unit1 relevant theoriesonline
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Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Relevant Theories For Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
A Review
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2-22-2
The mind as an iceberg
(Fig. 2-1)(Fig. 2-1)
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Freud
Personality Structure Id Ego Superego
Levels of Awareness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious
Developmental Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Developmental Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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Erikson
Trust v. mistrust Autonomy v. shame and doubt Initiative v. guilt Industry v. inferiority Identity v. role confusion Intimacy v. isolation Generativity v. stagnation Wisdom v. despair
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Erikson
• stressed ego
• psychosocial aspects of development
• considers life span development
• studied healthy people
Freud
• stressed id
• psychosexual aspects of development
• personality formed by age of 5
• studied neurotic people
Erikson vs. Freud
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Sullivan
Needs Satisfactions Security
Anxiety Empathetic between child and mother Can be described; observable behaviors Individuals strive for anxiety reduction
Self System Good-me
Bad-me
Not-me
Security Operations Selective
inattention
Dissociation
Self System Good-me
Bad-me
Not-me
Security Operations Selective
inattention
Dissociation
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Peplau
4 Phases of Interpersonal Process Orientation Identification Exploitation Resolution
Described 4 Levels of Anxiety Mild-Moderate-Severe-Panic
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Peplau, cont.
Ideas about Nursing Focus is on client Nurse is participant observer Nurse has awareness of role Nursing is investigative Nurses use theory Developed process recording
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Piaget
Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations
Schema Developed to organize and understand the world
Processes Used to Develop Schemata Assimilation Adaptation
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Maslow
Needs Hierarchy Physiological needs Psychological needs Meta-needs
Beliefs about Humankind Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans A person does the best he/she can at the time With adequate understandable information, a person
will make good decisions Man has a higher nature
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Kohlberg
Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10) Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment
Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13) Want to please other and be considered “good” Develop social concern and conscience
Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if ever) Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2
accepted standards and tries to decide between them Acts in accord with internalized standards
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Psychotherapies
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Focus:
- internal experience
- defense mechanisms
- transference and past relationships Therapist: more non-directive
Cognitive Therapy Focus:
- thoughts/cognitions
- correcting cognitive distortions Therapist: active and directive
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Psychotherapies, cont.
Interpersonal Therapy Focus: interpersonal relationships Problems:
- Grief- Role disputes- Role transition- Interpersonal deficit
Therapist: active and directive
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Psychotherapies, cont.
Behavioral Therapy Focus: learning more adaptive behavior Applications: - Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment
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Methods for Behavior Modification
ModelingSystematic DesensitizationImplosions (Imagery)Flooding
Aversion therapy Relaxation Assertiveness