the rise of totalitarianism communism in russia fascism in italy, germany, and japan
TRANSCRIPT
The Rise of Totalitariani
smCommunism in Russia
Fascism in Italy, Germany, and Japan
Totalitarian states have governments that have complete control over every aspect of people’s
lives.
Why did people turn over their control to a
totalitarian government?
How did totalitarian governments come to
power?
How did totalitarian governments keep
control over the people?
Could a totalitarian government take over the United States of America?
Hitler did not get elected by promising the German people that he would lead them into another World War… kill millions of Germans… start the Holocaust… create Death Camps… destroy German cities…
Hitler was elected because he promised to improve German
education… provide child care for working mothers… improve the
economy and get more jobs… and restore German pride
Secret Police
Laws to “Protect” citizens
Scapegoating evil enemies of the people
encouraging informants
Convinced the German people to trade their freedoms for
protection from evil enemies
fear of terrorists
Totalitarian states are ones where
the governments have complete control over all
aspects of people’s private and public lives.
In this unit we will be studying the
rise of totalitarian states after World
War I in Russia, Italy, Germany,
and Japan.
In Russia, hundreds of years of rule by the Czars was replaced by revolutionaries. Vladimir Lenin tried to modernize Russia before Joseph Stalin created a
totalitarian state.
In Japan, Emperor Hirohito lost power to the military who came to dominate Japanese society.
Japanese militarism would lead to war with Europe and the USA.
After a series of weak governments in Italy, Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party come to
power. They create a totalitarian society.
Germany struggled to repay the debts from the Treaty of Versailles. Hatred of the treaty (and War Guilt Clause) and enormous economic troubles
leads to the rise of Adolf Hitler.
Rise of Totalitarian States (1919-1941)
These leaders used secret police, fear of foreign attack, and propaganda to take total control over every aspect of their people’s public and private
lives.
Rise of Nationalism after world war I
The Russian Revolution
• a feudal society (farmer based)
• Russian Czar not able to adapt to a changing world
• poor leadership and extreme hardships during the First World War
• bloody death of the royal family
• symbol of hope for the poor people of the world as the Russians started democratic reforms
• seen as a threat by Western leaders
• betrayed by leaders seeking power who turned Russia into a totalitarian society
Rise of Russian Nationalism
For over 300 years the Romanov
family ruled Russia.
In 1917, the rule of the
family came to a violent end.
Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)• disastrous military leader • abdicating in 1917, he
was imprisoned by the Red Army
• he and his family were killed in the Ural Mountains
Czar Alexander II (1855-81)• abolished serfdom on
March 3, 1881, and introduced many reforms
• he was assassinated in 1881
Czar Alexander III (1881-94)
• more police and new laws
• he also undid many of the reforms that his father had introduced
Russia struggled to find a balance
between the desire to industrialize and the reality of having a country that was mostly made up of peasant farmers.
By 1900, a small industrial revolution
was started in Russian cities.
This led to more problems as
Russians tried to understand the new
changes…
The Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution and Rise of Fascism
1. Two Revolutions in RussiaA. March 1917, political,
economic, and social conditions in Russia started a revolution that overthrew the Czar
The end of the Russian Monarchy
In 1917, the Czar
abdicated.
Democracy came to Russia.
The Russians set up Soviets
– the local branches of
workers parties.
In November 1917 Lenin
and the Bolsheviks took over power in Russia.
Lenin’s Bolshevik party changed its
name to Communists –
after Karl Marx’s classless society.
Lenin was a dynamic leader.
Democracy spread…at first…
Lenin takes control of Russia
1. Two Revolutions in RussiaA. March 1917, political, economic, and social conditions
in Russia started a revolution that overthrew the Czar
B. Bolsheviks (Communists – led by Lenin) seized power in OCtober 1917 i. ended private ownership of landii. gave land to peasantsiii.gave workers control of factories
and minesiv.ended Russia’s involvement in
World War I
When Russia withdrew from World War I, a civil war broke out.
The Revolution was opposed by some Russians (they
became known as “White Russians”)
A Civil War devastated Russia
The Russians at first think that
their Revolution would be
welcomed by the American and French people
(who had also had successful
revolutions for freedom and democracy)
The Russians write letters of goodwill to the Americans…
who immediately send troops into Russia to put down the Revolution…
Over 15 million
Russians die
during the Civil War…
Russia would have a difficult
time trusting
the Allies again…
American and Allied
forces invade
and occupy much of Russia
In Russia
equality
everyone voted
workers were given control of factories
peasants were given land
In the USA
discrimination
white men voted
rich industrialists owned everything
sharecropping
How did Western Nations respond to the Russian Revolution?
Western countries were controlled by wealthy leaders who saw the new ideas that the Russians
had as dangerous.
The Russian Revolution might become a dangerous example to the poor in the west.
Western leaders sent their armies into Russia to overthrow the revolution and
restore the Czar.
Russia fights Civil War and is attacked by Western Powers
1. Two Revolutions in RussiaA. March 1917, political, economic, and social conditions in
Russia started a revolution that overthrew the Czar
B. Bolsheviks (Communists – led by Lenin) seized power in October 1917i. ended private ownership of landii. gave land to peasantsiii. gave workers control of factories and minesiv. ended Russia’s involvement in World War I
C. three year civil war between the Communist Red Army and the Whites, people who were loyal to Czar
The Revolution and Civil War left Russia poor and
destroyed.
To improve the economy, Lenin started the NEW
ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP). Lenin wanted the economy to
develop before Russia could move
to a communist state.
By 1900, Europe enjoyed the benefits of the Industrial Revolution.
But, what about
Russia?
The Industrial Revolution brought about huge changes in society.
Philosophers tried to explain the way that the world had changed. The most influential thinker of the times was a
German named Karl Marx...
Lenin tries to modernize Russia
Much of the success of the
Russian Revolution comes from the work of Lenin.
He is charismatic and dynamic.
He realizes that the proletariat society does
not exist in feudal Russia.
A classless society could only exist once the
urbanized working class took control of Russia.
But Russia had never been through a capitalist
phase.
So Lenin introduces the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY,
making the state develop a kind of capitalist society.
2. From Lenin to StalinA Under Lenin, the Communist Party
used the army and secret police to enforce its will. In economics, Lenin mixed capitalist and socialist ideas.
Lenin is followed by Joseph Stalin.
Stalin creates a totalitarian society in Russia.
2. From Lenin to StalinA Under Lenin, the Communist Party
used the army and secret police to enforce its will. In economics, Lenin mixed capitalist and socialist ideas.
B. After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took over
i. tried to make USSR a modern industrial state
Russia had missed the Capitalist phase
Stalin tried to skip Capitalist phase by allowing the state
to develop the Russian economy
eventually the state would “hand over” control of the
economy to the “dictatorship of the proletariat”…
huge factories were built with millions of
people being encouraged to work to
make the state stronger
farm land was taken away by the government and peasants forced to
work on huge collectivized farms
Stalin introduced 5-year-plans for industrial and
agricultural improvements
2. From Lenin to StalinA Under Lenin, the Communist Party
used the army and secret police to enforce its will. In economics, Lenin mixed capitalist and socialist ideas.
B. After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took over
i. tried to make USSR a modern industrial state
ii. all economic and agricultural activity under government control
iii. 5-year-plans to increase production
Stalin’s Great Purge
In 1934 Stalin targeted his enemies
for elimination.
By 1939 Stalin had complete control of
the country.
Historians estimate that Stalin was responsible for
between 8-13 million Russians.
2. From Lenin to StalinA Under Lenin, the Communist Party
used the army and secret police to enforce its will. In economics, Lenin mixed capitalist and socialist ideas.
B. After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took over
i. tried to make USSR a modern industrial state
ii. all economic and agricultural activity under government control
iii. 5-year-plans to increase production
C. In 1934 Stalin started terror - Great Purge (4 million people were purged and almost 800,000 were executed).
How did Stalin maintain control over the USSR?
Propaganda• government
controlled all media
• encouraged obedience to the state
Secret police• arrested
opposition
• spied on people
• even family members spied
Censorship• against the
law to criticize
• government controlled everything people heard, saw, or read
Terror• Great Purge
• constant fear of midnight “knock on the door”
• sent to labor camps - gulags
3. Life in a Totalitarian StateA. Stalin used secret police,
propaganda, censorship, and terror to establish a totalitarian state.
B. Leaders were Communist Party members, industrial managers, military, scientists, and some artists and writers.
“Literature, the cinema, the arts are levers in the hands of the proletariat which must be used to show the masses positive models of initiative and heroic labor.”
Socialist Realism
3. Life in a Totalitarian StateA. Stalin used secret police,
propaganda, censorship, and terror to establish a totalitarian state.
B. Leaders were Communist Party members, industrial managers, military, scientists, and some artists and writers.
C. Artists and writers forced to use “socialist realism” (tried show Soviet life in a positive way).
While the Russians
struggled to adapt to the changes
that the ending of their monarchy
brought, the rest of the world also
struggled to understand what had happened in
World War I.
After World War I, people everywhere questioned old ideas about religion, leadership, and even
science.
Men like Sigmund Freud developed new ideas about what motivated people.
Albert Einstein develops the Theory of Relativity which upsets scientific beliefs held since
Isaac Newton.
4. A Culture in ConflictA. new ideas and science changed
ideas about the world i. atomic theoryii. theory of relativityiii.psychoanalysis
4. A Culture in ConflictA. new ideas and science changed
ideas about the world i. atomic theoryii. theory of relativityiii.psychoanalysis
B. new literature and the arts lead to a sense of uncertainty
After women won the right to vote in Russia, western nations that claimed to be democratic finally were
forced to give women the vote.
4. A Culture in ConflictA. new ideas and science changed
ideas about the world i. atomic theoryii. theory of relativityiii.psychoanalysis
B. new trends in literature and the arts contributed to a sense of uncertainty
C. women made progress in education and politics but still lagged behind men in career opportunities and pay
International Relations
The War to End All Wars ended on November
11, 1918
Europe was left to wonder what had happened…
Over 65 million men were mobilized…
There were 37,500,000 casualties…
Over 8,500,000 men died
Over 21 million men
returned injured
The war cost over $31,000,000,000
someone had to pay…the question was who…
Futility
Nihilism
Despair
Distrust of government
Hopelessness
Anger
Atheism
Leadership failure
Suicide
Frustration NEVER AGAIN
5. The Western DemocraciesA. after World War I diplomats worked
hard to make:i. treaties that ended war
After World War I, President Woodrow Wilson proposed the 14 Points for peace.
One of Wilson’s ideas was to create a
League of Nations.
The League excluded Germany and Russia.
Most importantly, Americans did not seem sure that the League was a good
idea.
The League of Nations
The U.S. Senate decided to reject Wilson’s plans
for the League.
The USA never joined…
5. The Western DemocraciesA. after World War I diplomats worked
hard to make:i. treaties that ended war ii. cooperation in the League of
Nations
5. The Western DemocraciesA. after World War I diplomats worked
hard to make:i. treaties that ended war ii. cooperation in the League of
NationsB. leading democratic powers faced
difficult political and economic challenges at home and abroad
The Great Depression begins
Black Tuesday
Hoovervilles
5. The Western DemocraciesA. after World War I diplomats worked
hard to make:i. treaties that ended war ii. cooperation in the League of
NationsB. leading democratic powers faced
difficult political and economic challenges at home and abroad
C. the Great Depression created financial turmoil and widespread suffering throughout the industrialized world
Rise of Fascist Italy
Italians were furious that they were not given more land after World War I.
They also feared a Communist Revolution like Russia.
Many were attracted to the idea of a strong leader.
• preached extreme nationalism
• nations must struggle – peaceful nations were doomed
• no clearly defined program for improvement
• citizens lose individual rights
• state is supreme
Benito Mussolini
6. Fascism in ItalyA. Benito Mussolini and his Fascist
Party took advantage of political and economic unrest to seize power in the 1920s.
Mussolini’s Aggression
6. Fascism in ItalyA. Benito Mussolini and his Fascist
Party took advantage of political and economic unrest to seize power in the 1920s.
B. Fascism was rooted in extreme nationalism and glorified action, violence, discipline, and loyalty to the state.
C. As Il Duce, Mussolini established the first totalitarian state which served as a model for others.
Rise of Adolf Hitler
7. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi GermanyA. Weimer Republic weakened by
disunity and inflation. Many blamed the government for the hated treaty of Versailles
Adolf Hitler
7. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi GermanyA. Weimer Republic weakened by
disunity and inflation. Many blamed the government for the hated treaty of Versailles
B. Hitler appealed to extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler’s Rise to Dictator
• in 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany (Weimer Republic)
• he did not have a majority
• he called for new elections
• six days before the elections, the Nazis burned down the Reichstag and blamed Communists
• Hitler won a small majority and declared a one-party state
7. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi GermanyA. Weimer Republic weakened by
disunity and inflation. Many blamed the government for the hated treaty of Versailles
B. Hitler appealed to extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
C. Hitler and the Nazis used terror, repression, and one party rule to create a totalitarian society
7. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi GermanyA. Weimer Republic weakened by
disunity and inflation. Many blamed the government for the hated treaty of Versailles
B. Hitler appealed to extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
C. Hitler and the Nazis used terror, repression, and one party rule to create a totalitarian society
D. Economic problems and ethnic tensions in Eastern Europe helped fascist dictators gain power there