3 1 0 39 727 527 617 3 209 829 2828184 1302 86 940 4 5 0 0 42 869 625 694 12 231 937 3508185 1160 89 1037 7 9 0 0 54 1069 697 806 15 258 1079 4041186 786 80 1235 3 16 0 5 59 1203 723 889 19 278 1186 4510187 702 71 1334 7 13 1 3 83 1078 649 885 13 271 1169 4408188 571 58 1454 7 23 1 12 71 1124 696 773 22 290 1085 4531189 634 26 1642 6 43 3 13 82 1062 668 824 31 325 1180 4725190 426 16 1281 3 39 0 18 80 710 414 666 22 234 922 3483191 309 6 807 9 44 1 34 96 460 251 372 32 230 634 2342192 460 3 1614 24 45 5 219 167 509 431 562 45 298 905 3922193 364 4 1455 30 68 3 253 176 408 294 408 34 246 688 3379194 380 0 1362 61 107 9 451 164 343 489 437 47 294 778 3764195 370 1 1261 99 112 13 501 190 328 280 340 46 363 749 3534196 356 1 770 161 286 22 826 313 393 159 309 51 469 829 3760197 446 9 529 316 327 27 1101 286 346 42 208 66 522 796 3779198 212 11 301 155 113 12 457 122 142 15 60 13 167 240 1568

total 17027 680 17986 901 1256 98 3894 2067 11572 7876 9778 476 4957 6154115211

TAB2B Distribution of the occupations for wives FF in percentage except unknown

Decade HH -1 HH -2 HH 0 HH 1 HH 2 HH 3 HH 4 HH 5 HH 6 HH 7 HH 8 HH 9 HH7-8-9 Total 180 3,1 0,0 0,8 0,8 0,2 0,6 3,3 5,4 48,8 13,5 8,9 14,6 37,0 100181 3,5 0,2 0,5 0,9 0,2 0,8 2,4 6,8 47,6 13,6 10,1 13,4 37,1 100182 3,6 0,2 0,6 0,6 0,3 0,9 2,5 6,4 44,9 14,3 9,9 15,6 39,9 100183 4,0 0,6 0,5 1,1 0,2 0,9 2,2 8,0 42,0 14,1 10,2 16,1 40,4 100184 3,8 0,5 0,6 0,9 0,4 1,1 3,1 7,7 38,8 12,7 13,1 17,4 43,1 100185 3,3 0,6 0,8 1,3 0,3 1,6 3,2 8,9 38,0 12,5 11,0 18,5 42,0 100186 3,1 0,5 0,5 1,2 0,6 1,6 3,9 9,0 37,8 11,6 11,4 18,8 41,9 100187 2,7 0,4 0,7 1,4 0,6 2,1 4,7 8,4 36,5 11,0 12,7 18,7 42,4 100188 2,5 0,6 0,9 2,1 0,6 2,5 5,3 8,3 34,6 9,7 12,3 20,6 42,6 100189 2,0 0,5 0,9 1,7 0,7 3,2 5,7 8,6 33,2 10,5 12,3 20,7 43,5 100190 1,7 0,7 1,0 1,7 1,0 4,2 6,1 8,8 29,9 11,7 9,5 23,4 44,7 100191 1,8 0,7 1,9 2,1 1,6 6,0 6,9 9,6 24,8 8,0 11,9 24,8 44,7 100192 0,9 0,8 3,0 2,2 1,7 6,2 7,5 6,1 24,5 8,7 12,9 25,7 47,3 100193 0,6 0,8 3,6 2,4 2,0 7,3 7,9 8,6 20,6 9,4 12,9 23,9 46,2 100194 0,3 0,6 4,4 3,2 2,9 8,0 5,2 7,9 22,6 9,0 12,1 23,7 44,9 100195 0,1 0,8 4,9 3,0 2,4 6,7 5,6 7,8 18,0 8,0 14,0 28,5 50,5 100196 0,2 0,4 8,4 4,6 3,5 7,7 5,7 7,0 10,3 7,2 15,2 30,0 52,4 100197 0,1 0,5 10,6 5,5 3,7 10,4 5,1 7,2 5,8 5,6 16,2 29,2 51,0 100198 0,3 0,8 10,1 5,0 4,0 10,1 6,7 8,8 5,7 5,0 15,7 27,7 48,4 100

30

TAB3A- Distribution of the occupations for fathers'husbands PH in number Decade unknown HH –1 PH –2 PH 0 PH 1 PH 2 PH 3 PH 4 PH 5 PH 6 PH 7 PH 8 PH 9 PH7-8-9 Total

180 1278 57 1 15 12 5 7 38 25 585 100 73 149 322 1067

181 2093 124 2 12 22 11 6 62 47 995 182 143 258 583 1864

182 2037 164 5 7 22 8 21 49 60 1044 204 148 295 647 2027

183 1969 225 17 10 21 11 24 72 74 1293 248 151 372 771 2518

184 2085 287 24 14 23 23 27 79 74 1317 281 174 409 864 2732

185 2300 325 16 6 25 14 20 59 80 1439 250 201 458 909 2893

186 2159 299 35 9 21 21 27 86 64 1589 280 220 505 1005 3156

187 2152 288 30 16 16 10 36 93 77 1452 215 237 483 935 2953

188 1976 242 40 26 26 28 26 95 97 1486 239 275 556 1070 3136

189 2058 218 42 16 25 38 38 101 91 1627 231 289 587 1107 3303

190 1496 160 28 13 23 33 41 105 62 1040 200 190 504 894 2399

191 1194 83 66 10 20 35 41 81 50 550 107 124 328 559 1495

192 2031 94 93 20 36 68 73 121 69 868 187 210 539 936 2378

193 1792 68 96 25 37 71 68 128 62 642 150 175 432 757 1954

194 2023 30 84 40 40 103 121 131 86 633 145 158 538 841 2109

195 1638 19 76 43 29 122 119 134 86 649 135 193 653 981 2258

196 1479 22 71 88 59 182 168 173 146 589 152 194 788 1134 2632

197 1224 36 16 125 59 244 172 163 141 488 181 201 1120 1502 2946

198 568 9 16 63 29 115 61 62 51 145 57 81 523 661 1212

total 33552 2750 758 558 545 1142 1096 1832 1442 18431 3544 3437 9497 16478 45032

TAB3B Distribution of the occupations for fathers'husbands PH in percentage except unknown

Decade PH -1 PH -2 PH 0 PH 1 PH 2 PH 3 PH 4 PH 5 PH 6 PH 7 PH 8 PH 9 PH7-8-9 Total 180 5,3 0,1 1,4 1,1 0,5 0,7 3,6 2,3 54,8 9,4 6,8 14,0 30,2 100

181 6,7 0,1 0,6 1,2 0,6 0,3 3,3 2,5 53,4 9,8 7,7 13,8 31,3 100

182 8,1 0,2 0,3 1,1 0,4 1,0 2,4 3,0 51,5 10,1 7,3 14,6 31,9 100

183 8,9 0,7 0,4 0,8 0,4 1,0 2,9 2,9 51,4 9,8 6,0 14,8 30,6 100

184 10,5 0,9 0,5 0,8 0,8 1,0 2,9 2,7 48,2 10,3 6,4 15,0 31,6 100

185 11,2 0,6 0,2 0,9 0,5 0,7 2,0 2,8 49,7 8,6 6,9 15,8 31,4 100

186 9,5 1,1 0,3 0,7 0,7 0,9 2,7 2,0 50,3 8,9 7,0 16,0 31,8 100

187 9,8 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,3 1,2 3,1 2,6 49,2 7,3 8,0 16,4 31,7 100

188 7,7 1,3 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,8 3,0 3,1 47,4 7,6 8,8 17,7 34,1 100

189 6,6 1,3 0,5 0,8 1,2 1,2 3,1 2,8 49,3 7,0 8,7 17,8 33,5 100

190 6,7 1,2 0,5 1,0 1,4 1,7 4,4 2,6 43,4 8,3 7,9 21,0 37,3 100

191 5,6 4,4 0,7 1,3 2,3 2,7 5,4 3,3 36,8 7,2 8,3 21,9 37,4 100

192 4,0 3,9 0,8 1,5 2,9 3,1 5,1 2,9 36,5 7,9 8,8 22,7 39,4 100

193 3,5 4,9 1,3 1,9 3,6 3,5 6,6 3,2 32,9 7,7 9,0 22,1 38,7 100

194 1,4 4,0 1,9 1,9 4,9 5,7 6,2 4,1 30,0 6,9 7,5 25,5 39,9 100

195 0,8 3,4 1,9 1,3 5,4 5,3 5,9 3,8 28,7 6,0 8,5 28,9 43,4 100

196 0,8 2,7 3,3 2,2 6,9 6,4 6,6 5,5 22,4 5,8 7,4 29,9 43,1 100

197 1,2 0,5 4,2 2,0 8,3 5,8 5,5 4,8 16,6 6,1 6,8 38,0 51,0 100

198 0,7 1,3 5,2 2,4 9,5 5,0 5,1 4,2 12,0 4,7 6,7 43,2 54,5 100

31

TAB4A Distribution of the occupations for fathers'wives PF in number Decade unknown PF -1 PF -2 PF 0 PF 1 PF 2 PF 3 PF 4 PF 5 PF 6 PF 7 PF 8 PF 9 PF7-8-9 Total

180 1200 76 0 7 17 7 14 52 28 624 93 84 142 319 1144181 1876 178 0 14 21 10 10 71 53 1124 224 117 258 599 2080182 1922 198 1 12 13 10 21 72 62 1137 190 142 281 613 2139183 1814 270 14 18 20 20 22 72 76 1400 253 191 305 749 2661

184 1900 300 15 12 18 23 28 101 111 1454 252 193 403 848 2910

185 2014 297 12 15 23 16 28 89 91 1559 297 270 490 1057 3187

186 1799 311 22 16 24 27 29 134 97 1729 285 275 548 1108 3497

187 1866 277 27 15 22 26 33 112 93 1563 258 282 536 1076 3244

188 1698 264 33 17 24 39 26 136 110 1611 224 284 636 1144 3404

189 1734 221 31 18 25 53 44 152 109 1719 255 287 711 1253 3625

190 1312 122 43 14 29 29 41 108 105 1117 215 220 554 989 2597

191 1115 84 27 14 18 37 42 96 53 555 123 131 356 610 1536

192 1856 103 44 23 35 73 71 146 81 951 208 203 588 999 2526

193 1680 53 96 29 30 57 86 156 76 746 154 147 433 734 2063

194 1777 24 63 32 36 116 99 128 99 741 168 177 684 1029 2367

195 1456 10 76 47 32 131 124 148 93 709 166 175 737 1078 2448

196 1302 27 79 89 62 162 167 167 139 612 206 195 909 1310 2814

197 1148 24 53 150 71 278 192 176 123 498 196 228 1088 1512 3077

198 497 21 24 68 31 112 70 87 57 142 63 89 519 671 1283

total 29966 2860 660 610 551 1226 1147 2203 1656 19991 3830 3690 10178 17698 48602

TAB4B- Distribution of the occupations for fathers'wives PF in percentage except unknown

Decade PF -1 PF -2 PF 0 PF 1 PF 2 PF 3 PF 4 PF 5 PF 6 PF 7 PF 8 PF 9 PF7-8-9 Total 180 6,6 0,0 0,6 1,5 0,6 1,2 4,5 2,4 54,5 8,1 7,3 12,4 27,9 100

181 8,6 0,0 0,7 1,0 0,5 0,5 3,4 2,5 54,0 10,8 5,6 12,4 28,8 100

182 9,3 0,0 0,6 0,6 0,5 1,0 3,4 2,9 53,2 8,9 6,6 13,1 28,7 100

183 10,1 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 2,7 2,9 52,6 9,5 7,2 11,5 28,1 100

184 10,3 0,5 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 3,5 3,8 50,0 8,7 6,6 13,8 29,1 100

185 9,3 0,4 0,5 0,7 0,5 0,9 2,8 2,9 48,9 9,3 8,5 15,4 33,2 100

186 8,9 0,6 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,8 3,8 2,8 49,4 8,1 7,9 15,7 31,7 100

187 8,5 0,8 0,5 0,7 0,8 1,0 3,5 2,9 48,2 8,0 8,7 16,5 33,2 100

188 7,8 1,0 0,5 0,7 1,1 0,8 4,0 3,2 47,3 6,6 8,3 18,7 33,6 100

189 6,1 0,9 0,5 0,7 1,5 1,2 4,2 3,0 47,4 7,0 7,9 19,6 34,6 100

190 4,7 1,7 0,5 1,1 1,1 1,6 4,2 4,0 43,0 8,3 8,5 21,3 38,1 100

191 5,5 1,8 0,9 1,2 2,4 2,7 6,3 3,5 36,1 8,0 8,5 23,2 39,7 100

192 4,1 1,7 0,9 1,4 2,9 2,8 5,8 3,2 37,6 8,2 8,0 23,3 39,5 100

193 2,6 4,7 1,4 1,5 2,8 4,2 7,6 3,7 36,2 7,5 7,1 21,0 35,6 100

194 1,0 2,7 1,4 1,5 4,9 4,2 5,4 4,2 31,3 7,1 7,5 28,9 43,5 100

195 0,4 3,1 1,9 1,3 5,4 5,1 6,0 3,8 29,0 6,8 7,1 30,1 44,0 100

196 1,0 2,8 3,2 2,2 5,8 5,9 5,9 4,9 21,7 7,3 6,9 32,3 46,6 100

197 0,8 1,7 4,9 2,3 9,0 6,2 5,7 4,0 16,2 6,4 7,4 35,4 49,1 100

198 1,6 1,9 5,3 2,4 8,7 5,5 6,8 4,4 11,1 4,9 6,9 40,5 52,3 100

32

TAB5A- Distribution of the occupations for mothers'husbands MH in number Decade unknow MH -1 MH -2 MH 0 MH 1 MH 2 MH 3 MH 4 MH 5 MH 6 MH 7 MH 8 MH 9 MH7-8-9 Total

180 2216 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 6 82 11 0 12 23 128

181 3717 24 11 1 0 0 0 5 21 131 35 1 10 46 239

182 3658 42 46 0 0 0 0 3 55 154 59 0 44 103 403

183 3466 85 192 2 1 0 0 8 222 289 124 2 84 210 1009

184 3429 115 382 4 0 1 0 17 257 384 125 0 96 221 1381

185 3403 148 495 6 0 0 0 17 391 503 105 2 131 238 1798

186 2907 177 648 3 1 1 2 24 565 645 121 5 197 323 2389

187 2572 184 704 4 0 0 2 42 666 677 107 0 152 259 2538

188 2388 166 758 2 1 0 1 53 666 745 128 7 187 322 2714

189 2312 132 869 9 3 2 0 59 804 822 151 3 193 347 3047

190 1718 94 726 4 3 2 0 46 576 528 92 3 117 212 2191

191 1262 46 521 1 5 0 0 38 339 290 62 3 84 149 1389

192 1972 40 1075 4 9 4 6 61 490 491 120 6 104 230 2410

193 1561 26 1178 3 10 3 16 65 333 382 88 4 74 166 2182

194 1735 19 1390 10 14 10 17 95 256 398 98 11 91 200 2409

195 1465 15 1512 12 16 13 34 97 176 374 69 17 104 190 2439

196 1236 28 1878 30 51 15 84 133 186 301 56 4 114 174 2880

197 1031 112 2024 44 49 41 157 124 214 222 55 4 148 207 3194

198 419 123 776 28 29 13 94 57 89 82 15 5 50 70 1361

total 42467 1585 15193 167 192 105 413 944 6312 7500 1621 77 1992 3690 36101

TAB5B- Distribution of the occupations for mothers'husbands MH in percentage except

unknown Decade MH -1 MH -2 MH 0 MH 1 MH 2 MH 3 MH 4 MH 5 MH 6 MH 7 MH 8 MH 9 MH7-8-9 Total

180 7,0 6,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,7 64,1 8,6 0,0 9,4 18,0 100

181 10,0 4,6 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,1 8,8 54,8 14,6 0,4 4,2 19,2 100

182 10,4 11,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 13,6 38,2 14,6 0,0 10,9 25,6 100

183 8,4 19,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,8 22,0 28,6 12,3 0,2 8,3 20,8 100

184 8,3 27,7 0,3 0,0 0,1 0,0 1,2 18,6 27,8 9,1 0,0 7,0 16,0 100

185 8,2 27,5 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,9 21,7 28,0 5,8 0,1 7,3 13,2 100

186 7,4 27,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 1,0 23,7 27,0 5,1 0,2 8,2 13,5 100

187 7,2 27,7 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 1,7 26,2 26,7 4,2 0,0 6,0 10,2 100

188 6,1 27,9 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 24,5 27,5 4,7 0,3 6,9 11,9 100

189 4,3 28,5 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,0 1,9 26,4 27,0 5,0 0,1 6,3 11,4 100

190 4,3 33,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,0 2,1 26,3 24,1 4,2 0,1 5,3 9,7 100

191 3,3 37,5 0,1 0,4 0,0 0,0 2,7 24,4 20,9 4,5 0,2 6,0 10,7 100

192 1,7 44,6 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,2 2,5 20,3 20,4 5,0 0,2 4,3 9,5 100

193 1,2 54,0 0,1 0,5 0,1 0,7 3,0 15,3 17,5 4,0 0,2 3,4 7,6 100

194 0,8 57,7 0,4 0,6 0,4 0,7 3,9 10,6 16,5 4,1 0,5 3,8 8,3 100

195 0,6 62,0 0,5 0,7 0,5 1,4 4,0 7,2 15,3 2,8 0,7 4,3 7,8 100

196 1,0 65,2 1,0 1,8 0,5 2,9 4,6 6,5 10,5 1,9 0,1 4,0 6,0 100

197 3,5 63,4 1,4 1,5 1,3 4,9 3,9 6,7 7,0 1,7 0,1 4,6 6,5 100

198 9,0 57,0 2,1 2,1 1,0 6,9 4,2 6,5 6,0 1,1 0,4 3,7 5,1 100

33

TAB6A- Distribution of the occupations for mothers'wives MF in number Decade unknown MF -1 MF -2 MF 0 MF 1 MF 2 MF 3 MF 4 MF 5 MF 6 MF 7 MF 8 MF 9 MF7-8-9 Total

180 2209 12 13 1 0 0 0 7 6 75 14 0 7 21 135181 3673 36 13 0 0 0 0 5 32 147 39 0 11 50 283182 3611 54 47 0 0 0 0 6 70 180 56 0 37 93 450183 3428 86 187 1 0 0 0 13 222 352 118 1 67 186 1047184 3333 120 347 1 1 2 0 18 293 466 114 3 112 229 1477185 3309 146 471 3 1 0 1 26 410 563 117 4 150 271 1892186 2698 163 640 3 1 1 0 52 608 764 156 2 208 366 2598187 2415 176 688 2 3 0 0 56 690 756 153 11 160 324 2695188 2145 183 793 3 7 0 1 61 749 784 155 4 224 383 2964189 2122 146 882 1 6 2 1 85 868 871 173 9 192 374 3236190 1543 77 738 2 7 0 2 55 646 564 139 4 133 276 2367

191 1163 38 531 0 10 1 0 42 388 295 88 2 96 186 1491

192 1857 50 1083 0 10 3 8 75 518 531 122 6 119 247 2525

193 1474 15 1199 1 22 4 18 75 357 412 91 3 84 178 2281

194 1603 13 1357 8 29 11 36 87 300 474 106 10 117 233 2548

195 1335 9 1548 22 39 10 44 112 197 395 91 8 104 203 2579

196 1150 26 1907 27 60 19 83 136 198 330 69 6 126 201 2987

197 995 83 2013 75 27 23 140 139 241 223 59 9 165 233 3197

198 410 76 767 27 27 8 90 67 142 76 21 2 67 90 1370

total 40473 1509 15224 177 250 84 424 1117 6935 8258 1881 84 2179 4144 38122

TAB6B- Distribution of the occupations for mothers'wives MF in percentage except unknown

Decade MF -1 MF -2 MF 0 MF 1 MF 2 MF 3 MF 4 MF 5 MF 6 MF 7 MF 8 MF 9 MF7-8-9 Total 180 8,9 9,6 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,2 4,4 55,6 10,4 0,0 5,2 15,6 100

181 12,7 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 11,3 51,9 13,8 0,0 3,9 17,7 100

182 12,0 10,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,3 15,6 40,0 12,4 0,0 8,2 20,7 100

183 8,2 17,9 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 21,2 33,6 11,3 0,1 6,4 17,8 100

184 8,1 23,5 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 1,2 19,8 31,6 7,7 0,2 7,6 15,5 100

185 7,7 24,9 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,1 1,4 21,7 29,8 6,2 0,2 7,9 14,3 100

186 6,3 24,6 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 23,4 29,4 6,0 0,1 8,0 14,1 100

187 6,5 25,5 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 2,1 25,6 28,1 5,7 0,4 5,9 12,0 100

188 6,2 26,8 0,1 0,2 0,0 0,0 2,1 25,3 26,5 5,2 0,1 7,6 12,9 100

189 4,5 27,3 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 2,6 26,8 26,9 5,3 0,3 5,9 11,6 100

190 3,3 31,2 0,1 0,3 0,0 0,1 2,3 27,3 23,8 5,9 0,2 5,6 11,7 100

191 2,5 35,6 0,0 0,7 0,1 0,0 2,8 26,0 19,8 5,9 0,1 6,4 12,5 100

192 2,0 42,9 0,0 0,4 0,1 0,3 3,0 20,5 21,0 4,8 0,2 4,7 9,8 100

193 0,7 52,6 0,0 1,0 0,2 0,8 3,3 15,7 18,1 4,0 0,1 3,7 7,8 100

194 0,5 53,3 0,3 1,1 0,4 1,4 3,4 11,8 18,6 4,2 0,4 4,6 9,1 100

195 0,3 60,0 0,9 1,5 0,4 1,7 4,3 7,6 15,3 3,5 0,3 4,0 7,9 100

196 0,9 63,8 0,9 2,0 0,6 2,8 4,6 6,6 11,0 2,3 0,2 4,2 6,7 100

197 2,6 63,0 2,3 0,8 0,7 4,4 4,3 7,5 7,0 1,8 0,3 5,2 7,3 100

198 5,5 56,0 2,0 2,0 0,6 6,6 4,9 10,4 5,5 1,5 0,1 4,9 6,6 100

34

TAB7A Comparison of numbers between husbands and their fathers period 1803-1849 1803-1849 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total

HH 0 23 2 0 6 4 4 8 4 3 1 8 551 1 23 5 5 5 3 14 9 2 9 20 762 1 3 9 0 3 3 3 3 2 1 6 283 3 11 2 15 5 7 20 4 7 13 24 874 5 9 3 6 96 12 43 15 12 20 47 2215 1 7 3 4 19 73 244 65 20 156 241 5926 3 7 7 7 18 33 3527 83 52 103 238 38407 5 8 3 9 42 44 322 596 62 183 841 12748 3 6 5 18 39 38 309 78 414 123 615 10339 4 5 6 10 29 36 375 108 57 787 952 1417

7/8/9 12 19 14 37 110 118 1006 782 533 1093 2408 3724Total 49 81 43 80 260 253 4865 965 631 1396 2992 8623

TAB7B Comparison of per cent between husbands HH and their fathers PH period 1803-1849

1803-1849 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total HH

0 41,8 3,6 0,0 10,9 7,3 7,3 14,5 7,3 5,5 1,8 14,5 100,01 1,3 30,3 6,6 6,6 6,6 3,9 18,4 11,8 2,6 11,8 26,3 100,02 3,6 10,7 32,1 0,0 10,7 10,7 10,7 10,7 7,1 3,6 21,4 100,03 3,4 12,6 2,3 17,2 5,7 8,0 23,0 4,6 8,0 14,9 27,6 100,04 2,3 4,1 1,4 2,7 43,4 5,4 19,5 6,8 5,4 9,0 21,3 100,05 0,2 1,2 0,5 0,7 3,2 12,3 41,2 11,0 3,4 26,4 40,7 100,06 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,9 91,8 2,2 1,4 2,7 6,2 100,07 0,4 0,6 0,2 0,7 3,3 3,5 25,3 46,8 4,9 14,4 66,0 100,08 0,3 0,6 0,5 1,7 3,8 3,7 29,9 7,6 40,1 11,9 59,5 100,09 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,7 2,0 2,5 26,5 7,6 4,0 55,5 67,2 100,0

7/8/9 0,3 0,5 0,4 1,0 3,0 3,2 27,0 21,0 14,3 29,4 64,7 100,0

35

TAB8A Comparison of numbers between husbands and their fathers period 1850-1899 1850-1899 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total

HH 0 23 7 1 7 7 4 1 2 4 11 17 671 9 37 1 11 12 8 1 3 6 15 24 1032 3 8 18 8 5 3 10 9 14 18 41 963 4 6 1 34 18 10 7 8 15 40 63 1434 10 9 2 19 153 29 30 45 45 67 157 4095 2 11 3 16 29 97 58 42 57 69 168 3846 10 52 11 101 137 537 4837 413 463 771 1647 73327 5 11 7 27 54 78 90 627 105 166 898 11708 4 27 7 20 47 56 69 93 674 165 932 11629 6 28 7 47 61 294 170 239 332 1313 1884 2497

7/8/9 15 66 21 94 162 428 329 959 1111 1644 3714 4829Total 76 196 58 290 523 1116 5273 1481 1715 2635 5831 13363

TAB8B Comparison of per cent between husbands HH and their fathers PH period 1850-1899

1850-1899 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total HH

0 34,3 10,4 1,5 10,4 10,4 6,0 1,5 3,0 6,0 16,4 25,4 100,01 8,7 35,9 1,0 10,7 11,7 7,8 1,0 2,9 5,8 14,6 23,3 100,02 3,1 8,3 18,8 8,3 5,2 3,1 10,4 9,4 14,6 18,8 42,7 100,03 2,8 4,2 0,7 23,8 12,6 7,0 4,9 5,6 10,5 28,0 44,1 100,04 2,4 2,2 0,5 4,6 37,4 7,1 7,3 11,0 11,0 16,4 38,4 100,05 0,5 2,9 0,8 4,2 7,6 25,3 15,1 10,9 14,8 18,0 43,8 100,06 0,1 0,7 0,2 1,4 1,9 7,3 66,0 5,6 6,3 10,5 22,5 100,07 0,4 0,9 0,6 2,3 4,6 6,7 7,7 53,6 9,0 14,2 76,8 100,08 0,3 2,3 0,6 1,7 4,0 4,8 5,9 8,0 58,0 14,2 80,2 100,09 0,2 1,1 0,3 1,9 2,4 11,8 6,8 9,6 13,3 52,6 75,5 100,0

7/8/9 0,3 1,4 0,4 1,9 3,4 8,9 6,8 19,9 23,0 34,0 76,9 100,0

36

TAB9A Comparison of numbers between husbands and their fathers period 1900-1949 1900-1949 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total

HH 0 32 12 3 10 8 6 3 0 3 22 25 991 24 40 10 14 17 6 4 4 5 18 27 1422 44 17 53 27 18 15 6 6 31 62 99 2793 20 18 5 87 28 30 9 13 38 53 104 3014 18 23 14 49 221 33 20 31 36 71 138 5165 15 7 4 36 23 77 19 15 37 66 118 2996 20 27 20 85 56 227 2254 203 183 488 874 35637 7 7 4 47 34 46 39 322 77 156 555 7398 13 24 7 53 47 47 39 46 352 162 560 7909 49 28 17 116 109 184 112 212 316 1044 1572 2187

7/8/9 69 59 28 216 190 277 190 580 745 1362 2687 3716Total 242 203 137 524 561 671 2505 852 1078 2142 4072 8915

TAB9B Comparison of per cent between husbands HH and their fathers PH period 1900-1949

1900-1949 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total HH

0 32,3 12,1 3,0 10,1 8,1 6,1 3,0 0,0 3,0 22,2 25,3 100,01 16,9 28,2 7,0 9,9 12,0 4,2 2,8 2,8 3,5 12,7 19,0 100,02 15,8 6,1 19,0 9,7 6,5 5,4 2,2 2,2 11,1 22,2 35,5 100,03 6,6 6,0 1,7 28,9 9,3 10,0 3,0 4,3 12,6 17,6 34,6 100,04 3,5 4,5 2,7 9,5 42,8 6,4 3,9 6,0 7,0 13,8 26,7 100,05 5,0 2,3 1,3 12,0 7,7 25,8 6,4 5,0 12,4 22,1 39,5 100,06 0,6 0,8 0,6 2,4 1,6 6,4 63,3 5,7 5,1 13,7 24,5 100,07 0,9 0,9 0,5 6,4 4,6 6,2 5,3 43,6 10,4 21,1 75,1 100,08 1,6 3,0 0,9 6,7 5,9 5,9 4,9 5,8 44,6 20,5 70,9 100,09 2,2 1,3 0,8 5,3 5,0 8,4 5,1 9,7 14,4 47,7 71,9 100,0

7/8/9 1,9 1,6 0,8 5,8 5,1 7,5 5,1 15,6 20,0 36,7 72,3 100,0

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Comparison of numbers between husbands and their fathers period 1950-1986 1950-1986 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total

HH 0 32 12 3 10 8 6 3 0 3 22 25 991 24 40 10 14 17 6 4 4 5 18 27 1422 44 17 53 27 18 15 6 6 31 62 99 2793 20 18 5 87 28 30 9 13 38 53 104 3014 18 23 14 49 221 33 20 31 36 71 138 5165 15 7 4 36 23 77 19 15 37 66 118 2996 20 27 20 85 56 227 2254 203 183 488 874 35637 7 7 4 47 34 46 39 322 77 156 555 7398 13 24 7 53 47 47 39 46 352 162 560 7909 49 28 17 116 109 184 112 212 316 1044 1572 2187

7/8/9 69 59 28 216 190 277 190 580 745 1362 2687 3716Total 242 203 137 524 561 671 2505 852 1078 2142 4072 8915

TAB10B Comparison of per cent between husbands HH and their fathers PH period 1950-1986

1950-1986 PH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7/8/9 Total HH

0 32,3 12,1 3,0 10,1 8,1 6,1 3,0 0,0 3,0 22,2 25,3 100,01 16,9 28,2 7,0 9,9 12,0 4,2 2,8 2,8 3,5 12,7 19,0 100,02 15,8 6,1 19,0 9,7 6,5 5,4 2,2 2,2 11,1 22,2 35,5 100,03 6,6 6,0 1,7 28,9 9,3 10,0 3,0 4,3 12,6 17,6 34,6 100,04 3,5 4,5 2,7 9,5 42,8 6,4 3,9 6,0 7,0 13,8 26,7 100,05 5,0 2,3 1,3 12,0 7,7 25,8 6,4 5,0 12,4 22,1 39,5 100,06 0,6 0,8 0,6 2,4 1,6 6,4 63,3 5,7 5,1 13,7 24,5 100,07 0,9 0,9 0,5 6,4 4,6 6,2 5,3 43,6 10,4 21,1 75,1 100,08 1,6 3,0 0,9 6,7 5,9 5,9 4,9 5,8 44,6 20,5 70,9 100,09 2,2 1,3 0,8 5,3 5,0 8,4 5,1 9,7 14,4 47,7 71,9 100,0

7/8/9 1,9 1,6 0,8 5,8 5,1 7,5 5,1 15,6 20,0 36,7 72,3 100,0

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TAB 11 Exemple of activies in TRABAREL family generation by generation

Generation 0 0 H 1 Tisserand 1810 Weaver 7-54-00

0 F -1 * * Generation 1 1 F a * * 1 F b Sans profession 1874 Without profession -2 1 M C Tisserand 1847 Weaver 7-54-00 1 F C1 Domestique 1847 Domestic 5-40-10 1 F D1 Servante 1856 Servant 5-40-10 1 H D Cultivateur 1856 Farmer 6-11-10 Generation 2 2 F Ca Domestique 1869 Domestic 5-40-10 2 M Ca1 Voiturier 1869 Driver 9-86-20 2 F Cb Servante 1872 Servant 5-40-10 2 F Cb1 Cultivateur 1872-1883 Farmer 6-11-10 2 M CC Tisserand, 1876 Weaver 7-54-00 2 F CC1 Sans profession 1902 Without profession -2 2 H DA Ouvrier charpentier 1886 ; Charpentier 1889-1898 Carpenter 9-54-10 2 F DA1 Sans profession 1886-1889-1898-1904 Without profession -2 Generation 3 3 M CCA Métayer 1906 Farmer 6-11-10 3 F CCA1 Ménagère 1909-1912 House Servant 5-40-20 3 H CCb1 Maçon 1898 Stomason 9-51-35 3 F CCb Sans profession 1898 Without profession -2 3 F DAa Sans profession 1904 Without profession -2 3 H DAa1 Cultivateur 1904 Farmer 6-11-10 3 H DAB Cultivateur 1922 Farmer 6-11-10 3 F DAB1 Ménagère 1922 House Servant 5-40-20 3 H DAC Peintre 1922 Painter 9-31-20

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3 F DAC1 Ménagère 1922-1923-1926-1931-1934; Sans profession 1947-1952 House Servant 5-40-20

Generation4 4 F CCAa Sans profession 1927 Without profession -2 4 M CCAa1 Cultivateur 1927 Farmer 6-11-10 4 M CCAB * * 4 M CCAC Électricien 1934-1966-1967-1972 Electrician 8-55-10 4 F CCAC1 Vendeuse 1934 Salesperson 4-51-25 4 F DABa Modèle 1975 model 4 H DABa1 * * 4 H DABa2 Sans profession 1975 Without profession -2 4 F DACA1 Couturière 1947 Dressmaker 7-91-40 4 H DACA Peintre 1947-1948-1952-1953 painter 9-31-20 4 H DACB * * 4 F DACc Sans profession 1952 Without profession -2 4 H DACc1 * * 4 F DACd Sans profession 1953 Without profession -2 4 H DACd1 Mécanicien 1953 Mechanic 8-41-00 Generation 5 5 F CCACa Maîtresse d'internat 1965 other teacher 1-39-90 5 H CCACa1 Conducteur de travaux 1965 2-26-10 5 H CCACB Électricien 1966 Electrician 8-55-10 5 F CCACB1 Vendeuse 1966 Salesperson 4-51-25 5 F CCACc Maîtresse d'internat 1966 other teacher 1-39-90 5 H CCACc1 Étudiant 1966 Student 5 H CCACD Électronicien 1967 Electronic 8-52-00 5 F CCACD1 Rédactrice 1967 Writer 1-59-00 5 F CCACE1 Sténo-dactylo 1969-1976 Stenographer 3-21-10 |5 H CCACE Menuisier 1969 Carpenter 9-54-10 5 H CCACF * * 5 F CCACF1 * * 5 H DACAA Géomètre 1972-1975-1980 Geometer 0-30-10

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5 F DACAA1 Infirmière diplomée d'Etat 1972-1975-1980 Nurse 0-71-10 5 F DACAb Sans profession 1987 Without profession -2

5 H DACAb1 Inspecteur commercial 1987 Commercial controller 4-31-30

Generation 6 6 |F CCACBa * * 6 H CCACBB * * 6 F CCACDa * * 6 H CCACDB * * 6 F CCACEa * * 6 H CCACEB * * 6 F DACAAa * * 6 F DACAAb * *

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