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Thermal Power Plants

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction1. Energy conversion and power plants

2. Power generation statistics2. Steam power cycles

3. Combustion

4. Steam generation

5. Power plant control6. Gas turbines

7. Combined cycles for natural gas

8. Combined cycles for solid fuels

9. CCS

1-2

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Energy Conversion

1-3

Physical, Chemical andNuclear Energy

Electrical Energy

Combustion,

nuclear

conversio

n

Generator

Electric motorMechanical Energy

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Tasks of a Power Plant

1-4

Selection Criterions: Requirements Costs Availability

Efficiency Legislation Emission limits Residual substance

treatment

EnergySource Power Plant

Products:

Power, Heat,Steam

Influences on the Environment:

Space consumption

Water consumption

Pollutant emission

Gases

Byproducts, noise

Resource consumption

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The whole process of conversion consists of three sections:

Energy Conversion in a Thermal Power Plant

Releasing the bound energy in theform of heat (combustion, nuclearfission) and transferring it to aworking substance (steam or gas).

Execution of a thermodynamiccycle with the working substance totransform heat into mechanicalenergy.

Conversion of mechanical energyto electric energy.

1-5

Cooler

Heater

Compressor

qin

qout

wuseAxle

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Classification of Power Plants

1-6

by fuel:Nuclear, coal, gas, oil, solar, biomass,

waste

by technology:Steam power plant, gas turbine, engine,Combined-Cycle, fuel cell

by product: Power, heat, power + heat

by size:A few kW 1500 MW,

central (>100 MW) local (

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Definition: Thermal Power Plant

1-7

A thermal power plant is a fixed plant, that producesmechanical or electrical energy by transforming a

fossil, nuclear or regenerative energy reservethrough a thermodynamic cycle.

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A thermal power plant consists of:

Fuel management

Water treatment

Steam generator system

Steam turbine with condenser

Re-cooling device

Generator and transformator

Gas pass and flue gas scrubber Process control, control room

Infrastructure

1-8

Thermal Power Plant

Source: IZT, Steinkohlekraftwerk Schwarze Pumpe

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OECD Nordamerika OECD Europa OECD Pazifik

Schwellenlnder China Sd- und Ostasien

Lateinnamerika Nahost Afrika

0

2000

4000

60008000

10000

12000

1400016000

18000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mtoe

Kohle l

Gas Kernenergie

Wasserkraft sonst. Erneuerbare

Coal

Gas

Hydro-electricPower

Oil

Nuclear Energy

OtherRegenerativeSources

OECD North America

Emerging Nations

Latin America

OECD Europe

China

Middle East

OECD Pacific

South and East Asia

Africa

1-9

1.2 Power generation statistics

2,7 %/a

1,5 %/a

1,9 %/a

1,6 %/a

1,4 %/a

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2002, 2006

Primary Energy Consumption Worldwide

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OECD Nordamerika OECD Europa OECD PazifikSchwellenlnder China Sd- und OstasienLateinnamerika Nahost Afrika

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

TWh

Kohle lGas KernenergieWasserkraft sonst. Erneuerbare

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2002, 2006

Power Generation - Worldwide

1-10

3,3 %/a

2,8 %/a

2,7 %/a

2,5 %/a

2,0 %/a

OECD North America

Latin America

OECD EuropeChina

Middle East

OECD Pacific

AfricaEmerging Nations South and East Asia

Coal

Gas

Hydro-electricPower

Oil

Nuclear Energy

OtherRegenerativeSources

1.2 Power generation statistics

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

2000 2010 2020 2030

GW

Kohle lGas KernenergieWasserkraft sonst. Erneuerbare

Installed Capacity Worldwide

1-11Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2002, 2006

OECD Nordamerika OECD Europa OECD PazifikSchwellenlnder China Sd- und OstasienLateinnamerika Nahost Afrika

2,6 %/a

2,6 %/a

2,2 %/a

OECD North America

Latin America

OECD EuropeChina

Middle East

OECD Pacific

Africa

Emerging Nations South and East Asia

Coal

Gas

Hydro-electric

Power

Oil

Nuclear Energy

Other

RegenerativeSources

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Worldwide: approx. 1,6 %/year

Europe: approx. 0,7 %/year China: 2,3 %/year

Above average increase of natural gas: 2,3 %/year

Oil and coal: 0,5 1,5 %/year Nuclear power approx. constant since 2000

Hydro-electric power 1,6 %/year, other regenerative energy sources 4,3 %/year

Worldwide: 2,4 %/yearbigger increase than PEC Europe: 1,3 %/year

China: 4,3 %/year

1-12

Summary: Development 2000 2030

Increase of Primary Energy Consumption by Region

Increase of Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source

Development of Power Generation

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Primary Energy Consumption by Power Plants Worldwide

1-13

World Primary Energy Consumption: 9615 MTOEFuel Input to Power Generation: 3218 MTOE

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2002, 2006

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

PrimrenergieWeltweit

Primrenergie zurStromerzeugung

MTO

E

l Gas Kohle Biomasse und Erneuerbare Kernkraft WasserCoalGas Hydro-electricOil NuclearBiomass and Regenerative

Primary energyworld wide

Primary energy for powergeneration

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Reserves/Production Ratio

1-14

Coal30%

Oil43%

NaturalGas

27%

Worldwide Consumption 200312,2 Bn. t SKE*

66 %

17 % 17 %

0

100

200

300

400

500

600700

800

Kohle Erdl Erdgas

[BntSKE]

Worldwide reserves and R/P ratio

250 years

60 years 40 years

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2002, 2006

Coal Natural GasOil

1.2 Power generation statistics

*SKE (German unit): 1 SKE 0,7 toe

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Coal; 1086

Natural

Gas (CC);356

Oil; 335Biomass,

Waste andOthers; 52

NuclearPower; 371

Other steam

turbines; 72

Gas turbine;412

Hydro-Electric; 745

Pistonengine; 82

Installed Power Plant Capacity [GW] Worldwide

1-15

Total Installed Capacity in Operation 2000: 3500 GW

Steam turbine total:2272 GW

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Source: VGB Power Tech, RWE

New Construction- / Expansion Demand

Demand for new constructionuntill 2020 / 2030: Germany: 40 / 75 GW

EU: 200 / 300 GW

World: 2000 / 4500 GW

Emerging nations: additionaldemand

Europe: demand forreplacement

Competition between coal

and gas

1-16

Others

Water

Coal

Oil/Natural Gas

Nuclear Power

1.2 Power generation statistics

Power plant renovation demand in the EU

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Target value until 2020: 30% regenerative energy sources

1-18

Contribution of Regenerative Energy Sources

Source: Bundesministerium fr Umwelt, Bundesverband fr erneuerbare Energien,Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen

nicht dargestellt: Stromerzeugung aus Geothermie aufgrund des geringen AnteilsBiomasse inkl. des biogenen Anteils von Mll in Hhe von 50 %

3,4% 3,2%

3,8% 4,0%4,3%

4,7%4,2%

4,5%4,8%

5,3%

6,2% 6,7%

7,8% 7,9%

9,3%

10,4%

11,5%

14,2%

15,3%

16,0%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Photovoltaics

Biomass

Wind Power

Hydro-electric Power

Percentage Produced by RegenerativeEnergy Sources

Contribution of geothermal power is not shown, because it only accounts for a small amount.Biomass includes the biogenic parts of waste, which amount to 50%.

Contributionofregen

erativeenergy

sources

tototalpowerproduc

tioninGerman

y(GWh)

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1.2 Power generation statistics

Situation Tomorrow Goals of the Energy Concept

Greenhouse gas emissions(100% = 1990)

Primary energy consumption(100% = 2008)

Power consumption(100% = 2008)

Share of renewable energies ingross energy consumption

Share of power generation fromrenewable energies in grossenergy consumption

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Installed capacity: 23 GW Load: approx. 15 20 % (2008: approx. 1700 full load hours, 2009: approx. 1500 full load hours) Secured output: approx. 10 %

1-20Source: VGB PowerTech 6/2009

Wind: Output with Increasing Feed, 2008

O

utputinMW

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Wind: Output with Increasing Feed

Scenario 2008: Installed capacity: 23,9 GW Fraction of wind in total power generation: < 7 % Weak wind (top left) Strong wind (top right)

Scenario 2020 (right): Installed capacity: 70 GW ! Fraction of wind in total power generation: 20 % Strong wind Including nuclear phaseout

1-21Source: VGB PowerTech 6/2009

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Output with further increasing Wind-Feed

1-22Source: Eltra

1.2 Power generation statistics