unit 2 cells and tissues diagrams. © 2012 pearson education, inc. figure 3.2 extracellular fluid...

Unit 2 Cells and Tissues

Diagrams

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2

Extracellular fluid(watery environment)

Sugargroup

Polar heads ofphospholipidmolecules

Bimolecularlipid layer containingproteins

Nonpolar tailsof phospholipidmolecules

Glycoprotein

Proteins Filaments ofcytoskeleton Cytoplasm

(watery environment)

Channel

Cholesterol

Glycolipid

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Plasmamembranes ofadjacent cells

Desmosome(anchoring junction)

Tight(impermeable) junction

Microvilli

Gap(communicating) junction

Extracellularspace betweencells

Underlyingbasementmembrane

Connexon

Figure 3.3


Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Secretion being releasedfrom cell by exocytosisMicrotubule

Centrioles

Mitochondrion

Lysosome

Cytosol

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Chromatin

Nucleolus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus

Plasmamembrane

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Intermediatefilaments

Peroxisome

Figure 3.4


In the cistern, the protein folds into itsfunctional shape. Short sugar chainsmay be attached to the protein (forminga glycoprotein).

The protein is packaged in a tinymembranous sac called a transportvesicle.

The transport vesicle buds from therough ER and travels to the Golgiapparatus for further processing.

As the protein is synthesized on theribosome, it migrates into the rough ERcistern.

32

1

Ribosome mRNA

Rough ER

Transportvesicle buds off

Protein insidetransport vesicle

Protein

4

3

2

1

4


Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Secretion byexocytosis

Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle

Golgiapparatus

Pathway 1

Transportvesicle

Membrane

Proteins in cisternaCisternaRough ER

Lysosome fuses withingested substances

Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane

Plasma membrane

Extracellular fluid

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.7a-c

(a) Microfilaments (b) Intermediate filaments (c) Microtubules

Actin subunit

7 nm 10 nm

Fibrous subunitsTubulin subunits

25 nm

Microfilaments form the bluenetwork surrounding the pinknucleus.

Intermediate filaments formthe purple batlike network.

Microtubules appear as goldnetworks surrounding thecells’ pink nuclei.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8a

FibroblastsRough ER and Golgiapparatus No organelles

Nucleus

Erythrocytes

(a) Cells that connect body parts

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8b

Epithelialcells

Nucleus

Intermediatefilaments

(b) Cells that cover and line body organs

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8c

Skeletalmuscle cell

Nuclei

Contractilefilaments

Smoothmuscle cells

(c) Cells that move organs and body parts

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8d

Fat cell Lipid droplet

(d) Cell that stores nutrients

Nucleus


Lysosomes

Macrophage

(e) Cell that fights disease

Pseudo-pods

Figure 3.8e

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8f

Processes

Rough ER

Nerve cell

Nucleus

(f) Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8g

Nucleus Flagellum

Sperm

(g) Cell of reproduction


Key:

= Adenine

= Thymine= Cytosine= Guanine

Old(template)

strand

Newlysynthesizedstrand

Newstrandforming

Old (template)strand

DNA of one chromatid

C G

T A

A

C G

T

G C

GC

A T

A T

G C

A

G

T

A

C

C

G

CG

TT A

A

A

T

T

C G

T A

A

A

T

T

C G

T A

T A

G C

G CG

C

GC

A

Figure 3.14


Centrioles Chromatin

Formingmitoticspindle

Centrioles

Chromosome,consisting of twosister chromatids

Nuclearenvelope

Plasmamembrane

Interphase

Metaphaseplate

Nucleolus

Early prophase

Fragments ofnuclear envelope

Late prophase

Nucleolusforming

Spindlepole

Cleavagefurrow

Nuclearenvelopeforming

Telophase and cytokinesis

Daughterchromosomes

Anaphase

Sisterchromatids

Spindle

Metaphase

Spindlemicrotubules

Centromere

Centromere

Figure 3.15


Apical surface

Basalsurface

Simple

Apical surface

Basalsurface Stratified

(a) Classification based on number of cell layersFigure 3.17a


Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell

Basementmembrane

(a) Diagram: Simple squamous

Photomicrograph: Simplesquamous epithelium forming partof the alveolar (air sac) walls (185×).

Nuclei ofsquamousepithelialcells

Air sacs oflungs


(b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal

Nucleus ofsimplecuboidalepithelialcell

Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidalepithelium in kidney tubules (250×).

Basementmembrane

Connectivetissue

Basementmembrane

Simplecuboidalepithelialcells


Nucleus of simplecolumnar epithelial cell

Connectivetissue

Photomicrograph: Simple columnarepithelium of the small intestine(430×).

Basementmembrane

(c) Diagram: Simple columnar

Basementmembrane

Goblet cell

Simplecolumnarepithelialcell


Pseudo-stratifiedepitheliallayer

Basementmembrane

(d) Diagram: Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar

Photomicrograph: Pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium liningthe human trachea (430×).

Pseudo-stratifiedepitheliallayer

BasementmembraneConnectivetissue

Cilia

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18e

Stratifiedsquamousepithelium

Basementmembrane

(e) Diagram: Stratified squamous

Photomicrograph: Stratifiedsquamous epithelium lining ofthe esophagus (140×).

Connectivetissue

Stratifiedsquamousepithelium

Nuclei

Basementmembrane


Transi-tionalepithelium

Basementmembrane

Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining ofthe bladder, relaxed state (215×); surface roundedcells flatten and elongate when the bladder fillswith urine.(f) Diagram: Transitional

Connectivetissue

Transitionalepithelium

Basementmembrane


Bone cells inlacunae

(a) Diagram: Bone Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof ground bone (300×).

Lamella

Lacunae

Central canal


Chondrocyte(Cartilage cell)

Lacunae

(b) Diagram: Hyaline cartilage Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilagefrom the trachea (500×).

Matrix

Chondrocytein lacuna


Chondro-cites inlacunae

Collagenfibers

(c) Diagram: Fibrocartilage Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (110×).

Collagen fiber

Chondrocytesin lacunae


Ligament

Tendon

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts

(d) Diagram: Dense fibrous Photomicrograph: Dense fibrous connective tissuefrom a tendon (500×).


Collagenfibers

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19e

Mucosaepithelium

Laminapropria

Fibers ofmatrix


(e) Diagram: Areolar Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (300×).

Fibroblastnuclei

Collagenfibers

Elasticfibers


Nuclei offat cells

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

(f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer beneath the skin (430×).

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

Nuclei offat cells

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19g

Spleen

Reticularcell

Reticularfibers

Bloodcell

(g) Diagram: Reticular Photomicrograph: Dark-staining networkof reticular connective tissue (430×).

White blood cell(lymphocyte)

Reticular fibers

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19h

Neutrophil(white bloodcell)

Red bloodcells

Monocyte(white bloodcell)

Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1300×)(h) Diagram: Blood

Whiteblood cell

Redblood cells

Blood cellsin capillary


Nuclei

Part of musclefiber

(a) Diagram: Skeletal muscle Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 300×).


Intercalateddiscs

Nucleus

(b) Diagram: Cardiac muscle Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (430×).


Smoothmuscle cell

Nuclei

(c) Diagram: Smooth muscle Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (approx. 300×).


Brain

Spinalcord

Nuclei ofsupportingcells

Cell bodyof neuron

Neuronprocesses

Diagram: Nervous tissue Photomicrograph: Neurons (150×)

Nuclei ofsupportingcells

Cell bodyof neuron

Neuronprocesses


• Brain, spinal cord, and nervesNervous tissue: Internal communication

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)• Muscles of heart (cardiac)• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between differentenvironments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters• Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs• Skin surface (epidermis)

Connective tissue: Supports, protects, bindsother tissues together• Bones• Tendons• Fat and other soft padding tissue

Figure 3.22

unit 2 cells and tissues diagrams. © 2012 pearson education, inc. figure 3.2 extracellular fluid...

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