introduction xxth century + treaty of versailles (igcse)

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Oh, Brave New World Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

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Page 1: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Oh, Brave New World

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 2: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

A New World. What is a modern world?

Traditional world as a world in which the basic circumstances of life don't change much from one generation to the next.

The modern world is one in which the conditions of life are changing constantly

In modern times (XIXth and XXth century) there is a Great Divide:

- Population

- Economy

- Energy

- Ideas

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 3: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 4: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 5: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 6: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 7: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Consequences of the Great Divide

What is the link between these two pictures?Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 8: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Ideas

Traditional societies had traditional (and DIFFERENT) ideas.

In the modern times, the societies face SIMILAR ideas as LIBERTY, …

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 9: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Consequences of the Great Divide

Energy / Resources

Rural / Urban world

Ideas

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 10: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Great events in the XIXth Century

Apparition of modern ideologies (Nationalism, Socialism, Liberalism)

Industrial Revolution (transports, energy, etc.)

Main facts:

- Napoleonic Wars

- Many revolutions

- Colonial expansion

- Creation of Germany or Italy

- An incredible power was unleashed, the world can just go forward … (or maybe not)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 11: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

“The century since the end of the Napoleonic Wars had been the most

peaceful era since the fall of the Roman Empire. In the first years of the

Twentieth Century Europe believed it was marching to a golden, happy,

and prosperous future. But instead, complex personalities and rivalries,

colonialism and ethnic nationalisms, and shifting alliances helped to

bring about the failure of the long peace and the outbreak of a war that

transformed Europe and the world.”

(dust cover flap – “The War that Ended Peace” - Margaret MacMillan)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 12: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

“Imagine that you were alive in the Summer of 1900, living in London, then

the capital of the world, Europe ruled the Eastern Hemisphere. There was

hardly a place that, if not ruled directly, was not indirectly controlled from a

European capital. Europe was at peace and enjoying unprecedented

prosperity. Indeed, European interdependence due to trade and investment

was so great that serious people were claiming that war had become

impossible – and if not impossible, world end within weeks of beginning –

because global financial markets couldn’t withstand the strain. The future

seemed fixed: a peaceful, prosperous Europe would rule the world.” (p.1 –

“The next 100 years” - George Friedman)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 13: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

But…

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 14: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

So… that is actually what it happened

Franz Ferdinand (the heir of the Crown of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) was assassinated in Sarajevo

Countries declared war each other (alliance system was activated) and the conflict started

Everyone thought the war will end up before Christmas, but it was the bloodiest war in that time (4 years and 10 M. of deaths)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 15: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 16: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 17: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Consequences

Socially:

Human deaths:

- Germany and its allies: 3,5 M.

- France: 1,3 M.

- United Kingdom: 1 M.

- Russia: 1,7 M.

- On average, 5,500 people died each day of the war

- Nevertheless, “If only one man dies of hunger, that is a tragedy. If millions die, that’s only statistics.”

- Worksheet

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 18: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Consequences.

Many women grew old with no hope or idea of better life

A whole generation of children was never born

Many orphans, and people who had relativeswith serious mental and physical problems

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 19: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

An Age of Uncertinity

After the war, the Humanity seemed to lose the faith, the hope for a better world 3:20

It is a big contrast compared with the last century

In this difficult situation, there is a need to build a new world after the War

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 20: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

In this difficult situation, at the end there is a need for peacemaking

According your views…

What would be the main aims of the victors in the IWW? (revenge OR lasting peace)

-

-

-

The leaders of these three countries will be the main negotiators of a new peace for the world (Worksheet --- European problems)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 21: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

A man of peace: W.Wilson

Wilson had a clear idea about what it should be done:

- The 14 Points of Wilson (worksheet)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 22: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

A man hurt by the past: Clemenceau

According this cartoon, what were the positions of Clemenceau towards the peace?

Why do you think he was supporting these views?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 23: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

A man “in the middle”: Lloyd George

Lloyd George was the PM of England

What was the main dilemma of Lloyd George? (Imagine the horses were USA and France)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 24: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

2 main decisions

What are they going to do with Germany?

- SCRAP. Why are these territories relevant?

-- Saarland (Industry)

-- Colonies (European powers wanted territories)

-- Rhinland (border with ….)

-- Alsace – Lorraine (Disputed with …)

-- Polish Corridor (Disputed with … )

-- One extra point: Anschluss (the union with Austria was forbidden)

- RAWL

-- Reparations (Money)

-- Armaments (planes, warships, etc.)

-- War Guilty (Blame)

-- League of Nations

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 25: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Main ideas of Wilson

Don't punish Germany: Why? --- If Germany was treated badly, Germany would try revenge in the future

Democracy is the solution for the defeated countries --- Why? If the people could elect the leaders, they would not like another war (Democracies NEVER fight each other)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 26: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Main ideas of Wilson

Self-determination to the small countries in Eastern Europe --- Self-determination is the idea of deciding its future as an independent State

Can you perceive the difference?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 27: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Main ideas of Wilson

International co-operation ----Why? If the countries cooperated in an international organization (League of Nations), wars would be quite unlikely.

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 28: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Lloyd George. Main ideas

In theory, Lloyd George agree on Wilson´s ideas

In practice, he believed Wilson was a little bit idealist. He believed Wilson did not Europe very well

He was more concerned about British interests, and at the same time he did not want a harsh treaty to Germany (commercial partner)

Also, he faced internal tensions (read sources)

Americans …. They don,t know anything about Europe

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 29: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Clemenceau. The Tiger

Clemenceau experienced the German invasion of France in 1871

France wanted to weaken Germany as much as it was possible:

- Divide Germany into small States (Bavaria, Berlin, Frankfurt)

- No army and no industry

Germany must pay

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 30: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The negotiation process

As you may imagine, the three leaders (The Big Three) disagreed on many issues

They had many advisors but finally they decided

They were negotiating in the Palace of Versailles (the residence of the French kings at the past)

Nevertheless, they were able to reach an agreement in 1919

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 31: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The terms of the Treaty of Versailles

You should know the terms:

2 Key words:

SCRAP (German territories): Sarre/Colonies/Ruhr/Alsace/Polish Corridor

RAWL (General conditions): Reparations / Armament / War guilty / League of Nations

Textbook p. 12,13

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 32: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

German reaction

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 33: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

What was the reaction of Germany to the Peace treaties?

It was UNFAIR!

Why?

- Self-determination

- Loss of territories

- War guilty

- Disarmament

- No League of the Nations

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 34: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty of Versailles. German reaction

Diktat: Germany had no option to negotiate the conditions. They even did not participate in the discussions.

How did Germans feel about this?

--- We are not obliged to follow these rules if we have a chance

Can you argue something against this argument?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 35: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Diktat

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 36: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty of Versailles.

Loss of territory:

- Germany lost 10% of the territory

- It,s important because many German population was living in this territories. They had two options:

- Stay as a minorities

- Move to Germany

- It,s not just a question of prestige, it,salso a “personal” question.

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 37: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty of Versailles

Self-determination w(included in the 14 points of Wilson)as a little bit tricky

It means one nation --- one culture --- one country

But… what about the Germans who were living in Eastern Europe? The right of self-determination was JUST for the winners.

In the Treaty, the Anschluss (union of Germany and Austria was forbidden)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 38: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty of Versailles.

Disarmament

Germany Army was reduced to 100,000 men. Why was this decision a problem for Germany?

- G could not start a new war

- G had problems to maintain the order in the country (extremely weak country)

- How would be the disarmament fair?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 39: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty of Versailles

War guilt (Art. 234 Treaty of Versailles)

The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany and her allies

Germans felt this was very unfair.

Also, blame meaned in real terms ….

MONEYSamuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 40: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 41: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Germany after the war

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 42: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

What kind of problems?

Reparations Stab-in the back idea

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 43: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

What kind of problems?

Economic crisis Distribution of wealth

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 44: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Problems of Germany after the war

Extremist parties were very popular

The conflict in the Ruhr

Hyperinflation

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 45: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The rise of extremist parties

Extremist parties became very popular at that moment in Germany

3 important attempts to overthrow the government:

- Spartacist Revolution (1919): Communist revolution

- Kapp Putsch (1920): Right-wing extremist (Freikorps) under the direction of Kapp

- Munich Putsch (1923): Hitler tried to seize the power

- All the attempts failed, but the system was weak (murder of politicians, political problems, etc.)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 46: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The Ruhr crisis

The reparations commission had determined that Germany should pay 132 billion gold marks in 42 years to the Allied powers

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 47: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The Ruhr crisis

The French were anxious to enforce the reparations for two reasons:

- They hated Germans

- They needed the money to pay the American loans

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 48: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Ruhr crisis

Germans had problems to pay the demanded amount of money, so the French decided to take a hard line approach to Germany: the best way to make Germany pay was …

MAKING USE OF THE FORCE ---- French and Belgium troops invaded the Ruhr (the industrial area of Germany) to “receive” the payment

What would you do if you were a German worker?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 49: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Ruhr crisis

As Germany had almost no army (Treaty of Versailles) France took the outputs of the factories and mines of the Ruhr, and shipping them to its territory.

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 50: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Ruhr crisis

What was the German reaction?

German workers refused to cooperate

Sabotage (Flooding of mines, burning factories, destruction of railroads, etc.)

French fought against that. They had the complete control of this area!

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 51: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 52: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 53: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Ruhr crisis

What was the German reaction?

The Government supported the workers in their strike and sabotage actions. How?

It printed money to pay them. PROBLEM --- The value of the money decreased because it was an artificial measure ---- HYPERINFLATION

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 54: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 55: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 56: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Consequences of the Hyperinflation

The middle class lost its economic power (the money they saved) so they became:

- Cynical to democracy

- More interested in extremist ideologies (Nazis tried to seize the power in 1923)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU. Republic of Weimar (1919 - 1929)

Page 57: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Now… Emilia will be happy because we are going to …

Have an exam?

Do a lot of exercises?

Sing a song?

Play … ?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 58: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Were the Germans right?

Partially YES

It is true the conditions of the Treaty were hard for Germany

Partially NO

It could be worse. France wanted to divide Germany into small states, even higher reparations and the complete elimination of the German Army (It could be worse)

The conditions imposed by Germany to Russia were even worse.

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 59: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

How was the Treaty seen with hindsight?

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 60: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Treaty with hindsight

Historians do not agree on the fairness of the Treaty

It may be argue that the harsh conditions of the Treaty created the conditions for the …. (People was so angry)

Nevertheless, it may be argue the opposite (the territorial conditions were not so hard for Germany if it is compared with the other Peace Treaties with Austria, at the same time French and British had a strong public opinion against Germany, it was not easy)

Read the text, and summarize the points of the Source 14 and 15 (p.18)

You have to know both sides.

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 61: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The other Peace Treaties

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 62: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

The other peace Treaties

Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the most important treaty after the war, but there were more treaties with other countries you should know:

- Treaty of St.Germain (1919) with Austria

- Treaty of Neuilly (1919) with Bulgaria

- Treaty of Trianon (1919) with Hungary

- Treaty of Sevres (1920) with Turkey

- I know it is boring to remember all the treaties, but you should know:

- Name of the Treaty and country involved

- Territorial losses of the country + Reparations (no need exact numbers)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU

Page 63: Introduction XXth Century + Treaty of Versailles (IGCSE)

Samuel Perrino Martínez. ISU