Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes

A) Mercury is larger than Earth, so it gets hit withmore meteors.

B) Mercury is an older planet, so it has a longerhistory of meteor impacts.

C) Earth’s less dense water surface attracts fewermeteors.

D) Earth’s hydrosphere and atmosphere destroyedor buried most meteor impact sites.

1. Why is the surface of Mercury covered with meteorimpact craters, while Earth’s surface has relativelyfew craters?

A) Enlargement of the cracks occurs because waterexpands when it freezes.

B) This type of weathering occurs only in bedrockcomposed of granite.

C) The cracks become wider because of chemicalreactions between water and the rock.

D) This type of weathering is common in regions ofprimarily warm and humid climates.

2. The diagram below shows granite bedrock withcracks. Water has seeped into the cracks and frozen.The arrows represent the directions in which thecracks have widened due to weathering.

Which statement best describes the physicalweathering shown by the diagram?

A) quartzite B) graniteC) basalt D) limestone

3. Which rock weathers most rapidly when exposed toacid rain?

A) chemical weatheringB) depositionC) erosionD) physical weathering

4. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whoseroot grew into a small crack in bedrock and split therock apart.

The action of the root splitting the bedrock is anexample of

A) a wet climate in which temperatures remainbelow freezing

B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternatefrom below freezing to above freezing

C) a dry climate in which temperatures remainbelow freezing

D) a dry climate in which temperatures alternatefrom below freezing to above freezing

5. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rockweathering caused by frost action?

A) evaporation and condensationB) weathering and erosionC) burial and cementationD) compaction and transportation

6. By which processes are rocks broken up and moved todifferent locations?

A) local air pressure B) angle of insolationC) age of the bedrock D) regional climate

7. Which factor has the greatest influence on theweathering rate of Earth’s surface bedrock?

A) running water B) moving iceC) wave action D) mass movement

8. Which agent of erosion most likely formed thedrumlins and finger lakes in New York State?

A) A and B B) B and D C) C, D, and E D) A, C, and E

9. The block diagram below shows a cross section of a landscape. Letters A, B, C, D, and E representdifferent rock layers.

Which rock layers appear to be most resistant to weathering?

A) Lockport dolostone B) Rochester shaleC) Grimsby sandstone D) Queenston shale

10.The generalized cross section below shows thesedimentary rock layers at Niagara Falls in westernNew York State.

Which rock layer appears to be most resistant toweathering and erosion?

A) decreasing temperature and decreasingprecipitation

B) decreasing temperature and increasingprecipitation

C) increasing temperature and decreasingprecipitation

D) increasing temperature and increasingprecipitation

11. Which long-term atmospheric changes wouldincrease the rate of chemical weathering of surfacebedrock?

A) formed during different time periodsB) contain different fossilsC) have different compositionsD) are horizontal

12.The cross section below shows sedimentary rocksbeing eroded by water at a waterfall.

The sedimentary rock layers are being weathered anderoded at different rates primarily because the rocklayers

A) dissolves many mineralsB) expands when it freezesC) is part of most chemical compoundsD) cools the surroundings when it evaporates

13. In hot, wet climates, bedrock rapidly weathers intosoil because water

A) stream erosion and mass movementB) stream deposition and runoffC) precipitation and wind erosionD) weathering and biological activity

14. The formation of soil is primarily the result of

A) The quartzite formed from molten magma.B) The limestone is thicker than the quartzite.C) The quartzite is older than the limestone.D) The limestone is less resistant to weathering

than the quartzite.

15. The cross section below shows residual soils thatdeveloped on rock outcrops of metamorphicquartzite and sedimentary limestone.

Which statement best explains why the soil isthicker above the limestone than it is above thequartzite?

A) less total volumeB) more chemical bondsC) more total surface areaD) lower density

16. The demonstration shown in the diagram belowindicates that powdered limestone reacts faster thana single large piece of limestone of equal mass whenboth are placed in acid.

The most likely reason powdered limestone reactsfaster is that it has

A) subduction B) erosionC) folding D) recrystallization

17. On the Earth's surface, transported materials aremore common than residual materials. Thiscondition is mainly the result of

A) B)

C) D)

18. The four limestone samples illustrated below havethe same composition, mass, and volume. Under thesame climatic conditions, which sample will weatherfastest?

A) climateB) longitudeC) amount of rounded sedimentD) slope of the landscape

19. Which factor has the most influence on thedevelopment of soil?

A) sorted and layeredB) sorted and not layeredC) unsorted and layeredD) unsorted and not layered

20. Sediments found in glacial moraines are bestdescribed as

A) It is located at a high elevation in amountainous area.

B) It is less than 25 centimeters in diameter.C) Its composition is different from that of the

bedrock under it.D) It appears to have been intensely

metamorphosed.

21. What is the best evidence that a glacial erratic hasbeen transported?

A) rounded and sortedB) rounded and unsortedC) angular and sortedD) angular and unsorted

22. Pieces of bedrock material that are broken from acliff and deposited by a landslide at the base of thecliff are best described as

A) river depositionB) glacial scouringC) mass movementD) chemical weathering

23. A landslide is an example of

A) wind B) a glacierC) ocean waves D) running water

24. A large, scratched boulder is found in a mixture ofunsorted, smaller sediments forming a hill in centralNew Jersey. Which agent of erosion most likelytransported and then deposited this boulder?

A) rounded sand grains found in a river deltaB) rounded grains found in a sand duneC) residual soil found on a flat plainD) unsorted loose gravel found in hills

25. Which rock material was most likely transported toits present location by a glacier?

A) running water B) moving iceC) prevailing wind D) mass movement

26. The diagram below shows the surface features of alandscape.

Based on the features shown, which erosional agenthad the greatest effect on tree growth and thestructures that humans have built on this landscape?

A) pebble B) sandC) silt D) clay

27. A river’s current carries sediments into the ocean.Which sediment size will most likely be deposited indeeper water farthest from the shore?

A)

B)

C)

D)

28. Which cross section best represents the valley shapewhere a rapidly flowing stream is cutting into thebedrock in a mountainous area?

A) a kettle lake B) an outwash plainC) a finger lake D) a moraine

29. The diagram below shows a glacial landscapefeature forming over time from a melting block ofice.

This glacial landscape feature is best identified as

A) a glacier B) a streamC) waves D) wind

30. The occurrence of parallel scratches on bedrock in aU-shaped valley indicates that the area has mostlikely been eroded by

Base your answers to questions 31 through 33 on thediagram below, which shows several differentlandscape features. Points X and Y indicate locationson the streambank.

31. Explain why the stream meanders on the floodplain,but not in the mountains.

32. Identify which point, X or Y, has more streamerosion and explain why the amounts of erosion aredifferent.

33. Explain why the upper valley in the mountains isU-shaped and the lower valley is V-shaped.

A) breaking apart of shale as a result of waterfreezing in a crack

B) dissolving of rock particles on a limestonegravestone by acid rain

C) rolling of a pebble along the bottom of a streamD) crumbling of bedrock in one area to form soil

34. Which event is the best example of erosion?

A) A and B B) B and CC) C and D D) D and A

35. The map below shows a meandering stream as itenters a lake. The arrow shows the direction ofstream flow. Points A through D represent locationson the surface of the stream.

The greatest stream velocities are found closest topoints

A) slower, causing depositionB) faster, causing depositionC) slower, causing erosionD) faster, causing erosion

36. The diagram below shows a section of a meander ina stream. The arrows show the direction of streamflow.

The streambank on the outside of this meander issteeper than the streambank on the inside of thismeander because the water on the outside of thismeander is moving

Base your answers to questions 37 and 38 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge ofEarth science.

Roche Moutonée

A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over ahill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock isabraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a moregentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock arebroken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this sideof the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and iscomposed of solid rock.

A) terminal outwash plains B) kettle lake depressionsC) V-shaped valleys D) parallel scratches in surface bedrock

37. The chunks of bedrock removed by glacial quarrying and transported by the glaciers most likelyproduce

A) formed by glaciers B) dome shapedC) deposited by glacial meltwater D) composed of loose sediments

38. A drumlin differs from a roche moutonée because a drumlin is

A)

B)

C)

D)

39. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the discharge of a stream and the velocityof stream flow?

A) wind erosionB) wave erosionC) mass movementD) chemical precipitation

40. The natural sandblasting (abrasion) of surfacebedrock in a desert region is the result of

A) cobbles B) pebblesC) sand D) clay

41. What is the largest sediment that can be transportedby a stream that has a velocity of 125 cm/sec?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

42. The diagram below shows points A, B, C, and D ona meandering stream.

At which point does the greatest stream erosionoccur?

A) B)

C) D)

43. The map below shows a meandering river. A–A' isthe location of a cross section. The arrows show thedirection of the river flow.

Which cross section best represents the shape of theriver bottom at A–A'?

A)

B)

C)

D)

44. The map below represents a meandering streamflowing into a lake. A student measured waterdepths in the stream at three locations: A–A', B–B',and C–C'.

Which set of cross sections best represents thestream bed at the three locations?

A) It will become jagged and its mass willdecrease.

B) It will become jagged and its volume willincrease.

C) It will become rounded and its mass willincrease.

D) It will become rounded and its volume willdecrease.

45. What change will a pebble usually undergo when itis transported a great distance by streams?

A) mineral composition of the sedimentB) amount of sediment sortingC) thickness of sediment layersD) age of fossils found in the sediment

46. Which property would best distinguish sedimentdeposited by a river from sediment deposited by aglacier?

A) pebble B) sandC) silt D) clay

47. Which size particle will remain suspended longest asa river enters the ocean?

A)

B)

C)

D)

48. Four quartz samples of equal size and shape wereplaced in a stream. Which of the four quartz samplesbelow has most likely been transported farthest inthe stream?

A) 0.02 cm/s B) 0.5 cm/sC) 5.0 cm/s D) 20.0 cm/s

49. What is the minimum water velocity necessary tomaintain movement of 0.1-centimeter-diameterparticles in a stream?

A) velocity of the river decreasesB) force of gravity decreasesC) volume of the river increasesD) gradient of the river increases

50. Sediment is deposited in a river delta because the

A) 10 cm/s B) 50 cm/sC) 100 cm/s D) 200 cm/s

51. What is the approximate minimum stream velocityneeded to keep a 6.4-cm-diameter particle inmotion?

A) particle density B) erosionC) deposition D) mass movement

52. When the velocity of a stream suddenly decreases, the sediment being transported undergoes anincrease in

A) B)

C) D)

53. The diagram below represents a cross section of a stream. Points A, B, C, D, and E are locationswithin the stream channel.

Which graph best represents stream velocity at locations A through E?

A) B)

C) D)

54. Which diagram best represents a cross section of avalley which was glaciated and then eroded by astream?

A) delta B) watershedC) valley D) floodplain

55. The entire area drained by a river and its tributariesis called a

A) A B) B C) C D) D

56. The map below shows an overhead view ofsediments that have accumulated at the bottom of alake. Points A through D represent locations on theshoreline of the lake.

A river most likely flows into the lake nearest tolocation

Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the map below, which shows a portion of the continent of North America and outlines the MississippiRiver watershed. Points A, B, C, D, and E represent locations on Earth's surface.

A) a delta B) a drumlinC) an escarpment D) an outwash plain

57. Which landform is produced at location E where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

58. At which location would the Mississippi River's discharge most likely be the greatest?

A) amount of precipitationB) bedrock structureC) stream dischargeD) prevailing winds

59. The maps below labeled A, B, and C, show threedifferent stream drainage patterns.

Which factor is primarily responsible for causingthese three different drainage patterns?

A)

B)

C)

D)

60. The block diagram below shows a region that hasundergone faulting.

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern thatwould most likely develop on the surface of thisregion?

Answer KeyReview - Surface Processes

1. D2. A3. D4. D5. B6. B7. D8. B9. D10. A11. D12. C13. A14. D15. D16. C17. B18. D19. A20. D21. C22. D23. C24. B25. D26. D27. D28. D29. A30. A

31. — The stream beganto flow over a nearlyflat landscape. —Stream velocitydecreased. —Gradient decreasesfrom the mountainsto the floodplain. —The stream flowsmore slowly on thefloodplain.— Thefloodplain iscomposed of loosesediment.

32. — Point X is on theoutside of a meandercurve. — Streamvelocity is greater atpoint X. — Moredeposition occurs atY.

33. U-shaped: — It waseroded by glaciers.— A glacier formedthe valley. —formed by glacial ice

V-shaped: —Running water cutthe V-shaped valley.— A stream formedthe valley.

34. C35. B36. D37. D38. D39. B40. A41. B42. C43. C

44. A45. D46. B47. D48. D49. C50. A51. D52. C53. A54. D55. B56. C57. A58. D59. B60. C