tudorsand waroftheroses
TRANSCRIPT
The Renaissance
War of the Roses
Rise of the Tudors
Henry VIII and his Heirs
French word meaning: rebirthRenewed interest in classical learning –
the writings of ancient Greece and Rome
Renewal of the human spirit – a renewal of curiosity and creativity
Began in Italy Optimistic view of humanity
RENAISSANCE
IS IT REALLY A RENAISSANCE?
Didn’t know that they were living in the renaissance
Historical periods are historians’ inventions, useful labels for complex phenomena
Occurred gradually Was an intellectual
movement, therefore did not affect most on their day to day
Intellectual movement Found no conflicts
between the Church and ancient Roman moralists
Sought to harmonize the bible and the classics
Use the classics to strengthen Christianity
Predominant religion Very rich and powerful, even
in politics Popes were patrons of artists,
architects, and scholarsPope Julius II comissioned Michelangelo for the Sistine Chapel
Very corrupt:- simony – buying and selling of clerical offices
HUMANISM The Roman Catholic Church
RELIGION
Most famous work Utopia
Was knighted Became a chief
minister and advisor to King Henry VIII
(not his smartest life choice)
Sir Thomas More
FAMOUS HUMANIST
THE REFORMATION A need to reform the corruption
in the church Reformers rejected the authority
of the pope and the Italian churchmen
Strong patriotism and national identity made the English people resent the financial burdens imposed by the Vatican and the foreign power of the pope.
Martin Luther founded a Christianity based on a personal understanding of the bible- published The Ninety-Five
Theses on the church door in 1517
House of Lancaster
vs.
House of York
30 years of non stop fighting Shortly after peace with France, two
families began war over English throne
Lancasters (red rose) vs. Yorks (white rose)
Wars of the Roses
HH Wars of the Roses
Battle of Bosworth (1485) Henry Tudor (Lancastrian)
defeats Richard III killed Crowned Henry VII Marries the Elizabeth of York
unite the two houses and to legitimize his claim as king
END OF THE WARS
Richard III Henry Tudor
Elizabeth of York
New symbol –double rose
Broke feudal power of the nobles End of the Middle Ages Power shift: Many nobles slain during the
wars; their estates confiscated by the Crown Lawlessness Desire for strong gov. brings peace and
prosperity Reestablished royal power Created the beginning of modern England Beginning of the Tudor dynasty
RESULTS OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES:
HENRY VIITHE FIRST TUDOR KING
HENRY VII
Anyone who opposed him at Bosworth was executed
BUT…was considered a good king
Sought prosperity for England.
In love with his wife and had 5 children
ARTHUR
Henry VII’s eldest son Political marriage to Catherine of
Aragon at age 15
She was Intelligent, well educated, good parents, extremely wealthy, and very well connected
Arthur dies in 1502
Died in 1502
WHAT TO DO WITH CATHERINE?
Henry VII needs Catherine’s fortune to protect against the
French
HENRY VII’S SOLUTION His other son will
marry Catherine Marriage takes 7
years to negotiate
Pope displeased
Henry VII wants a better alliance for his son
When young Henry becomes king, marries Catherine
HENRY VIII
Humanist Catholic, but saw
need for reform Sympathetic to
Protestants
He didn’t begin as an evil tyrant
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
Catherine fails to produce a male heir
Six failed pregnancies They do have a child:
a girl.
I GOT 99 PROBLEMS
Henry wants to divorce Catherine and marry his mistress (one of his many) Anne Boleyn
The Roman Catholic Church and the pope will not grant him a divorce
THE HOMEWRECKER Anne Boleyn Minor nobility Family desperate
to raise status Sister had already
been Henry’s mistress
ADVICE
Henry’s longtime advisors and friends said – “Accept God’s will.”
Cardinal Wolsey – Catholic Church
Thomas More -- Humanist
MORE ADVICE Thomas Cranmer Turn Protestant,
divorce Catherine. Outlaw Catholics,
confiscate wealth that the churches, monasteries, and convents have in England
Reward: Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
HENRY VIII AND THE NEW CHURCH
1534 Act of Supremacy = “only supreme head of the Church of England” is
the king.
Sold confiscated church land to the nobles in exchange for
their loyalty.
1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of
Henry and Anne.
DESTROYING ENEMIES
Desperation drove him to these decisions, but he was conflicted about
them and so became paranoid.
Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated those who opposed himSir Thomas More: BeheadedArchbishop Wolsey: gave his home, wealth to Henry, still arrested, died before execution
WHAT ABOUT CATHERINE?
“Divorced”, house arrest
Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestant
She couldn’t be a princess which means she can’t ever be queen
WHAT ABOUT ANNE?
Does not produce a male heir, either. Miscarries 2 sons
Daughter (Elizabeth)
Fiery nature wore thin
Convicted of treason, beheaded
#3 JANE SEYMOUR The obedient one Married within a
week of Anne’s death
Protestant
October 1537 -- a son.
She died in childbirth
PRINCE EDWARD
Sickly Henry worried he
was being punished for his actions
Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabeth
Mary must renounce her mother and her church
#4 ANNE OF CLEVES
Cranmer helps find her
Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children.
False advertising – she doesn’t look anything like her portrait
#4 ANNE OF CLEVES
Married January 9, 1540
Divorced July 9, 1540
Stayed “friend” of King Henry
Outlived Henry
HENRY’S DILEMMA
Considered returning to Catholicism
Edward – still sickly
Mary – now was favored (she’s Catholic)
Elizabeth (Protestant)- out of favor
WIFE #5: KATHERINE HOWARD
29 years younger Barely educated Catholic Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
WIFE #5: KATHERINE HOWARD
Married 1540Accused of adultery
Beheaded 1542She was only 19
WIFE #6: CATHERINE PARR
Outlived Henry Henry favoring
Catholics Alarmed many Protestants Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548.
Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
Catherine of Aragonm. 1509-1533DIVORCED
Anne Boleynm. 1533-1536EXECUTED
Jane Seymourm. 1536-1537
DIED
Anne of Clevesm. 1540 Jan - July
DIVORCED
Kathryn Howardm. 1540 -1542EXECUTED
Katherine Parrm. 1543 -1547
SURVIVED
HH Henry’s Six Wives
HENRY ON HIS DEATHBED
HENRY’S MESS
Country tired of religious see-sawingNext king: Edward
Protestant
Next in Line: MaryCatholic
After her: ElizabethProtestant
KING EDWARD VII
Never a strong king Ascended to the
throne at age 10 Was controlled by
advisors until he came of age; but died first
Strongly Protestant Penalties for being Catholic
Died childless in 1553
(“BLOODY”) MARY I (R. 1553-1558)
Bitter Goal: return
England to Catholicism
Outlawed Protestants and burned people at the stake for being “heretics”
300 executions Married cousin Involved England in
Spanish causes No children
MARY I
Revenge on Thomas Cranmer
Blamed him for Henry leaving
Catholicism and divorcing her
mother Tortured, burned
as heretic
THE FEELINGS OF THE PEOPLE
Conflicted Catholics = Pope has supremacy
Protestants = believe in King over PopeAct of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church, but Mary is CatholicMarried to Spanish King
Protestantism is official religion, but many privately practicing Catholicism
Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
MARY’S PROBLEM
Mary was childlessOnly heir was
Elizabeth
Bitter personal feelings
Mary and Elizabeth prior to Mary’s death
Elizabeth becomes queen (1558-1603)
ELIZABETH I(CORONATION, AGE
20)
“I know I have the body of a weak and
feeble woman, but I
have the heart and
stomach of a king, and of
a king of England.”
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Developed a compromise to
please the Roman Catholic and the
Protestant churches; probably saved England from religious wars
AFTER DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA(AGE 55)
Speech to the troops at Tilbury
(pg 366)
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Developed a compromise to
please the Roman Catholic and the
Protestant churches; probably saved England from religious wars
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
She funded voyages of discovery to the
Americas; expeditions prepared England for an age of colonization
and expansionUnder her reign, the
arts flourished; miniature painting was at a high point
and the theater thrived
ELIZABETH IThe Virgin Queen “I am married to
England”
The Cult of Love Poems and literature
about her or dedicated to her
The Golden Age The time of her rule was
economically prosperous and domestically peaceful
TWO MINUTE TUDOR REVIEW
ELIZABETHAN BEAUTYTHE IDEAL WOMAN
Pale skin created by the use of ceruse (a mixture of white lead and vinegar), some women willing to be bled to achieve perfect paleness
Hair/Wigs: fair hair (blond or red), some used urine for blond, henna for red, or eschewed dying all together for wigs
Eyes/lips/cheeks: kohl used to darken eyelashes (kind of like mascara). Blush (rouge) was a must; achieved by using mercuric sulfide (also used on the lips)
ELIZABETHAN BEAUTYTHE IDEAL WOMAN
Juxtaposition of Elizabeth and the Virgin Mary – nobility and Christian imagery
The colors are symbolic Red: Christ’s blood White: Christ’s flesh,
purity Gold: God’s glory, The
Golden Age
Francesco Petrarca, Italian
Two parts (14 lines total):
Octave: eight lines
Sestet: six lines Volta: the transition
between the two parts
Four parts (14 lines total):
four quatrains: four lines
one couplet: two lines The Turn: a shift in focus
or thought (usually around line 9)
PETRARCHAN SHAKESPEREAN
SONNET
Chief Rival of Elizabeth
Catholic heroine
Exiled from Scotland, “guest” of Elizabeth for 18
years
Died a martyr
MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS
MARY AND HER SON, JAMES