TOPIC: RISE AND IMPACT OF COMMUNISM IN CHINATheme 1: End of the Monarchy and Origins of Republicanism in China

Theme 1: End of Monarchy and Origins of R bli i i Chi (N i bl )Republicanism in China (Non-examinable)

The 1911 Revolution and Warlordism The KMT, Dr. Sun Yat Sen and Chiang Kai Shek Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Suggested ACE topics for Theme 1: Suggested ACE topics for Theme 1: Explain the causes and effects of the failure of the

“Hundred Day” Reforms. y Explain the Late Ch’ ing Intellectual, social and economic

changes, and how these contributed to the 1911 Revolution. “Nationalists or Blind Xenophobes”. How would you judge

the Boxer Uprising of 1900.

Theme 2: Evolution of the Peoples’ Republic f Chi of China

W k f th KMT Weakness of the KMT Military Weakness Inflation and Economic Collapsep Loss of Public confidence and respect

CCP’s Strength: The Yenan Experience The Long March (1934 – 1935) Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) F il f A i di ti d id Failure of American mediation and aid

Suggested ACE for Theme 2: W it b k i f Ed S ’ A R d St O Write a book review of Edgar Snow’s A Red Star Over

China.

Theme 3: China under Mao Zedong (1949 1976)(1949-1976)

Part 1: Revolutionary Leaders of China (1949-1976) Part 1: Revolutionary Leaders of China (1949 1976) Part 2: Peoples’ Republic of China (1949-1958) - A decade in

review P liti l R f U ifi ti / P / O d d D ti Political Reforms- Unification/ Peace/ Order and Democratic

Centralism Agrarian Reforms- Land Revolution and the People’s Communes Industrialization: The Five Year Plans Social impact: “The Hundred Flowers Campaign” The Hundred Flowers Campaign Mass Movements (e.g. Red Guards) and Psychological Control

Part 3: Specific Case Study- The Great Leap Forward (1958) and the “Three Hard Years (1959-1961)”and the Three Hard Years (1959-1961)

Part 4: Specific Case Study- The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)

Wh did M Z d l h th C lt l R l ti ? Why did Mao Zedong launch the Cultural Revolution? What were the effects?

Suggested ACE for Theme 3: Write a book review of Mao: The Unknown Story co-written

b J Ch d J H llid by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday. With clearly established common criterion, compare and

contrast the rise of Stalin and Mao Zedong. contrast the rise of Stalin and Mao Zedong. With clearly established common criterion, compare and

contrast the Great Leap Forward and Second Five Year Plan of the USSR.

With clearly established common criterion, compare and contrast the People’s Communes and the Collective Farms of contrast the People s Communes and the Collective Farms of the USSR.

Theme 4: China under Deng Xiaoping (1976 1997)(1976-1997)

Factors explaining the rise of Deng Xiaoping Reforms reversing the Cultural Revolution The Four Modernizations The Thoughts of Deng Xiaoping g g p g The Tiananmen Incident

Suggested ACE for Theme 4: Suggested ACE for Theme 4: Examine and asses the differing fortunes of communism

in USSR and PRC in USSR and PRC.

TimelineTimeline

Political Concepts: IdeologiesPolitical Concepts: Ideologies

Monarchy Monarchy A system of political rule under a king/emperor/sultan etc.

Republicanism p Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a

republic, where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity, often elections. y,

By the people, for the people. Warlordism

Warlord: in modern Chinese history, autonomous regional military commander.

Ideology that war is necessary to evoke change.gy y g Communism

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common actual ownership being ascribed to the all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Ancient China: Brief BackgroundAncient China: Brief Background

Ancient China: Brief BackgroundAncient China: Brief Background

The geographical region (refer to political map) known to us as China, experienced a long history of , p g ynational unity since unification under the Qing dynasty. dynasty.

Prior to her interaction with the Western Civilisation China had peacefully existed as a MonarchyChina had peacefully existed as a Monarchy.

Origins of Modern ChinaOrigins of Modern China

T d th d f th 18th C t th th f Towards the end of the 18th Century, the growth of population under the Qing Dynasty and booming foreign trade impelled China towards a greater contact with the outside world, hence ushering in the modern phase in China’s history. Qing Dynasty: established by the ManchusQ g y as y: es ab s ed by e Ma c us Chinese majority: Han

During this period, the Qing Dynasty faced internal domestic b lli ( d b l d i d f d ht fl d rebellion (caused by prolonged periods of drought, flood,

famine and disease). Notable rebellions include: White Lotus (1796- 1804) Taiping (1851- 1864) Nian (1853- 1868) Chinese Muslim (1855- 1873) ( ) Boxer Uprising (1898- 1901)

Reasons for the fall of the Qing DynastyReasons for the fall of the Qing Dynasty

Economic weaknesses Rapid population growth and food shortages 17th & 18th centuries: less wars > population increased Large part of China could not be cultivated

Slow growth in trade and industries Little done to promote China’s traditional handicraft

industries eg. Porcelain, tea, silk

Foreign trade imbalance British capitalised in Chinese trade China was not interested in British goods

M l k Military weaknesses Lack of military experience Reliance on provincial armies eg. Han provincial officers and their private armies

Political weaknesses Lack of capable leadershipMajority of the Emperors were young, eg. Puyi (3 yrs old)

Weakening of centralised powerL k f l H i i l ffi i l Lack of control over Han provincial officials

Corruption

External threats External threats Imperialism: policy by foreign powers to extend their influence

through military forceTh B i i h h fi f i Chi f d f i h Chi The British were the first to force into China, after defeating the Chinese in the Opium Wars (1839- 42). The British forced the Qing dynasty to hand over Hong Kong for 99 years and to allow them to trade in certain ports.ports.

Other western nations followed, and eventually, these ‘barbarians’ (as the Chinese regarded them) had rights and concessions over 80 ‘Treaty Ports’ in other towns of China.

China was also defeated in a War with Japan (1894-95) and was forced to concede: Korea Taiwan

Ideological weaknesses

Impact of External ThreatsImpact of External Threats

These Treaty Ports located in the coastal regions began as These Treaty Ports, located in the coastal regions began as “offshoots of Western Culture” and foreigners played an essential role in China’s urbanisation.

The Westerners enjoyed extra-territoriality, meaning they were not bound by Chinese laws.

China’s domestic market was weakened by the low taxes China s domestic market was weakened by the low taxes imposed by the unequal treaty, least to mention the social ills of drug addiction brought on by the opium production and trade trade.

Increase in rebellions Qing Dynasty introduced reforms (i.e. The 100 Days Qing Dynasty introduced reforms (i.e. The 100 Days

Reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement), that were too little too late to preserve the monarchical rule of China.

Republicanism, the 1911 Revolution d l diand Warlordism

R bli i Republicanism The treaty ports nonetheless widened gap between the modern

urban Chinese in the South and the rural-minded villages in the North. In the South, the infusion of Western Liberal Ideas of Republicanism

(the rule by the people for the people) led to early calls for a b lli rebellion.

1911 Revolution The incapacity of the Qing Dynasty to modernise (especially The incapacity of the Qing Dynasty to modernise (especially

after experiencing a humiliating defeat in the hands of the Japanese) eventually led to the 1911 Revolution, leading to the proclamation of the Chinese Republic. p p

The 1911 Revolution began among soldiers in Wuchang in October 1911, and most provinces quickly declared themselves independent of Beijing. p j g

The monarchy sought help from Yuan Shih Kai a retired The monarchy sought help from Yuan Shih Kai, a retired general and an influential commander of the Chinese Northern Army.

Yuan, however struck a deal with the revolutionaries They made him the first President of the Chinese Republic in return

for the abdication of Pu Yi (the last Emperor) and the end of the for the abdication of Pu Yi (the last Emperor) and the end of the Manchu Dynasty.

China under Yuan Shih Kai (1912 – 1916)( ) With the support of the army, Yuan ruled as the military

dictator from 1912-1915, before making a fatal error of d l i hi lf h declaring himself the emperor.

Having lost the support of the army, Yuan was force to abdicate before dying in 1916 abdicate before dying in 1916.

Warlordism (The Warlord Era) After his death, China slipped into a period of great

chaos and disunity between 1916­1928. China disintegrated into in-fighting among warlords

who attempted to seize power with their private armies.

This era came to an end when the KMT (Kuomingtang) brought them under control in 1928.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the KMT Dr. Sun Yat sen and the KMT

F d b H ii t i d d t S Y t i 1912 Formed by a Hawaii trained doctor, Sun Yat-sen in 1912, the KMT was a non-communist Nationalist Party, aimed at creating a modern, united democratic state. g ,

Dr. Sun’s Republican Principles were summarised as the Three People’s Principles.

N i li Nationalism to rid China of foreign incursion and build her into a strong, united and

respected power. Democracy Democracy

China should not be ruled by warlords, but by the people themselves, after they have been educated to equip them for democratic self-government.

Land Reforms/ People’s livelihood a vague policy of land reforms aimed at economic development and

land redistribution to the poor peasants.

Returning to China after the 1911 Revolution Dr Sun was Returning to China after the 1911 Revolution, Dr. Sun was successful in setting up a government in Canton, Southern China.

In spite of enormous respect for Dr. Sun, the KMT remained confined in Canton because:

I l k d d D S hi lf l It lacked an army and Dr. Sun was not himself a general to defeat the warlords

It lacked organisation and support It lacked organisation and support Given these constraints, Dr. Sun agreed to cooperate with the

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in a “Marriage of Convenience” dubbed as the First United Front in September 1922.

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

C f d d b Ch D i d Li D h i 1921 ith Co-founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in 1921, with much assistance from Comintern (Communist International) and agent Voitinsky (a Russian), who was later succeeded by Dutchman Sneevliet.

By 1921, the CCP aimed to seek power and assert the primacy of class struggleprimacy of class struggle.

Differences in ideologies aside, both KMT and CCP cooperated on opposing British Imperialism in China.

Comintern Provided crucial assistance for Dr. Sun in re-establishing his

government in Canton/ Guangzhou in 1923 and setting up of the government in Canton/ Guangzhou in 1923 and setting up of the Whampoa Military Academy there in 1924, under Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT-CCP Split Chiang Kai shek and the KMT CCP Split

Dr. Sun died of cancer in 1925 General Chiang Kai-shek took over Had military training in Japan (prior to the First World War)

and Russia in 1923. His sympathies lay with businessmen and landowners.

After assuming power, he removed all left-wing leaders from KMT, before embarking on the Northern Expedition in 1926, against the Warlords in a bid to re-unify China.

By 1927 Chiang was nominally successful in defeating the By 1927, Chiang was nominally successful in defeating the Warlords, and set up a new government in Nanking and ruled China for a decade before the Japanese Occupation in 1937 in 1937.

Convinced that the communist were becoming too powerful, Chiang breached the United Front agreementg g “Five Extermination Campaigns” to purge China from Communist

elements, between 1930-1934. By 1932 Chiang Kai shek also became totally disillusioned By 1932, Chiang Kai-shek also became totally disillusioned

with western styled liberal democracy began a fascist body known as the “Blue Shirts” who secretly

d d h l Ch h l d hdevoted themselves in serving Chiang as their leader in the fashion of Mussolini and Hitler. Fascism: a governmental system led by a dictator having complete

f ibl i i i d i i i i i ll power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc. and emphasising an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

Mao Zedong & the CCPMao Zedong & the CCP

After the KMT breach of the United Front, Mao Zedong became responsible for changing the CCP (Chinese C i P ) Communist Party) strategy.

Mao advocated winning the support of the peasants and l h d h h C ’ h control the countryside, rather than Comintern’s approach

of trying to control the industrial towns, where several i t i ti h l d f il d b f communist insurrections have already failed because of

the strength of the KMT.

I 1931 M l t d Ch i f th CCP C t l In 1931, Mao was elected Chairman of the CCP Central Executive Committee (CEC) and from then on consolidated his position as the real leader of Chinese Communism.

For Mao and his supporters, survival was the main consideration as

Chi i d t th 5 E t i ti C i i t th Chiang carried out the 5 Extermination Campaigns against the CCP between 1930-1934.

They took to the mountains of between Hunan and Kiangsi (Jiangsi) and concentrated on building the Red Army.

BUT threat by the KMT forces led to: M t b k th l d L M h t Y ’ Mao to embark on the legendary Long March, to Yan’

an in Shaanxi province, covering 6000 miles in 368 days.

Overview of the MapOverview of the Map

Red-hatched areas show Communist enclaves. Areas marked by a blue "X" were overrun by Kuomintang

forces during the Fourth Encirclement Campaign, forcing the Fourth Red Army (north) and the Second Red Army ( h) l ( d d (south) to retreat to more western enclaves (open dotted lines).

The solid dotted line is the route of the First Red Army from Jiangxi. The withdrawal of all three Red Armies ends i th th t l f Sh iin the northwest enclave of Shanxxi.

The Long MarchThe Long March

Long March: was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Armies of the CCP, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party) army.

The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party