UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y HUMANIDADES

DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGUISTICA

A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE WITHIN A COGNITIVE APPROACH: THE

THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR

SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACION PARA OPTAR

AL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN HUMANIDADES CON MENCION EN LENGUA Y LITERATURA INGLESA

Rodolfo Barbaste Navarro Daniel Muñoz Acevedo

Profesor Guía:

Aura Bocaz

SANTIAGO - CHILE 1994

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our gratitude mainly to two persons: our professor Aura Bocaz for her motivation, guidance, and for putting us in contact with an interesting area of linguistic research, and Myriam Navarro for her invaluable help and support. We also want to thank our families, teachers and friends who helped or encouraged us during this seminar.

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CONTENTS INDEX OF TABLES 4 ABSTRACT 5 CHAPTER 1: THE LITERARY AND THE LINGUISTIC APPROACH TO METAPHOR 1. Introduction 6 2. The Literary Approach 8 3. The Linguistic Approach 10 CHAPTER 2: THE COGNITIVE APPROACH TO METAPHOR 1. Introduction 18 2. Early Developments 21 3. The Theory of Conceptual Metaphor 22 4. Later Developments 26 CHAPTER 3: THE STUDY 1. Introduction 29 2. Method: Subjects 30 Design and Materials 30 Criteria of Analysis 31 3. Results and Discussion: 37 Section 1.- Topic: Love 38 Section 2.- Topic: Death 60 Section 3.- Topic: Economics 75 Section 4.- Topic: Politics 87 4. Summary of Results 102 5. General Discussion 103 6. Conclusions 112 REFERENCES 113 APPENDIXES 116

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INDEX OF TABLES SECTION 1.- TOPIC: LOVE LOVE IS A JOURNEY table 1.1: American English Female/ Male 39 table 1.2: Chilean Spanish Female/ Male 42 PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES table 1.3: American English Male 45 EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS table 1.4: Chilean Spanish Female/ Male 46 EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS table 1.5: American English Male 50 table 1.6: Chilean Spanish Male 51 LOVE IS WAR table 1.7: American English Female 55 LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE table 1.8: Chilean Spanish Female 57

SECTION 2: TOPIC: DEATH LIFE IS A JOURNEY table 2.1: American English Female/ Male 63 table 2.2: Chilean Spanish Female/ Male 64 PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES table 2.3: American English Female/ Male 67 table 2.4: Chilean Spanish Female 68 EVENTS ARE OBJECTS table 2.5: American English Female/ Male 69 table 2.6: Chilean Spanish Male 70 DEATH IS A PERSON table 2.7: Chilean Spanish Female 72

SECTION 3: TOPIC: ECONOMICS THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE table 3.1: American English 76 table 3.2: Chilean Spanish 76 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE table 3.3: American English 79 CONDUIT METAPHOR table 3.4: American English 80 EVENTS ARE PEOPLE table 3.5: American English 81 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES table 3.6: Chilean Spanish 82 ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES table 3.7: Chilean Spanish 84 INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS table 3.8: Chilean Spanish 85

SECTION 4.- TOPIC: POLITICS THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE table 4.1: American English 88 table 4.2: Chilean Spanish 89 EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS table 4.3: American English 91 table 4.4: Chilean Spanish 92 STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS table 4.5: Chilean Spanish 95

5 POLITICS IS A JOURNEY table 4.6: American English 97 OBJECT USED FOR USER table 4.7: American English 98 CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED table 4.8: American English 99 THE WHOLE FOR THE PART table 4.9: American English 100

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ABSTRACT The present work arose from our interest in human understanding, conceptualization and the metaphorical structuring of reality. More specifically, our concern is with the structure of, and with the processes involve in structuring, discourse through conceptual metaphors in two languages. The study contains the results of demarcating and viewing the semantics of metaphorization in four areas of human conceptualization, namely, love, death, economics, and politics. Although English and Spanish are the languages researched for instantiations of these metaphors, the semantic elements and situations are taken to be fundamental, that is, they are considered to be a part of an almost universal semantic organization, deeper than those respects in which individual languages differ from each other. The decision of investigating these conceptual metaphors crossculturally was dictated by the fact that the production and interpretation of a metaphor calls on not only the semantic properties of words but also beliefs about the objects or situations depicted. In Chapter 1 we provide a brief account of the treatment that (explicit) metaphor has received from traditional studies on literature and linguistics. Chapter 2 is devoted to summarize the Conceptual Metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, its antecedents and later contributions, within a cognitive perspective. Finally, in Chapter 3 the study is presented. Carbonell's methodology was partially adopted for the analysis of oral and written discourses. The selected data gathered is presented in tables and is thouroughly discussed in each specific area. A general discussion closes this chapter. The corpus used in this investigation and the complete data gathered are presented in appendixes A and B, respectively.

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CHAPTER ONE THE LITERARY AND THE LINGUISTIC APPROACH TO

METAPHOR

1. Introduction Literary and linguistic traditions share a common conception of understanding: they view it as subjective and objective, and deal with each perspective separately. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), present-day scientific understanding has its origins in Objectivism, which is based in the following principles:

1. there is an objective reality completely separated from us, made up of objects, having properties independent of any people or other beings in the universe who experience them;

2. our knowledge is based on our experience of the objects in the world and the properties and relations that hold them together. The inherent properties that objects have allow us to understand them in terms of concepts and categories;

3. we cannot rely upon the subjective judgments of individual people because, as human beings, we are subject to errors of perception. Science provides us with a methodology that allows us to overcome our subjective limitations and to achieve understanding from a universally valid and unbiased point of view;

4. only objective knowledge is really knowledge, since it is an unconditional point of view to understand the entire amount of world phenomena, avoiding personal prejudice and bias;

5. to be objective is to be rational (1980: 187). For the scientist, truth is objective and absolute. The standard theory of truth is the "Correspondence Theory": a statement has an objective meaning, specifying the conditions under which it is true. Truth consists of a direct correspondence between a statement and some state of affairs in the world. A theory of truth entails a theory of Meaning. Theories of language follow in general the objectivist trend, and linguistics, a social science, seeks to apply the theoretical and methodological principles used by the natural sciences (with physics as the model). These also called empirical sciences depend on the formal sciences (mathematics and logic), which contribute to build the theory of truth already mentioned.

The objectivist tradition in Western Philosophy is preserved to this day in the descendants of the logical positivists, the Fregean tradition, the tradition of Husserl, and , in Linguistics, in the neorationalism that came out of the Chomsky tradition. (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 195)

The following is a representative list of the assumptions about Language, Meaning, Truth, and Understanding that the majority of objectivist philosophers and linguists holds, in Lakoff and Johnson's opinion:

• truth is a matter of fitting words to the world; • a theory of meaning for natural language is based on a theory of truth, independent of the way

people understand and use Language; • meaning is objective and disembodied, independent of human understanding; • sentences are abstract objects with inherent structures; • the meaning of a sentence can be obtained from the meaning of its parts and the structure of the

sentence; • how a person understands a sentence, and what it means to him, is a function of the objective

meaning of the sentence and of what the person believes about the world and about the context in which the sentence is uttered.

According to different theories of meaning, the objective meaning of a sentence is described as the conditions under which this is true or false. Semantics is the study of how linguistic expressions can fit the world directly, without the intervention of human understanding. Meanings are assigned to words without referring to particular contexts of use. The world is made up of building blocks, i.e., definable objects and clearly delineated inherent properties and relations. The problem of meaning is directly related to the already mentioned problem underlying (and undermining) scientific Objectivism: the bi-directional influence between subject-object. Lorenz (1973), a well-known naturalist, considers this a crucial matter; he states that in order to avoid subjective criteria (prejudice and emotions) and to achieve universally valid judgments and evaluations we need to penetrate into the cognitive processes of the perceiving subject.

8 The process of cognition and the properties of the object of knowledge will only be able to be investigated when they are undertaken simultaneously. The object of knowledge and the instrument of knowledge cannot legitimately be separated, but must be taken together as a whole. (Lorenz 1973: 12)

Along with objectivism, there is a subjectivist trend: the most important things in human lives are feelings, aesthetic sensibilities, moral practices, and spiritual awareness, which are purely subjective; understanding must be concerned with art and poetry, which deal with feelings, intuitions, and imagination rather than with reason. Objectivity ignores the most relevant areas of human experience.

However, subjectivism and objectivism are mutually dependent and each defines itself in opposition to the other. It is from these different perspectives that scholars in literature and linguistics have approached metaphor.

1. The literary approach. Metaphor has been generally viewed as a constituent of figurative language in poetics, that is, the use of words different from their ordinary, literal meanings. Metaphor is a figure of speech which expresses one thing in terms of another, expanding meanings through unexpected associations among things that are essentially unlike and that are related through implied comparisons. Jakobson includes it in the poetic function of language: he conceives of metaphor and metonymy as foundational figures (tropes) of poetics, as discussed by Tambling (1988: 36-54). Within the Greek tradition, Aristotle gives the following definition: "A metaphor consists in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else..." (in Haussman 1989: 22). In 1560, in The Art of Rhetoric, Thomas Wilson states that:

A metaphor is an alteration of a word, from the proper and natural meaning to that which is not proper, and yet agreeth thereunto by some likeness that appeareth to be in it. (in Butler 1971: item 232)

C. S. Lewis (1967) argues that, in order to make sense "out of a strange phrase" the reader must have an appropriate knowledge of possible meanings: "He has ready to hand un-thought-of metaphors, highly individual shades of feelings, subtle associations, ambiguities -every manner of semantic gymnastics- which he can attribute to his author" (p. 5). If we turn to a current book on literature, such as Bergman and Epstein's The Heath Guide To Poetry (1983), we find a good example of a present day approach to the subject:

The transformation of one thing into another is called metaphor. It is the most powerful figure of speech and very likely the most essential act of poetical intelligence. (p. 126)

It is of great importance to remark here that the notion literary analysts have concerning metaphor is that it depends entirely on the author's personal meaning, imagination, and creativeness; thus language is used beyond its normal use to create meanings which did not exist before, as can be concluded from the following quotations:

People who naturally employ metaphor and simile, especially when it is of an unusual kind, are said to have imagination... some attitude of the speaker to his subject or to his audience is a supreme agent by which disparated and hitherto unconnected things are brought together in poetry for the sake of the effects upon attitude and impulse which spring from their collocation and from the combinations which the mind then establishes between them. (Richards 1938: 239) ...metaphor vastly extends the language at the poet's disposal... the range of terminology at the poet's disposal (Nowottny, in Buttler 1971: item 237). ...a meaningless sentence, one that is meaningless by reasons of a "category mistake"...could be used by the poet to communicate what he wanted to communicate. (Alston, in Butler 1971: item 246) ...through its use the imagination exploits the excitement of sensational experience. (Peacock, in Butler 1971: item 251)

Up to this point, the various conceptions of metaphor quoted seem not to differ from the basic, seminal definition given by Aristotle, except as concerns the metaphorical process and the composition of the metaphorical elements. Some authors see in metaphor a kind of comparison, parallelism, and/or analogy between two elements, while others, as we will see later, conceive it as the creation of new meanings. Similarly, the elements within a metaphor can be viewed as alike in some sense, showing at least some common features, or can be seen as completely different from each other.

It would be easy to expound a grammatical theory of metaphor, hyperbole and figurative language, pointing out the suppressed 'as if's, 'is like's, and the rest of the locutions that may be introduced to turn poetry into logically respectable prose. But we should... be very little advanced towards persuading one of these hard-headed fellows that poets are worth reading. (Richards 1929: 193)

9 A metaphor is a relation between two terms in a sentence or phrase. Basically, it requires the presence of both terms. Following a current definition, a metaphor generally takes the form of a copulative construction, i.e., elements linked by the verb to be (Hausmann 1989: 52). It may also have the form of a sentence in which the metaphorical relation is established between its subject and the verb, or it may even take the form of a noun phrase.

Lucy is an angel/ Time flies/ A human elephant. These three examples show the most common forms metaphors take. Hausmann (1989) calls the first an explicit identification. The second, an instance of an implicit identification since it "presupposes contexts that do include such identities... Time flies presupposes identifying what time refers to with something that flies" (p. 52). As to the third example, he considers it an implicit identification, provided one agrees with the conception of adjectives constituting a subset of verbs. The two elements which constitute the metaphorical expressions have been given many different labels; in our opinion, the most common and simplest way to put it is in the metaphorical formula 'X is Y'. Many authors have followed Richards' conceptualization:

The technical terms... assist us in distinguishing from one another what Dr. Johnson called the two ideas that any metaphor, at its simplest, gives us. Let me call them the tenor and the vehicle. (Richards, in Butler 1971: item 240)

'X' is the tenor of the metaphor, the element which is being referred to, defined, identified, and the purported definition. 'Y' is its vehicle, "the image analog in terms of which the tenor is represented" (Leech 1969: 151). From Aristotle to present-day scholars, the broadest conception of metaphor defines it as an implied comparison between X and Y; X is in fact like or as it were Y.

Metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference, which we may simply call the metaphoric rule and which we may formulate: F = 'like L'. That is, the figurative meaning F is derived from the literal meaning L. (p. 151)

Against this view, Hausmann (1989) and those whom he calls interactionists propose that a metaphorical relation constitutes a creation of an entire new meaning, an insight which has not been established before. A mere comparison implies no creation. Most scholars see as well the need for the similarity between both elements, which must resemble each other at least in one feature:

Naturally enough, metaphoric transference can only take place if some likeness is perceived between tenor and vehicle. (Leech 1969: 151)

Another way of seeing this relation is to deny any previous similarity between X and Y, and then divide the meaning of words: dictionary meaning and suggested connotation:

Metaphors play on the transfer of some marginal meaning (connotation) of one term in a metaphor to the central meaning (dictionary meaning) of the other term. (Hausmann 1989: 26)

Moreover, The (metaphorical) terms will be drawn from domains that are (or were) radically different from one another. The metaphor depends not simply on similarities, but also on dissimilarities. ... Aristotle did not so clearly support a comparison theory, as it is usually thought, at least in any simple form. He called attention to the role of dissimilarities and added that one cannot learn a technique for constructing metaphors -for seeing similarity in dissimilars- but instead must have intuitive perceptions. The command of metaphor is a gift and cannot be taught. (p. 29)

Finally, Leech (1969) has attempted to establish the most general changes of meaning metaphor involves: attribution of concreteness or physical existence to an abstraction (e.g., love hurts); attribution of animate characteristics to inanimate entities (e.g., an angry sky); attribution of characteristics of humanity to what is not human (e.g., a friendly river); and transference of meaning from one domain of sensory perception to another (e.g., warm colour). Summing up, metaphor has been treated as a unique phenomenon within the literary tradition. As we will see later, this approach has restricted the analysis of metaphor to the artistic creativity observed in literature, disregarding its use in everyday language and its conceptual pervasiveness.

3. The linguistic approach. The term 'metaphor' comes from the Greek words µετα, signifying 'change', and φερειυ, signifying 'to bear'; hence its primary meaning 'to transfer' and its later extension of 'transferring of a word from its literal signification' (Skeat 1901: 325). This term came to traditional grammar from the long-lasting discussion held by Classical Greek scholars on the subject of the origin of the rules which govern language. For some of them, language was a matter of convention, a tacit

10 agreement among members of a community, reinforced through custom and tradition. For others, language has its origins, as Lyons puts it, "in eternal and immutable principles outside man himself"(1968: 5), principles which are therefore inviolable. The relevant issue in this discussion is that of the nature of the meaning-form relation of words. For the naturalist school, the relation between a word and its meaning is a 'natural' one, in the sense that a word either resembles its referent (onomatopoeia) or is suggestive or imitative of some qualities or activities of things (sound-symbolism). There are however many more cases of words whose natural meaning is extended through a series of processes such as addition, deletion, substitution, and transposition of sounds, on the one hand, and metaphor, on the other. For the Greeks, metaphor was based on the discernible connection observed between the shape or function of the primary and secondary referents. In this way, naturalists explained "metaphorical extensions" such as the mouth of a river or the leg of a table. These early attempts on a theory of language meaning proved to be very useful for the developments of etymological studies. But, as Palmer remarks,

It may seem obvious that foot is appropriate to mountains, or eye to needles, but a glance at other languages shows that it is not. In French the needle does not have an 'eye', and in many languages (e. g. the Ethiopian languages or some of those of North America) the mountain does not have a 'foot'. Moreover, in English eye is used with a variety of other meanings, e. g. the centre of a hurricane or a spring of water, which are not so obviously related semantically to the organ of sight, yet it is not used for the centre of a flower or an indentation, though these might seem intuitively to be reasonable candidates for the extension of the meaning. (1981: 103-4)

Linguistic tradition has recognized, to a great extent, if not totally, the literary authority over the subject. Therefore, it is of no surprise that for most linguists the concept of metaphor differs only slightly from that of the literary tradition already outlined. It is generally described as an exceptional event among the rest of linguistic phenomena, as a kind of marginal meaning (Bloomfield 1933: 149). The first approach to metaphor linguists seemed to have had was that it is a case of semantic violation, a deviation from the 'normal', 'logical' meanings of utterances, what Leech describes as "the process whereby literal absurdity leads the mind to comprehension on a figurative plane" (1969: 49). The distinction made was, in general, between a literal meaning and a metaphorical one. The metaphorical meaning was achieved through processes of non-logical meaning production accounted for in terms of ambiguity, paradox, contradiction, etc. The production and understanding of metaphors in these terms depend on the creative aspect of language, which differs from Chomsky's competence (1968) in that it refers to voluntary, conscious creativeness, i.e., the one required in poetical works. Traditional and structuralist linguistic trends have, at best, developed a way to make apparent the kind of 'anomaly' present in metaphors, whatever this anomaly might be. Other authors consider metaphor a process more useful for historical linguistics. To illustrate this approach, let us take Robins' (1964) definition of metaphor, who conceives of it as a means whereby the meaning of a word changes through time.

A very extensive type of semantic widening consists in metaphorical uses, wherein on the basis of some similarity of the meanings a word is used in different sorts of contexts and in reference to different sorts of features, usually of a more abstract nature, than once was the case. Metaphorical extension of meaning... is too well known to require exemplification. (p. 303)

Similar examples of the little attention paid to metaphor is seen in language comprehensive works, like those of Quirk et al. (1985) and Palmer (1981), who simply relate it to figurative, non-literal, and transferred meaning. Greimas (1966) groups images, symbols, and metaphorical definitions as 'figures' without a practical function in logical language, and therefore only interesting to literary studies. Figurative meanings replace literal meanings as 'bricolage' only to serve to 'something else', which is the poetic communication itself (p. 207). An early understanding of metaphor as a crucial aspect of language function and thought can be found in Ogden and Richards' Symbolism, i.e., the study of the influence of language upon thought. They state that language meaning operates within a universe of discourse, "a collection of occasions on which we communicate by means of symbols."

When we say... "The sun is trying to come out," or "The mountain rises," we may clearly be making no different references than if we were to give a scientific description of the situation, but we may mean these assertions to be taken 'literally'... interpreting our symbols... as names used with a reference fixed by a given universe of discourse. (1923: 102)

When we do not have a symbol at hand we can choose one whose referent is analogous to our referent and transfer this symbol. Then if the speaker fails to see that such symbol is metaphorical, i.e., if he takes it literally, "falsity arises, namely the correct symbolization of a false reference by which the interpreter could be misled" (pp. 102-3). Furthermore, whenever a term is taken outside the universe of discourse for which it has been defined, it "becomes a metaphor, and may be in need of fresh definition" (p. 111).

...reference... cannot be formed simply and directly by one grouping of experience, but it is the result of varied groupings of experiences whose very difference enables their common elements to survive in isolation. This process of selection and elimination is always at work in the acquisition of a vocabulary

11 and the development of thought. It is rare for words to be formed into contexts with non-symbolic experience directly, for as a rule they are learnt only through other words. We early begin to use language in order to learn language, but since it is no mere matter of the acquisition of synonyms or alternative locutions, the same stressing of similarities between references and elimination of their differences through conflict is required. By these means we develop references of greater and greater abstractness, and metaphor, the primitive symbolization of abstraction, becomes possible. Metaphor, in the most general sense, is the use of one reference to a group of things between which a given relation holds, for the purpose of facilitating the discrimination of an analogous relation in another group. (p. 213)

The use of metaphor, according to these authors, involves the same kind of contexts as abstract thought; the important point is that the members of "a group of things" will only possess the relevant feature in common, and that irrelevant or accidental features will cancel one another.

The metaphorical aspects of the greater part of language, and the ease with which any word may be used metaphorically, further indicate the degree to which... words have gained contexts through other words. (p. 213)

Here what matters is the reference process itself and its discursive purpose; the structure is irrelevant. As can be seen, as far back as 1923, Ogden and Richards stressed the basic relationship among thought, language, and metaphor; an approach that has only recently been taken into account. Within generative semantics, there is a large amount of different approaches to metaphor in relation to a semantically-based linguistic analysis of anomalous sentences and their contribution to the elucidation of semantic selectional features (Galmiche 1975: 14, 71). An extreme example of this wide range of conceptions is that of Thorne (1968): he tries to explain the existence of 'ungrammatical', 'deviant' sentences in poetry by postulating the poet's creation of "a new language (or dialect)" in which the semantic selectional restrictions are different from those in the normal language. However, he never takes the concept of metaphor, nor even that of connotative meaning, into account. Lakoff (1973) proposes a theory which analyses sentences in terms of their logical structure, surface structure, context, and conveyed meanings. According to this author, the "literal meaning" of a sentence is a function of its logical structure and its derivation into surface structure. The conveyed meaning of a sentence is explained in terms of the relevant aspects of context. Consequently, two different lines of investigation can be adopted in semantics, one dealing with language structure and the other, with language use, that is, with Pragmatics. Nevertheless,

Most grammars have been concerned exclusively with literal meaning, and this kind of analysis is necessary before a meaningful study of pragmatics can begin. ... in comparing a system like generative semantics to that of case grammar, it is the analysis of literal meanings that must be compared, not the conveyed meanings...pragmatics left aside. (Cook 1979: 144-145)

A sociolinguist approach to metaphor is that of Grice (in Palmer 1981), who suggests a general CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE between speaker and hearer, including the 'maxim' of quality: "Try to make your contribution one that is true." Grice points out that this maxim "...is flouted by irony and metaphor (You're the cream in my coffee) -and the hearer has to work out what it is that the speaker is trying to convey" (pp. 174-5). A pragmatic approach to metaphor is that of Searle (in Haussman 1989, Lakoff 1992), who postulates that the phenomenon of metaphor is related to the difference between sentence/ utterance meaning and speaker's meaning. In a metaphorical expression, both the literal (sentence) and the metaphorical (speaker's) meanings are present, the former being the explicit message and the latter what the hearer must comprehend through searching something the speaker utters that is not expressed when the sentence is interpreted literally. What is uttered is an attribution of some features of the second term to the first one, and both components of metaphors are related so that both must be taken into account if utterance meaning is to be determined. 'X' restricts the range of meaning that can be recognized in the metaphorical sentence and in the speaker's utterance. The hearer or reader understands the metaphor's utterance meaning (which makes sense of the original sentence, or the metaphor) attending to these restrictions. In Searle's own terms, "the combination of S and P (subject terms and predicate terms of a metaphorical sentence) creates new R's (the predicate of the utterance meaning). We have a specific set of associations with the 'P' terms, but different 'S' terms restrict the values of R differently" (Haussman 1989: 43). To illustrate this, he uses two metaphors:

Kant's second argument for the trascendental deduction is so much mud/gravel/sand paper. Sam's voice is gravel.

Both metaphorical meanings are different because of the difference between Kant's argument and Sam's voice. The predicate gravel has different meanings in each sentence. We subscribe Searle's conception in the following respect: there is a selection of some features from all the possible features lying in the connotative depth. But the idea that the selection is based on the type of subject that fills X position seems to be rather structural. The meaning to be conveyed by the speaker depends on what the speaker himself wants to convey, together with the context in which the metaphorical utterance is performed. The hearer must therefore make use of a complex set of clues to decode the

12 underlying meaning, including the specification of the subject defined (X), knowledge of the world shared by both participants, the personal information the hearer has about the speaker, the immediate context of situation, seriousness on the part of the speaker (who may be being ironical, e.g., saying Lucy is an angel when both participants know that she is not good or compassionate at all; in this sense, seriousness can be included in the shared knowledge or even in the immediate context, so that there seems to be considerable overlapping), and many others. Searle says that in cases like Sally is a block of ice we just perceive a connection which is the basis of the interpretation; these connections, according to Lakoff (1992), coincide with the system of Conceptual Metaphors, a central part of synchronic linguistics. Nevertheless, in his account for literal meaning, Searle subscribes "the usual false assumptions that accompany that term" (p. 67): everyday, conventional language is literal and not metaphorical in its nature, therefore metaphor is in the domain of principles of language use.

...we can see why most philosophers of language have the range of views on metaphor that they have: They accept the traditional literal-figurative distinction. They... say that there is no metaphorical meaning, and most metaphorical utterances are either trivially true or trivially false. Or... they will assume that metaphor is in the realm of pragmatics, that is, that a metaphorical meaning is no more than the literal meaning of some other sentence which can be arrived at by some pragmatic principle. This is required, since the only real meaning for them is literal meaning, and pragmatic principles are those principles that allow one to say one thing (with a literal meaning) and mean something else (with a different, but nonetheless literal, meaning) (Lakoff 1992: 82).

The term connotation is crucially important to delimit the approach to metaphor in semantics. Connotative content is distinguished from denotative content (also labelled, dictionary or central meaning by different authors), which overlaps with the notion of reference, a criterion for the correct use of a word provided the properties (semantic features) which define that word. Connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. This is why some authors considers connotation as a part of pragmatics (Baldinger 1977: 227). There is a multitude of additional non-criterial properties that we have learned to expect a referent of a word to possess, beside its 'neutral' denotation. Connotative meaning has been viewed as more attached to reality itself than to language proper, a peripheral phenomenon depending on the context of expression and, for that reason, unstable, depending on the particular cultural and historical period, and on the experience of an individual speaker. While the denotative, central meaning of an expression has the form of a finite set of discrete features of meaning, connotation is open ended, infinite as our knowledge and beliefs about the universe. An interesting example of this distinction is the one given by Leech (1974) when he lists the denotative features related to the word woman: [+ human] [- male] [+ adult] Leech includes next physical, psychological, social characteristics, "typical concomitants of womanhood", and putative features: [+ biped] [+ having a womb] [+ gregarious] [+ subject to maternal instinct] [+ capable of speech] [+ experienced in cooking] [+ skirt or dress-wearing] [+ prone to tears] [+ frail] [+ cowardly] [+ emotional] [+ irrational] [+ inconstant] [+ gentle] [+ compassionate] [+ sensitive] [+ hard-working] [- trouser-wearing] It is evident that such a list of constituents may be infinite and that they are highly dependant on cultural biases, as well as on sex, age, personal opinions, preferences, and so on. Whenever a sentence or a word is uttered, it maps both a

13 connotative and a denotative meaning, since every expression of language is uttered by a given person in a given context. Metaphors are forms of expressing this connotative meaning. The connection between the terms in a metaphorical relation lies in connotation. The denotative meaning is left aside while some of the numerous connotative meanings are selected as underlying semantic features of a word, e.g., Lucy is an angel. The denotations already stated for woman do not fit the ones we can attribute to the notion of angels (this is why linguists in general treat metaphors as semantic violations). But from all the connotations of woman only a few are mapped onto angel, which in turn has equally numerous connotations of its own. We reckon that woman's selected connotative features such as gentle, compassionate, sensitive, are mapped onto a group of some connotative features of angel, such as generous, incapable of evil, suffering, and so on. The use of a metaphorical expression triggers an automatic, arbitrary, and totally new selection of underlying connotative meanings, which remain implicit in what we may call the underlying structure of denotative meanings, until they are mapped to the surface by a metaphor. Needless to say, when we utter Lucy is an angel we are by no means saying that she is not a human being, or that she is a religious entity, or 'non- specified' in terms of sex and age; what we are in fact expressing is a kind of 'non-neutral' definition of Lucy. This metaphor is, in fact, part of everyday language (a dead metaphor); it functions as an 'economical' device, one through which we can mean a great deal of information by using only one word. The indeterminancy of the semantic features the metaphor conflates (Lucy is a very good, generous, compassionate, and suffering woman, incapable of any evil act) can be viewed as a sort of implicit contract of meanings between the speaker and his/her interlocutor(s). The specification of such features is always limited; the metaphorical expression could be telling us more, or perhaps less, about Lucy than a 'literal' one. This issue will be dealt with in the next chapter. The amount of information to be included in a metaphorical expression can only be solved by the speakers of the language according to the conceptual world they share and the concrete situation they are in. Furthermore, in many cases the hearer has to decode from a complex of clues that which corresponds to a specific connotation selected by the speaker according to what he/she intends to express through a metaphor. When someone chooses the word angel instead of saint, he/she has searched for the most suitable word, in a particular situation, occasion, and time, and has undertaken this complex task automatically, almost as if he/she were using this word in its "neutral" meaning. As Widdowson (1984) puts it, "the effect of metaphor depends on avoiding the resolution of ambiguity: the user keeps two meanings in his mind at the same time" (p. 15). We can argue that an expression such as Angel is an available container of three levels of meaning that a speaker can make use of; according to Harman (1968: 66-7) these levels are: thoughts (denotation/ connotation), communication of thoughts, and speech acts. We consider speech acts as constituents of the second level since they depend on a speaker's particular choice or intention, and the third level corresponds to the context of culture and situation, in Malinowsky's terms (in Ogden and Richrads 1923). Suppose speaker A and speaker B and Lucy are all people living in the United States in 1993 and that they are acquaintances. Speaker A has a low opinion of Lucy and he says "Lucy is an angel". The actual meaning of Angel must be decoded along the following clues: Lucy is an angel 1st level (content) 2nd level (communication) 3rd level (context) denotation plain: reassuring cultural: past connotation: emotional remembering contemporary√ metaphorical√ informing Christian √ hyperbolic Eastern critical situational: family relationship ironical √ friendship acquaintance√ Obviously, the picture here proposed can be much further extended, including, at the first level, all the types of connotative meaning; at the second level, the diversity of speech acts that can be performed; at third level, nationality, social class, age, etc. At this point, explicit metaphor comes into view as not being at all a peripheral phenomenon in language, but instead a very extended one in terms of use within the linguistic universe. The issue of conceptual (that is, implicit, not linguistic) metaphorical meaning in everyday language will be analysed in the next chapter.

14

CHAPTER TWO

THE COGNITIVE APPROACH TO METAPHOR

1. Introduction The birth of cognitive semantics can be traced back to the leading notions of the prototypical conception of categorial structures initially established by Eleanor Rosch (1973a, 1973b, 1977). The development of this discipline is exemplified in the studies conducted by scholars such as Fillmore (1977a, 1977b), Lakoff (1982a, 1982b, Lakoff and Johnson 1980) and Talmy (1983, 1985), among other researchers who have been working in this domain of studies since the past decade. Cognitive semantics, as a theoretical paradigm, claims that lexical concepts must be studied against the background of the human cognitive capacities at large. In other words, it holds that if language is one of the fundamental cognitive tools of man, it should not be studied autonomously, as if it contained a semantic structure that is independent of the broader cognitive organization of the human mind (which is the basic structuralist tenet). By contrast, cognitive semantics holds that there is no specifically linguistic-semantic organization of knowledge, separate from conceptual memory. Consequently, lexical semantic research should be conducted in close collaboration with other sciences that study the human mind and its working principles in order to find out how man comprehends, stores and retains information, and expresses human experience, be this specific to the individual or to his culture. This implies, for example, that attention should be paid to cultural differences in the metaphorical patterning of experience, as do a number of authors, in an effort to individualize semantic universals operating as general strategies for coping with part of human experience. The theory of Conceptual Metaphor, as a cognitive approach, is basically concerned with understanding. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the objectivist myth (traditional scientific views, as seen above) cannot cope with human understanding in the long run; in other words, it has given up the possibility of knowing the internal nature of human beings and, consequently, is unable to deal with issues such as the following:

• the human conceptual system and the nature of human rationality; • human language and communication the human sciences, especially psychology, anthropology,

sociology, and linguistics; • moral and aesthetic values; • scientific understanding, via the human conceptual system; • any way in which the foundations of mathematics have a basis in human understanding. (p.222)

The traditional scientific view emphasizes the fact that there are real things, existing independently of us, which constrain both how we interact with them and how we comprehend them. It focuses on truth and factual knowledge due to the importance they have for our successful functioning in our physical and cultural environments. It is well known that the eighteenth-century scientific world conception is nothing more than an extension of common sense: reliance on the senses and empirical proof through technological advances, which are entailed by the conception of man as a conqueror, which in its turn comes from the conception of man as separate from his environment. Lakoff and Johnson propose a different myth: Experientialism (1980: 117). To understand their proposal, it is necessary to examine their Theory of Truth: We think and act according to what we assume to be true. As we have seen, "absolute truth", in the objectivist sense, cannot be achieved. This claim is based on the principle that the acquisition and use of truth depends on our understanding of the world we live in. Human understanding can be characterized in terms of categories emerging directly from our experiences as human beings. This categorization of the world is defined as follows:

... a natural way of identifying a "kind" of object or experience by highlighting certain properties, downplaying others, and hiding still others. (p. 163)

This is the origin of categories such as OBJECT, SUBSTANCE, orientational categories (IN-OUT, UP-DOWN, etc.) and many others according to which we define objects and situations. The properties highlighted, downplayed or hidden in the process of categorization are to be found within natural dimensions which make up gestalts in terms of which objects and situations are categorized. These natural dimensions range from perceptual and functional to purposive and causative ones. Early approaches to these notions were proposed by Lennenberg (1967) and Lorenz (1973) when trying to give an account of the natural and bodily dependence of human behaviour and understanding. Categories are built according to a sequence that goes from CONCRETE to ABSTRACT (NON-CONCRETE), CLOSE to APART, PHYSICAL to NON-PHYSICAL, DEFINED to NON-DEFINED, etc. In other words, we primarily

15 comprehend and know the world through this process, and thus we play "tricks" in conceptualizing whenever a matter of knowledge is abstract or undefined; we take another concept or object to concretize, come close, or define the former. Lakoff and Johnson examine the basic concept of Causation, taking into account the building-block theory, the Piagetian theory of manipulation, and the theory of prototypes. The concept of causation is based on the prototype of DIRECT MANIPULATION, which develops since we are children. The prototypical core of a concept is not "primitive", i.e., it is not an unanalizable semantic schema, but rather a group of elements perceived as a unity prior to its components, namely, a gestalt which consists of properties that naturally occur together in our daily experience, when we perform direct manipulations (1980: 122). A good example of the way we categorize is that shown by a statement like I've invited a sexy blonde to our party (p. 163). In this description, attention is focused on only a few dimensions and properties of the person being referred to, due to the fact that the purposes for which the expression is required have determined this focus of attention; had these purposes been different, the properties highlighted would certainly have been others (for instance, the colour of her eyes). Properties are not inherent to objects or situations but are rather the product of human interaction with the world around, and it is this interactional nature of properties which constitutes the basis for our notion of what is true and what is not: something will be true for us if it "makes sense only relative to human functioning" (p. 164). Thus, a true statement will involve the choice of categories of description, which in turn involves both our perceptions and purposes in a given situation; besides, it will leave out what has been downplayed by the categories used. That is why statements like I've invited a sexy blonde to our party and, let us say, I've invited a Marxist to our party can both be true about the same person referred to. All this accounts pretty well for statements easily correlated with our daily experience, like I live in Chile, but what about statements which do not so clearly fit our knowledge of the world, for instance, the fog is in front of the mountain? The answer involves the concept of "projection": when our basic categories do not fit our reality, we project them onto objects and situations, and thus assign orientation to what does not have it inherently (a mountain) or entity structure to what is not clearly delineated as an entity (a mountain, the fog), etc. This is how we manage to understand everything in terms of a number of basic categories of understanding. This concept of projection is essential to see how we can understand some things in terms of others, that is, how we conceptualize metaphorically. In summary, Experientialism offers a perspective from which the objectivist need to understand the external world in order to function succesfully in it and the subjectivist need of internal aspects of understanding, that is, individual meaning, can be satisfied. Experientialism takes the perspective of man as part of his environment, in constant interaction with the physical environment and with other people. We understand experience metaphorically when we use a gestalt from one domain of experience to structure experience in another domain.

2. Early developments of the cognitive approach to metaphor Gallagher (1978), in the context of formal thought research, emphasizes the importance of the system of correspondences in Piaget's theory:

Simple examples of correspondences (or morphisms in mathematics) are the places set at table for each invited guest or a test mark for each student. The relationship formed is called a mapping. In the familiar one-to-one correspondence -that is, isomorphism- each element of the first or original set has one, and only one, corresponding element from the second or image set. (1978: 81)

Analogy and metaphor are, therefore, very important devices for structuring knowledge; they are also crucial in scientific reasoning because they provide richness and wider scope to arguments and descriptions, and supply a powerful and creative framework for scientific exploration, one that is "not possible with ordinary discourse or with propositional reasoning" (1978: 87). According to Ortony (1975),

Metaphors are necessary as a communicative device because they allow the transfer of coherent chunks of characteristics -perceptual, cognitive, emotional and experiential- from a vehicle which is known to a topic which is less so. In so doing they circumvent the problem of specifying one by one each of the often unnameable and innumerable characteristics; they avoid discretizing the perceived continuity of experience and are thus closer to experience and consequently more vivid and memorable. (p. 53)

Cohen (1974) considers a metaphor as a mapping of the elements of one set on those of another. A map is a system, and their elements are in correspondence with the mapped system; this correspondence may take a large number of forms: "a map must be isomorphic with the mapped system with respect to some of its features" (p. 419).

16 Gallagher (1978) concludes that metaphors are much more than the simplistic form A is B, and that they are complex comparisons, involving tension elimination: a shift from central meaning to marginal meaning.

3. The Theory of Conceptual Metaphor Although proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) -respectively, a well known linguist (who has contributed to cognitive semantics since its earlier developments), and a philosopher of science- the theory of Conceptual Metaphor can be traced to Michael Reddy's (1979) paper "The Conduit Metaphor", where he analyses the way everyday English person conceptualizes the concept of communication: his contention is that we do not literally "get thoughts across" when we talk; rather, this suggests that communication transfers thought processes somehow bodily. Actually, no one receives anyone else's thoughts directly in their minds when they are using language. A speaker's feelings can be perceived directly only by him/ her; they do not really "come through to us" when he/she talks. Nor can anyone literally "give you an idea" -since these are inherently internal processes. (p. 286)

...[some examples] seem to involve the figurative assertion that language transfers human thoughts and feelings. ...if language transfers thoughts to others, then the logical container, or conveyer, for this thought is words, or word-groupings like phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and so on. (p. 287) The logic... we are considering... called the conduit metaphor... would now lead us to the bizarre assertion that words have "insides" and "outsides." After all, if thoughts can be inserted, there must be a space "inside" wherein the meaning can reside. ..."content" is a term used almost synonymously with "ideas" and "meaning". ...recollection is quite meaning-full (sic). ...Numerous expressions make it clear that English does view words as containing or failing to contain thoughts... (p. 288) ...of the entire metalingual apparatus of the English language, at least seventy percent is directly, visibly, and graphically based on the conduit metaphor. (p. 298)

Reddy uses this theory and a considerable amount of data to demonstrate that everyday language is largely metaphorical; that the locus of metaphor is thought, not language; that metaphor is a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world; and that our everyday behaviour reflects our metaphorical understanding of experience. In Lakoff's words, Reddy "gave us a tiny glimpse of an enormous system of conceptual metaphor. Since its appearance, an entire branch of linguistics and cognitive science has developed to study systems of metaphorical thought that we use to reason, that we base our actions on, and that underlie a great deal of the structure of language" (Lakoff 1992: 4). The theory of conceptual metaphor used as theoretical framework for this study is the one proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphors We Live By (1980). In essence, this theory holds that our conceptual system, and therefore our language, is largely metaphorical in nature. A large section of their book is devoted to demonstrate what it means for a concept to be metaphorical and the pervasiness this phenomenon has in language as a whole.

The most important claim we have made so far is that metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words. We shall argue that, on the contrary, human thought processes are largely metaphorical. This is what we mean when we say that the human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person's conceptual system. Therefore, whenever... we speak of metaphors... it should be understood that metaphor means metaphorical concept. (1980: 6)

A Conceptual Metaphor (CM) is a mental phenomenon, the inner, unconscious, cognitive conceptualization of a domain of experience: entities in the world, actions, states, people, living beings, etc., perceived in terms of another domain of experience of an entirely different type. This conceptualization, applied to almost every domain, takes the form of an identification of the type X is Y, similar to the conventional metaphor in poetry, but it has no direct expression in the language; it is realized through instantiations, utterances which are often taken to be non-metaphorical, since they do not take the X is Y form, but are produced by concepts which are metaphorically built. The concepts and thoughts -our conceptual system- according to which we function in our lives (of which we are, needless to say, unaware of), must be viewed in their relation to our actions and attitudes, as reflected in our daily activities.

We have found... that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. ... Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. (p. 3)

This unified way of conceptualizing a domain of experience metaphorically is realized in many linguistic expressions. For example, the way we conceptualize an argument is almost completely structured by the CM ARGUMENT IS WAR;

17 in other words, our experiences of arguments depend basically (and perhaps exclusively) on the CM just mentioned. Briefly, this means that the way in which we conceive an act of war is partially used to understand (and therefore to act towards) arguments; we think of and experience arguments as if they were, in most aspects, armed conflicts. Language is a reflection of how our minds work in understanding things, and therefore it is not surprising that the evidence validating this proposal consists of hundreds of linguistic expressions which demonstrate the way we conceptualize metaphorically pieces of language that we try to understand or assume to be literal (or, in ontological terms, true), though no speaker of English may say that an argument is a war is a common saying, because this CM is not actually part of the language. There is plenty of examples of colloquial, everyday linguistic expressions, used commonly throughout the world, which show a systematic way of talking about an argument as if it were a war situation:

Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were right on target. I demolished his argument. I've never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot! If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out. He shot down all of my arguments. (1980: 4)

The authors describe the metaphorical process as a mapping (in the mathematical sense) from a source domain (in this case, war) to a target domain (in this case, argument). This mapping is tightly structured, that is, there is a systematical ontological correspondence between the entities in the domain of argument (the participants, their claims, their ways of discussing) and the domain of war (the parties, their weapons, their strategies).

The generalizations governing... metaphorical expressions are not in language, but in thought: they are general mappings across conceptual domains. ...the locus of metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. The general theory of metaphor is given by characterizing such cross-domain mappings. And in the process, everyday abstract concepts like time, states, change, causation, and purpose also turn to be metaphorical. ...metaphor (that is, cross-domain mapping) is absolutely central to ordinary natural language semantics, and... the study of literary metaphor is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor... characterized by a huge system of thousands of cross-domains mappings. (Lakoff 1992: 2)

Lakoff and Johnson adopted a mnemonic strategy for naming these mappings, e.g., TARGET-DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN. In this case, the name of the mapping is ARGUMENT IS WAR. When we speak of the ARGUMENT IS WAR metaphor, we are using a mnemonics for the set of ontological correspondences that characterize a mapping as THE ARGUMENT-IS-WAR mapping.

TARGET-DOMAIN SOURCE-DOMAIN ↓ IS ↓ ARGUMENT WAR

Two aspects must be borne in mind concerning metaphorical conceptualizations: they are partial and they are systematic. We have said that metaphorical concepts are characterized by the structuring of one concept in terms of another. This does not mean that we conceive of the elements involved in a metaphorical relation as being the same, but rather as being characterized by the same categories. What is essential is that only some of the aspects structuring a concept are used to structure another. In the CM TIME IS MONEY, only the aspects of the concept of MONEY which define it as a unit of measure and as a quantifiable limited resource are taken into account (that is, highlighted); its other characteristics, such as "used to buy things", are hidden from the focus of our attention. Thus, metaphorical conceptual structuring is necessarily partial. Metaphorical concepts are systematic: they conform a coherent system of metaphorical expressions, not random or isolated cases. We can perceive a certain pattern in our way of talking about arguments, time, and many other subject-matters; that is, we refer to them in some ways and not in others. The interesting fact is that in the metaphorical relation we can always distinguish between an element belonging to a well-defined domain of our experience which is used to refer to another concept from a less clearly defined conceptual domain. For instance, in the CM TIME IS MONEY, the vocabulary taken from the conceptualizations we have of money reveals that it is not clear to us the type of "thing" time is, and that in order to think and talk about it, we need to borrow the concepts and the corresponding vocabulary from another "thing", in this case, money. This process does not occur in isolated or random instances, but rather in systematic and coherent fashions of discourse. So far we have been looking at CMs of a single kind, namely, Structural Metaphors. There are at least two other types of metaphorical conceptualizations, the ones called Orientational and Ontological Metaphors. The Orientational Metaphor implies the global organization of a conceptual system. Its name derives from the fact that most of them are related to concepts defining spatial categories, such as HAPPY IS UP or MORE IS UP. Ontological

18 Metaphors are those whose bases are found in our experience with physical objects (especially our own bodies) and with objects and substances existing in our environments. Thus, in these cases, we will find projections of entity structure to things and events, or the categorization of non-substance elements as being substances. In effect, Lakoff and Johnson state that events and actions are conceptualized as objects, activities as substances, and states as containers. The most obvious case of Ontological Metaphor is that known as Personification, in which the object defined is specified as if it were a human entity. By viewing objects and experiences as human beings, we can give the former the numerous characteristics attached to the latter. The function or purpose we aim at when we use a concept is the relevant issue at this point: by using such a conceptual and linguistic device we can express a greater deal of information about the topic or about our inner experiences in relation to it. The CM INFLATION IS AN ENEMY, for instance, allows us to say we must attack inflation, we are defending ourselves from inflation, as if inflation were a human enemy involved in a war situation, such as a battle. We must distinguish this case of Personification from those of Metonymy (Met) or reference of one concept to another related to it, as when we say, for example, Mrs. Grundy frowns on blue jeans, in which blue jeans stands for people wearing blue jeans. We must, anyway, recognize that, the same as metaphors, metonymies are used to have a better understanding of objects and experiences that lack a clearly delimited or easily understandable conceptualization. Metonymies are also partially structured and present systematicities in their functioning as linguistic expressions, and they are very active in the cultural sense. The Conceptual Metaphor approach also attempts to examine the nature of "folk theories" (Lakoff and Johnson 1981), models of some aspects of reality that are most often taken as constituting "common sense". Folk theories, according to these authors, involve conceptual metaphors from which a chain of deduction emerges, e.g., from the CM SEXUALITY IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, a speaker may assume, as these authors put it, that

physical appearance is a physical force> a woman is responsible for her physical appearance...sexual emotions are part of human nature...sexual emotions are a response to being acted upon by a sexual force> a person who uses a force is responsible for the effect of that force> a woman with a sexy appearance is responsible for arousing a man's sexual emotions...sexual emotion naturally results in sexual actions> sexual action against someone's will is unacceptable> to act morally, we must avoid sexual action> avoiding sexual action requires inhibiting sexual emotions> to act morally, one must inhibit sexual emotions...sexual emotions are part of human nature> to inhibit sexual emotions is to be less than human> a woman with a sexy appearance makes a man who is acting morally less than human> to be less than human is to be injured (1981: 13-16) (we have inserted the symbol > to indicate the logical chain)

These deductions are not explicit. Speakers do not follow a conscious chain of deduction since deductions have a logic and a structure that remains unconscious behind the reality the speaker takes for granted. According to Lakoff and Johnson, folk theories and CMs are easy to understand "because they are deeply engrained in [American] culture...they are largely held by people" (p. 17). They state that if metaphors and folk theories are readily available to us for use in understanding, they are "ours" in some sense, like the one in the example above, and that no theory of communication or understanding can pretend to be adequate if it does not account for the crucial role that CMs have on folk theories.

4. Later Developments The theory of conceptual metaphor has given origin to a number of studies. A few of them are very briefly accounted for in what follows. Kronfeld (1980-1981) focuses his discussion about metaphor on its very nature: are metaphors semantically special phenomena? Is their meaning different from literal meaning? As she explains, most approaches agree in that the meaning of a metaphor is not a function of the meaning of its constituents, but instead it is a "new" and completely different meaning; in order to discover this new meaning we need a "construal" from the hearer/reader, i.e., a mechanism of some nature to actively construct (produce) and deconstruct (understand) the meaning of a metaphor. Kronfeld distinguishes two opposite approaches in relation to the idea of a construal. The non-constructivist group claims that meaning is only literal meaning and that metaphors have no meaning at all or are reducible to literal paraphrases, rejecting the existence of construals. The constructivist approach postulates the existence of a construal mechanism for understanding metaphors, but it extends this mechanism to both figurative and literal language. Among supporters of the last view we have several post-structuralist critics, such as Derrida, De Man, and "experientialist" semanticists like Lakoff and Johnson, for whom the puzzle of metaphor exists but it is not exclusive of metaphor. Carbonell (1982) attempts to augment the power of a semantic knowledge base used for language analysis by means of metaphorical mappings. His central concern is the creation of a process model to encompass metaphor comprehension.

19 Understanding the metaphors used in language often proves to be a crucial process in establishing complete and accurate interpretations of linguistic utterances. (p. 416)

Carbonell states that, although there is a set of general (conceptual) metaphors in English, the majority of them are instantiated versions of a few general metaphors, which he calls "common" metaphors, as opposed to those which are "creative". According to this idea, the problem of understanding a large class of metaphors may be reduced from a reconstruction to a recognition task. The identification of an instance of one of the general metaphorical mappings is a much more tractable process than reconstructing the conceptual framework from the bottom up each time a new metaphor instance is encountered.

Each of the general metaphors contains not only mappings of the form "X is used to mean Y in context Z," but inference rules to enrich the understanding process by taking advantage of the reasons why the writer [or speaker] may have chosen the particular metaphor (rather than a different metaphor or a literal rendition). (p. 416)

Carbonell's most important contribution is the Implicit-Intention Component: what the speaker is contending when he/ she chooses to use a metaphorical expression instead of a literal one. The hypothesis holds that this component is the information about what the metaphor conveys that is absent from a literal expression of the same concept; in other words, there is much more information and expression intended in a CM than in a literal expression (p. 417). The issue of determining the Implicit-Intention Component is what Gibbs (1992), in his own terms, tries to arrive at through a series of experiments concerning the semantic content and the presence of conceptual metaphors in idioms. He postulates that idioms have complex figurative interpretations that are not arbitrarily determined but are motivated by independently existing CMs that provide the basis for a great part of everyday thought and, therefore, language; idioms cannot be simply defined, as do dictionaries, as equivalent in meaning to simple literal phrases.

...literal paraphrases of these idioms [blow your stack, flip your lid, hit the ceiling] such as "to get very angry" do not convey the same inferences about the causes, intentionality, and manner in which someone experiences and expresses his or her anger. ...[literal paraphrases] are not by themselves motivated by single conceptual metaphors and therefore do not possess the kind of complex interpretations as do idiomatic phrases. (p. 485-486)

Gibbs' inquiries show that idiom use and comprehension vary depending on how discourse encodes information. This process is partially motivated by entailments of CMs. This also holds for Carbonell's instantiations of a CM, even though he only analyses them in single sentences. Both positions can be bridged at this point. So far we have tried to give a brief account of a theory of crucial importance to current research in semantics, therefore requiring much more attention in our country than the one it has received up to the present.

20

CHAPTER THREE THE STUDY

1. Introduction Strictly speaking, a Conceptual Metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon and, as such, it is not made explicit in everyday language under the form "X stands for Y". Consequently, its realization is achieved through an unconscious process of instantiation, i.e., the projection of the Conceptual Metaphor onto linguistic expressions belonging to specific conceptual fields to refer to other unrelated conceptual domains. Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1981, Lakoff 1992), together with Reddy (1979), Kronfeld (1980-81), Carbonell (1982), and Gibbs (1992), stress the fact that metaphors cover the entire conceptual world we live in and provide extensive inventories of instantiations of the most common conceptual metaphors in English. These examples, however copious, do not demonstrate the actual pervasiness and frequency of occurrence of CMs in ordinary language, a phenomenon which can only be perceived in a speaker's discourse not biased by any previous knowledge of the theory under analysis. This is primarily what we attempt to achieve inductively in this study, namely, to demonstrate the actual relevance of CMs in the structuring of a speaker's discourse focused on a given topic. We take into account discursive concepts such as Halliday's theme,"...the set of options by means of which a speaker or writer is enabled to create texts -to use language in a way that is relevant to the context" (1970: 160), information unit, which "represents the speaker's organization of the discourse into message units" (1967: 8), and Chomsky's focus, which "determines the relation of the utterance to... other sentences in the discourse" (1971: 205). However, we do refer to formal or intonational components of discourse, but only to the deep semantic aspects of conveyed messages through clauses in a discourse, since, as Lakoff points out, "The semantic content of the focus is an assertion of coreferentiality. ...the lexical-semantic content of the surface structure constituent bearing main stress has nothing whatever to do with the semantic content of the focus" (1971: 261). We consider discourse as the largest unit of language, semantically structured by a general topic and constituted by more specific pieces of discourse, which are structured by more specific topics. From this point of view, the cohesion of discourse lies in the experiential conceptualization that allows the users of a language to communicate; in other words, basic physical experience and conceptual metaphors. Our second goal is to verify whether this cognitive organizing phenomenon is comparable in the case of native speakers of English and Spanish. To that extent, we carried out a fairly in-depth analysis of the way they metaphorically conceptualize their feelings and emotions as concerns LOVE and DEATH, and their reasonings in the case of POLITICS and ECONOMICS.

2. Method SUBJECTS: Sixteen subjects provided the data for the analysis of oral discourse. For the topic of LOVE, we interviewed 8 subjects distributed into two groups of 4 native speakers of American English and 4 native speakers of Chilean Spanish. Their ages ranged from 20 to 26. Within each language group, two members were men and two women. They were all middle-class university students or people who have had university studies. Having only educated young people as subjects allowed us to establish a standard of the way in which a homogeneous group of persons conceptualizes the same notion. For the topic of DEATH, 4 young American English speakers were interviewed; for Spanish, we interviewed 4 subjects, their ages ranging from 45 to 55, with a comparable cultural background to the one specified above. The lack of homogeneity in the two groups in this case is due mainly to the fact that it is fairly difficult to find adult English speakers who have not lived in our country for a long period and, consequently, are not culturally biased by our environment. An old age group was considered particularly important here because an old person is more likely to have a richer elaboration on a concept such as DEATH than younger generations, for obvious reasons. DESIGN AND MATERIALS: In order to carry out an in-depth analysis, we will concentrate on only 4 areas of human understanding in this study, two of them deeply rooted in culture (LOVE and DEATH) and the other two (ECONOMICS and POLITICS) of a technical and scientific nature. The areas selected for the study of CMs were researched both in oral and written discursive units in the two languages. In the first case, the corpus analysed was

21 gathered through interviews held with native speakers of American English and of Chilean Spanish. In the second case, the data were collected through a sampling of selected texts from the political and the economy sections of newspapers in both languages. The interviews comprised a set of ten items in the case of LOVE and of nine in the case of DEATH, some of them direct questions and others, suggestions of topics to talk about, each related to subject matters that fall within the culturally determined domains inquired into. Written texts were used to analyse some of the CMs that provide underlying structure to the technical-scientific areas. We analysed 4 written texts, one for each topic and language. These materials provided sufficient data for researching the underlying metaphors that structure the conceptualization of the domains selected. At the same time, they provided a comprehensive view of the intentional and situational meanings that the CMs map onto the literal metaphors present in these texts as units of discourse. CRITERIA OF ANALYSIS: To analyse the data we applied the metaphorical interpretation process proposed by Carbonell (1982), primarily intended as a metaphor understanding mechanism in computational analysis. To describe his method Carbonell uses technical language that belongs, in many cases, to this field of research. As students of linguistics, we have introduced some modifications in the original analysis so as to make it more concordant with a study of human understanding of the domains already stated. As to the linguistic unit adopted, instead of focusing on single utterances as Carbonell does, we have chosen discourse for our analysis, so as to examine utterances in their relations to one another. Carbonell's general process for applying metaphor-mapping knowledge is the following:

1. LITERALNESS TEST: Attempt to analyze the input utterance in a literal, conventional fashion. If this fails, and the failure is caused by a semantic case-constraint violation, go to the next step. (p. 418)

First, all the utterances of a text in which non-literal language is used have to be isolated. By non-literal we mean any utterance in which a case of semantic violation is detected. More specifically, we will treat as semantic violation any utterance in which we detect a conflict between the semantic features of, at least, two constituents of the utterance under analysis. This implies to have every item analysed in terms of the relation of their semantic cases and types of predicates (actions, states and processes). For this purpose, we use case model theory, as originally proposed by Fillmore (1968), which distinguishes six propositional cases: Agent, Instrumental, Dative, Factitive, Locative, and Objective. Four of these cases were sufficient for our analysis:

• Agent • Dative • Locative • Objective

Objective includes here the cases of Instrumental and Factitive, since the current analysis deals only with the three main semantic features attached to cases:

• Concreteness • Animateness • Humanity

For the Objective and Locative cases, only the feature of Concreteness is required. For Agent and Dative, a distinction must be made between predicates which can be attached to any animate being and those which can only be assigned to human animate beings, thus requiring cases which fulfill the feature of Humanity (e.g., to read, to feel, to love, to think). To illustrate this, let us take the sentence the prices jumped. According to the predicate involved, its corresponding case should be an Agent. But the entity involved cannot satisfy the needed requirements of Concreteness and of Animateness; this is therefore an example of Concreteness and Animateness in Agent. In examining further analyses of case theory (Cook 1979), we have found that new cases proposed to specify semantic relations can be analysed in terms of their literalness; therefore, they can also be subject to this test. Only the most general cases may avoid this semantic 'trap'. Accordingly, we propose a set of three cases of Semantic Conflict [SC]: • Reference Conflict (RC): To account for a lack of physical action/state reference, i.e., what is described is not

actually (in physical terms) referred to. • Semantic Feature Conflict (SFC): To deal with the already mentioned relation of cases to actions/states. It is

crucial to emphasize that SFC always involves RC, but not vice versa. Prices cannot possibly jump: they are neither Animate nor Concrete entities. But in the Spanish sentence me tiré a la piscina, there is no semantic violation; what is involved here is only a Reference Conflict, since no actual physical action is referred to.

• Identification Conflict (IC): To refer to any instance of explicit metaphor (e.g., my life is rubbish), intended as a literal expression or as the speaker's "creative" expression.

2. RECOGNITION NETWORK:

22 A recognition network contains the information necessary to decide whether or not a linguistic utterance is an instantiation of the general [conceptual] metaphor... (p. 416)

According to Carbonell, there appears to be a small number of CMs and metonymies (Mets), in the order of 50, that pervade commonly spoken English. Many of these have been identified and exemplified by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1981), Lakoff (1992), as well as by Carbonell himself. We will use these CMs/ Mets for the recognition of metaphorical instantiations. 3. BASIC MAPPING:

(It) establishes those features of the literal input that are directly mapped onto a different meaning by the metaphor. (Carbonell 1982: 417)

Once the CM underlying the instantiation(s) is identified, the next step is to provide a rule by means of which the apparent semantic conflict case is solved through a metaphorical process that involves the reinterpretation of the semantic feature which causes the conflict, matching the components of the CM (X and Y) with the pertinent roles of the analysed utterance. This reinterpretation process will be graphically displayed in the form of re-read rules of the type [A]→[B], which must be interpreted as meaning "re-read A as B", A being the source domain and B being the target domain. 4. TRANSFER MAPPING:

(It) is a filter that determines which additional parts of the literal input may be mapped onto the conceptual representation, and establishes exactly the transformation that this additional information must undergo. (p. 417)

This step involves the same metaphorical reinterpretation process as in 3, but in this case it includes all the additional semantic features and variables which enrich and specify the overall metaphorical meaning. This information will also be displayed in the form of re-read rules. 5. IMPLICIT-INTENTION COMPONENT:

The Implicit-Intention Component encodes the reasons why [a] metaphor is typically chosen by a writer or speaker... (p. 417)

Carbonell states that a writer chooses a metaphor as a function of the ideas he or she wants to convey to the reader; the understander ought to know why the particular metaphor was chosen and what the metaphor conveys that is absent from a literal expression of the same concept. In this final step, one is able to account for the speaker's choice of a metaphorical expression instead of a literal one, taking into account for this purpose the emotional, cultural, and social variables that might play a role in this choice.

- A brief exercise applying this method to the text that follows may prove to be useful at this point so as to show how this process works before applying it to our data. The text selected, entitled "C.D.'s and Bank Funds Fall", appeared in "The New York Times", January 30, 1991. 1. LITERALNESS TEST: Selected utterances presenting semantic conflict: 1. C.D.'s and banks funds fall. 2. Yields on bank certificates of deposit and money market accounts fell in the week ended yesterday... 3. bankers were still being influenced by the slowing economy... 4. the decline in rates has been slower... 5. average discount rates were up for the second week... 6. the rate on the three-month bill jumped eight basis points... 7. the rising rates... 8. the downturn in the economy... 9. [downturn] cause [x]... 10. the Federal Reserve to ease [x] 11. Federal reserve ease short-term interest rates further... 12. yields continued to fall faster... 13. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, which cut [x]... 14. [Banco] cut its money market account... 15. three-month C.D.'s fell 14 basis points... 16. certificates fell 15 basis points... 17. Some big drops in yields 18. the yield fell 21 basis points... 19. each fell 18 basis points... 20. the average yield for a money market account at saving institutions was off 3 basis points... 21. three-month certificates declined 7 basis points... 22. six-month certificates were down 6 points ... 23. Yields at 20 large banks outside the New York area were down an average of 4 basis points... 24. [Yields were] down 9 basis points...

23 Can these entities carry out these actions? Can yields, accounts, rates, certificates, etc. fall, decline, rise, jump, be down, and so on? Here we find predicates (actions, states and processes) related to arguments (cases) integrated in single utterances. The conflict lies in that a semantic feature of one or two of the cases is not the one which is required by the predicate to which this case is related. - Types of Semantic Conflict: • Concreteness in roles: All the instantiations (with the exception of 3,6,10,13) fall into this category. The analysis shows that each of the predicates involved (fall, decline, be up, rise, turn down, be severe, drop, be off, be down)

requires a Concrete entity as the respective role of the action to which it is necessarily related. It can be observed that none of the entities analysed (CD's, funds, yields, rates, economy, account, certificates, basis points) fulfills the requirement of Concreteness.

• Animateness in roles: In 3,6,10,13 the predicates influence, jump, ease, cut require Animate entities as their arguments. The ones examined here do not fulfill the requirement of Concreteness prior to Animateness.

2. RECOGNITION NETWORK: According to Lakoff and Johnson, all cases (with the exception of 3,6,10,12) are typical instantiations of the MORE IS UP/LESS IS DOWN metaphors (1980: 15); case (3) is an instantiation of the CM ECONOMY IS A PERSON, a type of Personification (p. 33); cases 10 and 13 are instantiations of INSTITUTION FOR PERSON RESPONSIBLE, a type of metonymy (p. 38). The focus of our analysis will be the CMs MORE IS UP/LESS IS DOWN. 3. BASIC MAPPING: Once the CM underlying the instantiation is identified, the next step is to provide a rule by means of which the semantic features of the predicates instantiated, indicating the basic specification Upward/Downward Movement, can be re-read as Increase/Decrease. Thus, we shall be able to understand that yields that fall are yields that are subject to a decrease in price. The rules accounting for this may be represented graphically as follows: [+ upward movement]→ [+ increase] and [+ downward movement]→ [+ decrease]. 4. TRANSFER MAPPING: Having established the distinction between Upward and Downward Movement, the predicates included can also be organized in terms of height and speed. A line is drawn to indicate a Rate Descriptor and an Altitude Descriptor, as shown in the diagram below:

RATE SPEED DIRECTION PREDICATES MORE IS UP TOP + ↑ jump rise _ decline fall + ↓ drop BOTTOM LESS IS DOWN

In categorizing the phenomena a speaker perceives -in this case the physical world (objects going up or down)- different predicates of movement account for differences in height and speed rates. This diagram only includes the predicates which appear in the text just dealt with. It can certainly be completed with the range of predicates expressing up/down movement available in the lexicon. What is of central importance here is to realise how we use the same concepts employed to describe physical movements to talk about economic issues. A stative position on a certain point in the scale is expressed by the verbs TO BE UP/DOWN. All these distinctions are conveyed by the speaker's perception of phenomena: he/she chooses to focus either on the state of being down or on the action of falling. Two rules may account for this explanation: • if the expression in terms of UP/DOWN refers to the speed of the upward/downward movement, it must be

understood as a reference to the speed at which the increase/decrease has been detected: TM1: [± fast]→ [± fast]; • if the expression refers to the height of the upward/downward movement, it must be re-read as the rate of the

increase/decrease:

24 TM2: [ ± high]→ [± large]. 5. IMPLICIT-INTENTION COMPONENT: In the case of the MORE IS UP/LESS IS DOWN metaphors applied to discourse dealing with economics, Lakoff and Johnson's theory establishes that these CMs structure this type of discourse on their own: there is no implicit intention, nor a speaker's choice. The only way to talk about economics is through metaphorical conceptualizations. To conclude, we list below the steps adopted in the analysis of our data: 1. Analysis of the corpus -based on Carbonell's methodology- according to Semantic Conflict (SC) and Recognition

Network (under the label of CM). 2. Selection of the CMs and/ or Metonymies (Mets) that have higher frequency in terms of instantiations in each

language and text. 3. Analysis of each selected CM/ Met in terms of Basic Mapping (BM), Transfer Mapping (TM), and their

corresponding re-read rules. 4. Examination of the Implicit Intention Component of the instantiation, where relevant.

3. Results and Discussion Our selected data correspond to the specific metaphorical instantiations found in 20 discourses. Their presentation and discussion have been organized as follows: 1. The data collected have been divided in sections according to TOPIC (Love, Death, Economics, and Politics) and

LANGUAGE (American English and Chilean Spanish). 2. At the beginning of each Section, there is a table where the selected CMs/Mets are displayed and their occurrence

in terms of language and sex is indicated. Since differences related to sex were not significant, the only information provided in this respect is that which appears in these tables.

3. For each selected CM/ Met, there is first a brief discussion of its Basic Mapping (BM), Transfer Mapping (TM), and corresponding re-read rules. Then, a brief discussion of the Implicit Intention Component of each instantiation is offered.

4. Tables including the most representative instantiations of the CMs selected, their Semantic Conflict (SC), and BM and TM rules are displayed for each language.

5. A brief discussion of results is offered at the end of each section. 6. A general discussion of results and corresponding observations and conclusions are finally presented. The corpus, consisting of 20 discourses (16 interviews and 4 newspaper articles), is presented separately in Appendix A. The data, consisting of whole set of instantiations analysed in terms of Literalness Test (semantic conflict) and Recognition Network (type of CM/ Met), is presented in Appendix B.

25

Section 1.- Topic: Love

In this section, the analysis of the interviews allowed us to identify 5 main CMs, which we detail below in terms of

language and sex. CM/ Met American English Chilean Spanish Male Female Male Female LOVE IS A JOURNEY √ √ √ √ PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES √ √ √ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS √ √ LOVE IS WAR √ LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE √

CM LOVE IS A JOURNEY The CMs related to JOURNEY have been already analysed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Lakoff(1992).

This metaphor has to do with the goal of [LOVE]. ...it must have a beginning, proceed in a linear fashion, and make progress in stages toward that goal. (1980: 89-90)

BM: LOVE is intended to mean the sentimental relationship, already established, between the speaker and another person. The speaker sees this relationship as an experience which has a temporal duration; consequently, a starting and an ending point in time. When conceptualizing a relationship, time is the only measure we have. JOURNEY is intended to mean a period of time during which the speaker has gone from one point to another. The units of measure here are both time and place. (We would like to recall that the physical basis stated by Lakoff and Johnson concerning these two concepts is that time in fact uses the vocabulary of place, because the latter is a concrete entity. Therefore, whenever we are talking about time we are talking metaphorically, i.e., using CMs). In this case, the action implicit in JOURNEY lends the relationship a way of referring to the latter in a concrete fashion. The speaker also describes her experience and the situation she is in as if she were travelling. The Basic Mapping between the two concepts consists in matching RELATIONSHIP with TRAVEL, i.e., in talking about a relationship as if it were two persons in a vehicle moving from one place to another during a certain period of time: BM: [+ travel] → [+ relation]. TM: A JOURNEY situation defines two participants in a vehicle initiating a travel along a path. It also defines a stretch and an ending point. A LOVE situation defines the establishment of a love relation between two lovers during a certain period of time, after which the relation comes to an end. The correspondences between the two concepts and their re-read rules are shown below:

JOURNEY LOVE re-read rules initiation ↔ establishment of relation [+ initiation] → [+ establishment] participants ↔ lovers [+ company] → [+ company] vehicle, path ↔ relation [+ vehicle] → [+ relation] stretch ↔ (intermediate) period [+ stretch ] → [+ period] ending ↔ termination of relation [+ termination] → [+ ending]

AMERICAN ENGLISH: Further TM rules, applicable only in this case, may be formulated: • if the expression in terms of JOURNEY refers to a specific point during the journey, it must be understood as

referring to an event/moment of certain relevance for the speaker: TM1: [+ point] → [+ event/ moment]; • if the expression refers to physical movement, it must be understood as referring to the idea of continuation or

development of the relationship as a result of certain actions: TM2: [+ movement] → [+ action/ development]. TABLE 1.1: CM: LOVE IS A JOURNEY - AMERICAN ENGLISH

26 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ when I broke up [relation] with him Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ ending] → [+ termination] when I broke[relation] off Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ termination] → [+ ending] [relation] started out being that way RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establishment] somebody that I think I can spend the RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ stretch ] → [+ period of time] rest of my life with [+ company] → [+ company] somebody besides you RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] you can stay with a person for the RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ stretch ] → [+ period of time] rest of your life [+ company] → [+ company] [relation]'s a two-way street Identification Conflict [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] my experience started in my last year Concreteness in Objective/ [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establishment] Locative [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ point] → [+ event] [I met her] at the last semester Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ point] → [+ event] we started going out RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establishment] [+ movement] → [+ action/ development] I still haven't met anybody RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] [I would be] beginning something serious Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establishment] you don't have to be with someone RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] you can be by yourself RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] [I try] to get away from [someone] RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ movement] → [+ action/ development] I was with my girlfriend RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] [something] is pulling us apart Concreteness in Agent [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ movement] → [+ action/ development] I should go ahead RC [+ travel] → [+ relation] [+ movement] → [+ action/ development] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: when I broke up [relation] with him/ when I broke[relation] off/ [I try] to get away from [someone]: The end of the

relationship is seen as a physical separation of the partners; consequently, the journey has also ended. we started going out: This is a case of overlapping with the Met THE PART FOR THE WHOLE: the first part of

the activity of dating is used to refer to the whole of it, which includes "going to eat somewhere", "take a ride", "go dancing", and a number of other sentimental and/ or sexual activities.

[I would be] beginning something serious: Here there is a personification of the relationship; the participants involved are the ones who can be serious about it.

you don't have to be with someone/ you can be by yourself/ somebody that I think I can spend the rest of my life with/ [you can stay with a person] for the rest of your life: In these utterances, the CM LOVE IS A JOURNEY is entailed by the major CM, LIFE IS A JOURNEY. The speaker expresses the usual western Christian conception of a relationship as a clear step in a person's life, a relationship which does not end, or ends only when the person's life ends.

somebody besides you/ you can stay with a person [for the rest of your life]/ it's a two-way street: : There are many kinds of journeys, in relation to the CM under analysis: e.g., car trip, train ride, sea voyage. Speakers describe the situation as if it were a car trip (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 44) in which the two passengers, while travelling, are placed one besides the other. The rest of the instantiations are general and can be attached to any kind of travel. More important is the logical entailments these authors specify: A JOURNEY DEFINES A PATH/ THE PATH OF A JOURNEY IS A SURFACE (p. 89-93). In it's a two-way street, JOURNEY is explicitly defined as its SURFACE (a street); the participants would not be in the same vehicle but in two cars, driving in opposite directions. Since the conceptual picture here has changed, it could be argued that this is a radically different CM, LOVE IS A STREET, though Lakoff and Johnson would consider it a case of the "car trip" metaphor, as in "This relationship is a dead-end street"(p. 45).

I still haven't met anybody: It is interesting to notice that the events of meeting somebody, getting to know somebody after a while, and, eventually, falling in love with that person, are understood by the sole mention of the event MEETING, which in basic experiential terms only refers to the event of joining somebody at a certain place and moment.

something is pulling us apart: The important fact here is that the idea of movement is understood in two ways: one is the movement made by the partners away from each other (expressed by pulling apart); the other is the forward movement both partners are thought to carry on during their journey (entailed in the realization that LOVE IS A JOURNEY structures this segment of the text, with no overt element offered in the instantiation itself). The idea of something pulling people apart is also coherent with the CM LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE.

I should go ahead: The establishment and permanence of a love relationship depends on the participant(s) attitude and effort, which can be appreciated in the reference to a forward movement toward a goal.

CHILEAN SPANISH:

27 Some differences in the intermediate period have been found: the relationship has ended and the participants have been involved in other relationships, which is to say that the journey has ended (with the possibility of starting over again) and other journeys have been taken by the travellers. • If the participants return to their former journey, this is considered to have halted and later reinitiated: TM3: [+ resume] → [+ resume]. TABLE 1.2: CM LOVE IS A JOURNEY - CHILEAN SPANISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [el amor] es un medio para llegar a ciertas Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ ending] → [+ termination] cosas anduve con otro/ yo andaba con otro niño/ RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] él andaba con otra niña [+ company] → [+ company] [+ movement ] → [+ development] de ahí en adelante empezamos una Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ resume] → [+ resume] relación más abierta [yo le dije] hasta aquí llegamos RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ ending] → [+ termination] [yo le dije] dime si vas a volver conmigo o no RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ resume] → [+ resume] duramos harto tiempo RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] terminábamos RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ ending] → [+ termination] volvíamos a empezar RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ resume] → [+ resume] algo que fue lindo pero fue corto Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] una relación larga Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] [él] estar conmigo RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ company] → [+ company] no sé cómo se llevan bien también/ RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ movement ] → [+ development] se llevan bien ellos así [+ company] →[+ company] el instinto por llegar a ti RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ movement] → [+ development] ir hacia el contacto físico Concreteness in Locative [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ step] →[+ event] una mina que te dejó RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ ending] → [+ termination] [- company]→[- company] hay que remontarse al primer pololeo Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ resume] → [+ resume] ya tendría que pasar algo con alguien RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] [+ company] → [+ company] [+ movement ] → [+ development] se estaba yendo el tren ya RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] y vamos [con el pololeo] Concreteness in Objective [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ stretch] → [+ period] no tenemos metas RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establisment] tenemos plazos RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation ] → [+ establishment] que aguantara[relación] en el tiempo RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ termination] → [+ ending] no estoy embarcado en ninguna relación RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ movement] → [+ development] la pensaría en la perspectiva de largo aliento Concreteness in Locative [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ step] →[+ event] hace un tiempo atrás RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation] → [+ establishment] eso era el objetivo Concreteness in Locative [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ step] →[+ event] encontrar a esa persona que tiene que llegar RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation] → [+ establishment] cuando estoy cerca de [comenzar relación] RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation] → [+ establishment] [ellos] están ahí [pololeando] Concreteness in Locative [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ step] →[+ event] él se puso a pololear RC [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ initiation] → [+ establishment] pasaban todo el tiempo juntos Concreteness in Locative [+ travel ] → [+ relation] [+ step] →[+ event] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: [el amor] es un medio para llegar a ciertas cosas: In this case, the CM LOVE IS A JOURNEY is entailed by the

CM A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY: a love relation, as an activity, is conceived of as a vehicle for transporting the speaker toward her goal, i.e., toward the fulfillment of her intentions.

anduve con otro/ él andaba con otra niña/ yo andaba con otro niño: The love partners are seen within a vehicle (the relation) during the travel (period of time). Different relations are described as different people in the same vehicle.

de ahí en adelante empezamos una relación más abierta: When both love partners re-established their relationship, they were more communicative, permissive, and both let the other person be and do as he and she wanted. People who have these qualities are considered "open".

se estaba yendo el tren ya/ encontrar a esa persona que tiene que llegar: During the life journey, an individual is thought to be going on alone within a vehicle if he/she has not established a relationship with someone or if this relationship has ended. Love is considered not only as an important stage in the life journey, but sometimes as the most important stage; the expression irse el tren refers to a failure to reach this stage in one's life.

el instinto por llegar a ti/ ir hacia el contacto físico: Love (relation/ sexual intercourse) is the goal she is trying to attain in her journey, i.e., the purpose the speaker is aiming at by behaving and acting in a certain way.

28 hay que remontarse al primer pololeo: This is an special image used to indicate remembering; you must go back to

a point you left behind (in the past, a previous step in you life travel). que aguantara [relación] en el tiempo: The relation is conceptualized as a vehicle which needs fuel to move across

the path defined by the travel. A relation is something that can be finished gradually; feelings change, and so do behaviour and personality. Time "consumes" the events and participants that develop through it.

no estoy embarcado en ninguna relación: This is the only instance of a different kind of vehicle, namely, a ship. la pensaría en la perspectiva de largo aliento: Another special image to refer, in this case, to the future: we can

only think of the future spatially, as an stretch. The speaker expresses the idea of a "distant" future by referring to physical fatigue.

cuando estoy cerca de [comenzar relación]: In this case a relationship is considered as an object (see EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS) at some point during the life travel. The (possibility of) establishment of the relationship is seen as spatial proximity.

CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES BM: In this case, there is a presupposed CM, STATES ARE OBJECTS, which gives coherence to the fact that people can contain them. Love, as a state, is an object inside people, who are conceptualized as box-like containers. It is not the body which is a container, but the person in his/her non-physical characteristics (behaviour, personality, feelings, etc.). Whenever a speaker talks about people as containing objects, he/she is referring to the state underwent by him/her. BM: [+ contain]→ [+ undergo]. TM: Love, being a contained object, is "poured" from one container (person) into another; a container may be full or empty of love, etc. The correlations of the two domains and the re-read rules which result from them can be summarized as follows: • if the expression refers to any feature implying the feedback of content between the containers, it must be re-read as

implying reciprocity within the relation: TM1: [+ feedback]→ [+ reciprocity]; • if the expression refers to the delivery of the content, it must be re-read as the behaviour and actions of one partner in relation to the other: TM2: [+ delivery]→ [behaviour]; • if the expression implies the direction of the delivery, it must be re-read as referring to the person the intentions of the speaker are directed to: TM3: [+ direction]→ [+ intentions]; • if the expression implies the enclosure or opening of the container, it must be re-read as the establishment or non-

establishment of the relation: TM4: [+ enclosure] → [+ establishment of relation]; • if the expression refers to any feature implying the filling up or the emptiness of the container, it must be re-read,

respectively, as a positive or negative evaluation of the relation from the speaker's point of view: TM5: [± filling] → [± positive evaluation]. TABLE 1.3: CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [love is] a relationship between Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ enclosure] → [+ establishment] two people [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] a feeling you get Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] we still have the same feelings Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] for each other [+ feedback] → [+ reciprocity] other people's love relationships Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM this love that was in my relationship Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ enclosure] → [+ establishment] I don't have the same urges Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM [I should go ahead] with my instincts Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ direction] → [+ intentions] [someone who has] a passion for something Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [+ direction] → [+ intentions] you can receive complete happiness Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: [love is] a relationship between two people/ other people's love relationships: The possession of the object

(relation) is shared with another person, in contrast to the property of the object feeling, which can be either

29 possessed only by one person or by the couple; in fact, a feeling can be shared by a number of people (e.g., patriotism) or even by the entire humanity (e.g., fear of the unknown, love for children).

this love that was in my relationship: In this case, the present CM is realized through a metonymic process: the relationship is seen as a container rather than as the participants (the whole for the part?).

I don't have the same urges/ [I should go ahead] with my instincts: People contain feelings and states in general; in this case there is a reference to the quality of erotic feelings of being basic instincts, just as hunger. a feeling you get/ you can receive complete happiness: The important fact here is the emphasis on the

conceptualization of LOVE as a transferable, moveable object. The lexical item selected in the second instantiation is not get as in the first one, but receive, a much more explicit term. LOVE is equated then with HAPPINESS, but the attribution of concreteness remains the same, as the unifying concept of the word "complete" expresses.

TABLE 1.4: CM: PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES - CHILEAN SPANISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ uno entrega más de lo que debe Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [- feedback] → [- reciprocity] nunca me sentí como "estoy feliz, RC [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] plena", como que algo me faltaba tenía todo lo que [yo] buscaba Concreteness in Locative [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ direction] → [+ intentions] en un gallo [tipo] [+ filling] → [+ positive evaluation] primera vez que teníamos esos sentimientos Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [- feedback] → [- reciprocity] el erotismo lo tenemos todos adentro Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM algo bonito [relación] entre nosotros RC [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ feedback] → [+ reciprocity] [+ filling] → [+ positiuve evaluation] tu mundo se cierra y ya no hay más mundo RC [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ enclosure]→[+ establishment] entregarme a él Humanity in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] hay mucho amor entremedio Concreteness in Positioner [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ feedback] → [+ reciprocity] [+ filling] → [+ positive evaluation] esa persona no entrega nada por ti Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [- feedback] → [- reciprocity] [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] [ el amor] desplazaba tus emociones Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM de un lado hacia otro modificar cierta conducta o actitudes Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] tuyas cosa [el amor] que tengo integrada Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ filling] → [+ positive evaluation] el primer amor que tuve Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM [salió el pololeo] del interés mío Concreteness in Locative [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ direction] → [+ intentions] de tener una relación de pareja yo no tuve peros Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [- filling] → [+ positive evaluation] da un poco de verguenza decirlo/ Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ filling] → [- positive evaluation] te da miedo todo te llenas la cabeza de cuestiones Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ filling] → [- positive evaluation] [engo buenos recuerdos [de la relación] Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ filling] → [+ positive evaluation] no tengo la cabeza ocupada con nadie en Concreteness in Locative [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [- filling] → [- positive evaluation] particular estar bien en el fondo Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM has colocado [esperanzas/ilusiones/porvenir] Concreteness in Locative [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] en manos de otra persona no voy a dar explicaciones Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] [ellos] han tenido su par de quiebres Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM tienes...un rollo con alguien RC [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ filling] → [± positive evaluation] vas a perder el juicio RC [+ contain] → [+ undergo] [+ delivery] → [+ behaviour] despertar esos instintos básicos en el hombre Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] → [+ undergo] no TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: [ellos] han tenido su par de quiebres: Again, there is a metonymic concept together with the CM; in this case, the

relation lends its metaphorical quality of a concrete unity to the couple. [ el amor] desplazaba tus emociones de un lado hacia otro: In this case, there is overlapping with the CM LOVE

IS A PHYSICAL FORCE. cosa [el amor] que tengo integrada: The state referred to is seen as an object people either have or have not, not as

a basic component but as an additional one which is "put" into them. The same conception applies to notions, moral beliefs, education, and culture: they must be "inoculated".

30 [salió el pololeo] del interés mío [y de otra gente] por tener una relación de pareja: The relation is viewed as

produced by the speaker's interest; what it is noticeable here is the conception of outward movement implied in the action referred to.

yo no tuve peros: Objections are economically reduced to the clause initial word that would make them fully explicit (the conjunction pero in this case, acting as an entity). Thus, they become concrete entities which can be possessed by the speaker.

da un poco de verguenza decirlo/ te da miedo todo: Certain states which are commonly thought of as temporal (shame, fear) are, in the speaker's conception, produced as a result of the situations and actions people are involved in.

te llenas la cabeza de cuestiones/ no tengo la cabeza ocupada con nadie en particular/ tienes...un rollo con alguien: First, the Met THE WHOLE FOR THE PART underlies the current CM: it is not the person as a whole but his/her mind which is referred to. Second, the Met THE CONTAINER FOR THE CONTENT allows the speaker to talk of the "head" when actually implying the mind, which in its turn is only theoretically defined as a unity. Third, the speaker is actually referring to the activity involved in thinking about something, which can only be measured in terms of time. At this point, there is an overlapping with the CM TIME IS A RESOURCE, in the sense that it can be spent (or even wasted). Furthermore, as the amount of time spent in thinking about an issue increases, there is "little" or "no room" (a very suitable, common, but nevertheless metaphorical expression) for other issues to be thought about, or, in metaphorical terms, "occupy one's head". Finally, the term rollo expresses the idea of a persistent thought, usually a problem or emotional worry.

estar bien en el fondo: An orientational metaphor is operating here: OUTSIDE IS UP/ INSIDE IS DOWN, related but not derived from the CM MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN. Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 23) explain it as a problem of coherence through cultures, which allows to assign DOWN a positive connotation. What is inside and hidden is seen as more important.

has colocado [esperanzas/ilusiones/porvenir] en manos de otra persona: The speaker refers to the case of a person who depends emotionally on another person to such an extent that he/she no longer has any initiative. This is commonly viewed as physical 'manipulation'.

despertar esos instintos básicos en el hombre: An instance of Animateness. The use of despertar to mean causing or producing a state.

uno entrega más de lo que debe/ para entregarme a él/ esa persona no entrega nada por ti: There is a compulsory interchange in a relation, the crucial moment in which one expresses one's feelings and behaves in a determined way (the giving of an inner "treasure" or possession), showing the other the "value" of the relation, and expects the other's feelings expressed through similar behaviour (the other's possession) in return.

tenía todo lo que yo buscaba en un gallo: The speaker refers to her partner's personal characteristics and behaviour as corresponding with her conception of an ideal love partner; the speaker also sees social life and meeting people as a search for a possible love partner.

primera vez que teníamos esos sentimientos: Love, as a feeling, seems to exist not inherently in both love partners, but to emerge instead from the relation itself (the object contained appears only when there is a contact between them).

el erotismo lo tenemos todos adentro: In opposition to the previous case, this metaphor refers to the inherent sexual features (physical appearance, attitude, or any other personal characteristic which can be sexually attractive) which are independent of any relationship.

algo bonito entre nosotros/ hay mucho amor entremedio: Both love partners (containers) are together because of their feelings toward each other (as if the object contained by both were a shared organ of some sort).

tu mundo se cierra: Apart from the love relation, people have a variable number of other relations (social, personal, etc.) and are willing to meet people in order to establish a love relation (open containers, "in search of"); these other relations can be affected when a love relation is established (the containers are closed; each container is the top of the other).

y ya no hay más mundo: There are no other relations, at least according to the speaker's interest, and this may cause her isolation from friends, family, or even society.

CM EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/CONTAINERS BM: We may define an event as a set of participants involved in (sometimes predetermined) actions/states/ processes seen as associated to a temporal and situational framework. In this sense, even a simple action, as taking the bus, can be considered an event. The only way to understand these happenings as unities is by conferring objective concreteness to them, in order to specify their influence upon the participants involved or any other phenomenon. The BM rule can be

31 formulated simply as follows: "abstract" relatedness (of people, objects, actions and states) is seen as a concrete unity attributed to objects. BM: [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness]. TM: In general, we refer to events either as a way of structuring our actions in terms of time and place or as a way of evaluating and analysing people's actions (e.g., I felt badly at the meeting but now I'm all right, and My birth/marriage was a horrible occasion, respectively). In the first case, no TM rules can be formulated since if an event occurs, it is directly entified as something that happens with no other transference of meaning involved. In the second case, the evaluation or analysis takes place metaphorically as the examination of an object in terms of the description of a physical entity. Some other concepts related to objects, such as possession, transferability, and so on, will be analysed as they appear in other instances of this same CM. The only TM rules applicable in this case are the following: • if the expression in terms of OBJECT refers to a transferable object, it must be understood as referring to a

transitive action involving people: TM1: [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity]; • if the expression implies a physical description of positive/negative connotations, it must be re-read as a person's

positive/negative emotion towards a certain event: TM2: [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression]; • if the expression refers to the object as "possessed" in some way, it must be understood as an indication of the importance attached to the state by the speaker: TM3: [+ possession]→ [+ importance]. TABLE 1.5: CM: EVENTS ARE OBJECTS - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [a feeling you get] from doing something Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity] [going to movies] and stuff Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM [a fact] which is kind of weird Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [I would] make sure that [something] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM it's a tough question Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] make a difference/ Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM make it better for you to give an opinion Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity] [a fact] hard to understand Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] there's something going on Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: [a feeling you get] from doing something: In many cases, there seems to underlie the idea that a state,

conceptualized as an object, can be the result of an event; in this case, the event will be conceptualized as an originator object, as a source. Hence the use of from. There is a considerable overlapping with the previous CM, PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, but the focus here is on the fact that doing is the origin of a feeling.

[going to movies] and stuff: This typical young American expression and stuff is highly descriptive of the concrete conceptualization of events.

[a fact] which is kind of weird/ [I would] make sure that [something]/ it's a tough question/ make a difference/ make it better for you/ [a fact] hard to understand: Together with physical description, there is a qualitative description attached to events which are not by themselves weird, sure, tough, different, better, hard but are assigned to personify the speaker's feelings and attitudes toward the events referred to.

it's a tough question/ a fact hard to understand: The concept seems to be that knowledge is considered as a certain type of substance (or sometimes object) that we have to get into our heads through the obstacle of our skull; the easier it is to understand , the quicker we get things into our minds. Therefore, if a subject is hard, thick, dense, or tough, etc., it is more difficult to understand.

TABLE 1.6: CM EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS - CHILEAN SPANISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ nos hicieron definir [el amor] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] cosas que hacían modificar cierta conducta Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] →

32 [+ emotional expression] se establece una relación amorosa Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM [mi primer pololeo] no tiene mucha Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ possession] → [+ importance] originalidad una época en que yoestaba...tranquilo Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] las...tallas que te echan Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity] [semana] en que pasó ese asunto Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM [el pololeo] de espontáneo tiene re poco Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity] se juntaron las cosas así Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [dos personas] cuyo único vínculo es estar Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ possession] → [+ importance] pololeando no tiene ninguna cosa de más peso [pololeo] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [el pololeo]no me dejó mucha marca Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] uno no establece las diferencias Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM mantenerla [relación]/[que] se sostuviera Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ possession] → [+ importance] me ha cambiado mucho la perspectiva Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → sobre eso [+ emotional expression] como la veo ahora Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: cosas que hacían modificar cierta conducta: Events act upon events: the speaker is influenced to behave differently

after considering and/ or being affected by certain situations. se establece una relación amorosa: Here there is a stative view if the relation, contrary to the LOVE IS A

JOURNEY conception. [mi primer pololeo] no tiene mucha originalidad/ [el pololeo] de espontáneo tiene re poco: As in the American

English case, qualitative descriptions, original, espontáneo, are attributed to events, after conceptualizing them concretely.

las... tallas que te echan: Events such as tallas, as objects, can be "thrown" at people; there is a considerable overlapping of CMs here: CONDUIT METAPHOR (tallas is a piece of communication); PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES (the person "receives" the joke, meaning that he/ she is affected by it).

[semana] en que pasó ese asunto: A period of time (semana) is conceptualized as a container and an event (asunto) is conceptualized as an object inside this period of time. The container (probably an instance of the CM TIME IS A CONTAINER) is a static entity, whereas the object is seen as moveable, maybe as a vehicle, conception which coincides with LIFE IS A JOURNEY (cf. Section 2).

se juntaron las cosas así/ no tiene ninguna cosa de más peso [pololeo]/ [el pololeo]no me dejó mucha marca: Events are directly named cosas and, following a logical chain, they are attributed countableness: they can constitute amounts, have weight, and cause physical damage to the person involved, expressing, respectively, that the sequence of situations may cause a greater sentimental problem, that the event may or may not have a certain degree of importance, and that events can cause lasting affective problems.

mantenerla [relación]/ [que la relación] se sostuviera: The action of holding an object that can fall lends its connotations to the durability of an event (relación), in the sense that the participants make efforts to continue their sentimental relationship.

me ha cambiado mucho la perspectiva sobre eso [relación]/ como la veo ahora [relación]: The overlapping with the CM SEEING IS THINKING/ CONSIDERING allows the CM under analysis; one can "think" about anything, but must "see" something concrete, an object.

CM LOVE IS WAR BM: Love is intended here as the deep, tender feeling a person has towards another, but principally as the intention of starting out a sentimental relationship with that person. The ways adopted by the speakers in order to reach their intentions are the actions performed by the Agent role, actions which are structured by the concept of WAR. LOVE stands for feelings and relationship, and is instantiated by the Dative role and by reference to states, in the sense both of the person who experiences love and of the person an action is directed to. To make this clearer, we may draw a parallel between the specific meanings LOVE and WAR convey:

_____________________________________________________________________________ LOVE WAR

33 _____________________________________________________________________________ feelings (related to Dative) ↔ ways to fulfill Agent's intentions intentions of relationship ↔ actions performed by Agent (related to actions) relationship (related to states) ↔ fulfillment of Agent's intentions (related to states) _____________________________________________________________________________

The metaphorical process of conceptualization is based on a simple rule: "talk about LOVE with the vocabulary of WAR". In order to illustrate this, we will try to design and compare prototypical situations of LOVE and WAR. A love affair episode can be seen as follows: X meets Y. After a certain length of time, X begins to feel love for Y. X wants Y to feel the same for him/her and wants to establish a sentimental relationship with him/her. X must decide how to fulfill his/her intentions and proceeds to direct his/her behaviour to that end. X fulfills his/her intentions or not, depending on a certain number of variables. An episode of a war situation can be seen as follows: There are two parties, X and Y. Each party wants something from the other, territory or booty. X wants Y's booty and must decide on a strategy for obtaining this booty through fighting. After deciding on a strategy to follow, X attacks and the fight develops. X wins or is defeated according to a number of variables and, consequently, obtains or fails to obtain Y's booty. In this episode, WAR appears to have the following steps:

1. intention of obtaining a booty 2. strategy 3. fight 4. victory or defeat; conquest or no obtention of booty.

The following series of re-read rules will help to see how the aspects of WAR are to be understood as aspects of LOVE. Thus, • if the expression in terms of WAR refers to the intention of obtaining booty, it must be re-read as the intention of

starting out a relationship: BM1: [+ intention of booty] → [+ intention of relationship]; • if the expression refers to an aspect of war-strategy, it must be re-read as a plan for action towards the fulfillment of

intentions: BM2: [+ strategy] → [+ plan]; • if the expression refers to an aspect of the development of a fight, it must be re-read as action on the part of the

parties affecting the relation: BM3: [+ fight] → [+ actions]. TM: All the verbs involved in the analysis of this CM match the steps "fight" and "victory"; the verbs related with "fight" can be ordered in a sequence, as steps in the fight:

1. make the first move 2. hang by the neck/ miss the chance 3. break down 4. lose/ gain.

The final step "gain" overlaps with the verbs related to the final step of WAR: • be for • have • possess • have got hold on • have power on.

This analysis shows two different aspects of the conceptual process: one is that most, if not all, the features of the concept of LOVE can be matched with the features of WAR. The other is that the concept of WAR is shown to coherently structure the texts obtained from the speakers interviewed; it shows as well how this structure is used to organize those aspects of LOVE which, incidentally, are evidently less clearly defined than their WAR counterparts. Two rules can be added now concerning Transfer Mapping information: • if the expression refers to a feature implying victory and/ or possession (which is, anyway, a consequence of victory), it must be re-read as success in establishing a relationship: TM1: [+ victory/possession] → [+ establishment]; • if the expression refers to a feature implying aggressiveness at any level, it must be re-read as implying emotional intensity: TM2: [+ aggressiveness] → [+ intensity].

34 TABLE 1.7: CM LOVE IS WAR - AMERICAN ENGLISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SEMANTIC CONFLICT [SC] BASIC MAPPING [BM] TRANSFER MAPPING [TM] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ he really broke me down Animateness in Dative [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ victory/possession] → [+ establishment] [+ aggressiveness] → [+ intensity] he has to make the first move RC [+ strategy] →[+ plans] [+ first step fight] →[+ first step actions]

[+ fight] →[+ actions] people who are for me RC [+ intention] →[+ intention] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] I'm going to have that person sooner or later Animateness in Objective [+ intention] →[+ intention] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establisment] they're are being possessed by the woman Animateness in Objective [+ intention] →[+ intention] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] he has hanged me by the neck RC [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ aggressiveness] →[+ intensity] this power that she's got hold on me RC [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] you miss the chance Concreteness in Objective [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] you're going to lose him anyway Animateness in Objective [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] you are not going to gain him Animateness in Objective [+ fight] →[+ actions] [+ victory/possession] →[+ establishment] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: he really broke me down: By using the expression break down, the speaker refers to a great degree of suffering

caused by her partner's behaviour. The intensity of her suffering is inferred from the use of an expression implying a terminal point (in fact, destruction) which on its turn implies various other shades of meaning, such as the impossibility of any reaction or recovering, the lack of further emotional strength, etc., as if she had been completely defeated in battle.

he has to make the first move: The use of this expression implies at least two related aspects: first, it implies that the first approach to the concept of LOVE will be under the CM LOVE IS WAR since make the first move is a characteristic expression of the domain of WAR; second, it implies the taking of a preliminary "action", belonging to and determining a set of planned actions (the strategy), aimed at the fulfillment of the subject's intentions.

people who are for me: Apart from the idea of mere possession, to be for somebody involves also reference to the likeliness that a member of a certain group of people may establish a relationship with the subject (a relation seen as possession) through a sort of predetermination or through the subject's willing selection. Moreover, this is a clear example of how the beloved person can be seen as an object of conquest and can therefore be equated with the booty to be obtained in a war situation.

I'm going to have that person sooner or later: A complex thought such as I'm going to get involved in a sentimental relationship with that person, and he is going to feel what I feel for him is packed very briefly into the verb have, along with the connotation of the person as an object.

they are being possessed by the woman: The meaning of possession here is different from the one in the previous case. This expression reverses the usual conception of sexual intercourse as an act by which men possess women, by assigning the active control of it (conquering) to women. Context plays an important role in this instantiation when it comes to understanding what the speaker is saying.

he has hanged me by the neck: A speaker may probably say: he exerts great influence on me; he can do what he wants, but I depend completely on him to do what I want; everything he does affects me. You know, he hangs me by the neck. Since this metaphorical expression is very common, it is not difficult to infer its connotations. It is assumed as a step in the battle, but not a decisive one; the situation can be reverted.

this power that she's got hold on me: The speaker intends to say that her partner has an important influence on her, to such an extent that the metaphorical expression chosen expresses that she cannot avoid being influenced.

you miss the chance: Not obtaining the relationship, i.e., failing in establishing a relationship with the other person; the speaker is missing the chance of winning the battle, or even the entire war.

you are going to lose him anyway: Lose means a final step in a battle; it is a more radical verb than miss. The relationship has ended, and this is viewed as a loss, a failure, a defeat.

you are not going to gain him: The final step in the battle is alluded to again. The subject has obtained what she wanted -the establishment of the relation, viewed as victory, and the obtention of booty.

CM LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE BM: LOVE is intended as the feeling which moves a person to act towards another so as to produce a desired behaviour. PHYSICAL FORCE is intended as the power that a person may exercise on another so as to produce certain effects on him/her. A person's physical appearance, personality, and behaviour can influence another person in terms of producing

35 fondness, sexual attraction, or love feelings. In metaphorical terms, a person's assets determine the amount and strength of the power to be exerted on people. BM: [+ assets]→ [+ power]. TM: Conceptualized as power, the behaviour of the partners is explained as the product of actions on the part of one of them or as the result of the action of an external cause. The conceptualization in terms of power provides the possibility of measuring both the amount of power at someone's disposal and the effects which it may produce, i.e., it allows the possibility of evaluating and understanding people's actions and responses within a relationship. Moreover, the distinction between controlled and uncontrolled exertion of power may be seen as a distinction between a degree of more or less intensity of the feelings involved, which is equivalent to the explicit indication of a measurement of the power exerted. Thus: • if the expression in terms of physical force implies controlled use of power, it must be re-read as referring to the

actions performed by one person in relation to another: TM1: [+ control]→ [+ action]; • if the expression implies reference to the effect of power, it must be re-read as referring to the response of a person

either to the behaviour of another or to causes thought to be external: TM2: [± effect]→ [± response]; • if the expression refers to the measurement of power, it must be understood as implying corresponding intensity: TM3: [± high degree]→ [± intensity]; • if the expression implies uncontrolled effect of power, it must also be re-read as a marker of intensity: TM4: [- control]→ [+ intensity]. TABLE 1.8: CM LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE - CHILEAN SPANISH INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM [el amor] puedes reflejarlo en todo Concreteness in Objective [+ energy ] → [+ feeling] [+ effect] → [+ response] [+ control] → [+ action] [el amor] te lleva a hacer cosas Concreteness in Instrument [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ effect] → [+ response ] [- control] → [+ intensity] no sé hasta que punto el amor puede llevarte Concreteness in Instrument [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ effect ] → [+ response ] [+ high degree] →[+ intensity] [- control] → [+ intensity] me puse las pilas Animateness in Dative [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ control] → [+ actions] me gustaba atraerlo hacia mí RC [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ control] → [+ actions] [+ effect] → [+ response ] [eventos] me fueron uniendo [a él] RC [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ effect] → [+ response] [- control] → [+ intensity] [la mujer] maneja [al hombre] Animateness in Objective [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ control] → [+ actions] [+ effect] → [+ response ] [ella] llegar hasta un grado Concreteness in Locative [+ energy] → [+ feeling] [+ effect ] → [+ response ] [+ high degree] →[+ intensity] [- control] → [+ intensity]

IMPLICIT INTENTION: [el amor] puedes reflejarlo en todo: A person demonstrates that he/she is in love through actions and attitudes

typically recognizable as 'love' behaviour. [el amor] te lleva a hacer cosas/ no sé hasta que punto el amor puede llevarte/ me puse las pilas: Love is

considered as a type of energy or "impulse" (or its container, a battery) controlling a person's behaviour. [la mujer] maneja [al hombre]: Having control over other people's behaviour is seen here as the action of driving a

vehicle (or riding an animal, typically a horse). This conceptualization of control is quite common; it directly refers to physical manipulation of different kinds.

[ella] llegar hasta un grado: Energetic phenomena are measured according to grades in a scale; in this case, the intensity or seriousness of a person's actions, attitudes, or feelings are measured in a similar fashion.

DISCUSSION Our most important findings in the current analysis can be summarized as follows: 1. The speakers' discourses reveal a great degree of pervasiveness of CMs in their conceptualization of love as a feeling, relationship, or behaviour. 2. Both languages share the same general metaphorical conceptualizations, a fact which highlights the affinity of the two western cultures studied. 3. The CM LOVE IS A JOURNEY is the most frequent CM, where many of other CMs conflate. This is related to the basic conception of life and experiences, which are events in time, in spatial terms. Another possible clue for the

36 pervasiness of this metaphor is that people, in general, have less difficulties in talking about events than in talking about their own emotions, when trying, for example, to define love. 4. Differences between languages pertain mainly to the diverse relevance of metaphors: while in American English both CMs LOVE IS WAR and LOVE IS A JOURNEY are preeminent, the latter is by far the most important CM in Chilean Spanish, having a frequency of about half of the total amount of instantiations depicted through the literalness test. Concerning the CM LOVE IS WAR, there is an interesting conceptualization of love which also appears in the Spanish discourse, but it has not a relevant frequency of occurrence. A feasible explanation of this fact would be a cultural difference in the conception of love relationships; English speakers would have a more aggressive attitude towards social relationships in general, or a more active life, expressed in all domains, than Spanish speakers. Another difference between the two languages is the length of discourse. Spanish speakers seem to be much more communicative than the English ones, and their discourse is richer in terms of conceptualizations, notions, details, and facts, although this can be due to other factors: personality, mood, empathy, and so on. This topic is a very abstract one; in fact, Lakoff and Johnson state that the only "clear" notion of love is that it is a kind of emotion (1980: 35). The borrowing of concepts from distinct conceptual fields is quite evident: physical phenomena, such as movement, energy, spatial relations allow speakers a way of referring to love concretely. Furthermore, this conceptual process seems to be necessary and inescapable; without it there is no way of referring to love. Everyday communication requires the use of concrete notions and referents. According to Lakoff, "...metaphor is not just a matter of language, but of thought and reason. The language is secondary" (1992: 12). Human beings only conceptualize the world they are in (and the world inside them) when they have to communicate with others. In the case of love, it is only when people need to express notions, emotions, and judgments that they perform the conceptual mapping involved in metaphor. Thought and language come together as a unified phenomenon.

37

SECTION 2.- TOPIC: DEATH Concerning the present topic, 4 CMs were identified. Their distribution by language and sex is shown in the following table: CM/ Met American English Chilean Spanish Male Female Male Female LIFE IS A JOURNEY √ √ √ √ PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES √ √ √ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS √ √ √ DEATH IS A PERSON √

CM LIFE IS A JOURNEY BM: In this case we require a twofold explanation: one accounting for the BM which makes possible to understand LIFE as a JOURNEY, and a second one to understand the specific conceptualization of DEATH within this framework. A possible interpretation is that, since life is understood as a sequence of actions, activities, and events, it is possible to transfer its linear temporal aspect to the idea of physical movement from one place to another. In this sense, experiencing (i.e., sequence of experiences) is directly equated to travelling (i.e., sequence of places). The proposed BM rule is then: [+ experience]→ [+ movement]. Now, within the framework of LIFE being understood as a JOURNEY, DEATH (that is, the termination of existence) is understood as the end of the journey. Needless to say, it is in relation to LIFE and its conceptualization that any attempt to characterize death is carried out. Notice that even in the cases where one's period of life is considered as a step within an eternal span of life (as when referring to reencarnation or otherwordly life), its end is conceived as the last stage in the journey. Death is then understood mainly as a place, and this is possible because death is basically an event and, since events are mainly conceived as objects, events can be understood as places. A secondary BM rule may be then: [+ place]→ [+ event]. The place may be the final stage in one's journey, but also the initial stage of another journey; this, incidentally, is the only way of structuring the conceptualization of what happens after death (i.e., using the structure of life's conceptualization). In fact, in many cases there is no explicit indication that the word life is being conceived as a journey other than the existence of other overt instantiations of this CM along the discourse produced. TM: The moments of our birth and death are understood as the beginning and the end of the journey. Events are viewed as places we go through during our journey. Our friends and relatives are seen as companions . Time is conceptualized in terms of locativeness. As we do not have any idea of what happens during the moment of death nor afterwards, the easiest way to conceptualize it is by using the same structures we use to conceptualize life, and thus we think of death as a second journey, similar to the first one but with one difference: death will be understood either as the event of ending the first journey and starting off the second one (departure) or as the state of being dead, i.e., of being on the travel itself. A second difference is that the second journey is marked by the feature [- return] as a logical possibility (resurrection being a fantastic event as far as we are concerned) which, in the case of life, corresponds to the action of remembering. As an event, death is referred to as a place we can arrive at or depart from. If death is the final place/point of our journey, we can arrive at it quickly, slowly, unexpectedly, willfully, accidentally; we may be near or far off from it, etc., thus characterizing death as the disappearance from our ordinary lives. If death is also considered as a departing point, it is easier to define both objects and people still living as things and people being left and the dead person as somebody "departing" or "gone". That is why we can even talk of "saying our last good-bye" to a person who is about to die, for example. In other words, DEATH is the place and DYING is arriving at and/or departing from that place. The corresponding TM rules may be formulated as follows: • if the expression refers to a stage or period during the journey, it must be understood as referring to a stage or

period during life: TM1: [+ stage]→ [+ stage]; • if the expression refers to the concept of physical movement during the first journey, it must be understood as a

reference to change in time, whether future (forward movement) or past (backward movement): TM2: [+ forward movement]→ [+ future] [+ backward movement]→ [+ past]; • if the expression refers to a place as the goal of the journey or a reference point behind, it must be understood as an

event in the future or in the past, respectively:

38 TM3: [+ goal/source]→ [+ future/past event]; • if the expression refers to the presence of other people considered as companions during the journey, it must be

understood as people related to the dead person in his/her life (friends, relatives, etc.): TM4: [± company]→ [± relative/friend]; • if the expression refers to the final instance of a stage, period, process, the journey itself, etc., it must be understood

as referring to the actual termination of the living process both in its physical aspect as in the social and psychological ones attached to it:

TM5: [+ end]→ [+ termination]; • reference to the second journey must be understood as reference to the events and actions related to after-death

continuation, which is conceptualized as another life (i. e., another journey): TM6: [+ second journey] → [+ after-life]; • reference to the arrival or departure from the point (whether final or transient) must be re-read as reference to the

passing away of a person: TM7: [+ arrival/departure]→ [+ death]; • reference to the person arriving at the point or departing from it must be understood as the person passing away or

becoming dead: TM8: [+ traveller]→ [+ dead]; • reference to participants as being left (whether people or objects) must be re-read as referring to the people related

to the dead person who are still alive or to the objects which were related (often by possession) to the dead person: TM9: [+ left]→ [+ people/objects]; • if the expression refers to the transport used in the second journey (often called death, through objectivization or

even personification), it must be understood as the event of dying as a process: TM10: [+ vehicle]→ [+ process]; • if the expression refers to the end of the second journey, it must be re-read as an imagined after-life state, often

characterized according to religious, mythical or fantastic cosmologies: TM11: [+ second finish]→ [+ state]; • reference to the return from the second journey must be re-read as the possibility of resurrection: TM12: [± return]→ [± resurrection].

TABLE 2.1: CM: LIFE IS A JOURNEY - AMERICAN ENGLISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ the end of life RC [+ movement ] →[+ experience] [+ end] →[+ termination] [+ place ] →[+ event] we start all over again RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ second journey] →[+ after life] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] on Sunday Concreteness in Locative [+ movement ] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place ] →[+ event] they leave you RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] they are taken away from you RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [+ left] →[+ people] there's no escaping RC [+ movement ] →[+ experience] [+ end] →[+ termination] [+ place ] →[+ event] X died in an accident Concreteness in Locative [+ movement ] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place ] →[+ event] at the minute I die Concreteness in Locative [+ movement ] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place ] →[+ event] I'll get somewhere Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ second finish] →[+ future event] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [you're ready] to move on RC [+ movement] → [+ experience] [+ forward movement]→[future] [+ place ] →[+ event] [+ traveller] → [+ dead] you are ready to end RC [+ movement ] →[+ experience] [+ end] →[+ termination] [+ place ] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] you're going to come back RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ return] →[+ resurrection] you're going to go to heaven Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ finish] →[+ future event] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] life continues/ life goes on RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ forward movement] →[+ future] [+ place] →[+ event] people that are left after you RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ left] →[+ people] live and die and see what happens afterwards RC/Concreteness in Objective [+ movement ] →[+ experience] [+ second journey] →[+ after-life]

39 [+ place ] →[+ event] I'd react in the same sense as someone else RC [+ movement] →[+ experience ] no TM [+ place] →[+ event] [death] is so far away Concreteness in Objective [+ movement ] →[+ experience] [+ forward movement] →[+ future] [+ place ] →[+ event] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: they're taken away from you: The dead person is unwillingly abandoning life, conceptualized as a place, and is

taken to another place, death, which is thought to be a long distance away. there's no escaping: The impossibility of changing the life process is seen as a curse, as punishment. you're going to go to heaven: Christianity has given its believers a conceptualization of death which is utterly

concrete: it is a place people (or their souls) go to when they die; seemingly, another planet. [death] changes through life: What is interesting here is not the conceptualization of death, but the fact that a

concept (DEATH, in this case) is seen as an object, on account of the CM STATES ARE OBJECTS, and the fact that our opinions and ideas develop in certain ways is seen as an almost formal change in the objects called 'concepts'.

live and die and see what happens afterwards: The CM KNOWING IS SEEING gives coherence to the fact that the speaker will end his journey and will see (understand) what death is like.

I 'd react in the same sense as somebody else: If our experiences are viewed as movements, it is easy to see that our actions (and therefore our reactions) must have a certain direction; we seem to think that our behaviour is always "directed", "oriented" in some "way" or some "sense".

TABLE 2.2: CM: LIFE IS A JOURNEY - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [la muerte es] el fin de una etapa Identification Conflict [+ experience] →[+ movement] [+ end] →[+ termination] y de una vida Concreteness in Locative [+ place] →[+ event] después de esta vida hay otra vida RC [+ experience] →[+ movement] [+ second journey] →[+ after life] [+ place] →[+ event] la gente se va al cielo Concreteness in Locative [+ experience] →[+ movement] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ second finish] →[+ state] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] volvemos a la tierra RC [+ experience] →[+ movement] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ return] →[+ resurrection] [persona] no va a volver RC [+ experience] →[+ movement] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [+ place] →[+ event] [- return] →[- resurrection] dejar todo lo que uno tiene RC [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ left] →[+ objects] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] ahí es cuando Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place] →[+ event] K. y F. están ya en la edad de lolitas Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ stage] →[+ stage] [+ place] →[+ event] quienes... necesitan irse RC [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ forward movement] →[+ future] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] se le van los seres queridos RC [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ departure] →[+ death] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ left] →[+ relatives/friends] [+ traveller] →[+ dead] [etapa] a la cual tenemos que llegar Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ stage] →[+ stage] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ finish] →[+ future event] [+ forward movement] →[+ future] la muerte es el viaje sin retorno Identification Conflict [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ forward movement] →[+ future] [+ place] →[+ event] [- return] →[- resurrection] se fue la persona RC [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ departure] →[+ death]

[+ traveller] →[+ dead] ella ha muerto acá Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place] →[+ event] [uno] va a alcanzar [vida eterna] Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+forward movement] →[+ future] [+ place] →[+ event] [+ arrival] →[+ death] como no me ha pasado [algo así] Concreteness in Objective [+ movement] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place] [+ event] en este momento Concreteness in Locative [+ movement] →[+ experience] no TM [+ place] [+ event] se me viene la muerte Concreteness in Objective [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ vehicle] →[+ process] [+ place] [+ event] [uno] en su trayectoria RC [+ movement] →[+ experience] no TM

40 [+ place] [+ event] [la muerte] es un camino natural de Concreteness in Objective [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ second journey] →[+ after life] ...las personas [+ place] [+ event] llegado el momento de [morir] Concreteness in Objective [+ movement] →[+ experience] [+ vehicle] →[+ event] [+ place] [+ event] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: después de esta vida hay otra vida/ la gente se va al cielo: Here we encounter the traditional Christian conception

of what happens after death. Death is considered a journey towards a specific place, world, heaven, where people continue living, though in a different way; this other world is considered to be better than the ordinary, earthly one.

volvemos a la tierra: This is an ecological conception of the life-cycle; we, as part of nature, are re-integrated into it after we die, as mere matter.

[uno] va a alcanzar [vida eterna]: The use of alcanzar instead of llegar indicates the conception of after-life as a place where the speaker expects to find happiness or, at least, better conditions of existence; therefore, a desirable goal to achieve at a given moment.

como no me ha pasado [algo así]/ por lo que me ha pasado: Here the CM EVENTS ARE OBJECTS is entailed, since the image is the following: the traveller is in movement (probably in a vehicle) and he sees how events pass beside him, as if they were objects (or places) he comes across during the journey.

se me viene la muerte/ llegado el momento de [morir] : Here death seems to be conceptualized either as a vehicle (or some kind of moving object) approaching the traveller or as a place the traveller is going to arrive to inevitably.

[la muerte] es un camino natural de... las personas: Death is not only being conceptualized as the place where one arrives at the end of the life's journey but is further specified as a path, as a route to follow. The idea of pre-determined direction may indicate the conception of death as an inevitable event.

CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES BM: The analysis of this CM made in the section corresponding to the concept of LOVE also applies in this case. BM: [+ contain]→ [+ undergo]. Notice we have here considered as states many instances which would normally be called entities (ideas, vivencias, facultades, etc. ). Basically, every "pure" abstraction is in reality a psychological state which is entified so as to deal with it concretely. That is why the concept of "spirit" (espíritu), the non-physical existence of man, is so easily understood as an entity with human characteristics. TM: Only a small amount of TM rules are necessary here, since BM information is sufficient to understand the metaphorical processes involved. However, some processes can be specified. These processes map both the possible use of contained objects (especially concerning measurement) and the state of being a container (in terms of being full, empty, or used as carrier) onto the relations attached to human entities and entified abstract states. These processes may be formulated as follows: • if the expression in terms of container involves the idea of possession, it must be understood as an attempt to relate

directly, and sometimes emphatically, some abstract instance to a person or a group of people: TM1: [+ possession]→ [+ direct relation]; • if the expression implies measurement of the content of the container, it must be re-read as an attempt to express the

intensity of states or the abstraction of entities: TM2: [+ measure] [+ intensity] / [+ measure]→[+ abstraction]; • if a reference is made to the state of the container in relation to the amount of content within it (especially in terms

of being full or empty), it must be re-read as an attempt to characterize a person or a group of people in terms of their correspondent abstract quality or state:

TM3: [+ full]→ [+ characterized]; • if the expression refers to inside-outside movement, it must be re-read as referring to the explicit demonstration of

states (outside movement) or to the characterization of some aspect of a person or a group of people (inside movement):

TM4: [+ inside]→ [+ characteristic] / [+ outside]→ [+ explicitness]. TABLE 2.3: CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES - AMERICAN ENGLISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I have a lot of fear Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation]

41 I have reservations about it Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] they have no idea why Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] [+ measure]→[+ intensity] the worst attitude to have Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] not having an existence Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] I get those fears Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] people that have a faith Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] you have doubts Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] a lack of spirituality Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [- full]→[- characterized] you can't take anyone's pain Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ transference] →[+ action] I have a responsibility Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ privateness] their beliefs are not that strong Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] [+ measure]→[+ intensity] something they had in their life Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→ [+ direct relation] they're going to have a different attitude Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[+ undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: their beliefs are not that strong: Globally, there seems to be the general assumption that principles, beliefs, etc., are

objects which require to be very solid in case we want to have them; they are probably conceived as fortresses which we have to construct solidly to prevent an attack. Notice that this view is coherent with the CM ARGUMENT IS WAR.

TABLE 2.4: CM: PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ la tranquilidad es una cosa Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] no TM dolor muy inmenso/muy profundo Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] esa es la idea que tiene la gente/ Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] yo tengo otra idea una cosa que el ser humano tiene Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] [+ measure]→[+ abstraction] lo bueno [que tuvo] esa persona Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] rasgo dentro de sí Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] no TM no les queda un consuelo Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] a esas personas [+ measure] → [+ intensity] sale esa parte...del ser humano Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ outside] →[+ explicitness] [+ measure]→ [+ abstraction] [deudos] sienten un consuelo Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] no TM había mucha pena [en el funeral] Concreteness in Objective/ [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] Locative penetran en tu pensamiento cosas Concreteness in Objective/ [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ inside]→ [+ characteristic] lindas Locative [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] angustia tremenda Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] tuve que hacer acopio de toda Concreteness in Objective/ [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ possession]→[+ direct relation] mi serenidad/tranquilidad Locative [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] es tanto lo que la quiero Concreteness in Objective [+ contain] →[undergo] [+ measure]→ [+ intensity] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IMPLICIT INTENTION: un dolor inmenso/ muy profundo: in the first case, a physical characteristic (inmenso) is attributed to a state (dolor);

in the second case, we argue that there exists of a conceptualization which defines that the intensity of an emotion is metaphorized as the depth where the object is contained within the person.

sale esa parte del ser humano: the underlying idea is that the exposition of the contained object to the outer world implies the explicit demonstration of our emotions.

había mucha pena [en el funeral]: one interpretation of this instantiation is that the feeling contained by each person attending the funeral is considered a sort of "collective" feeling. Another reading is based on the CM EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS in which this collective feeling is contained by the funeral itself.

CM EVENTS ARE OBJECTS BM: The analysis proposed for this CM in the domain of LOVE is valid for the present case. BM: [+ relatedness]→ [+ concreteness]. TM: The same TM rules already proposed in the analysis mentioned above apply here. Since the process only involves entifying an event, there is seldom a possibility of further analysis. In some cases, nevertheless, certain events are seen

42 as types of objects, e.g., events in which somebody does something to/for somebody else are seen as transferable objects, and events related to one's own personal achievements are seen as possessed objects. TM1: [+ transferability]→ [+ transitivity]; TM2: [+ possession]→ [+ importance]; TM3: [+ physical description]→ [+ emotional expression]. TABLE 2.5: CM: EVENTS ARE OBJECTS - AMERICAN ENGLISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ there's death Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM death's a horrible thing Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical descrip.] →[+ emotional expr.] death is an awful thing Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ physical descrip.] →[+ emotional expr.] something is going to happen Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM you take anyone's reaction Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM this thing of my friend who's just died Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM death shouldn't be looked at as Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM you won't take risks Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM accepting that [fact] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM that's really hard to do Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM [X would] take care of [Y] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] giving them support/care Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] giving them space Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] death is a very scary/fearful thing Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM a big tragedy Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM opportunities you're going to have Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ possession]→[+ importance] [X would] give advice Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] to make a change Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM I put death on two categories Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM [X would] have a career/a job Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM to make a difference Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM I've been given opportunities Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] [+ possession]→[+ importance] what comes afterwards Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM live and die and see what happens afterwards Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] →[+ concreteness] no TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TABLE 2.6: CM: EVENTS ARE OBJECTS - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [la muerte] es una cosa natural Concreteness in Dative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM hice ayunos y cosas Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [la muerte] de mi padre Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM ya no hay nada que hacer Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM yo proveería mi incineración Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] no lo veo positivo [el morir] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM pedir la muerte Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] [la eutanasia es] una cosa así Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] yo pedía una muerte serena Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM no estoy preparado para eso Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [consolar a un amigo] yo lo encontré fantástico [el negocio] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM alguna cosa me llama a recordarlo Concreteness [C]/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [al padre] Animatenesss [A]/ Humanity [H] in Agent [la muerte] es una cuestión Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM la muerte de [alguien] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM la indiferencia frente al hecho [de morir] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM los méritos que ha tenido Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [méritos] no van dirigidos [a gente] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability]→[+ transitivity] un bonito entierro Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM yo lo tomo [la muerte] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CM DEATH IS A PERSON BM: Different metaphorizations have been grouped under the general label of personification of the concept DEATH. DEATH is perceived as a natural (biological) change of a physical state, from being alive to becoming dead. As we do

43 not have a clear idea about the causes of this process, we try to conceptualize them in many different ways. One of these ways is the personification of the causes, i.e., to understand the process of death as an effect or event, and the causes of death as a person provoking the effect or instigating the event; graphically: DEATH PERSON process → event/effect causes → causer A possible BM rule may be then: [+ natural]→ [+ provoked]. TM: In the instantiations we are concerned with at present, the causer seems to be conceptualized in one of two different ways: first, as an individual who deliberately inflicts damage (change of state) or does something against the will of the subject, expressed through three CMs: DEATH IS AN ENEMY, DEATH IS A JUDGE and DEATH IS A DRIVER; second, as a person, in terms of being able to be born and give birth, apparently according to an entailed general CM CAUSES ARE CREATORS/ EFFECTS ARE CREATIONS. In both cases, CAUSER is considered a person with intentions and will, who can be good or evil, fair or unfair, flexible or inflexible. The following TM rules may be stated: • if the expression in terms of PERSON refers to a human being involved in the birth process, it must be re-read as

physical changes which involve living beings: TM1: [+ birth]→ [+ physical change]; • if the expression refers to death as an enemy, it must be re-read as the fear of people towards death (which moves

them to conceptualize it as a personified threat, i.e., an enemy): TM2: [+ enemy]→ [+ threat]; • a reference to death as a judge or as a driver, indicating its power of choice, must be re-read as the person's death

circumstances (who is going to die, when and where), which can seldom be determined beforehand: TM3: [+ choice]→ [+ uncertainty].

TABLE 2.7: CM DEATH IS A PERSON - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ rebelarse contra la muerte Concreteness [C]/ [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] Animateness [A]/ Humanity [H] in Dative la muerte se origina por haber vivido CAH in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ birth] →[+ physical change] [la muerte] existe CAH in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ birth] →[+ physical change] [la muerte] llegar CAH in Agent [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ choice] →[+ circumstance] [la muerte] sería más justa CAH in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ choice] →[+ uncertainty] [la muerte] es provocada CA in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] deberíamos temerle [a la muerte] CA in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] de la muerte nace otra vida CA in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ birth] →[+ physical change] la muerte se lleva la materia CAH in Agent [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ choice] →[+ uncertainty] hacer [algo] contra [la muerte] CA in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] [el hombre] impedir [la muerte] CA in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] el hombre...vencer la muerte CAH in Dative [+ natural] → [+ provoked] [+ enemy] →[+ threat] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: Concerning the instantiations of the CMs DEATH IS AN ENEMY/ JUDGE/ DRIVER, this conceptualization, on the whole, aims at hiding the fact that death is a natural, and therefore necessary and inevitable, process affecting all living beings, and that this natural phenomenon is due to many overlapping objective factors; that is, it is generally not produced by a person's intention.

DISCUSSION In the discourses concerned with DEATH, metaphorical language was far more frequent than literal language. The CMs selected fall within two main categories: those CMs which are directly used to define the very concept of DEATH (LIFE IS A JOURNEY and DEATH IS A PERSON) and those which are more general and, therefore, common to discourses related to many other topics (PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES and EVENTS ARE OBJECTS). The LIFE IS A JOURNEY CM was by far the most important both conceptually and statistically (i.e., in terms of its pervasiveness and number of instantiations). In fact, we found instantiations of LIFE IS A JOURNEY in all the texts examined. This means at least two things: first, that this CM is the principal one when conceptualizing DEATH; second, that the process is explicitly instantiated every time this CM conceptually structures a discourse (as we will see later, there are some CMs which, though very important within the conceptual structure of a discourse, are not so easily found instantiated explicitly). A possible reason for the importance of this CM is that the conceptualization of LIFE and DEATH is, to a great extent, defined almost exclusively by its temporal aspect, a category which in turn is mainly understood in locative terms. The TIME - PLACE relationships will be further analysed in the next section. The information for this CM displayed in the tables illustrates the kind of instantiations we usually came across with. Notice that some instantiations are, at first sight, hardly metaphorical (for instance, on Sunday). The instantiation seems to be

44 fairly explicit in terms of meaning but its metaphoricity is made apparent only when we use the JOURNEY framework: Sunday is a day, a period of time taken as a place during the journey, hence the use of on. As with this example, there are many others which are not prototypical cases of the CM but which, submitted to analysis, are in fact, though less explicitly, instances of LIFE IS A JOURNEY. This situation, common to the majority of the structural CMs analysed, has been exemplified in each table. DEATH IS A PERSON is the only CM exhibiting low frequency of occurrence; in fact, it was statistically significant only in the Chilean Spanish female discourse. However, it is important on account of its richness. The corpus shows that subjects were inclined to be rather emotional when characterizing DEATH and that they tended to personify it in order to express this content: it is easier to understand fear when this is caused by a person rather than by an object; we can insult a person but can hardly do so with an object. Although PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES does not immediately follow LIFE IS A JOURNEY in terms of frequency of occurrence, it has priority since it is related to an intimate aspect of the DEATH concept DEATH, namely, the emotive aspect. It seems that feelings and emotions are mostly considered as objects within people, and that whenever emotional reactions (towards love, death, etc. ) are mentioned, this is the CM selected. Death appears to produce, in general, fear, sadness, or grief, feelings which are referred to through this CM. It can therefore be considered conceptually essential for the construction and subsequent understanding of this type of discourse. Since both in English and Spanish the greatest amount of instantiations refer to the possession of feelings, it could be argued (as in the case of LIFE IS A JOURNEY) that they may not be instantiations of PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, since "to possess" does not imply necessarily "to contain". However, the analysis of other more explicit instantiations of PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, where people transfer their feelings in one way or another, shows that feelings are either kept or allowed to burst out. Statistically, EVENTS ARE OBJECTS, together with LIFE IS A JOURNEY and PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, amount to over 50% of the instantiations of all the CMs found. In the case of EVENTS ARE OBJECTS, its pervasiveness may be explained by a simple fact: the topic of DEATH triggered many reflections related to the subject's life, special moments, etc.. In the narration of past events, these events are very likely to be considered objects, especially when there is no other purpose than that of just mentioning a certain event without further reflection on it. In this case, events are generally quantified (an accident) or characterized in physical terms (a big tragedy). This conceptualization of EVENTs is the product of an entification process in which a series of actions are viewed as a unit. The only text where EVENTS ARE OBJECTS was not statistically significant was in the Chilean Spanish female one. It followed immediately after LIFE IS A JOURNEY in frequency in the American English female discourse, after PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES in the American English male discourse, and showed the highest frequency in the Chilean Spanish male discourse.

45

SECTION 3.- TOPIC: ECONOMICS In this section, the analysis of the interviews allowed us to identify 6 main CMs and 1 Met, which we detail below in terms of language source. CM/ Met American English Chilean Spanish THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE √ √ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE √ CONDUIT METAPHOR √ EVENTS ARE PEOPLE √ ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES √ ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES √ INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS √

Met THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE BM: In this metonymy, related also to the personification process, references to public institutions (administration, companies, industrial field, etc.), which are abstract social organizations, constitute actual references to the influence they have on society and to the interrelationship they have with other institutions. This process is carried out without reference to the persons in charge of these organizations, who are in fact those who can perform the actions or experience the states attributed to institutions (e.g., the telephone industry offered... to invest). The semantic, social, and political content of this process is that institutions are conceived of as instruments of common interest, though actually what an institution "does" or "think" is what the people in charge of it do, think, or feel, which is not necessarily of common interest. Thus, for the BM of this metonymic concept, a reference to a leader's personal decision/position must be re-read as a reference to an institution's action/state, meant as social agreement. BM: [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement]/ [+ personal position] → [+ social agreement]. We have found that except for this basic transference of meaning, there are no additional changes involved in the metonymic conceptualization; hence no transfer mapping rules are to be specified . This may be due to the fact that, since the target domain and the source domain are semantically related, the additional characteristics of the former remain unchanged after the conceptualization process has taken place. TABLE 3.1: Met:THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE - AMERICAN ENGLISH

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ telephone industry offered...to invest Concreteness [C]/ [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] Animateness [A] Humanity [H] in Agent Clinton administration frees CAH in Agent/ Objective [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [telephone industry] to develop industry wants [something] CAH in Dative [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] the federal government to [do something] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [the]industry creates [something] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [government] removes restrictions CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] administration's support for...goals CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] the industry would invest CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] companies...providing...service CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] companies say [something] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [event] would allow [companies] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [companies] recoup their investment CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] industry has united CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] [companies] enjoy local monopolies CAH in Dative [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] AT & T supports [something] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision] → [+ social agreement] _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: This double conceptualization (personification and metonymy) has to do with the social/political responsibility of whom is in charge of an institution, and, perhaps more importantly, with the social/political influence/power a person may have over other people or over society as a whole when he/she is in charge of an organization. This responsibility and/or power is "hidden" in the economic discourse by the metonymic process. TABLE 3.2: Met: THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE - CHILEAN SPANISH

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

46 INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ la compañía [CTC]decidió Concreteness [C]/ [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] impugnar las tarifas Animateness [A]/ Humanity [H] in Agent Spertintendencia decidió[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [CTC] considerar que[algo] CAH in Dative [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] Contraloría acogió la impugnación CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [Subsecretaría] realizará reestudio CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [Gobierno] negociando con [CTC] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] Secretaría... dejó muy en claro[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [la Secretaría] negando que[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] el Gobierno no aceptará[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] las presiones de CTC CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] CTC se apresuró en informar[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] a la Superintendencia CTC afirmó[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] el Gobierno cometió algunos errores CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] CTC está reacia a[hacer algo] CAH in Dative [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] lo que pide CTC CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] CTC cumplió con el requisito CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] el directorio advierte[algo] CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [la comisión] entregue informe CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] la necesidad que tiene el mercado CAH in Dative [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] [mercado] tomar sus decisiones CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] la Corte podría demorar CAH in Agent [+ personal decision]→ [+ social agreement] _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: The social/political influence/power and the responsibility a person in charge of an institution may have over other people or over society is "hidden" in the economic discourse by the metonymic process.

CM: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE BM: In this case, economic activity is understood as the interactions of different organizations (companies, industries, etc.) according to their particular intentions concerning a common purpose. The concept of race is used to conceptualize the means, actions, and purposes attempted and/or achieved by organizations in terms of a competition based mainly on speed. BM: [+ competition]→ [+ activity]. It must be pointed out that economic activity is objectivized as a race only because "race" is an already metaphorized concept; in fact, the event is understood as an object having concrete boundaries and structure. TM: A race is conceptualized as involving at least two or more competitors who begin at some point (a start) and move in the direction of a final goal (a finish); the objective of each competitor is to be the first in reaching the finish. To this general structure we may add rules which are specific to different types of races (e.g., horse races vs. car races), and which are generally dictated by some organisms and applied by specific representatives of them. Thus, in the field of economy, whenever two or more organizations intend to obtain profits in the same domains of activity, they are conceptualized as rivals competing for the most profitable areas. Success will be achieved by the use of greater speed in communication or information, investment, decision taking, etc.. Since the competitors are, in fact, organizations (i.e., groups of people), they are conceptualized as teams constituted by members who are specialists in the different aspects of the competition, and who can thus provide a grounding for the concept of efficiency. The rules of the race are, in fact, the regulations stated (and applied) by the political and economic authorities (government). The TM rules may be stated then in the following fashion: • if the expression in terms of the concept of race refers to the competitors in the race, it must be re-read as referring

to the organizations involved in the activity: TM1: [+ competitors] → [+ companies]; • if the expression refers to the competitors as teams, it must be understood as referring to the organizational aspect

of the company: TM2: [+ team]→ [+ organization]; • if the expression refers to the members of a team, it must be re-read as referring to a group of people acting as a part

of an organization: TM3: [+ member] → [+ part]; • if the expression implies the idea of forward movement, it must be understood as referring to actions taken by the

organization: TM4: [± movement]→ [± action];

47 • if the expression implies the idea of greater speed in relation either to other competitors or to a former stage of the

organization, it must be re-read as involving speed in aspects like obtaining and analyzing information, getting in contact with organizations, etc.:

TM5: [+ speed] → [+ speed]; • if the expression implies the concept of advantage ( physical advancement) over one or more competitors, it must

be understood as implying an improvement over similar organizations: TM6: [+ advance]→ [+ relative improvement]; • if the expression refers to the rules of the race, it must be understood as the regulations ordering economic activity

in its different areas: TM7: [+ rules]→ [+ regulations]; • if the expression refers to the organism which provides the rules and verifies their application during races, it must

be re-read as referring to the economic authorities: TM8: [+ ruler]→ [+ authority]; • if the expression refers to the idea of finish, it must be understood as referring to the final purpose or objective of an

organization's activity: TM9: [+ finish]→ [+ purpose]. IMPLICIT INTENTION: we have come together/the break-up of AT & T: One of the complex features of the RACE conceptualization is the

one concerning the teams which are in competition. Individual people are seldom seen as part of the teams (with the exception of their leaders, of course), and in cases where a union or a rupture is observed, the resulting entities are new teams (enterprises) and not isolated people.

TABLE 3.3: CM: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE - AMERICAN ENGLISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [industries] competitors of CAH in Agent [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ competitors] →[+ companies] telephone industry to accelerate private investment Concreteness in Objective [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ movement] →[+ action] [+ speed] →[+ speed] [+ rules] →[+ regulations] restrictions on the industry Concreteness in Objective [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ competitors] →[+ companies] [- movement] →[- action] [+ rules] →[+ regulation] advanced...network RC [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ movement] →[+ action] [+ advance] →[+ relative improvement] [government] removing restrictions CAH in Agent [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ movement] →[+ action] Concreteness in Objective [+ rules] →[+ regulations] [+ ruler] →[+ authority] We have] competition... RC [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ competitors] →[+ companies] competition in long-distance [market] Concreteness in Locative [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ competitors] →[+ companies] [companies'] monopoly goes away Concreteness in Objective [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ movement] →[+ action] restrictions ought to go away Concreteness in Objective [+ competition] →[+ activity] [- movement] →[- actions ] [+ rules] →[+ regulations] we have come together RC [+ competition] →[+ activity] [+ team] →[+ organization] the break-up of AT & T Concreteness in Objective [+ competition] →[+ activity] [- team] →[- organization] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CM MEANINGS ARE OBJECTS/ COMMUNICATION IS SENDING (CONDUIT METAPHOR) BM: In the CONDUIT METAPHOR, the vocabulary of TRANSPORTATION (objects carried from one place to another) is used to conceptualize the field of COMMUNICATION (in this case, a nation's information system): BM: [+ transport]→ [+ communicate]. TM: In this CM, an OBJECT (information/ call/ learning) is sent, supported or used; it is sent by a TRANSPORT (telephone system/ network/ superhighway/ service/ carrier/ vehicle (commute)) to different distances within towns (door-to-door/home-business (telecommuting)), between towns (superhighway), between countries (long-distance); it is supported by someone (AT&T), and can be used as a resource (raw material). TM rules in this case may be established as follows: • if a reference to packages/resources is made, it must be re-read as a reference to pieces of information:

48 TM1: [+ package]→ [+ information]/ [+ resource]→ [+ information]; • if a reference to a transport is made, it must be re-read as referring to an information system: [+ transport]→ [+

system] • if a reference to the distance along which objects are carried is made, it must be re-read as referring to the

communication span: TM2: [+ distance]→ [+ distance]. TABLE 3.4: CONDUIT METAPHOR - AMERICAN ENGLISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ door-to-door information network RC [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ package] → [inf.] [+ transport] → [+ system] [+ distance] → [+ distance] to link every US home and business Concreteness in Objective [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ package] → [inf.] [+ transport] → [system] [companies provide] long-distance CAH in Agent [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ transport] → [+ system] service RC [+ distance] → [+ distance] into a national information system Concreteness in Objective [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ transport] → [+ system] AT & T supports [call] CAH in Agent [+ transport] → [+ communicate] no TM Concreteness in Objective information superhighway RC [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ transport] → [+ system] [+ distance] → [+ distance] long-distance carrier RC [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ package] → [inf.] [+ transport] → [+ system] [+ distance] → [+ distance] Distance learning, linking CAH in Agent [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ package] → [inf.] every school with the Library RC [+ transport] → [+ system] Telecommuting, allowing user CAH in Agent [+ transport] → [+ communicate] [+ transport] → [+ system] to work at home [+ distance] → [+ distance] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: information superhighway: The term highway expresses the idea that the path through which communication is sent

is wide, direct, rapid, bi-directional, from one town to another; these characteristics are intensified by the prefix super.

CM EVENTS ARE PEOPLE BM: In this case, it should be noticed first that the concept of EVENT is already the product of a metaphoric conceptualization in which a set of participants, interrelated through their actions, is seen as a unit and is objectivized as having concrete boundaries, and an existence in time and space (e.g., a party, a race, the break-up of a couple, etc.). If an event is understood as an object, this object can be personified, i.e., conceptualized as having characteristics attributable to human beings. The concept of objectivity entailed by EVENT is mapped onto the concept of humanity, specifically to that of agentiveness attributed to human beings; thus: [+ object] → [+ agent]. In some cases, specific ways of characterizing a person can be distinguished in the personification process (e.g., as an adversary, a friend, etc.). In the present type of discourse, we could infer only some characterizations, like "helper" or "servicer", in the case of supporting or servicing actions, and "restrictor", in cases of restrictions. TABLE 3.5: CM: EVENTS ARE PEOPLE - AMERICAN ENGLISH

______________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM ______________________________________________________________________________________________ restrictions preventing [something] CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] [break-up] created the Regional CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] Bell Companies the proposal marks the first time CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] Concreteness in Objective a common vision backed up CAH in Dative [+ object] → [+ agent] [commitments] backed up[something] CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] Telemedicine, providing enhanced CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] diagnostic Distance learning, linking every CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] school with the Library Telecommuting, allowing user CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] to work at home

49 [carrier] opposes [x and y] CAH in Agent [+ object] → [+ agent] ______________________________________________________________________________________________

CM ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES BM: In this case, economy stands for the system of role interaction known as 'market', while physical damage (injury) involves the way in which troublesome results are evaluated and dealt with. The first mapping must then be established between the concept of market (i.e., market components) and a living organism likely to be injured: BM: [+ market] → [+ living organism]. TM: A physical damage is a problem affecting one of the components of the market; therefore, its degree of seriousness, its causes, further consequences, and treatment are to be understood in the context of a problem of the market. The re-read rules may be formulated as follows: • if in the expression referring to physical damage the causer of the damage is identified, it must be re-read as referring

to the reason of the problem: TM1: [+ injure]→ [+ cause]; • if the expression involves a degree of seriousness of the damage, it must be re-read as referring to the seriousness of

the problem: TM2: [+ seriousness]→ [+ seriousness]; • if the expression refers to an aspect of the treatment for the ailment of the injury, it must be re-read as implying the

measures taken to solve the problem in the market: TM3: [+ treatment] → [+ measures]; • if the expression refers to the (type of) injury involved, it must be re-read as referring to the (more or less) definite

resulting circumstances: TM4: [+ injury] → [- positive results]. TABLE 3.6: CM: ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ proteger a los inversionistas frente a Concreteness in Causer [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ treatment] → [measure] las fuertes variaciones de precio [+ seriousness] → [measure] efecto que las ...tarifas tendrían Concreteness in Causer [C] / [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] en los resultados de la empresa Concreteness in Objective [O] [+ injurer] → [+ cause] tarifas impactan ...en los resultados Concreteness in C/O [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] de la empresa [+ injurer] → [+ cause] [tarifas] afectarían ... resultados Concreteness in C/O [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] [+ injurer] → [+ cause] los efectos [que tarifas podrían] Concreteness in C/O [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] tener en otras acciones [+ injurer] → [+ cause] el efecto de las observaciones Concreteness in Objective [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] [+ injurer] → [+ cause] los efectos financieros Concreteness in Objective [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] el mercado... afectado por el caso Concreteness in C/O [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] [+ injurer] → [+ cause] [tarifas] iban a afectar rentabilidad Concreteness in C/O [+ market] → [+ living organism] [+ injury] → [- positive results] [+ injurer] → [+ cause] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: proteger a los inversionistas frente a las fuertes variaciones de precio: The idea of protection implies that the foreseen problems can be serious enough to require taking precautions beforehand, a conception reinforced by the

use of the idea of seriousness implied in fuertes variaciones. tarifas impactan...en los resultados de la empresa: The injury is specified as an impact, therefore implying a

sudden, serious problem, with a lasting effect.

CM ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES BM: Economic activity involves not only the actions performed by market components, but also the entities and circumstances which are part of the actions themselves; it is in this broad sense that the concept of activities must be

50 understood. The idea of SURFACES stands for a set of interactions and circumstances taken as isolated items or seen as wholes. The BM rule can summarize both ideas in the following way: BM: [+ economic activity] → [+ surface]. TM: In this case, situations or their conditions and (especially inanimate) participants seem to be conceived of as a surface or as a part of a greater surface which is meant to be the context on which things happen. Therefore, every action performed in the economic field is understood as an action occurring upon a surface, especially in terms of movements and positions. The contents of the corresponding TM rules clarify this point: • if the expression in terms of surface implies movement on a surface, it must be re-read as implying actions or

measures taken by one of the participants: TM1: [+ movement]→ [+ action/ measure]; • if the expression refers to the fixed position of one or more of the participants relative to the surface, it must be

understood as indicating a permanent situation for the participants involved: TM2: [+ fixation] → [+ permanence]; • if the expression specifies the surface as the base for a certain construction, it must be understood as referring to the

most important, and often initial, stage from which a result, an action, or a process develops: TM3: [+ base] → [origin]; • if the expression refers to the limits of the surface, it must be re-read as the specification of the situational context of

the activity or as an action: TM4: [+ limits] → [+ context]. IMPLICIT INTENTION: las autoridades fijaron un precio: The decision expressed in terms of a physical action -which means to fix something on a place, implying the use of some degree of force upon the thing fixed- refers to the power the

authority has in establishing the economic policy, which is not meant to be discussed. tomar decisiones sobre base cierta/ el cálculo se basa en [event]: These instantiations are directly related to the

CM under analysis, but in this specific case the CM is part of a more general metaphorical concept: AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING. Its conceptual structure is only partially involved, namely, the entailment A BUILDING DEFINES A SURFACE, which is the point where the two analyzed CMs coincide.

TABLE 3.7: CM: ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES - CHILEAN SPANISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ las empresas... están sujetas a Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ fixation] → [+ permanence] [event] [+ base] → [+ origin] fijación de tarifas Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ fixation] → [+ permanence] en este marco se tomó la decisión Concreteness in Locative [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ limits] →[+ context] se fijan las tarifas [en el decreto] Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ fixation] → [+ permanence] Concreteness in Locative [+ base] → [+ origin] [el decreto] no se ajusta a las bases Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ fixation] → [+ permanence] tecnico-económicas Concreteness in Locative [+ base] → [+ origin] [+ limits] →[+ context] [el] sector eléctrico Concreteness in Locative [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ limits] →[+ context] tomar decisiones sobre base cierta Concreteness in Locative [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ movement] → [+ action/ measure] [+ base] → [+ origin] el cálculo se basa en [event] Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ base] → [+ origin] Concreteness in Locative las autoridades fijaron un ingreso Concreteness in Objective [+ econ. activity] → [+ surface] [+ fixation] → [+ permanence] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CM INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS. BM: Two processes must be distinguished in this case. First, the metaphorical conceptualization by means of which a place is understood as a container and, second, the metonymic conceptualization through which an institution is represented by reference to its location. Thus, this BM requires a twofold rule:

51 BM1: [+ container] → [+ place]/ BM2: [+ location] → [+ existence]. TM: Market activity (including its participants) is thus conceptualized as an object contained within the institution. The continuity or ceasing of the activity is expressed through descriptions of openness or enclosure of the container. In this way, economic activity can be generalized, institutional responsibilities can be assigned, and periods of activity can be measured and isolated. Only two rules are needed for this analysis: • if the expression in terms of the container refers to the contained object, it must be understood as referring to the

economic activity (and/or its participants) developed by the institution: TM1: [+ contained] → [+ activity]; • if the expression refers to the container as being closed or open, it must be re-read as referring to the completion or

non-completion of the activity developed by the institution: TM2: [± enclosure] → [± completion]. TABLE 3.8: CM: INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS - CHILEAN SPANISH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ una ...corrida en los mercados bursátiles Concreteness in Locative [+ container] → [+ place] [+ contained] → [+ activity] [+ location] →[+ existence] tener presencia en Wall Street Concreteness in Locative [+ container] → [+ place] [+ contained] → [+ activity] [+ location] →[+ existence] instrumentos que se transan en Concreteness in Locative [+ container] → [+ place] [+ contained] → [+ activity] el mercado norteamericano [+ location] →[+ existence] precio al que [ADR] cerró el martes Concreteness in Objective [+ container] → [+ place] [+ enclosure] → [+ completion] [+ location] →[+ existence] la tarifas...que se encontraban Concreteness in Objective/ [+ container] → [+ place] [+ contained] → [+ activity] en Contraloría Locative [+ location] →[+ existence] cerrando en US$110,5 Concreteness in Objective [+ container] → [+ place] [+ enclosure] → [+ completion] [+ location] →[+ existence] [acciones] cayeron en 10,74% en el Concreteness in Objective/ [+ container] → [+ place] [+ contained] → [+ activity] mercado local Locative [+ location] →[+ existence] CTC efectuó [impugnación] ante la Concreteness in Locative [+ container] → [+ place] no TM contraloría [+ location] →[+ existence] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: The CM and Met seem to be structural conceptualizations, that is, there are no literal counterparts for the discourse structured by these concepts.

DISCUSSION Within this topic we found a noticeable contrast between English and Spanish discourses in terms of the selected CMs used in each case. In fact, the only CM common to both languages was THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE, which is of no surprise since both texts deal with economic policies and, consequently, frequent reference to institutions and authorities was necessary. A possible reason accounting for the use of different CMs in each language is that both texts, although concerning the same field within business (communication enterprises), refer to different kinds of situations. In the American English case, the text refers basically to actions and decisions being taken and their consequences; on the other hand, the Chilean Spanish text refers to a certain state of affairs and its different characteristics. The abundant reference, in the first case, to concepts related to actions and activities and their reflection on the selected CMs is understandable. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE, CONDUIT METAPHOR and EVENTS ARE PEOPLE refer all of them to different aspects of the activities being performed: to economic activity in general, to the particular activity of the communications field, and to the way events are seen as producing certain effects, respectively. In the Chilean Spanish case, the content is that of a speculative analysis of a certain situation: the CM ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES is typically used in the context of studying a problem; INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS may be frequent only if we are describing the way in which a certain institution's position is perceived with respect to the activity; even the very concept of ACTIVITY was mainly conceived in a stative sense through the CM ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES. In fact, we can argue that this is a clear example of how the use of certain CMs depends not only on the topic selected but also on the aspects of that topic that are going to be discussed.

52 Some other conclusions can be drawn from this analysis. For example, that the extended use of a CM like ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE in the American English case is not haphazard in a system were each component piece depends on the performance of all the rest for its survival. But they would be only speculations. What is of real importance here is that, for each language, the selected CMs amounted to more than half of the total number of instantiations in each text. If the preceding discussion is correct, this would mean that the selected CMs may be perfectly arranged according to the purposes a writer wants to achieve in his/ her discourse.

53

SECTION 4.- TOPIC: POLITICS In this section, the analysis of the corresponding texts allowed us to identify 4 main Mets and 3 CMs, which we detail below in terms of language source. CM/ Met American English Chilean Spanish THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE √ √ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS √ √ STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS √ POLITICS IS A JOURNEY √ OBJECT USED FOR USER √ CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED √ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART √

Met THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE BM/TM: The same analysis performed in section 3 applies in this case. IMPLICIT-INTENTION: As an organization, a country has its regulations and arrangements; people act according to certain pre-determined patterns of behaviour and establish hierarchical relations for each situation. As an organization, it also has certain objectives or purposes supposed to be shared by all of its members. A country is also related to other countries (at least in government terms) in conflictive or non-conflictive terms. Many sub-organizations have been developed to deal with other countries, whether in friendly or unfriendly terms (e.g., embassies v/s armies). The Metonymy simplifies all this complex system of functions and sub-functions by attributing human characteristics to countries: a human being's life depends also on his/her physiological functioning, he/she has his/her own ways to relate to other people both as a friend or as an enemy, and he/she has intentions and purposes for his/her life. In a sense, the idea of a country being a person allows for the conception of many people having the same purposes and reactions to the influence of other groups of people having, also, basic shared intentions and beliefs. This conceptualization coheres with other CMs, like ECONOMY IS HEALTH/INFLATION IS SICKNESS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE LIVING ORGANISMS, GOVERNMENT IS THE HEAD, etc., and it acts as a base to consider other nations (i.e. organized groups of people owning a territory) as being certain types of people: neighbors, enemies, friends, traitors, partners, foreigners, etc. In some cases, (3.1 and 3.2), this metonymy allows to attribute human characteristics to an institution, in order to highlight the social quality and downplay the personal quality a political action implies. In the case of entities like nation (different from country), American thinking, Americans, there is an overlapping conceptualization with the Met THE WHOLE FOR THE PART: these entities can be seen as institutions, but they are less concrete than country (or its proper name), government, Council; they are seen as collective unities. Finally, there is an additional overlapping with the Met THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION in Kremlin, Moscow, which are, respectively, the government's building and the city in which the building is located. TABLE 4.1: Met: THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The United States should move/ implement...measures CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Council] auspices/ embraces the nations CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Arab allies of the [United States] join this effort CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] negotiations between two countries CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] pillaging of [Iraq's] neighbor CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] sanctions against terrorism CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Countries harboring terrorist groups/ confronted with...reprisals CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] conventional American thinking CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] every nation perceives [something]/prepared to run...risks/ CAH in Dative/Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] is prepared to...preserve [order] United States[does not want] to dominate/[is not] able to [dominate] CAH in Dative/Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] radical countries/are tempted by some vacuum CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Iraq's] military capacity/power/ superiority CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] the moderate Arab countries CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] governments that supported the United States CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] United States [be] left with...choice/ keeping...ground forces CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [United States] desestabilizing the region/ withdrawal CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision]

54 [Americans]navigate between a solution...and an outcome CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision/position] Iraq too strong/too weak CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Western nations rushed to the defense of Iraq/ in its war against Iran CAH in Agents/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Western nations] forgetting[something] CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Iran was excessively weakened CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Iraq might become the next aggressor CAH in Dative/Objective [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Iran would] seek to refill the vacuum CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] to pull the teeth of Iraq's offensive capability CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Iraq would] manufacture...weapons CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] aim of the American policy in the gulf CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] America[would]learn to become less dependent on oil CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [America would] generate a viable energy program CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Soviet designs on the region CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Russian expansionism toward the gulf CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Russian] proclivity CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Moscow's preoccupation grows CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Kremlin may become more active in the Middle East CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] if the Muslim republics/ remain Soviet CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Moscow will be wary of [something] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Muslim radicalism/[radicalism] inflame [Russian] Muslim population CAH in Dative/Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] United States would be totally isolated CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] The behaviour of France CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [America] being a mediator CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position/decision] [America would] be maneuvered into [a] role CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] the role of [America being] Israel's lawyer CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position/decision] Israel would regard [something] CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] a betrayal of [Israel's] interests CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] sensible nation CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] [nation] voluntarily throw itself into [something] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Israel must find a middle way CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Israel's] most dangerous enemy has been defeated CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] confusing passions of the Middle East CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] if the Muslim republics break off/ became independent CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] Moscow[would] seek favor in...states CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Moscow's] embracing Islamic radicalism CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] America's credibility will be enhanced CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] Israel will have a breathing space CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] moderate Arabs are triumphant CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] radical Arabs are in retreat CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] [America] earned the trust/ of both sides CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [our challenge] to convince both sides CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] →[+ personal decision] [Israeli and Arab's] common interest CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] →[+ personal position] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TABLE 4.2: Met: THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ CHILEAN SPANISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [las voces] de los países/ que tuvieron participación [en la guerra] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [el planalto] mantuvo una tozuda neutralidad CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [pasar lista] a [países] aliados CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [nuevo orden] así lo requiere CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [país] miembro del Primer mundo CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [Arabia Saudita] permitir [evento] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [Turquía] dejar que [evento suceda] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [Siria] adherir... a [evento] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [aporte] como los de Alemania y Japón CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Estados Unidos ha asumido el rol de gendarme CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] el alicaído oso ruso/ ha renacido/ metió baza en el asunto RC/CAH in Dative/Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] aceptación [de propuesta] por...Irak CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Coalición liderada por el Pentágono CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [EEUU] capaz de reducir/a cualquier país/ con su tecnología CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] potencias hegemónicas/ con apetencias subyacentes CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [imperios] entraron en decadencia/proyectar su poder militarmente CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Decadencia a la que el imperio americano hizo su ingreso CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] imperio...no ha podido liberarse [de derrota] CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [gobierno sirio] propició...un golpe de Estado CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] "el Ejército y el pueblo iraquí deben liquidarlo [a Hussein] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] su supervivencia [del gobierno egipcio] CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [países] tendrían menos problemnas CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [países] soportar este cuadro CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [países] haber simpatizado...con la causa de Bagdad CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [países] haber simpatizado abierta o soterradamente CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] la causa de Bagdad CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] la URSS comenzó a desmarcarse CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision]

55 [presión] del bloque occidental CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] sectores conservadores del Kremlin RC [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Irán y la Unión Soviética tienen intereses geopolíticos propios CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [Irán y la URSS] alcanzados por sus llamas CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Irán, que prohija al X [partido político] CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Irán sueña con mayor ingerencia shiíta CAH in Datives [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Irán sale del leprosario CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Occidente se arrepiente/ de haber armado al "monstruo" CAH in Dative/Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] ["monstruo"] que detendría a [Irán] CAH in Agent/Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Turquía...también juega a ganador, doble o nada CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [Turquía] facilitar la base de X CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] que Turquía nos deje usar sus bases CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Esto nos permitirá golpear a Irak RC/CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] la O.L.P...se involucra a fondo CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [O.L.P.] privarse de [algo] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] [la O.L.P.] toma una firme posición [junto a Hussein] CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] Israel también es sacudido CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] autocontención [de los países frente al problema] CAH in Dative [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] el Frente de Salvación Islámica cobra nuevos bríos CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] mismo[nuevo orden] deberá evitar el libanizamiento CAH in Agent [+ social agreement] → [+ personal decision] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CM EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS (CM POLITICS IS A JOURNEY) BM: The same analysis undertaken in Section 1 is applicable in this case. We can define an event as a set of participants involved in (sometimes predetermined) actions/states/ processes seen as associated to a temporal and situational framework. To understand events as unities the writer confers objective concreteness to them, which allows him to specify their influence upon the participants involved or on any other phenomenon. The BM rule can be formulated as follows: "abstract" relatedness (of people, objects, actions and states) is seen as a concrete unity attributed to objects. BM: [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness]. TM: As in section 1, we refer to an event either as a way of structuring our actions in terms of time and place, or as a way of evaluating and analysing people's actions. • if the expression in terms of OBJECT refers to a transferable object, it must be understood as referring to a

transitive action involving people: TM1: [+ transferability] → [+ transitivity]; • if the expression implies a physical description of positive/negative connotations, it must be re-read as a person's

positive/negative emotion towards a certain event: TM2: [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression]; • if the expression refers to the object as "possessed" in some way, it must be understood as an indication of the

importance attached to the state by the speaker: TM3: [+ possession]→ [+ importance]. These rules are basically the same as those of Section 3, though they have to be understood here as referring not only to people but also, in some cases, to entified abstracts notions, like nation, conflict, etc. The rules used for this analysis are the following: • For the case of EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS, a different TM rule must be formulated, indicating that the

concreteness attributed to an object is further transferred to an object containing the participants and/or other objects involved:

TM4: [+ relatedness] → [+ content]. IMPLICIT INTENTION: challenges the president will have to face: The event referred is described as an object which is going in the

direction of the leader, e.g., an enemy's attack. The president's act of facing represents the qualities which distinguish a proper leader: courage, wisdom, decision. This could be an instantiation of POLITICS IS WAR.

TABLE 4.3: CM: EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM

56 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ tough decisions/ sanctions Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [+ transferability] →[+ transitivity] [Bush] holding the coalition together Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM during the [coalition's] buildup Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM a leader in his [Bush's] position Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] challenges the president will have to face Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM in the immediate aftermath of the war Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM effort...designed/ to defuse the argument Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM Direct negotiations./would be...unbalanced Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM issues are susceptible CAH in Dative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [- physical description]→ [+ emotional expression] [issues] could be put to [Court] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] [+ transferability] →[+ transitivity] remaining issues/ are handled Concreteness Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] →[+ transitivity] within the framework Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] imposing sanctions/ against terrorism Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] reprisals, including measures Concreteness in Locative/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Objective if other pressures fail CAH in Dative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [order would] emerge from arrangements Concreteness in Locative/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Objective peace can be maintained Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM we/ rely on a balance globally/regionally Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] reduction of...power Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [Hussein would] exploit his position Concreteness in Objective/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Locative the one-sided way Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM American policy in the gulf Concreteness in Objective/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Locative renewed soviet designs on the region Concreteness in Objective/ [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Locative at such a forum Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] into such a maelstrom Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] an interim settlement Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] agreement ...has been in force/observed Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] leaders...go along with an...approach Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] →[+ transitivity] [leaders] break an even more Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → dangerous deadlock [+ emotional expression] to advance a new concept Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ transferability] →[+ transitivity] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

in the immediate aftermath of the war: Again, problems are moving objects, directed towards the current situation. A logical chain is intended in the use of the expression aftermath; actually, causality among events happening successively is a matter of opinions.

to defuse the argument: An argument is meant to have physical characteristics, namely, to be harmful for people or for the conflict. To defuse it is to make it "weaker", not so convincing.

the one-sided way: An action, as part of an event, is in turn conceptualized as a kind of movement, which may act in one direction or another, or in both; this means simply that different actions are taken and different consequences

are predicted or analysed. vision produced [something]: Political ideas and positions are mapped onto political actions which have

consequences; in this instantiation, the first phenomenon (vision) is understood as an ultimate causer. to advance a new concept: An action is viewed as a forward movement, and its object (concept) is intended to be

carried or handled onto a point ahead, a point in the future. TABLE 4.4: CM: EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS - CHILEAN SPANISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS RC BM TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Realineamientos para un nuevo orden en el golfo Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] → [+ content] el nuevo orden mundial Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM la formación de una "Armada..." Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM restaurar el violado derecho internacional Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] configurar un nuevo ordenamiento planetario RC [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] no TM [ordenamiento] en el que Estados Unidos [hace algo] RC [+ relatedness]→[+ concreteness] [+ relatedness]→[+ content] desaparecer el equilibro RC [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM equilibrio bipolar RC [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM

57 guerra fría RC [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] el hundimiento del sistema soviético RC [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] [oso] metió baza en el asunto con una propuesta de paz Concreteness in Objective/ [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] Locative [aceptación] implica un giro radical en la situación Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] los acontecimientos tomaron su propia dinámica Concreteness in Objectives [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] no se han escatimado esfuerzos Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM arma de doble filo...ésta de la guerra Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM [Bush] llevó a la práctica el "neoglobalismo" reaganiano Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM podrían emerger...dos áreas de influencia Concreteness in Objective/Locative [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] [Alí] recomponiendo una relación dañada Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ physical description] → [+ emotional expression] espacio en la política iraní Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] [detener] la revolución integrista exportada por Jomeini CAH in Dative/Agent [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM la O.L.P es otro sector Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM [Sadam] puesto el problema...en la agenda Concreteness in Locative [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM Peres elabora un plan/ [que] incluye [eventos] Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] [+ relatedness] →[+ content] [el Frente] montado en la ola/ del auge integrista Concreteness in Objective [+ relatedness] → [+ concreteness] no TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: Realineamientos para un nuevo orden en el golfo/ el nuevo orden mundial/ configurar un nuevo ordenamiento

planetario: The world is seen as a building within which the countries are pieces of furniture, requiring to be placed in order. This "order" refers to the power and hierarchy relationship among nations; the "orderer(s)" is/are the most powerful nation(s).

restaurar el violado derecho internacional/ [Alí] recomponiendo una relación dañada: The Objective cases, a set of regulations and an international relationship, are first personified as Dative to refer to someone's actions or to situations which are explicitly contradicting these regulations and affecting the relatioship; next, they are again conceptualized as concrete objects in order to view them as re-established.

[ordenamiento] en el que Estados Unidos [hace algo]/ [oso] metió baza en el asunto con una propuesta de paz/ [Sadam ha] puesto el problema...en la agenda: Political affairs are regulated, affected, and developed by the leaders of the nations involved; again, personification overlaps: we can indistinctively talk about Estados Unidos or Sadam.

equilibrio bipolar/ el hundimiento del sistema soviético/ [aceptación] implica un giro radical en la situación/ podrían emerger...dos áreas de influencia/ [Bush] llevó a la práctica el "neoglobalismo" reaganiano/ [detener] la revolución integrista exportada por Jomeini/ los acontecimientos tomaron su propia dinámica/ [el Frente] montado en la ola del auge integrista: In order to consider political situations, qualification takes the form of an orientational metaphor: upward orientation means positive state, emergence; downward orientation means negative state/ situation, ceasing; forward direction means development and direct agentiveness (manipulation) of events by political actors and, inversely, absence of motion means either that actions are not taken or that they were stopped by someone. There are personifications in many cases. In the last case, there is a number of overlapping metaphorical conceptualizations: a personification image for a political group; the notion of control and benefit through the action of riding; upward orientation meaning a highly positive situation; ola meaning high expansion of an advanced trend of political thought.

guerra fría: In this case, the conceptualization of events as concrete objects overlaps with a CM we have labelled ACTIVITY IS HEAT.

no se han escatimado esfuerzos: The CM under analysis is further developed in the conceptualization of time and physical/ psychological energy as resources, which can be used discretely.

arma de doble filo...ésta de la guerra: Here the conception of events is not only as resources, but as instruments, and consequently as weapons (powerful instruments). CM STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS BM: Basically, a state cannot be conceptualized in a way other than as a unity, an entity, an object. Conceived as such, any reference to it will be structured as a concrete object by definition. In previous cases, this CM has been examined as an entailment of the CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES. In the present case, however, this CM does not directly specify people as containers but views people's political circumstances -which are non-concrete (doubts, ideas,

58 moods, feelings, non-physical features, judgments, etc.)- as being concrete objects, so that they can be physically expressed as manipulated by political actors. BM: [+ physical description ] → [+ political circumstances]. TM: This implies that many states will be seen as moveable, transferable, heavy objects, and therefore giving the impression of being actions rather than states. The only information required to uncover the process is the one offered in the BM rule, with the addition of the following TM rule, applicable to only some cases: • if the expression, in terms of being an object implies the transference or movement of the object, it must be

understood as referring to the psychological changes ("abstract actions") attributed to the personified entities, or as a change attributed to some situations:

TM1: [+ movement] → [+ change]. TABLE 4.5: CM: STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS - CHILEAN SPANISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Planalto mantuvo... una neutralidad Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [- movement] →[- change] [miembro] asumir responsabilidades Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM oso ruso...sacudido por convulsiones internas Concreteness in Locative [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] [imperios] entraron en decadencia Concreteness in Locative [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] [necesidad] excedía...capacidad Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] desarrollar/ renovar sus fuerzas productivas Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] [la era de] recobrar el orgullo perdido Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] mediante un "nuevo patriotismo" Concreteness in Instrument [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM devolverle...dignidad a la bandera Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] [Bush] movido por el deseo Concreteness in Causer [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] surgió el temor Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] [Irán y la URSS] tienen intereses Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM [países] cerrarían filas...con reservas Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] tensiones difíciles de sobrellevar Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] El esquema no resiste...análisis Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM tomar una posición Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] Saddam ha restaurado el orgullo Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] con su "nasserismo" remozado [de Hussein] Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM [Hussein] ha puesto el problema Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] [+ movement] →[+ change] nuevos enfoques para el problema palestino Concreteness in Objective [+ physical descr.] →[+ political circumst.] no TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT INTENTION: Planalto mantuvo... una neutralidad/ [Siria] adherir...con reparos.../ oso ruso... sacudido por convulsiones

internas/ [la era de] recobrar el orgullo perdido/ [Bush] movido por el deseo/ [Irán y la URSS] tienen intereses/ [países] cerrarían filas...con reservas: The CM under analysis is entailed in the CM PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, together with the personification process.

devolverle...dignidad a la bandera: The reference to the banner directly relates the current CM to a personification process in which a symbol of the nation, rather than an institution, is intended to represent the feelings of a whole nation.

CM POLITICS IS A JOURNEY BM: In a few references to a specific activity, such as politics, events are considered as journeys, a conceptualization which is entailed in the CM EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS. Political actions, situations, and other sorts of activities are seen as the development of a purpose towards a goal, a purposeful movement in time (conceptualized as place). BM: [+ travel] → [+ action/ situation]. TM: A journey defines a path, a stretch of time, a starting and an ending point (purpose). Unlike Section 1, what is relevant here is the purpose guiding a political action, and the means used in order to achieve this purpose. • if a reference to forward movement is made, it must be re-read as either political action towards a purpose or as a

development (of political/ economical sort) in the situation conceived as a journey: TM1: [+ forward movement] → [+ action]; TM2: [+ forward movement] → [+ development]; • if the expression refers to the transport used in the journey, it must be understood as the process being controlled by

someone or undergoing a situation: TM3: [+ vehicle]→ [+ process];

59 • if the expression refers to a place as the goal of the journey, it must be understood as the purpose of the political

action: TM4: [+ goal]→ [+ purpose]; • if the expression refers to a stage or period during the journey, it must be understood as referring to a (transient)

stage during political affairs: TM5: [+ stage]→ [+ stage]; • if a reference is made to a determined static point in the journey, it must be re-read as a significant event in the

political action/ situation: TM6: [+ point] → [+ event]. IMPLICIT- INTENTION: in the final analysis/ in the first place/ These two steps/ After all/ in the long run: These are typical linking

expressions which, according to Lakoff and Johnson (1980:79), belong to an argumentation process, conceptualized in terms of war. In this case, ARGUMENT is entailed in POLITICS as a necessary component.

TABLE 4.6: CM: POLITICS IS A JOURNEY - AMERICAN ENGLISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM TM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ steering the country to the point Concreteness in Objective/ [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ vehicle] → [+ process] Locative [+ forward movement] → [+ action] the point where allied and domestic Concreteness in Locative/ [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ stage] → [+ stage] support coincided Objective to that end Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ goal] → [+ purpose] economic and social development Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ forward movement] → [+ development] Over the long run Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ point ] → [+ event] such an approach RC [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ forward movement] → [+ action] in the final analysis/place Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ stage] → [+ stage] These two steps Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ stage] → [+ stage] After all Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ stage] → [+ stage] in the long run Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ point] → [+ event] behaviour...prior to the gulf war Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ stage] → [+ stage] [Arab leaders/ Israel] turn to the peace CAH in Agent [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ goal] → [+ purpose] process with authority and confidence progress on the Arab-Israeli conflict Concreteness in Objective/ [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ forward movement] → [+ purpose] Locative radicalism, terrorism and force are the road Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ point] → [+ event] to diplomatic progress in the Middle East [intermediate/ gradual] approach Concreteness in Locative [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ forward movement] → [+ action] to advance a new concept Concreteness in Objective [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ forward movement] → [+ action] the proposed new course serves their Concreteness in Locative / [+ travel] → [+ action] [+ goal] → [+ purpose] common interest CAH in Agent __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Met OBJECT USED FOR USER BM: A leader in possession of his/her position is set to perform actions, take decisions, get involved in all sorts of conflicts, agreements, treaties, and the like, acting as a representative of the nation, of the people who trust his intentions and capacity to act for the "common good". The leader's actions have consequences, reactions in other leaders, benefits or damages. Again, the issue of a personal decision taken as a social agreement is expressed, but in this case it refers specifically to the (desired or undesired) effects of the leader's actions, or to the leader's purpose in doing something, all of which is expressed as if the actions/ measures/ decisions (instruments) were willing animate human beings acting as if they were Agents. A whole nation , as a unity, including not only the government but the whole population, is being referred to. If the reference were to only part of a country, it would not be coherent with the concept of a person, a unity. Since the unitarian concept of a country is the key to the understanding of it as a conscious, volitive entity, the BM rule can be stated as follows: BM: [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality]. TABLE 4.7: Met: OBJECT USED FOR USER - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ balance...could create prospects for progress CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] the purpose of victory CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality]

60 [victory thought] to ensure a lasting peace CAH in Dative/Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] arms-control RC [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] policy...to prevent [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] weapons race CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [recurrence of the weapons race] contributed to...conflict CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] A process to address the...dispute CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] legal determination CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [issues] could be put to [Court] Concreteness in Objective/Locative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] approach...assumes that [something] CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] every challenge to...order CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] order will see [something] CAH in Dative/Objective [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] centers reflect [something] Concreteness in Objective [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [centers'] perceptions CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [situations are] forcing us to [do something] RC/ CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] diplomatic options...made matters worse CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [no option] addressed [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] the gulf's lack of security CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] lack of security...drew [figure of] Americans CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] a deployment that certified [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] diplomatic solution...did not produce [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] maintaining equilibrium...requires [Americans] to do [something] CAH in Agent/Dative/ RC [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] [Iraq's capacity would] not be a threat to stability CAH in Datives/ RC [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] the weakness of diplomatic solutions CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] solutions...kept Iraq's military preponderance intact CAH in Agent/Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] self-indulgent attitudes of the 1980 CAH in Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] plentiful oil caused [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] balance... will revive prospects for progress CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] approach will provide [something] CAH in Agent [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] a successful negotiation CAH in Agent/Dative [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] no...gimmick can serve as a substitute Concreteness in Objective [+ volition] → [+ instrumentality] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT-INTENTION: A re-composition of the meaningful process this metonymy conveys is to attribute the action/ states to the people who are actually performing them, as if we said: "When someone does something, his/her actions/behaviour are purposefully affecting other people's actions/ attitudes/ situations; this effect can be viewed as positive for the Agent and negative for the Dative (an action of someone against others) or positive for both participants (an action intended as aid or collaboration)".

Met CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED BM: A leader in charge acts and reacts individually, but he/she represents a nation. In this Met, a leader is attributed states, actions, situations, damages, advantages, and so on, which are actually related to the nation he/she represents. BM: [+ people] → [+ social entity]. TABLE 4.8: Met: CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED - AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [Bush would be] holding the coalition together RC/ Concreteness in Objective [+ people] → [+ social entity] [Bush would be] gaining Congressional backing RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] diplomatic solution...would have been a victory for Saddam Hussein RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] [Hussein would] engage in actual physical aggression RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] [Hussein is] able to exploit his position Concreteness in Objective/ Locative [+ people] → [+ social entity] [Hussein's] position within OPEC RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] [Hussein would] achieve an increase in oil prices RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] manoeuvers imposed by [King Hussein of Jordan's] vulnerability RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] A peace progress dominated by Saddam Hussein RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] peace progress... heavily dominated by [Hussein] RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] Bush was right in resisting [something] RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] Saddam defeated RC [+ people] → [+ social entity] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT-INTENTION: The focus of this discourse is on the people involved. The meaningful process this metonymy conveys is that of attributing the action/ states relative to the nation or an institution to the people who are in charge or who represent it. In many cases, as in irony, what is said seems to be the opposite (e.g., Saddam defeated: he did not actually fought in the Gulf War. The army of a country was defeated; the nation's leader was neither injured nor killed, but a number of soldiers were).

Met THE WHOLE FOR THE PART

61 TM: A nation is a social entity. This is not equivalent to saying that individuals within the social body lack a personal political position, similar or not to that of his/her fellows or to that of his/her leader. It is in this sense that the speaker -in this case an influential political leader (Kissinger)- refers to social entities (the Americans, the world, the nation, etc.) as if they were individual persons with a single political position/ decision. The proposed BM is then: a reference to a social entity must be re-read as a reference to either its leader or to part of it (a group, the majority, etc.): BM: [+ social entity] → [+ personal/ partial decision/ position]. TABLE 4.9: Met: THE WHOLE FOR THE PART - AMERICAN ENGLISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INSTANTIATIONS SC BM __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ nation's gratitude CAH in Dative [+ social entity] →[+ personal position] this is a conflict of rich against poor RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal position] The world stands impotently CAH in Dative [+ social entity] →[+ personal position] world...transfixed by thousands of hostages CAH in Dative [+ social entity] →[+ personal position] our biggest challenge RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision] we need to rely on a balance RC/Concreteness in Locative [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] [situations are] forcing us to [do something] RC/ CAH in Agent [+ social entity] →[+ partial position/decision] [we] replay to the same crises RC/ Concreteness in Objective [+ social entity] →[+ partial decision/ position] Americans [were drawn] into the region RC [+ social entity] →[+ partial/personal decision/ position] maintaining equilibrium...requires [Americans] to do [something] CAH in Agent/Dative/ RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision] We should take care that Scud missiles are not re-introduced RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] we should prevent Iraq from [doing something] RC/CAH in Agent [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] the best-behaved American troops RC [+ social entity] →[+ partial position] our experiences in Lebanon RC [+ social entity] →[+ partial position] forces...stationed...at sea RC [+ social entity] →[+ partial position] We cannot suffer through an energy crisis RC [+ social entity] →[+ partial position] We should stress conservation RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] [we should] develop alternative sources of energy RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] [we] avoiding the self-indulgent attitudes RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal/partial decision/ position] domestic problems keep the Soviets from [doing something] RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision] [Soviets] running any significant foreign risks RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision] any independent position we took RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal position] everything depends on our influence RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] the linkage of the Kuwait and Palestinian problems CAH in Dative/ RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal/partial decision/ position] Our initial challenge may well be philosophical RC [+ social entity] →[+ personal decision/ position] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICIT-INTENTION: The focus of the discourse in this case is on the institution involved. The actions/ states relative to the people who are in charge or who represent it are attributed to the nation or to an institution. In many cases what is conveyed is logically and/or statistically impossible: the entities We/ the Americans/ nation/ the world imply a great deal of people having exactly the same opinion about an event.

DISCUSSION First, the political texts analysed above reveal a greater pervasiness of metaphorical conceptualizations when compared to those of the previous Sections. Second, as in Section 3, the most frequent Met is THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE. The American English discourse shows a greater use of different metomymies than the Chilean English. This difference may be explained by the examination of each speaker's intentions in writing. The data also show that while the CMs which appear in this Section are more or less neutral in the sense of expressing non-concrete phenomena in concrete terms, the metonymies involved in these political texts show a tendency towards an inexact description of reality; in other words, the metaphorical process seems to serve the purpose of deceiving.

Political and economic ideologies are framed in metaphorical terms. Like all other metaphors, political and economic metaphors can hide aspects of reality. But in the area of politics and economics, metaphors matter more, because they constrain our lives. A metaphor in a political or economic system, by virtue of what it hides, can lead to human degradation. (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 236)

As well as in the case of the folk theory derived from the CM LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE (Chapter 2, p. 24), in politics the dehumanization issue is crucial: it means anything that can damage people in physical, emotional, and/or intellectual terms. By using the Mets THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE, THE WHOLE FOR THE PART, OBJECT USED FOR USER, CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED, more that hiding is involved. These are descriptions of realities which are directly contrary to reality. When the authors of the articles write Hussein

62 defeated, the world stands impotently, Estados Unidos ha asumido el rol de gendarme, they convey non-existing events. These 'semantic violations' are of different degree: in the first case, when someone says that Hussein has been defeated he/she refers not only to the fact that Hussein is the leader of a nation, but also to the idea the author has of Hussein as the basic aim of the war; it is not the nation that matters, but its leader. This is not the case of the American nation; only a political enemy could say that Bush, not The United States, has won the war. It is plausible that the author would say that this is just an economical way of referring to these matters. In the second case, the author, refusing to use an expression such as "in general", "the majority of...", etc., which could be just 'statistically' inaccurate, explicitly conveys an unreal statement, in order to project a desired political image; in the third case, the statement is in fact so full of ideological entailments that it requires a rather long discussion: it implies the notion of government leaders acting as a unity, representing the position of an entire nation as if it were a compact body, the idea of a natural right to declare a particular nation the ruler over the rest, and so on. The concept of dehumanization concerns ordinary people, citizens who are 'handled', 'lied to', 'sacrificed'. Social relations appear to be, to a large extent, involved in metonymical conceptualizations which seem to be not as inescapable as the metaphorical ones found in the three former analysed areas.

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4. Summary of Results 1. We have found that Conceptual Metaphors pervade the four cultural areas under research; therefore, they are basic

constituents of cognitive processes, discourse organization and human understanding. 2. CMs and Mets are basic conceptualizations; they cannot be paraphrased. Through the Implicit-intention analysis,

we have found that in many cases CMs and Mets overlap, that is to say, they explain themselves circularly, by means of other CMs and Mets. This fact rejects the dicotomy between literal and non-literal meaning: due to the high frequency of 'non-literal' instantiations we cannot continue clasifying meaning as we have been doing so far.

3. Differences between the two languages, though they exist, are only relevant in terms of the frequency of different Conceptual Metaphors or Metonymies; they reveal predictable specific inherent peculiarities of each culture.

4. Conceptual differences between sex groups, although detected, were not accounted for since they are not significant in the same terms as differences between languages, frequency related to specific relevance. In-depth analyses of differences related to sex and culturally specific conceptions and approaches to the analysed areas would require further and much more specific studies than the one attempted here.

5. Along with the verification of the pervasiness of metaphorical conceptualizations, we have come across another interesting aspect: the areas of love and death are equally important in terms of CMs:

LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY, PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES, and EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS. This can also be observed in the areas of economics and politics, whereas the following Metonymy prevails: THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE. 6. The latter finding led to the conclusion that the four conceptual areas analysed can be conflated under two

macrometaphors, namely, the Event Structure Metaphor (which entails the CMs EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS and LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY) and the Met THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE. In effect, it was found that they act as conceptual superstructures of the metaphorical processes seen at work in all the researched domains, and consequently, they appear to be the underlying semantic macroconstituents of the discourses involving the topics of love, death, economics, and politics.

5. General Discussion We will examine the macrometaphors found in our analysis with some detail, and end up by discussing the relevance of metaphor and Lakoff and Johnson's theory to linguistics.

THE EVENT-STRUCTURE METAPHOR The current analysis coincides with Lakoff's proposal (1992) concerning the Event Structure Metaphor: various aspects of event structure, including notions like states, changes, processes, actions, causes, purposes, and means, are cognitively characterized via metaphor in terms of space, motion, and force (p. 31). This general metaphor is organized in hierarchical structures, in which 'lower' mappings in the hierarchy (LOVE IS A JOURNEY) inherit the structures of 'higher' mappings (LIFE IS A JOURNEY), as Lakoff aptly puts it,

In our culture, life is assumed to be purposeful, that is, we are expected to have goals in life. In the Event Structure Metaphor, purposes are destinations and purposeful action is self-propelled motion toward a destination. A purposeful life is a longterm activity, and hence a journey. Goals in life are destinations on the journey. The actions one takes in life are self-propelled movements, and the totality of one's actions form a path to a destination... One's expected progress through life is charted in terms of a life schedule, which is conceptualized as a virtual traveler that one is expected to keep up with. ... the metaphor A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY makes use of all the structure of the Event Structure Metaphor, since events in a life conceptualized as purposeful are subcases of events in general. (p. 38) ...events in a love relationship are special cases of life events. Thus, the LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor inherits the structure of the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. What is special about the LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, is that there are two lovers, who are travelers, and that the love relationship is a vehicle. The rest of the mapping is a consequence of inheriting the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. Because the lovers are in the same vehicle, they have common destinations, that is, common life goals. Relationship difficulties are impediments to travel. (p. 39)

A metaphor higher up in the hierarchy, such as the Event Structure metaphor, is more widely spread than those at lower levels. In fact, it should be a universal phenomenon since all human beings experience and refer to events. Lower CMs, like LIFE IS A JOURNEY and LOVE IS A JOURNEY, are more culturally restricted. However, we have

64 seen that these lower CMs pervade the two western languages under analysis. The universality of the Event Structure Metaphor could only be tested in relation to utterly different cultures. In addition, CMs like LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE, etc., share the common conceptualization of defining TIME in physical-spatial terms: periods of time are stretches of land, sequence in time is movement, moments and events are places, past and future are directions, time is even conceived of as a surface or as a moving object. This conceptualization is essential since most aspects of our lives (life itself, actually) are partially or totally defined in terms of time (i.e., what we believe that time is). Now, why is this CM the one selected to define time? Probably because our physical experience in terms of place is our most basic experience, and our concepts of movement, orientation, distance, existence, and others spring from this experience. Another reason may be found in that TIME and PLACE are closely related concepts since it is on the bases of both that we attribute existence to people and objects. However, we know that TIME, at least in our occidental culture, is also defined in terms of another widely spread CM, namely, TIME IS MONEY. The difference between the two conceptualizations is the apparent basicness of TIME IS PLACE. As shown by Lakoff and Johnson, TIME IS MONEY is a culturally based CM: its existence is intimately related to the socio-economic system in which we act; if this cultural factor changes, so would this CM. TIME IS PLACE, on the other hand, defines our concept of time in more elementary terms since it is previous to any other conceptualization. Another important finding is that the Event Structure Metaphor proved also to be relevant in the conceptualization of what discourse is in itself: since a discourse is perceived as having a continuity in time and time is mainly understood as movement, DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY is the CM that structures our conception of discourse. This is useful to understand how we structure what we are saying in a discourse and throws light on the meaning of sequential discursive markers like "now", "then", "next", and "finally", among others. We have pointed out that our spatial experience is a basic one, but a different thing is to claim, as we have done through this study, that places are clearly shaped and defined concrete entities. The question is: are places (concrete) entities? Our answer is twofold: for methodological purposes in this analysis, they are basically concrete entities; we assume that we experience no trouble in recognizing a stretch of territory, a country, a town, a house, etc.. Strictly speaking, nevertheless, we must recognize that in many instances places are not as concrete and well-defined as other entities ( like balls, boxes, tables, houses, planes, etc.). In fact, we generally attribute shapes and boundaries to tracts of land on completely arbitrary conventions, without any overt boundary indicating physical separation. For example, a pencil ends clearly where no more of it is perceived through our senses; on the contrary, the exact division between Chile and Argentina is in most cases a matter of "abstraction"; additionally, we must recognize that the only "shape" that we can attribute to a country is the one we find on a map. This answer may seem contradictory: if we know that the very concept of place is a metaphorization of some type involving the entification of what is not an entity, why do we treat it as an object in our analysis? The issue at stake here is that of the difference between a physical and a basic experience. Perceiving a tree as a concrete entity is probably easier than perceiving Nepal as such a type of entity because the former is a concrete object proper and the latter is a conceptually "concretized" entity. However, in our daily lives we feel that going from one place to another is an action as natural as eating food, watching television, or throwing a ball. The point is that CMs are, by definition, related to basic experiences, like OBJECTS and PLACES, regardless of their physical nature. It follows from the previous discussion that our most common mental categories -TIME, STATE, CHANGE, CAUSATION, ACTION, PURPOSE and MEANS- are conceptualized via metaphor. The fact that such categories constitute core notions of our conceptual systems, shows that metaphor is central to ordinary abstract thought (Lakoff 1992: 36).

THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Concerning the discourse of economics, the metonymic conceptualization THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE serves to relate abstract institutions to other collective entities, such as 'the people' and 'public opinion'; otherwise, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to articulate discourse in this area. In the discourse of politics, on the contrary, we have already seen that metonymies are not inescapable phenomena like the CMs STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS; in fact, they convey 'economical' ways of referring to political matters, which can perfectly be paraphrased. Their existence, however, allows for a number of processes which can have political significance, as discussed in Section 4. These two types of discourse are not as primary as those that are built on topics dealing with love and death. All the same, they are of great significance in contemporary western society and in everyday interaction. Despite this significance, the concepts they involve cannot be defined in simple terms. In fact, there is no agreement, even among specialists in these fields, as to what expressions such as "the people", "public opinion", "socially positive", and "common good" mean.

65 Let us examine two instantiations in each language:

The United States should move/ implement... measures United States [does not want] to dominate/ [is not] able to dominate Estados Unidos ha asumido el rol de gendarme Occidente se arrepiente de haber armado al "monstruo".

In the first two cases, the writer's attitude towards the political action of the entity United States is that of support and justification, whereas in the remaining ones the writer's attitude is that of criticism. However, both use the same cross-domain mapping:

UNITED STATES → PERSON → LEADER [- concrete] [+ concrete] [+ human] [+ abstract entity] [+ animate] [+ nation's representative] [+ nation] [+ human] [+ performer of social actions/ decisions]

Both writers agree in the personification process this metonymy conveys. It is only within this conceptualization that the Chilean Spanish writer can criticize the leader's actions and decisions. The writer assumes that the metonymical conception corresponds only to a nation, but that it cannot be further generalized, i.e., the United States is not the world's leader (it has the feature [- world's representative]); consequently, it does not have the right to be its guard or decide which nation should have weapons and which should not. Political analysis, as a rule, attempts to disentangle ideological and biased opinions that overlap with the discursive 'straight', objective structure, presupposing that any political idea is subjective and is intended to be for or against something or someone. Geis (1987) analyses political discourse in news magazines from the viewpoint of considering it biased discourse. This bias conditions the choice of lexical items to ascertain an emotional or expressive effect on the reader, together with "not essentially linguistic" features, such as "the overall impression of a sentence, paragraph, or story" (p. 122). For Seidell (1987) "the theory and practice of politics and political talk is primarily concerned with power" (p. 44), and political discourse analysis also focuses on the ideological meaning in text, which "serves to sustain relations of domination" (p. 44). However, Seidell states that 'discursive process' forms a 'matrix of meaning' in which metonymy -together with substitution, paraphrase, and synonymy- plays an important part (p. 47). As concerns this last assertion, our analysis was not focused on ideological, biased political discourse, but on underlying conceptualizations that demonstrate that political discourse can be examined without the researcher being politically involved, and that conceptual generalizations can be achieved. The role that metaphors play in political discourse has been only recently acknowledged. Postman (1985) refers to the incidence of implicit and complex metaphorical conceptualizations with respect to political discourse in the United States and mass communication. He takes the Mac-Luhan's (1964) formula "The medium is the message" (i.e., a culture must be examined through its discursive instruments, because "any technology gradually creates a totally new human environment" (p. vi), which is an active process of change of perception) and proposes instead a new formula, "The medium is the metaphor": the technological nature of the instruments we use to know and communicate actually determines our conceptualizations, our knowledge, and therefore our language. This is very close to CM theory. Postman states that nowadays, in the United States, "political discourse is show business", that is, the former domain is structured by the latter, with the corresponding conceptual, cultural and mainly social consequences (Postman 1985: 13-18). Following this argument, we may ask: What is our political discourse based on? Which is the metaphor we, in this nation, are using? By means of this approach, a connection of a specific area, such as politics, with wider areas of inquiry can be made.

THE RELEVANCE OF METAPHOR IN LINGUISTICS The place metaphor has been assigned in linguistics is directly connected to the conceptual bases of this discipline as a science. The relation of a cognitive semantic approach, such as the theory of conceptual metaphor, to linguistic research, is a crucial aspect of the current discussion, since CMs allow generalizing over the linguistic constituents to be found in discourses related to specific domains. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), scientific Objectivism structures our understanding of the world we live in, ruling over the realms of science, law, government, journalism, morality, business, economics, and scholarship. The empirical position that made scientific and technological advances possible are underlined by the following conceptions: man is separated from the world and is its master; the world itself is there to be used by man, the land to be cultivated, animals to be eaten, trees to be made into timber, etc. Following this scientific trend, structural linguistics -from Saussure, a scholar "regarded... as having for the first time placed Linguistics upon a scientific basis" (Ogden and Richards 1923: 37), to Chomsky- has led language studies to basically delimit their field of inquiry to phonology and grammatical structure (which allow exhaustive observable empirical recollections of data) and has assigned the semantic and pragmatic aspects of language a marginal status.

66 Structural linguistics considers its object of study as basically physical particles (sounds); this allows linguistics to place itself at the head of the social sciences in methodological and empirical results, because of its early discovery of an object (i.e., Saussure's langue, that can be treated as an objective, systematic phenomenon) and of its specific methodology, degrees of objectivity which the rest of the social sciences have been unable to achieve. According to Lévy-Strauss (1958), language is the social phenomenon which exhibits more clearly the two basic characteristics which allow for scientific research: first, it constitutes an object which is independent from the observer; second, language provides the scientist with considerable amounts of statistic data, extensive enough to make mathematical analysis possible (pp. 52-3). However, structural linguists are worried about the orientation their science has taken. Due to the limited scope of their investigations, they have lost contact with the other human sciences; they work with abstract notions their colleagues cannot comprehend any longer. The linguistic object seems not to be related to the field of culture, to social life, to History, and to linguists themselves, as men who speak. Lévy-Strauss (1958) thinks that structural linguistics, being driven by its method, is losing the concrete apprehension of phenomena that human sciences have. Furthermore, descriptive structuralism, as Chomsky himself points out, appeared to dwarf and scoff at the 'metaphysical' and 'airy pronouncements' of universal grammar and those who were attempting to deal with a much wider range of problems (in Allen and Van Buren 1971: 4).

... many linguists, though not all, would hold that universal grammar was misguided in principle in its attempt to provide explanations rather than mere description of usage, the latter being all that can be contemplated by the 'sober scientist'. (p. 2) There is particular irony in the fact that this criticism should be advanced with the avowed intention of making linguistics 'scientific'. It is hardly open to question that the natural sciences are concerned precisely with the problem of explaining phenomena, and have little use for accurate description that is unrelated to problems of explanation. (p. 3)

Widdowson (1984) states that "when linguists proclaimed that language was really structure and language was really speech, we created a monstrous hybrid: the oral structural approach" (p. 17). The model of an abstract system and the descriptive methods the structural linguist devises must conform to scientific principles. Accordingly, Black (in Haussman 1989) says that there is a general assumption that "the world is necessarily a world under a certain description -or a world seen from a certain perspective" (p. 37) Within this framework, the issue of meaning is similar to what we have seen about metaphor: it is a marginal area, already unsatisfactorily undertaken. Furthermore, it conveys problems that go far beyond simple conclusions. The current situation, as Lakoff (1992) puts it, is that generative semantics and Chomsky's Government and Binding theory assume that semantics is to be represented in terms of logical form; the philosophy of language assumes that conceptual systems are purely historically contingent, that there are no conceptual universals, observing that conceptual systems change through time; European philosophy makes a distinction between the study of the physical world, which can be scientific, and the study of human beings, which cannot be scientific; the fields of symbolic artificial intelligence and information processing psychology assume that thought is a matter of algorithmic symbol manipulation, of the sort done by a traditional computer program (p. 83). There is no linear development of linguistic research from structuralism to semantics. Instead, they seem to be, by their nature, at odds with one another. From a scientific perspective, there can be "no tolerance for vague notions, imprecision, and ambiguity" (Widdowson 1984: 9). A descriptive model represents underlying knowledge that users of language are generally unaware of, and can only realize as communicative behaviour.

And communicative behaviour is vague, imprecise, and ambiguous. This is because it draws on resources for meaning in the language which cannot always be reduced to linguistic rules since they just have not been encoded as such in the language system, and because language behaviour has to be imprecise if it is to function effectively as communicative interaction. (p. 9)

It is at this point that Ogden and Richards' principles of function and language should be, in our opinion, reexamined: they state that the attempt to generalize from the exceptional cases in which symbols and referents correspond (i.e., logical, scientific language), to a necessity for such correspondences in all communication is invalid, because such a correspondence may give to scientific symbol systems a great deal of scope and accuracy, and render them manageable to deductive processes; but it can only be imposed when limited to the simplest and most schematic features.

Ordinary language, as a rule, dispenses with [correspondence], losing in accuracy but gaining in plasticity, facility, and convenience. Nor is the loss so great as is sometimes supposed, for by straining language we are able to make and communicate references succesfully, in spite of the misleading character of our symbols if taken literally. (1923: 255)

However, language function cannot be taken into account separately from synchronic semantics. All linguists agree with this assertion, but no one turns it into practice, because we are trapped by the analytic nature of science.

Our whole outlook on life, our behaviour, our character, are profoundly influenced by the use we are able to make of [language], our chief means of contact with reality. ... How many grammarians still

67 regard their science as holding the keys of knowledge? It has become for them too often merely a technical exercise of strictly limited scope, instead of the inspiring study of the means by which truth is acquired and preserved. (pp. 261-2)

A linguistic symbol is a web of active, changing, and imprecise meanings that the users of a language can handle with no difficulty. This is the actual linguistic competence. But a descriptive, analytical approach cannot cope with concurrent meanings: it has to work disjunctively, and this is part of our linear metaphorical conceptualization of scientific analysis. Analysis, in its very nature, means separation: the man's necessity to separate things, first from himself, and then in their structure, in order to apprehend them; to possess things by his knowledge. Functionalists have been no exception to this rule, by considering the social domain the source and the goal of meaning, which can be interpreted as function indistinctively. Halliday (1985) explains language simply (and erratically) as the natural link of the "whole" system of meaning (social and cultural) to "syntagms", formal grammatical items and sequences. He states that a discourse analysis must be based on grammar, in order to make explicit the speaker's interpretation of the meaning of a text. Halliday's final assertion is that what makes it possible for language to be what it is in the process of cognition is the textual function, which allows language to have "texture", i.e., to be a text (1967). It becomes evident that the simple explanation of the ideational function of language in logical and grammatical terms has led Halliday to interpret the remaining functions, which he consider more important, in the same fashion, thus postulating again structuralist principles, the same old "false assumptions" (Lakoff 1992: 67). The root of the problem is to understand language by means of its functions, which can be social, postponing a deeper research of its essence, which is necessarily conceptual. From a cognitive point of view, we must look for the conceptual principles on which language is based, through investigating discourse, the mayor linguistic unit, in its semantic structure. Thus, metaphor comes into view when examining all these issues: conceptualization; objective, true, literal meaning, and the functions of language. An expression or statement may be interpreted metaphorically not when it shows falsity or incoherence but, instead, when it shows "the banality of that [literal] reading's truth, its pointlessness, or its lack of congruence with the surrounding text and non-verbal setting " (Black, in Haussman 1989: 35). Furthermore, to "take a metaphor... 'literally' is to overlook the fact that a symbol... is not occurring in its original use" (Ogden and Richards 1923: 255). Metaphor and ambiguity are central features of language use. Natural language, through its necessity to adapt to changing communicative processes, not only "allows" for metaphor; it is metaphor and ambiguity which allow language to function effectively. But metaphors cannot be reduced to rule because once they are, they cease to be metaphors and become incorporated into the semantic system.

The point about metaphors is that they depend on a disparity between the established rules of the code and the extempore exploitation on... potential resources for meaning which are not reduced to rule. ... The essence of metaphor is that it represents ambiguity which can be reconciled with effective communication but which cannot be resolved by analysis. (Widdowson 1984: 13)

Communication is much more than the sum of its parts. Users of language do not find any problem in understanding expressions such as he was a real bastard, or él vive colgado de las faldas de su mamá, since they live by a whole semantic system, in which all the levels of meaning function at the same time. However, these three levels of meaning are hierarchically constituted, according to their experiential level, from basic concrete, physical, and spatial to interpersonal or situational. This hierarchy depends on the faculty of a semantic feature to be entirely downplayed. Is the basic meaning of journey completely removed when used to refer to events? The answer seems to be no; in any transaction both participants keep their inherent qualities. As we have seen, our conceptual system is metaphorically grounded. Every experience involves cultural presupositions, and there is no direct physical experience of the world. When we live by conceptual metaphors as we do in our culture, we tend not to see them as metaphors at all. It is the grounding in experience that shows how basic metaphors are in our societies. They form constitute an environment as essential as conceptualization itself. Part of what makes the theory of Conceptual Metaphor so interesting is that the evidence for it contradicts and challenges most basic academic principles: "...if the results of the [CM theory] are accepted, then the defining assumptions of whole disciplines are brought into question" (Lakoff 1992: 84).

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6. Conclusion The inherent importance of the theory of Conceptual Metaphor has been, we hope, extensively demonstrated in this study, where we attempt to provide the basis for further in-depth inquiries on metaphorical conceptualizations in cultural areas. A metaphor fixes a concept in our minds in such a way that we cannot think about one thing without referring to another. Our culture is constituted by metaphor-media, which generate our notions of the world. It is in this sense that it is crucial to carefully examine our discourse in different cultural domains and in the issues and concepts we take for granted or consider plainly natural. We do not see nature, intelligence, or human or ideological motivation as they are, but as our language is. Our media are our metaphors; they create the content of our culture. The theory of Conceptual Metaphor is an attempt to establish not only the dependence of language on cognition but also the cultural, ontological, and social significance of metaphor. It is the main mechanism through which we comprehend abstract concepts and perform abstract reasoning; much subject matter, from the most mundane to the most abstruse scientific theories, can only be comprehended via metaphor. The ultimate paradox is that cognition is our conceptual instrument, that is to say, our metaphor. Our last contention is that a greater effort should be made in order to build a comprehensive approach -a basic cognitive commitment- based on the functional views of Ogden and Richards (1923), Widdowson (1984), and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of Conceptual Metaphor (1980; Lakoff 1992), together with Postman's social theory of communication (1985), so that they be ultimately recognized as a single approach to human understanding, language, and social development.

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APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A: CORPUS

SECTION 1.- LOVE INTERVIEW ITEMS 117 1. American English Female 117 2. American English Male 120 3. Chilean Spanish Female 123 4. Chilean Spanish Male 126 SECTION 2.- DEATH INTERVIEW ITEMS 131 1. American Eniglish Female 131 2. American English Male 134 3. Chilean Spanish Female 135 4. Chilean Spanish Male 138 SECTION 3.- ECONOMICS 1. American English 140 2. Chilean Spanish 140 SECTION 4.-POLITICS 1. American English 142 2. Chilean Spanish 144

72

SECTION 1: TOPIC: LOVE - MODE: ORAL INTERVIEW ITEMS 1. a) What does love mean to you? Can you define/explain it? b) What type of relationship love is? 2. Tell me about your first love experience, or the most important. Tell me the whole story, from the beginning. 3. Do you think love relationships should be long-lasting? Why? 4. How important is love in your life at present? 5. Tell me some of your dreams or fantasies about love. 6. a) What do you think of rendering your life for your beloved? b) what do you think of committing suicide for love? 7. Can you give your opinion about other people's love relationship? 8. What is your position concerning infidelity? 9. What is your opinion about this article? Let's say I see a woman and she looks really pretty, and really clean and sexy, and she's giving off very feminine, sexy vibes. I think,"Wow, I'd like to make love to her," but I know she's not really interested. It's a tease. A lot of times a woman knows that she's looking really good and she'll use that flaunted, and it makes feel like she's laughing at me and I feel degraded... dehumanized... . If I go with my human emotions i'm going to want to put my arms around her and kiss her and to do what would be unacceptable. I don't like the feeling that I'm suppossed to stand there and take it, and not be able to hug her or kiss her; so I just turn off my emotions. It's a feeling of humiliation... . If I were actually desperate enough to rape somebody would be from wanting the person but also it would be a very spiteful thing... . I feel that they have power over me just by their presence, just the fact that they can come up to me and just melt me make feel like a dummy makes want revenge. They have power over me so I want power over them...

10. After all you have said, could you now define love again? 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH FEMALE Subject 1 Q1: For me, there's two types of love, there's when you fall in love and when you are in love and when you love somebody. When you are in love, it's love about lust, and when you love somebody, is like a friend or a mother or a father. Love to a man is essentially... lust. I've been in love three times, but I'm not sure that it was love. Well, you need trust, obviously, I don't know; sometimes I think it's more like a feeling than anything; you just know when you love somebody... of course... love for your parents; you have to love your parents, I don't know, it's difficult. Physical and sexual attraction just gets mixed into it, I mean, if you love somebody, love him, OK, and then there is love and then if you are attracted to the other person then it's one type of love, and then, I mean, I'm not attracted to my parents, obviously, so I... but I love my parents. Q2: I wouldn't say love, but it was basically my first long-term relationship. He was the best friend of my friend, and we just started dating and we were together for seven months or something like that. He was a real lunatic, he had a lot of problems, an it was a really bad relationship. I was looking for a long time, and he really broke me down, and I dropped all my friends, I was only with him. The typical thing that you see when you come here: it's really bad, but everybody drops all their friends when they start dating somebody here. Anyway, it as a really... I don't know if you really want to know everything, but he... when I broke up with him, basically, he was a real asshole, he decided to break into my car and... the seat of my car, and he really did a lot of damage to my car. This is just a little idea of the guy I was dating with. Of course, I thought I was in love when I was dating with him, when I was with him, but when I broke it off, you realized that you're not in love. There's the end of the story. And then... the other important relationship... I was... in this house... and I was really scared because the neighbors were selling drugs and they kept coming round, molesting and so I needed a man in the house; so, as a joke, I asked a friend if he knew any tall, broad, handsome man to come round to open the front door, and about three days later, two German blokes turned up at the door... really tall and broad, and so they needed a place to live, and they have been sent round to open the door, and there was one of them who was really tall and really broad and he did speak bad English, and so I took him... and a couple of weeks later, I was like, I fell in love with him and then I fell so much in love with him that I ended up going to Germany, when he left. He left a year later... I went to Germany as well and it continued the whole sad story. But he was a complete bastard. Q3: If you can't find... if you don't find the person that you feel you can spend the rest of your life with, which is a big thing; I mean, it's not a small thing to find someone, to feel that you can spend the rest of your life with and think that if I find that person then that's great, I mean... but if I don't, what do I do? Am I going to get married to someone I don't feel like spending the rest of my life with? And you can feel out of love very easy as well. I've seen a lot of cases when people get married and they've been married for ten or fifteen years and it just, it's just gone, not the love but the sparks and the want to be together; that's why it's so difficult to say that I'm going to find somebody that I'm going to spend the rest of my life with, it's a ..., it's a big decision. And then it depends... if you think, if you consider marriage is like an institution, like... it doesn't necessarily mean that you're going to stay with a person forever, I mean, now... nowadays there's so many divorces or, in this country, anulled marriages or whatever. Nowadays, it's really difficult to say, like, "you're going to stay with a person for the rest of your life", because you don't know what is going to happen. Like, for women, for me, it's like, I know I can look after myself and even if I had children I could bring them up without a man, it

73 would be quite easy and I have friends that can help me. I'm going to try to get married for three years and see what is like. Sometimes it's just like... as soon as they get married they stop, the relationship breaks up, it seems like... to have children... have a baby... Q4: Love is really important, but at the same time, it's not forever. I think, you're in love with a person for a certain length of time till you get really bored of him or till they are complete assholes, I don't know; I mean, maybe if you got kids, is a bit different, I don't know, I don't. I don't think it lasts forever; I mean, it's important, it's an important part of people's lives, so is of my life; but no, it's not the most important part to me; there's other things I got to do and see, other things. Nobody can live without love, but it's not the most important, and if I happened to find somebody that I think I can spend the rest of my life with... I mean that's great, but if not... I'm not after or looking for; he's got to find me... no, but yes; it's impossible to live without love, it's obvious, but certainly the most important thing for me; I consider myself a fairly independent person, an independent woman, and it doesn't mean that I don't need love, but I can live without... not that I want to be single for the rest of my life, but if I am, then, that's life, and that's it. Q5: It's about a bloke I used to go out with for years, and I was in love and he was German and he... when I finished with him, he started going out with this really beautiful horrible bitch who used to be a friend of mine and I had this dream that really frightened me, because I was really violent in the dream, because... I was in bed with him and she was in the bed with me as well and I just kept scratching her eyes out and I kept like really hurting her and I was... and every time I realized it wasn't doing anything, because he still loved her and... so when I woke up it was really terrible because I knew I had such aggression against this woman and so had against him. Q6: Commiting suicide? I mean, it depends, in what way? If you take risks... but if it is just killing yourself, I think it's really silly, because it's putting pressure on someone that still loves you or something like that, you know, you go to someone and "Oh! I've got to kill myself! Don't leave me! Don't leave me!" and it's really just putting pressure, something's going to happen anyway so there's no point in trying to kill yourself because you won't save it, you won't change the situation, because there's always the hope that you find somebody new and better. You're still a person and every person has to put themselves first, because you have to survive, like, if you have children or something, you've got to look after them, you can't be willing to killing yourself, you've got other things. You can be in love with someone, you can fall madly in love with someone and totally be... with him, when they leave, you can vomit, you can be sick, you can be ill for three months and you can feel really shit for so long but after... . But you're going to lose him anyway, I mean, you love somebody, you kill yourself, you're not going to gain him, you're not going to get antything. It's really like, ludicrous. Life is not love and... well, that's life, but you always find somebody else, I mean, it's not going to be the same person, life will always get better and when you're in the bottom you can only go up so there's no way. What do you get out of it? You don't get anything, you die. You just lose your life, you lose everybody around that's going to feel like shit. Q7: My parents are still in love and they have been in love for twenty nine years, and my dad is a big fat horrible peasant and I've never really understood... my mother loved him, because he's not very clever, my mom's really intelligent, she seems to do much of the work, but mama says: "You don't understand, I love your father, he does things that you don't!..." and I know that they still have sexual relationships, so I can't imagine how they do it because he's so fat and horrible but, I mean, you know, they have a really nice relationship and I... really don't like my dad that much, he doesn't really like me either. Horrible. My mom is in love with him and she's like really dependent on the love of my father. I mean... he's like a companion to her. She's in love with him. He's a companion to her in certain ways that other people aren't, he's given her support in other ways... because she needs love. Q8: If I feel in love with somebody, if I want to be with somebody, I'm going to have that person sooner or later, but, no... I mean, in this society it's, well, I don't know about here, but there, I mean, it's changing still... I mean, the men used to... the women always accepted that and... the reason is, the reason is that the man used to take the initiative but I'm not like that at all; I mean, if the man makes the first move, I can think about it, but I feel I want to make that first move, then I'm going to do it. If I really really really fancy them; really really really crazy about them, then I'm going to spend ages with them, talking to them and, I mean, if eventually something happens, it's usually got to be them. Well, it's usually them, I mean, it's always happened like that, I mean, if they don't like me at first then I'm going to make sure they do. Q9: Well, I think that man are actually scared, there's one theory about man, it says: when they enter a woman they are being possessed by a woman and I think that it's just that men are being scared but to use that as an excuse to rape people or any excuse, the way women dress; it's absolutely disgusting, and it shows how stupid and absolutely pathetic men are. That's men's problem. It's nothing to do with us... the way the woman is dressing is... is this the whole thing? When a woman's raped and she's wearing a short skirt, she deserved it, is that the whole idea? No, I think it's total bullshit that a way a woman dresses is an excuse for a guy saying "Oh, yeah, she walked in a certain way, she was calling me, she wanted it". That's absolute bullshit, and when people, women, men, it doesn't matter... they have certain air about them, they're walking in the street and if a woman thinks that she was looking fine and she's going to walk, she's going to hold her head up, she's going to walk in a certain way and sure, she's going to show it and that doesn't

74 mean that any guy can come up and say "Well, .listen, yeah, she thinks she's beautiful, that means she wants me". The only reason she's walking that way... she's walking that way and the reasons why she's dressing that way, she's dressing that way for herself, not for a man. And that doesn't give them any right to violate women just because they say that "Damn, this girl is fine and she was walking down the street and she just hanged me by the neck". That doesn't give them any right to say "OK, that means... this power, that she's got this hold on me, then I can, all of a sudden..." He says that he can't help himself; he's got a sexual problem. But it's a two-way street, it's a fifty-fifty thing. He can go and exert [his power] with someone who wants to exert it with him, buy a plastic doll, go to the bathroom and have fun for a while, it's a natural fact of life, people do it. Q10: You don't really know what it is. For me, to be in love is different from loving, love. Because I love my parents, I love my friends but in a different way as in a sexual relationship. But to be in love is always like the first part, for me, of being in love... . You've got to know someone for a long time, you're not sure if that's dependence and then you keep waiting for the, to be in love, for the excitement, but it might be just lust. I mean, I'm not sure it's just lust and the rest is just like friendship, companionship and all the rest and you don't know. Romantic love, I think that you need a good base of a friendship, of a good frindship relationship, it's like, there's friendship and then there's love and if you put them together then I would say it's the perfect love. But if there's love, then it's just lust, and then there's, you want this guy and you want him, that's not love love, everybody has gone through that lust period, I'm sure. My parents, God only knows how they've been together in love for twenty five years and I'd love to know how, so if you guys have the answer... Subject 2 Q1: It's a feeling you can't understand sometimes, that's why you know it's love, it's just something there that exists, you don't know what it is, you can't say that it's a... it's love or it's lust, I mean, love, you want to be with a person but, I mean, you can love a thing too. When you have a boy friend and you're in love with him, you are obviously attracted to him; that's given, but you can have love for a friend. To be in love is definitely with a guy. To love your parents is different than to be in love, definitely. I think that it's difficult to be in love if you've never really experienced it before, because you just have this idea of what you want, but you don't know what it is, because... I've never really really felt it, I mean, like I haven't felt it, I don't know that but, I don't know. For me, it changes. The person I love or whatever, I mean, it may be the same type of feeling, but I know that I'm not in love with him. Q2: It wasn't love, because it didn't start out being that way. This guy, I met him at college; he was a senior, he was last year when I was my first year. We just hanged out a lot of time, a lot; we had the same friends, and just ended up doing a lot of things together... We spent a year together, we were at the same college, and it was really cool, we had lots of fun, and... and it was a companionship, but you know, a boyfriend-girlfriend type of situation, and that's what happened, and then... so we just hanged on, had a good time, and... and ended because he went away to another town for a graduate school, and he couldn't handle the distance, because we were at two different schools; it was like three hours apart, and he couldn't handle the distance; for him it was a problem, he was... everyday, talking to me everyday, and to me it was fine, because the person I am... I get sick of a person if they are around me twenty hours a day... so I thought it was a good, excellent relationship, I could actually see him but see somebody else too, you know, but not have them get possessed or anything like that, and so, he initiated the break-up, whatever, and I told him, I go, "if you want to be friends...", because we were good friends in the beginning, and I told him, it's up to him if he wants still be friends, he has to make the first move, because I know, in a lot of situations, my fiends... I know they say they want to be friends, but it doesn't work out, you know; it's not meant to be, whatever. But in our case, it worked out, because he stills talks to me and I write to him, I mean, so we are good friends still, but, I mean, he's there, I'm here, but it wasn't love, it was just, it was more a companionship, and I... from the beginning, because I just, I mean, I don't know, for me. I just have to find somebody... people that aren't really... people who are for me; then I know what I don't like in a person and then I can tell it will work out, the companionship, the friendship; it's not there, but we were so, friends, that was cool. Q3: I'm not planning to get married. Now, some of my friends, they want to, they really want to, they don't know with whom yet, but they want to get married, have a family and everything. For me, that life style, if it doesn't happen, I'll be satisfied. It's a different way of thinking, because my friends are like "you are weird, delicate, you have something wrong with your head", because they don't think that way, they don't understand that. I have no clue about men; I can't say how they feel. But, I mean, I think that the whole idea of marriage is that you want to be with somebody, you care because... it's not because you don't have to, but, because you need a companion, I mean, you just want to live your lives together and saying that you're going to commit each other, each one to your, you know -I can't speak English anymore!- I mean, you're going to commit, you know, legally, say: "Yes, I'm going to spend my life with you and not with someone else." In Europe a lot of people live together for five or six years before they get married. Q4: Love is important in my life, yes, I feel without love, I can't feel, it's a feeling that I would have lost if I don't have it, I mean, in the sense of love for nature, love for other people, for friends, for animals, and that's like the sense... I mean, I have some type of feeling I care, I have some type of worth for life, and I... so love, it is important, it's really important, the feeling, just like anger, whatever; feeling you need, but I can live without a male love, because I'm independent, I can

75 support myself; I don't need a love for that type of thing at all, but the thing I do need is companionship, which is a sense of love, I mean, I consider it a sense of love and I would need companionship, but, I don't know, at this moment... time of my life, I can't think about getting married and those types of things, living with someone maybe. I'm just too young and need to do more things before I actually settle down, because you have to compromise things... And you have to, you know, think if there is someone else besides you... kids involved, you know, member of his family, members of your family... I can do what I want for myself, but, I don't know, I can't say, because I don't know the future; but in time I think I will change and I may find somebody and I hope he will be the right person. Like in the older days, I don't know, like in the States, I know, you know, you go to school, then you go to the university; after the university you get married, you get children; your children will take care of you, and you die, I mean, that's like the life cycle, now, I know in the States a lot more women, especially, you know, people that are in the universities and just getting out of the universities, are thinking they want to do things for themselves, and I think this is one reason, is why, I mean, I think it's not right there, I mean, marriage. Q5: Did you ever see pretty woman? The scene where he goes and he takes her to the opera and he gets to the... . A ski slope, rent a lodge, beer and snow, and skiing, and have a really good hotel room with a Jacuzzi, with... windows that you can see the snow outside, with Champaign next to it, strawberries with cream, and, no, but that's a, I love snow. Q6: For a guy, no. I would never do that. I mean, it shows that you, I don't know, you are weak, it shows that you're depending on something, you're just dependant on that guy, I mean, when I see that, I see there's something wrong, that you're so dependant on this one person that you're willing to give your life up. You don't get love from him, then what is the sense of being with him because you're with him and he doesn't love you, and he's cheating on you and he's doing whatever else, you know, he's beating you, whatever else, it doesn't make sense, I mean, you only get better, how can you call that's love, you know, maybe it's infatuation, you don't know if it's love. Usually, what I've heard is there's somebody that makes such an impact on your life, it may be a lover or something like that, maybe you end it up marrying him, maybe, but maybe somehow you miss the chance to continue something further with him, there could always be that one person in your life that makes a great impact. Maybe that was the person, that's what it was meant to do, not to spend the rest of your life, but you're going to kill yourself anyway, you know. Q7: I think my parent's relationship is quite like the epitome of love, I mean, my parents are still in love, they've been married for twenty five years and I hope to find somebody like my father and... no; I think my father is a great guy and their relationship is great, I mean, it's totally fifty-fifty and my mother makes more than my father and my father accepts that; everybody thinks that's like so surprising that my father accepts it because the woman makes more money than the men and, I don't know, I mean, I hope someday, on the topic of love, that I can find somebody, I can find some kind of relationship like my parents', because I think it's a great relationship. They've had their problems, their little... and arguments, and everything, but they still love each other and they get along great and now that the kids are all away they are even having a better time, because I have an older brother and myself and a younger brother and my younger brother is the only one left at home and so they now do a lot more activities, they spend a lot more of time together. My parents met in a blind date, my father's best friend...my father forgot his gloves actually, my mother thought it was really stupid, but they got along great and they were together ever since after that day and my grandparents hated my father -my father's parents died when he was very young- but my mom's parents hated my father. My mom has a family of nine kids and of the nine kids my parents are still the only people, only marriage that's still together. So that's how they met. That's really cool because it's really strange to think that somebody, you just can meet somebody in a blind date and be married for twenty five years. Q8: I mean, if I met someone else and I like him, then I let him, you know, I mean... you know, I just won't be rude to him, whatever, you know, but, you know, every once in a while, it's nice... you know, a guy with romantic... you know, just being romantic and you, of course... head over heels. You have all these assholes come and say to you certain things, you know, and I, so, yes, I mean, if I... I'm interested in somebody or I want to get to know somebody, I'll go up to them, I mean, in different situations maybe I won't. Q9: I think some people do that, I mean, they know they can and they will do it. But that doesn't mean that they can do it the same way, when men know that they are good-looking and that women watch them as they are wiggling their ass down the walkway... Q10: There are different definitions of love, you've got the lust love, you've got the love love, you've got the friendship love, you've got the adult love, you've got the teenager love, what love you call, I don't know, it's difficult. It's a feeling, that's all I can say to you. It's a feeling you never know what it feels like and everybody does feel it differently so you can't describe it. It's one of those ultimate questions that when you die and you go to Heaven and you find out. 2. AMERICAN ENGLISH MALE Subject 1 Q1: I would say that love is... want to give... something that cannot be given without want to receive something that... can't receive; that it's complete and utter, complete and utter; that it's desire to... desire from the self for another person.

76 Q2: There was this girl who was the daughter of some family friends and my father; my father was a lawyer and so was her father, and we used to go to the house a lot to have dinner, to have lunch... in the swing set... in the backyard... we used to play in the swing set and I met her, I still meet her, I met her since I was about four. One night in some summer, I think I was about fourteen, I confessed my undying love for her, something like that, and we kissed a couple of times and that was about as far as I went. Then I went to school in another state and next summer we were good friends and sometimes... I still see her every summer. It was pretty much... love but the only thing that... anything different we were for a period of about three years; we wrote each other letters all the time, because I was going to school in Oregon and she was going to a school in Montana and... that's all. Q3: I seem to have some disagreement on that, but in general yes; I feel like humans are well... for life if they can just get through, the difficult initial stages of constructing a love relationship which I think is difficult to do. Q4: It's important but not that important, I mean, I can live without a woman, without a girlfriend at this moment but I know that as time goes by you may feel the need to have somebody by your side. Of course the love from parents, my friends is still important, but in a romantic sense I can manage by myself, today, yes. Q5: There is a girl. No, I had a very good friend at school in... it's not really, I'm kind of afraid to have fantasies because I don't want to jinx the relationships, but we've messed around a little bit, we have had tentative relationships and there's something between us, but we've never had a concrete relationship. I've never had sex with her, never made love to her, neither. And I guess I think about her. If I think of someone I think of her and I won't see her until next July and that's a long time so I better try not to think too hard. A lot of times, when we are having a conversation, I'll start saying something and she'll finish it or she'll start to say something and I'll finish it, so there is... It's kind of strange... I guess that my fantasy is that something is going to work out between us, at least for... year and... Q6: As a poetic, as it may seem, I am not personally inclined to take that course but I guess if you, I guess I could become, like... inevitable at some point, in certain circumstances but I would try to choose... choice. Q7: Well, I have some friends at school who are in a relationship, the girl actually studied down here... in Chile... the first semester and they both... school, the girl is an Art Major and the boy is, he doesn't know what he wants to do and we are all friends in a group of friends of about ten in my University for the last two years and they started going out last year about some time in the middle of the first semester, so they had a relationship; they lived together basically half of last year and the summer. He is... he has a very unique personal style and he's a very sensitive guy. She's very... they both are very genuine people and they have a very good relationship. The only... she told me there are some things about her -her name is Molly and his name is John-, that there are some things about her that John doesn't know and, from what I've seen and experienced, I think that she's a little less monogamous than he is. She's a little more inclined to, I think she needs intimate contact in her life and so does he, but he is able to forego and he feels that monogamy excludes anything coming in between the relationship, even if the other person is seven thousand miles away, and she feels differently. I don't know what else. Q8: I don't like a girl who cheats on me, I wouldn't cheat on anybody either, I think that the only thing that you can really expect from the person you're with is, I don't know, exclusiveness. If you respect somebody, in general, not only in terms of love, if you respect somebody you try to be honest with that person and infidelity is not the epitome of honesty, of course. Q9: I think that it's easy to have opinions like that if you have... I think it's a little bit neurotic. I think it's a lot neurotic, maybe, and I think that opinions like that can grow because the consciousness tells him funny things. But I think he would probably be able to overcome those feelings if he would get to know more women personally rather than walking through rooms, feeling their magnetic power around them, feeling dehumanized, and I think that maybe there are some... there are some women who perhaps play games with their magnetic powers of attraction but I don't think that's the overwhelming majority of male-female interactions. I think that's a very small area and I think there are plenty of men who play the same game and I think that guy's, needs to get to know more women personally or... very unlucky to be surrounded by femme fatale. Q10: Maybe, I don't really believe in love at first sight, I believe in lust at first sight. I think that people talk about, like, different kinds of love. I guess you can go to... Greek, like, whatever they are, the five different loves, but in terms of, like, erotic love or love for a life... for another person. It may be spontaneous but if it has to grow, I think it has to develop or at least the underlying conditions have to develop and I think that any relationship that is to have some kind of powerful love... together needs to develop slowly without too much pressure or without too much, it can't be too fast. Subject 2 Q1: To me love is a relationship between two people, a mutual relationship between two people and a feeling of voluntary obligation. It's a feeling that I can't really define or describe just what kind it is, and it's probably a... feel as if we'd do anything for someone else, probably means that you love that person, whether it's romantic love or love as friend, that's a rather different, actually different thing, but what kind specifically? In general I don't know what it is. It's a feeling you get from doing something, being with someone. I don't know.

77 Q2: My first real love experience started in my last year in the university, four years ago. I met a girl whose name's Tania, and I met her at the last semester of that year, the second semester. We started going out, going to movies; actually we first... each other's parties, and talked a lot, and we started going out, going to movies and stuff and we decided... that summer. She lives in a different part in LA. than I do, but we met each other at school which is kind of weird, because we go to a school on a different part of California and we both went to not the same high school, but I go to an all-boys high school, she went to an all-girls high school... we never met each other... so she moved down to LA. for a summer... apartment... and that summer we spent a lot of time together, and we came back to school... We just started spending a lot of time together everyday, just we.. nothing together... ridiculous amount of time. About two years this happened and I was going out with her until I left for here and she wanted to come down here with me, but I didn't want her to come down, because I thought it... would kind of be a different experience, so she decided to go to... in Africa, so she... . Still I talk to her a lot and we write each other all the time. She left last Sunday actually for Africa, she called me from Philadelphia, in the U. S., like "I'm in the phone, I'm about to go". She's gone for two and a half years, so it's very weird, I don't know what's going to happen. What we think, yes, because we spend a lot of time together and I spend... my whole... university career with her and never... anybody else, so we figured we should... really serious what would happen, if we spend so much time together, we should be apart for a while and make sure that you're definitely with the right person, and... if we're apart for a long period of time and after to... we come back we still have the same feelings for each other, still love each other, that would definitely mean something, I don't say marriage, but let's see what happens... let's see. Still I haven't met anybody. I think I still love her. Let's see. Q3: Depending on, I want to say depending on the age... too young beginning something so serious and met enough people, but,... depends on if you really think that you're with the right person and you've met other people and really think that you are with the right person, like a long lasting relationship, it has to be... at least long enough to get to know the person. Well, I don't know, I don't believe in a... a relationship short lasting, a while, it lasts for a while. For me, I'm the long lasting relationship kind of person, I think. Q4: At present, it's a strange question because it's the first time I've been without my girlfriend for a long time, first, it's really hard, it seems like it is really important, a big, big factor. I can't do without her, but I've had the feeling that as time went on... and I was right and I still love her a lot. But I see more myself as an independent person and you don't have to be with someone, you can be by yourself and still be happy, not as happy as... but still happy and yes; it's still really important here, right now, but in a different way than it was, love with plenty of other people, like friends, other friends, other girlfriends, not girlfriends in a romantic sense but girlfriends, because when you have a girlfriend it's kind of like you block out some girls and friends that could be... Q5: Probably... be with someone... be with the person you love completely... with no one else around and still be completely happy and have, maybe.. so it's maybe being with one girl, my girlfriend, and away from... out of the city, away from everything, just me and her in the beach, a beautiful landscape, happy as can be, kids, family, growing our own food, doing everything yourself, being completely independent. But at the same time you need friends, sort of... but then there's... because you can't be secluded of... completely secluded with someone... world, so, be secluded or something from the city. Q6: It's a good question. It's a tough question. I think that if I really love someone... instant... that I would definitely give up my life... another person, because it's a matter of thinking a lot for a long time, like "OK, next month", like, "This person's going to die, so you give up your life". I don't know if I'd do it. It's a good question. It's a hypothetical... Someone said that if you and your girlfriend, I don't know. It seems completely illogical, you love something so you're going to kill yourself in order to get away from it? I can't think of a situation when it's possible; it never, in my perspective there's nothing that important that I can't keep on living for. If there's something I love... I think it's possible to, after a time, after a lot of time, it is possible to..., I don't think there's anything really so important to... I just can't see the logic, the point in killing yourself; suicide seems completely illogical... you're not happy or something or something happened you can... to change the situation, make a difference, make it better for you. Q7: It's very hard to give an opinion about someone else's love relationships, because a lot of times they seem illogical and really hard to understand, but when you are inside of them then you understand. It's almost like you have to be in love for one time, to be able to understand other people's love relationships, they wouldn't seem illogical or crazy from an outside point of view. Q8: Infidelity. My opinion, if you really love someone, you shouldn't be... because I know, when I was with my girlfriend, when I was sure that I loved her and I really love her, like I can look the most beautiful girl in the world and wouldn't be interested... you don't even look twice... after a while... after... two years you start thinking about other girls, looking at other girls, and this is at the same time we think... the same time you start looking at other girls. So I knew, it was a kind of indication, I knew that this love that was in my relationship was, there's something going on... so, if you're cheating on someone and you should look the relationship and say "Oh, gee. That's... I still love that person!"... looks like... there's something wrong with the relation, there's something going on right now that's making, it's pulling us apart... something like twenty years I could say...

78 Q9: I can't really relate to this person's feeling of being dehumanized, because it doesn't; I don't feel dehumanized when I see a girl dressed... this person, it seems that these are probably the types of people who rape women and I don't have the same urges... I can manage the fact when I see a girl dressed really nice, who gets certain attraction but you... should be able to control all that, it's almost like... this person, he's looking at, that person is like "I have this attraction therefore I should go ahead with my instincts" and... she has completely disregarded you. I don't know, my instincts have never been that strong in the sense that I... can control my instincts. Q10: Redefinition of love, it's again a feeling, it's a flood of passion, it's a passion for something that... it's not necessary to be for a person, it could be a friend or a hobby or, it's the way you feel that you want to do this... anything else... between people... love for something... to be completely illogical but you can receive complete happiness from doing something that makes no sense at all... 3. CHILEAN SPANISH FEMALE Subject 1 Q1. El amor...bonito cuando existe y...malo cuando no sé, cuando tenís desilusión de repente... Qué es...no sé cuando lo vivís intensamente es todo...y cuando...y si lo sabís aprovechar, lo mejor que te puede pasar. En cierta etapa de mi vida fue como lo primordial, era como mi fin, pero ahora es como un medio para llegar a ciertas cosas, no está tan presente en cada momento, no pienso en el amor como algo decisivo...pienso en otras cosas que son más importantes para mí en estos momentos que el amor... es un sentimiento que está en todo, tú lo reflejai en todo, lo podís reflejar un amor si no es un amor de pareja podís reflejar un amor a las personas, a los amigos, un amor a lo que estái haciendo, un amor por tus estudios...es lo que te lleva a hacer algunas cosas...lo que te lleva a guiar tu vida hacia determinadas cosas... Q2. Bueno, la primera y única vez hasta el momento que he estado enamorada fue del pololo que tuve y que me duró cuatro años. Estuve enamorada y ya no sé si ya no lo estoy, no lo sé, pero estuve enamorada durante mucho tiempo...lo conocí en la playa, yo tenía 15 años y el tenía 18... estaba con unos amigos...y fuimos a buscar a otros amigos a una casa; en esta casa yo conocía a una sola persona que estaba con dos amigos...me fleché inmediatamente de X., pero no me pescó...estuvimos como dos semanas en la playa... yo anduve con otro amigo... después volvimos a Santiago y yo empecé a llamarlo por teléfono, a pedirle libros, direcciones, teléfonos, cualquier cosa para poder tener contacto con él... comunicación ...después lo invité a mi cumpleaños e indirectamente le dije que él me gustaba... . Después nos encontramos en una fiesta y tiramos... de ahí empezamos a andar , anduvimos como dos semanas... hasta que yo dije basta, aquí nos ponemos a pololear o ésto se acaba... y...empezamos a pololear. Fue simpático...bueno, fue relación de cabros chicos al principio...bueno y de ahí empezamos a tener una relación un poco más profunda, me llevó a su casa, me presentó a su familia, yo empecé a ir a su casa, en mi casa ya le tenían más confianza... empezamos a ir a la playa. Fuimos a la playa como dos veces... como pololos pero sin que pasara nada, más allá de pololeo, nada más trascendental... después de harto tiempo, bueno peleamos bien seguido... porque yo soy bastante idiota...después nos fuimos a la playa... y tuvimos relaciones, estuvimos tres día juntos, después nos vinimos a Santiago y bueno, digamos que de ahí en adelante empezó a ser una relación más abierta...Bueno después fue igual como medio monótono... ya era como lo típico, nos veíamos en la semana cuando podíamos, el día viernes onda nos veíamos y me iba a dejar a la casa, después el día sábado salíamos y el domingo nos veíamos si teníamos tiempo, pero, de ahí ya fue como una relación monótona hasta los tres años 6 meses que un día... a mi me empezó a gustar otro gallo del instituto y empecé a andar con él y terminé con X y... bueno de ahí se terminó todo...después volvimos a andar, yo terminé con este otro gallo, empecé a andar nuevamente con X. [después]terminó todo y él anda con otra galla y yo no...yo estoy tranquilamente... bueno terminamos porque a mi me gustaba otro y él ya me tenía apestada por lo rutinario y porque era siempre lo mismo y... después yo no supe nada de él ...bueno, como yo terminé con este otro gallo y ahí me puse las pilas y dije "voy a conquistarlo nuevamente"... de ahí empecé a llamarlo por teléfono de nuevo, lo invité al cine, en la más arrastrada... bueno en una fiesta nos encontramos y él me dijo que no, que no me podía perdonar por lo que yo le había hecho... que yo había terminado con él por otro gallo... y aparte de todo que yo me había ido a la playa con este otro gallo, entonces él tenía que pensar lo que cualquier hombre pensaría y que no sucedió... el hecho es que empezamos a andar pero él siempre sacándome en cara que yo... tratándome súper mal... lo aguanté, lo aguanté, me lo llevé a la playa pa'l año nuevo, volvimos de la playa... bueno estuvimos en varias ocasiones después juntos...hasta que un día yo le dije "bueno, hasta aquí llegamos, dime de una vez por todas si vas a volver conmigo o no"... me dijo que lo tenía que pensar...que de vuelta [de un viaje] me iba a traer una respuesta y yo... estúpidamente le dije, "ya, yo te esperaré toda la vida, si es necesario moriré por ti", toda la onda...y el me dijo que cuando volviera me iba a traer una respuesta ... volvió... nada supe de él...hasta que lo vi nuevamente en un cumpleaños y astutamente le dije que lo amaba; imbécil, le dije que lo amaba y yo no sabia que ya andaba con otra niña y de ahí ya siguió con la otra galla... poco me importó cuando me contaron; igual lo amo, igual lucho por él y me da todo lo mismo, pero ya de a poco me fui desilusionando; me pegue el alcachofazo... ahora no somos más que amigos... me atraía X porque éramos muy parecidos, en el sentido que le gustaba andar carreteando o sea que yo sabía que con él yo no iba a tener límites yo podía hacer lo que yo quería y él podía hacer lo que él quería porque éramos independientes; de hecho yo me juntaba con ustedes, no venía conmigo, se

79 juntaba con sus compañeros, yo no me juntaba con ellos; yo no iba a los carretes con él, aparte que yo lo encontraba un hombre no machista sino como hombre, se imponía como hombre y a mi éso me gustaba, que fuera de repente duro... se parecía mucho a mi... a la primera impresión me encantó su pinta; después cuando lo empecé a conocer más ya eran otras cosas las que me iban ligando a él, el hecho que fuéramos parecidos en ciertas cosas... él tenía todo lo que buscaba en un gallo, que me entendiera, que a la vez fuera carretero como yo, que no me fuera a gueviar [reclamar, molestar] si yo salía con mis amigos, que me presentara en su casa que para mí era super importante yo conocer a mis suegros era importante; nunca me había pasado, y llevarlo a mi casa, que mis viejos lo aceptaran, que les cayera bien, todas esas cosas me fueron uniendo [a él] pero cuando yo conocí a este otro era como lo sentimental que no tenia X; era como bien hombre pero... no frío sino que no expresaba mucho sus sentimientos; no era todo el día "mi amor te amo, vamos para allá" , no; en cambio este gallo era como lo sentimental, era como lo bonito, el lado bonito, sentimental, como ¡ay, la poesía! era como "mira que linda la luna", cuestiones que yo con X no las había vivido nunca. Era como otra onda, era como la onda más intelectual conmigo como el aspecto intelectual y a la vez físico...X no era muy sensual, era como que yo le tenía que poner el toque de erotismo a la relación...me gustaba atraerlo hacia mí, el atraerlo hacia mi era interesante...si bien estar con él tanto tiempo en contacto físico me molestaba...nunca me sentí como "estoy feliz, plena", como que algo me faltaba...sí, era bueno pero si estuviera probando otra cosa sería mejor; porque yo tendría más experiencia y el otro, también con X, era la primera vez que teníamos esos sentimientos, en cambio con este otro... él ya había tenido experiencias anteriores y yo también, entonces era otra cosa; nos unía inmediatamente el ámbito físico. El otro gallo sabía como era yo y sabía que conmigo podía ir al tiro al contacto físico; entonces eso fue lo primero que pasó, la primera oportunidad que estuvimos juntos , estuvimos los dos, no hay más mundo. En cambio con X era distinto, tú te ponís a pensar en distintas cosas, lo que te ha dicho tu mamá toda la vida, distintas influencias que tú tenís...todo lo que te decían en el colegio, llegar virgen al matrimonio, la virginidad es lo principal; [el colegio] era una burbuja para nosotras, éramos todas señoritas y para nosotras no había más mundo que el colegio... entonces los hombres eran el pecado mortal, así de sencillo, el hombre era el pecado mortal; tú teníai relaciones sexuales con un hombre y erai poco menos que la pécora, la mala mujer, mujer indecente...ahora cambió totalmente toda la visión que yo tenía; cuando entré a la U...conversaciones con gente que ya habían tenido relaciones sexuales, experiencias que yo no había tenido...para mi en cierta parte eran novedosas...pero cuando yo las empecé a experimentar me dí cuenta que no eran tan pecaminosas como te las pintaban...se podían disfrutar, eran buenas... al final el erotismo lo tenemos todos adentro...alguien me dijo una vez que nunca iba a tener relaciones hasta que no me sacara el uniforme, hasta que no saliera del colegio...porque yo era muy apegada a mi colegio, era apegada a lo que me decían...para mi era norma, era ley...[con X] fue una relación buena pero le faltó mucho...que yo fuera o sintiera más las cosas que estaban pasando; yo de repente sentía que me faltaba más...la relación me ayudó mucho, me abrió los ojos a muchas cosas...me licencié... Q3: Para mí no es bueno vivir con una persona para toda la vida, una relación larga...al final tú no sabís si es por amor o por acostumbramiento...vai a estar con el gallo porque no hay otro, porque tu mundo se cierra ahí y ya no hay más mundo...uno tiene que conocer mucho...a lo mejor no muchas relaciones cortas, a lo mejor podís tener cinco relaciones largas, pero tener varias, no tener una, no encerrarte en un solo gallo y decir "ya, yo me voy a casar con este gallo y voy a ser feliz toda la vida"... para mi el amor te puede llegar un día y te podís casar no sé a la semana y ser tan feliz como si pololearai tres años y te casai... para mi el amor es una cuestión que te llega, y si hay madurado tú y ha madurado la otra persona y están en condiciones como para tener una vida juntos...una relación larga no implica matrimonio, para nada...puede ser una verdadera lata...tú tenís que conocer más, necesariamente, para desarrollarte como persona, no importa hasta que grado llegís con la otra persona, si llegai a lo sexual o no... en una relación larga, de repente no es tanto lo que se quieren sino lo que se soportan...podís estar con una persona diez, veinte años y de repente conocís a la persona que siempre estuviste esperando...el amor es una cuestión que la aprovechai en el momento...y si la sabís aprovechar bien te va a durar siempre y si no se acaba pero después viene otra...el amor no es uno solo, sino que son muchos... Q5 : Antes de tener a X como pareja soñaba con una relación linda, no tan duradero...X era el hombre como para entregarme a él...nunca pensé que me iba a casar con él y que iba a formar una familia...no...me imaginaba con él caminando en la playa, pensando en el futuro...me imaginé una vez que él estaba trabajando en una construcción en la calle y que venía un bloque de cemento inmenso que le iba a caer encima y yo saltaba y lo salvaba y después él me daba un beso... [un sueño] X se está muriendo, está en el hospital, y me manda llamar, yo iba y él me decía que quería que en ese momento en el lecho de muerte yo le dijera que lo amaba, y yo no podía...y nunca he podido, en el sueño nunca he podido decirle que lo amo...nunca iba a ser el hombre de mi vida, nunca iba a estar con él para siempre... Q6: Nunca he pensado en suicidarme por amor, nunca... pienso que siempre después de un gallo viene otro...después de una buena viene una mejor o a lo mejor una más mala pero igual va a ser vida, porque tenía que vivirla, hagai lo hagai tenís que vivir...por amor a ti mismo..."si no es con él no es con nadie", no jamás... si no es con él yo me mato, no vivo, nunca, nunca, "si no estai conmigo me muero", nunca lo he pensado...[la relación con X] éso en este momento no lo puedo visualizar, no lo puedo medir, no lo puedo sopesar con otra cosa porque no me ha llegado de nuevo; cuando me llegue de nuevo o a lo mejor me llegue realmente, me voy a dar cuenta que en cuatro años me entregué a la otra persona

80 y no estaba ni ahí... pero al mejor voy a conocer a otra persona que "no estai conmigo me muero, me corto las venas, me tomo 50 diazepan por que no estai conmigo...hasta este momento no me ha llegado esa situación...yo amo mucho la vida; yo me quiero caleta... si el otro no está conmigo es por que el otro pierde, no porque yo pierda...por X yo habría dado la vida; pero no me hubiera matado...en el sentido que viene un auto y lo va a atropellar me tiro y me muero yo...lo haría...lo habría hecho, ahora no...pensaba que él era más que yo; necesitaba más estar con vida que yo... Q7: Ese pololeo es estúpido porque el gallo es excesivamente obsesivo, manipulador, le saca la chucha, no la deja ir a ninguna parte... a ella le gusta, disfruta totalmente con eso...por ella que la latiguen [sic], sin que ella lo diga...si a ti te pegan en frente de tus amigos y no te pegai la cachá...termino con él...no porque estís enamorada del gallo sino porque te gusta... yo le digo, hace otras cosas, disfruta más, y ella me dice "no, a mi me gusta", o sea que te gusta estar sentada toda la tarde viendo tele, sin hacer nada, comprar , volver...eso es malo para ella, porque es bonita, es una mujer que le puede sacar provecho a su simpatía, a su inteligencia, a su aspecto físico, a todo... yo no justifico eso...no sé hasta que punto el amor puede justificar eso...no sé hasta qué punto el amor puede llevarte más allá de perder tu amor propio y tu orgullo, tu valor como mujer...o es demasiado amor por el otro o es demasiada estupidez tuya...yo lo tomo como miedo...a perderlo...el gallo tiene buena situación económica, ella no, ella tiene mala situación económica...ella está viendo en él reflejado todo su futuro...el papá [del tipo] tiene una fábrica...se la van a dejar a él...[ella] está viendo que si termina con él lo más seguro es que no encuentre otro gallo como él...ella ha perdido todo, incluso ha perdido hasta a su familia... al papá no lo pesca, no le habla por el [gallo], porque el papá no puede ver al gallo...perder a tus lazos más directos que es tu familia... Q8: Si uno está siempre ahí, y él te dice "oye, voy a salir con mis compañeros, un mes a la playa"; una misma le está dando la pauta... si el gallo te está poniendo el gorro es porque...él ha sido más inteligente que tú. Una no la ha sabido hacer, no ha sido inteligente, él sí. Porque él ha aprovechado las oportunidades que ha tenido, y una no. [ser infiel] porque a mí me gustaba, porque yo lo busqué...yo miles de veces se lo dije "si tú me querís poner el gorro y si me querís contar bueno y si no no importa; ahora lo único que me gustaría que me dijerai sería "oye, sabís que me gustó esta galla más de lo que yo pensaba y quiero estar con ella", pero que no me estís "ay, es que no sé que me pasa, estoy con problemas existenciales", éso no..." no tengo ningún atado si son canitas al aire y que no tengan ninguna ingerencia mayor en la pareja, ningún problema. Q9: La mujer incita mucho al hombre, lo incita a hacer cosas que a lo mejor ella ni siquiera piensa pero con su vestimenta, con sus gestos, lo está inconscientemente o conscientemente haciendo... al final, la mujer es la que da la pauta, es la que tiene que ser agresiva, la que quiere...tú incitai al gallo a que haga ciertas cosas...la mujer sabe cuales son sus atributos personales, sensuales como para conquistar un hombre...una mujer que se sabe atractiva, va a explotar la mujer sus atributos...son tontas las mujeres que no saben que están expuestas a que les suceda algo en la calle...si sale a la calle provocando...es lógico, en el hombre tú despiertas instintos...a un hombre tú no le vai a despertar sentimientos, tú le vai a despertar el instinto, el instinto por llegar a ti a lo mejor, pero no es un sentimiento... si veo un tremendo mino, qué ganas de agarrarle el poto... Subject 2 Q1: El amor puede ser algo bonito que nace entre dos personas. Otra forma de definirlo es como una estupidez. Es diferente de la amistad; uno entrega más de lo que debe, porque con amigos uno habla de cosas vagas no más, pero con el pololeo o cuando una ya quiere algo con alguien habla, ponte, de la vida, qué es lo que quiere hacer, sus metas. Es diferente. Estoy más tiempo. Q2: Tenía como 7 añitos, mi primer amor. Eramos amigos y empezó algo bonito entre nosotros, y me escribía cartitas de amor, me preguntaba a qué países me gustaría viajar, cómo me quería casar. Y eso, pero fueron poquitos años, como dos años. El primer pololeo adulto duró como 4 meses. Lo conocí; él andaba con otra niña y se puso a pololear conmigo. duramos harto tiempo... era como mi primer pololeo, era algo raro. Yo no sabía qué hacer, me daba miedo darle un beso, super tímida... y después fuimos amigos y ahora somos super buenos amigos. Terminamos porque yo después me aburrí; porque terminábamos, volvíamos a empezar... hasta que yo al final le dije "mejor seamos amigos solamente". Seguimos mejor como amigos. La relación más importante fue la de ahora, la que llegó ahora. Pero después de 4 años ya... Salíamos juntos, nos conocíamos, las familias ya se conocen... nos contamos nuestras cosas como son, hablamos de nuestras familias... Lo conocí en diciembre del 89; éramos amigos, fuimos amigos... empezó en la playa...hablamos cosas así no más, porque a mí no me caía muy bien... yo andaba con otro niño, que se fue de viaje; seguí conversando con él; me empezó a gustar. Ahí salimos los dos de viaje, nos fuimos a la playa y ahí empezamos a pololear. Después volvimos a Santiago y yo terminé con él. Y volvimos después de un mes. Cuatro años y un mes llevamos. Q3: Las relaciones no pueden ser largas. Porque uno se aburre. Empezai a conocer mucho a la persona y al final ya estai aburrida, no quieres nada más con él, que se termine todo luego. Les conocís mucho las mañas. Después da una cosa así como que ya es costumbre verlo, es costumbre estar con él y quererlo. Yo estoy aburrida. Q4: El amor es importante, importante... porque una se siente como querida, diferente. No como ese amor de amigo sino como una cosa... como que alguien te viene a ver; sentir esos nervios en el estómago, de verlo, que cuando irá a venir; todo eso es importante, no sé, es algo rico, me gusta... diferente.

81 Q5: Ahí como cuando te ves en el altar con tu vestido blanco, el novio, con todos los invitados... eso es lindo, como un sueño, y lo otro puede ser... un reencuentro con alguien querido, un sueño con ese reencuentro y querís verlo... algo que fue lindo pero fue corto o que no vive acá en Santiago. Una anhela que venga, "pucha, cuándo viene", quiere saber fechas por lo menos y no va a ser, pero es un sueño. Una vez soñé que estaba en una casa grande, grande y estaban los Chicago Bulls, y ya; ahí estábamos, y yo estaba con X y a la hora que él me iba a dar el beso me despertó mi mamá. Eso fue todo el sueño, super corto. Q6: Entregar la vida por el ser amado es como... cuando ya lo querís mucho digo yo. Pero también a veces es nada que ver, por que a veces uno entrega todo, pero esa persona no entrega nada por ti. El suicidio por amor, es que tenís que estar muy chalado ya, ya en el límite, en el límite de la locura para hacer algo así. Si, eso debe ser, yo no lo haría. En mi caso yo no lo haría. Q7: Esa es locura, ya es como grotesca, como locura; como que hay mucho amor entremedio; no, yo no entiendo mucho esa relación. Será que es costumbre o es amor, no entiendo. Uno está conversando con ellos y ellos se empiezan a besar, empiezan a hablar cosas entre ellos, entonces uno queda como que puedo hablar, no vine a verlos besuquearse tampoco. Que dinero, que sacando cuentas, que el auto, que esto otro, es aburrido. No se cómo se llevan bien, tanta pelea también, él también que es tan "mamitis": colgado de las faldas de la mamá, raro pues, pero en todo caso se llevan bien ellos así. Es que uno ve de afuera. Q8: Bueno, hay que hacerlo de repente, ¿ o no? Es costumbre... es buscar otras cosas, otras palabras de amor y uno cae en la tentación y gorrea. Una no es tonta; cuando está casada ya tenís que estar seria, si no, no; estai pololeando, hay que disfrutar la vida, el momento. Q9: No me gustó mucho eso, porque tú con cualquier chiva te podís acercar a ella y empezar a hablar; tampoco ser uno de ésos que te siguen, no; así no más, sencillo, y conversar no más... tampoco llegar al límite de violarla... después puede llegar a pasar algo con ella cuando estén conversando y ahí listo... no tenís que llegar agresivo y decir simplemente "ven para acá", no. 4. CHILEAN SPANISH MALE Subject 1 Q1: No sé, no tengo una... no es una [cosa] que pueda explicar...no lo puedo explicar en el sentido de que... de hecho, recuerdo una vez en el colegio que una vez estábamos con estos ¿cómo es que se llama esta [cosa]? como los cursillos de sexualidad que tienes que hacer en los colegios, como en octavo básico; una vez nos hicieron definir qué es el amor y de hecho buscando en el diccionario y [cosas] así, y me acuerdo que conceptualmente se hacía muy difícil definir la [cosa] del amor, de hecho no entendí la definición que salía ahí, no la entendí, porque decía... lo único que me quedaba claro era como... era la idea de un asunto, digamos, de carácter sentimental que te llevaba hacia... que desplazaba tus emociones de un lado hacia otro, o sea, de ti hacia otras personas, de ti hacia otras cosas u objetos, o sea, en fin, [cosas] que hacían modificar cierta conducta o actitudes tuyas, eso, pero nada más, no me quedó nada más claro respecto a esa [cosa], y en general, aparte de conceptualizarlo, no pienso mucho en eso, es una [cosa] como que tengo integrada, no hago una separación entre el amor y el resto de las cosas, por así decirlo, no tengo, entonces amor es una [cosa] integrada, o sea, para mí, amor-amor puede ser una [cosa] super barata, como tenerle amor a ciertas [cosas] cotidianas, como el amor sublime que tú puedes sentir, no sé, por una [cosa], qué se yo, por una mina que te dejó, que te dio filo... el concepto se transforma en un montón de cosas; por eso yo nunca conceptualizo sobre ese tipo de cosas, o sea, expresiones como "te amo", por ejemplo, o " la amo", no; para mí... yo no las ocupo. Una vez tuve una conversación con un amigo sobre el tema, que yo no ocupo la [cosa] precisamente porque no la conceptualizo, o sea, yo no puedo decirle a una persona, "te amo", porque no; porque para mí ese sentimiento de amor no cuaja, no tiene un correlato como en mi vida, así, en mi experiencia, para mí es una [cosa] integral. Q2: ¿Amor de pareja? Bueno, yo cacho [creo] que... es que hay que remontarse al primer pololeo, o sea, el primer amor amor que tuve, la primera mina que me gustó tenía como diez años, era una guagua así, que vivía cerca de mi casa, que me rayaba. Ahora, naturalmente, como yo era un chico tímido, jamás le dije ni una [cosa] y, solamente me gustaba y eso sería todo. Ahora, el amor como pareja, como concretado, bueno puede ser mi primer pololeo, pero que no tiene mucha originalidad, porque en el fondo fue como un pololeo, como casi inducido, ¿cachai? [¿entiendes?] o sea, una época en que yo estaba como tranquilo de la vida, qué se yo, pero cachaba que ya tendría que pasar algo con alguien, ya luego, porque se estaba yendo el tren ya y no pasaba nada; así que tenía estos proyectos con gente también, así, época primero medio; me gustaba una mina, pero yo nunca fui capaz, por miedo obviamente al rechazo y, pero no pasaba nada, entonces, este primer pololeo fue, salió así, como por un lado del interés mío ya de que pasara con alguien, digamos, por tener una relación de pareja, y por otro lado, del interés de otra gente, en el fondo, también; a eso me refiero con producido... yo me acuerdo que no, que después, que una vez, en una fiesta a la que van todos tus amigos, entonces me vieron mucho dando vueltas, así como así, entonces me empezaron a agarrar para el gueveo [burlarse] en la semana, me empezaron a guevear que, las típicas tallas que te echan. Incluso tus amigos más amigos, entonces ya, no sé, uno se empieza a achacar por la [cosa]y justo en ese tiempo digamos, como en ésa semana que pasó ese asunto conocí a

82 una tipa, y como que me hice un, y salió [la cosa] y no, yo no tuve peros, o sea, a mí igual me parecía atractiva, era todo lo que uno podía pedir también, o sea, no esperaba que, bien. Entonces fue así, igual, de repente da un poco vergüenza decirlo porque, de espontáneo tiene re-poco, o sea se juntaron las [cosas] así y este, la gente, digamos, no había mina para mí, ya listo y toda la [cosa] y vamos y entonces de ese momento que te contaba yo, de la fiesta X a atinar con la mina, pasó una semana, una semana, en una fiesta, malísima a todo esto la fiesta, fue una [cosa] muy tirada de las mechas y ya y grosso, o sea yo no estaría, no estaba interesado así, pero bien, me pareció super bien la situación así que así salió y la [cosa] funcionó como una [cosa] super clásica de, o sea, cuyo único vínculo es el hecho de estar pololeando, o sea, no tiene ninguna [cosa] de más peso, así que de paso así yo creo que, un mes y tanto, no me dejó mucha marca, o sea, en ese minuto sí, porque era el primer pololeo y qué se yo pero como relación, como tipo de, fue super típica para, la edad que yo tenía, catorce años y para el tipo de pololeo que uno, que se estilaba de la gente como yo. Q3: O sea, nunca, o sea, ahora, qué es lo que pienso ahora, no sé, obviamente me ha cambiado mucho la perspectiva sobre éso, o sea, jamás en ese tiempo que estaba hablando antes de las primeras relaciones me daba, no es que me diera lo mismo, en el fondo, lo que iba saliendo, como se iban dando las cosas y nada más, o sea, ninguna otra cosa podía importar aparte de éso. Tu tenías como, iba a hacer una analogía con la Junta de Gobierno, "no tenemos plazos, tenemos metas", una cosa así. Para mí era como vivir las experiencias más que otra cosa, la experiencia del pololeo, qué se yo, de pareja, más que lo que fuese a durar, ahora si te importaba mucho la relación, si tu querías que, en el fondo, se sostuviera, que aguantara la cosa en el tiempo, ahora, viéndolo desde esta perspectiva, en este momento es distinto, o sea si yo, bueno, de hecho hace más de un año que no estoy embarcado en ninguna relación como seria, como pololeo, qué se yo, pero como la veo ahora, sí. Ahora creo que si me embarcara ahora en una cosa, como de ese tiempo, la pensaría en la perspectiva de repente de largo aliento, por lo mismo, por las mismas razones que uno de repente se mete con alguien sin mayor compromiso, justo es por éso, porque sabes que es algo que se puede deshacer en cualquier momento, que es todo tácito, que no hay ningún tipo de contrato de nada, o sea, puede terminar como empezó y ya, pero cuando tú lo tomas más en serio, o sea, yo, esa es la intención, para mí una relación de ese tipo, pololeo o como lo llames, cómo te diré, asumido como compromiso, sí, para mí, ya tengo una idea para el tiempo que es distinta a la que tenía antes, y por lo mismo, cuando realmente no me quiero enredar en serio con alguien, para mí es otro tipo de relación y por lo tanto ahí, en ese caso, el tiempo es como lo mismo, porque tu vas sometiendo las cuestiones a como se vayan dando y nada más y eso, entonces, para mí el tiempo en este minuto sí es como más importante, o sea, si me embarco en una relación ahora, en este minuto, si me pusiera a pololear con alguien, así, un compromiso, estaría pensando en largo plazo, no sé si casarme ni mucho menos, nunca ese tipo de cosas, pero pienso que si la cuestión fuera como, cacháramos bien como pareja y ya, por la edad que tengo, estoy terminando la carrera y ese tipo de cosas, no estaría, no pensaría en una cosa tan burguesa como que me voy a casar, voy a juntar la plata, el auto, el pie de la casa, pero sí pensaría que en algún tiempo más me voy a ir de la casa, por ejemplo, que desde ese punto de vista podría irme a vivir con esa persona, por ejemplo, o sea, hago los, pienso en esas cosas con mucho más perspectiva que lo que hacía antes, para ése tipo de relaciones. Q4: Tengo, es tan vago mi concepto de amor que ahora, en este minuto, igual, si se restringe a la cuestión de pareja, creo que en este minuto, después sobretodo de un tiempo largo sin estar embarcado en este tipo de situaciones, creo que es lo más importante, o sea, estoy pensando en ello y por lo tanto. Tuve un par de relaciones desafortunadas hace un tiempo atrás, estaba un poco pensando en eso, o sea, en que sí , me importa, me preocupa el hecho de tener o no tener relación con otra, de pareja y que además qué tipo de relación. O sea, si me importa, sí, me importa. Q5: También es evolutivo, o sea, si es lógico, no es lo mismo que pensaba hace un tiempo atrás, de hecho, desde hace poco tiempo atrás que me ha cambiado totalmente el punto de vista, un montón de ideas que tenía sobre eso, o sea, para el primer pololeo como importante que tuve. Claro, tenía una idea acerca de que sería bueno y eso que sería como super bueno o una fantasía, de lo ideal que podría ser una relación de pareja. Involucraba más que plazos y ese tipo de cosas, como una sensación de estabilidad, o sea, de que las cosas estuvieran bien y estar bien en el fondo es, está lleno como de lugares comunes, o sea, estar bien, tener un tipo de relación armónica sin alteraciones. Lo interesante para mí durante mucho tiempo fue éso, o sea que, si una relación de pareja, o sea, si era buena, si yo la encontraba satisfactoria, era como poblarla de cosas como lindas, por así decirlo, que fuese buena. Es que son puros lugares comunes, en el fondo son, o sea, quería sentirme bien con la pareja, como querernos montones y éso era todo y eso era el objetivo un poco como de la vida en ese minuto. Después te va cambiando la mirada sobre el asunto y ya no, tus fantasías, estás como, por lo menos en mi caso, como más desilusionado de la vida, por así decirlo, de como se dan las cosas, entonces ya no te importa tanto una relación así como pareja o fluida sino más bien una cuestión que pudieras, no sé, sacar como algún tipo de provecho, o sea, como lecciones para la vida, o sea, qué se yo, sabes que algo, que tú no puedes sostener las cuestiones a la fuerza ni puedes sostenerlas por buena voluntad, que tú mismo eres una persona super cambiante. Entonces, que lo mejor que puede pasar en una relación de pareja es tener casi como momentos que te sean satisfactorios y no quiero decir tampoco satisfactorio en el sentido de que, qué se yo, de que te acuestes con alguien y seas feliz en ese momento. También, digamos, pero me refiero a que no puedes amarrarlo, no puedes evitar que una

83 persona en algún momento se sulfure y no quiera más de la relación, por ejemplo, no puedes evitar nada de eso así que lo mejor que puedes esperar de una relación es como una química con la otra persona, buena y que sabes que en algún momento se puede romper así que la aproveches mientras sea buena y lo ideal es que se pueda sostener, pero eso ya escapa a tu competencia y escapa a cualquier buena intención que puedas tener. Así que en este minuto, mi fantasía como grosa sería encontrar a esa persona, que yo no tengo predefinida, o sea, conozco a alguien, me ha pasado en el último tiempo, he conocido gente que me ha parecido como "la raja" [muy buena], me ha parecido como la persona adecuada, que era la persona que tenía que llegar en un momento que era propicio y todo bien, o sea, cumplía con una parte de la fantasía y la otra parte de la fantasía justamente, bueno, concretar algo y ver como se daba, el problema es que, por lo menos el último tiempo, como la primera parte, o sea, que como que ha llegado esa persona X y no sale el resto. Entonces, no sé qué pasará pero la fantasía se, ya se me desarma por que he tenido dos, por lo menos en los últimos años, una o dos relaciones de pareja que para mí han sido importantes o comenzaron siendo super vitales para mí y que después se fueron diluyendo, entonces ya no, ya se te desarma la fantasía, ya no es lo que era, ya no crees en demasiadas cosas de lo que pueda pasar, no te haces demasiadas expectativas. Aunque sigo cayendo un poco en la trampa, sí sigo creyendo, cuando empiezo una relación o cuando estoy cerca de creer que estoy por comenzar una en que, todo va a ser distinto, que todo va a estar bien, pero no, ya se te desarma, ya estás mucho más aterrizado en éso. Realmente, las fantasías van por el lado sexual, van como en cierto tipo de complementaridad sexual que pudiera ser más interesante que la que he tenido hasta ahora y de la cual me siento super culpable, o sea, igual no le voy a echar la culpa a las parejas que he tenido, o sea, éso. Q6: O sea, puede ser lindo, pero para mí no corre, o sea, he experimentado cosas bien parecidas a como las desilusiones absolutas, apostar todo por una relación o por lo que pudo haber sido una relación, que desilusionarte, quedar botado, quedar como con toda la intención, sí, he vivido éso y creo que viviré cosas más intensas que ésas, peores y puedo como hacerme una idea de lo terrible que es. Ahora ya, hasta ese punto no, ese tipo de soluciones para lo que sea están descartadas, es tal el miedo que le tengo a la muerte, que cualquier idea, no, o sea, para mí, como estas cosas, relaciones muy neuróticas, muy a la francesa, qué se yo, bien, o sea, yo cacho que alguien se mate por amor, o sea, no encuentro, no entiendo digamos, no me parece una decisión tan estúpida, no me parece estúpido, de verdad, por que en el fondo tú cuando has colocado toda tu esperanza, todas tus ilusiones, o sea, en el fondo todo tu porvenir en manos de otra persona, esa persona te lo deshecha, a veces es tal la situación de pobreza espiritual, que no tienes nada, es decir como desamparo, no tienes nada que hacer, no sé, yo igual pienso que sí, que puede ser atendible.Pero en mi caso, de ninguna forma, nada justifica, ninguna cosa, y bueno, si algún día lo hago, no voy a dar explicaciones tampoco, a menos que sea un acto fallido, lo más seguro es que si algún día intento algo, va a ser un intento fallido, o sea, va a llegar el momento y no me voy a atrever a hacer determinada cosa. Q7: A ver, voy a tomar como ejemplo a X amigo. Es que tengo, me ha pasado con varios amigos cosas parecidas, pero vamos a elegir a X amigo porque lo tengo un poco más de cerca; por otro lado, éso es importante, yo creo que cualquier historia de pololeos de amigos que en general no las tengo muy, no son, son un poco, mientras más duran los pololeos más ajeno me siento de las relaciones de esas personas, por que no soy de meterme demasiado en la intimidad de la gente aunque sea muy amiga y otra gente, por lo demás, tampoco es muy dada a hacer demasiadas confidencias y ese tipo de cosas, ya bueno. Como ejemplo puede ser el caso de un amigo que, claro, pololea hace más de un año con X persona y este amigo, claro, con él teníamos una relación bien como próxima así, de compañeros, qué se yo, y seguimos siendo muy buenos amigos, los que pasa es que justamente por varias razones y entre ellas digamos por el pololeo que tiene este muchacho, nos hemos distanciado un poco, como puede haber sido éso o puede haber sido otra cosa. Entonces, bueno, en el tiempo que yo lo conocía no había pololeado nunca, por ahí una aventurilla, pero no era muy dado a ese tipo de pololeo incluso con problemas de timidez y de acercamiento con las mujeres en general, tenía ese rollo, un cabro como tímido, simple, un tipo desenvuelto en general pero, y conoció a esta niña, también se tomaron su tiempo antes de comenzar, por todos esos problemas de acercamiento y bueno. Están pololeando todavía, aunque han tenido su par de quiebres y yo creo que, bueno, a él le ha servido montones o sea, él siente y yo siento también que él lo necesitaba montones y que ha sido bueno para él y qué se yo. ...Yo creo que ese tipo de relación, ese tipo de situación, digamos, con tus amigos te ocurre, aunque estoy hablando más de mí que de la relación de ellos, pero pasa además que estaba pensando en el asunto de otro amigo que es bien amigo mío también, que somos amigos del tiempo del colegio y que tenía una cosa parecida, o sea, él se puso pololear y, no, pero el tipo, igual peló su cable con la polola, o sea, él como que se dedicó como un poco a, no sé, él como que dedicó parte importante de su vida a la relación que tenía y lo dedicó super en serio, o sea, que ya como que se desvinculó un poco de su casa, los estudios, porque era su polola y bien, entonces es una [cosa] super fuerte, entonces redundó en que yo no, perdí un poco el contacto con él, pero pasa ésto y uno a la larga está bien, en los momentos más críticos por lo menos tú igual no dejas de considerar que pese a sus relaciones de pareja las personas son más o menos las mismas, así que éso. Q8: Que está sujeta al tipo de relación que tengas con o sea, yo no puedo concebir infidelidad si, qué sé yo, estás con alguien. Bueno, es que "estar con alguien" es super vago, pero bueno, hay relaciones que son tan vagas como estar con alguien, o sea que tú tienes alguna afinidad con alguien, qué se yo, atinas con alguien, te das un beso con alguien, en fin,

84 tienes como un rollo con alguien, éso no es garantía de nada más, entonces por ese lado no, creo que la infidelidad siempre está en función de lo que tú entiendas como el tipo de relación que tienes, ya para mí no hay un patrón básico. Ahora, la infidelidad en general, por ejemplo, de los pololeos típicos que uno tuvo alguna vez, qué se yo, a mí siempre me pareció por una parte que era una especie de tradición porque me pareció que la infidelidad no era una cosa muy grave y que era muy importante, pero en el fondo es parte de tu libertad y parte de tu derecho de moverte en la vida independientemente. Pero por otro lado sí me molestaba mucho cuando efectivamente tenía que vivir esa cuestión, tenía que afrontar el hecho de que alguien, la pareja mía, se metía con otra persona. Eso sí, al final, creo que si tengo que ser como honesto en el asunto por un lado me afecta y me choca un poco, si tengo que ser consecuente no estoy de acuerdo, por así decirlo y por lo mismo como éso, tengo un poco la idea mía de que tú tienes que, de tu libertad para enfrentar la vida, también creo que me coloco más a la defensiva, o sea, en el fondo creo que las relaciones que tengo, trato de ya, de dar por sentado de que nada es demasiado firme, demasiado estable como para que no se pueda quebrar con ese tipo de cosas. No digo que después de una relación de pareja, por ejemplo, que alguien me sea infiel, de hecho me ha pasado y que no pueda seguir la relación de pareja, pero es complicado porque tú ya tienes como un poco el temor de que esa cosa pueda repetirse y tú no, en el fondo, no puedes sacarte de la cabeza de que igual te molesta, por que si efectivamente no me molestara, podría seguir ocurriendo, en fin, no como un hábito así un deporte pero podría seguir pasando yo podría pasarlo por alto como una cosa que no me afecta mucho, pero sí me afecta montones. Es complicado, sí, me complica cada vez que hablo sobre éso. Q9: O sea, yo estoy de acuerdo con muchas de las cosas que dices ahí, en general yo me siento de alguna forma agredido cuando veo a alguien, puede ser, una mina espectacular. Yo tengo claro también que la historia de mi vida y la historia de la vida del resto de la gente, la mayoría por lo menos es una historia de permanentemente estar reprimiendo los deseos, siempre, y desde ese punto de vista creo que hay algo así como lo que dices tú de deshumanización, no sé si llamarla así, pero existe esto de sentir que tú no puedes hacer lo que te gustaría hacer, que tú no puedes ser, en el fondo esa como comunicación paradójica que te plantean o sea, por un lado te dicen, se te están ofreciendo de alguna forma y por otro lado te están diciendo "no", entonces, claro, uno siente como una especie de agresión. Pero por otro lado, es cierto que también ese tipo de agresiones son parte natural de la forma que tienes de relacionarte con la gente, o sea, tú también estás agrediendo a otra gente, no por el hecho de que uno tenga una pinta increíble ni mucho menos uno no va a ser agresor en la medida que uno pueda estar despertando algún tipo de interés, o si quieres, algún tipo de deseos, más como básico en el resto de la gente, o sea, si tú los estás despertando consciente o inconscientemente, no es tan importante como el hecho de qué haces tú frente a ese tipo de provocación. Creo que el día que tú te dejes de reprimir vas a perder el juicio, o sea, que es parte de la forma de comunicarte y relacionarte con la gente, nada más. Si estoy de acuerdo, sí, estoy de acuerdo, creo que en el fondo el tipo que es un violador que siente que no puede reprimir sus deseos frente a este tipo de agresiones o de provocaciones está, tiene cierta lógica lo que hace, pero el que tenga cierta lógica no significa de que yo lo apruebe o siquiera que yo pueda seguir su ejemplo, porque en el fondo se está respondiendo a una agresión pero se está evitando responder a otras también, por ejemplo, por qué él no orina en la calle. Es una cuestión como comprensible, o reacción, no por eso la voy a respaldar yo, aunque igual creo que muy a pesar mío tenemos que reprimir los deseos y yo vivo reprimiendo mis deseos, desde que me acuerdo, pensando en éso, como estudié toda esa paja de esta cosa psicoanalítica y de la historia de la sexualidad y qué sé yo, tiene siempre esa cosa que tú estás reprimiendo más bien tus deseos y que la civilización tiene que reprimir deseos porque sino no anda, y creo que mi vida no andaría si yo no reprimiera el deseo. Q10: Tengo el mismo rollo de antes no es algo que tenga definido, en mi caso se va definiendo en la medida que van ocurriendo cosas o que me van ocurriendo cosas en la vida, no es algo que yo tenga preestablecido, a diferencia de lo que me pasaba antes, el primer pololeo, yo tenía como una visión de lo que era, no pensaba en el amor así en abstracto, pero sí tenía una visión en torno a qué sería una relación ideal para mí , qué sería una cosa como chora, buena, bonita. Creo que me he planteado justamente el hecho de no tener nada muy predefinido. Creo que el peor daño que me podría hacer es volver a decir qué sería bueno para mí, en el fondo lo que sería bueno viene siendo lo que va siendo bueno, en el momento que lo es nomás, y que va y que a partir de eso tú puedes sacar conclusiones o decir lo positivo o lo malo que ha sido, pero ya no lo veo en términos de una definición a partir de la cual yo actúo, creo sí, creo en algunas cosas, creo que si tengo una relación de pareja me gustaría llegar a ciertos acuerdos con la otra persona para poder establecer cosas, pero mucho de éso es absolutamente inmanejable, creo que la mayoría de las cosas en este minuto son absolutamente inmanejables. Subject 2: Q1: Como un afán de posesión, no sé, una cosa sí. Me refiero a que en general es, bueno, es un deseo de poseer a otra persona. No estoy hablando en el sentido de poseerla, de quererla para ti, es una relación, o sea, obviamente es un sentimiento egoísta y existe como una especie de connotación de propiedad cuando se establece una relación amorosa, éso. Q2: Bueno, la típica, era la hermana de un amigo, iba para la casa de él, yo la veía, nos veíamos, nos vimos y así se fue dando la cosa, un poco complicada pero, como siempre, las primeras relaciones son siempre como complicadas, porque

85 te da miedo todo además que la idealizas ene y como todo es super sagrado, por donde pasó es como "ah, aquí hay perlas escondidas", donde se sentó, todo, todo es como, todo es importante. Por eso es complicado, te llenas la cabeza de cuestiones que no tienen mucho sentido. Pero en general tengo buenos recuerdos de éso, o sea, tiene su lado bueno. Yo creo que casi todos recuerdan en realidad el, no la primera relación, el, por lo menos el primer amor, porque uno establece las diferencias, como entre lo que es establecer una relación y mantenerla después casarte y todo éso, sino que piensas inmediatamente como en el matrimonio, o sea, te ves una vida y piensas inmediatamente como en estar casado, lo relacionas altiro con éso. Eso siempre me pareció curioso. Q3: No sé si deberían, pero, o sea, es que uno no debería decir que deberían ser largas, una relación dura lo que tiene que durar no más. O sea, no es que no esté de acuerdo, o sea, yo digo, si una relación es larga, está bien, pero hay relaciones que no pueden ser largas, porque más de dos días no la aguantas, o sea, no aguantas a la persona, o sea, hay relaciones claro, que te funcionan rebien, sientes que puedes estar callado mirando por la ventana y está bien, no sientes ningún tipo de incomodidad. Pero hay personas con las que estás callado mirando por la ventana y empiezas a sentir, no sé, esa sensación desagradable de "qué hacer, qué digo, me estoy aburriendo, se está aburriendo". Estás todo el tiempo como sintiéndote responsable de la otra persona, entonces uno no puede, no sé, uno no puede decir que una relación debe ser larga. Pude ser larga como puede ser, bueno, por lo general yo creo que una relación más o menos como seria tiende a ser larga. Q4: No sé, en este momento no tengo ningún tipo de relación así como establecida, como "esta es mi pareja", no. No sé, yo diría que en este momento no es tan importante porque no, no tengo la cabeza ocupada con nadie en particular, o sea, no gasto mucho tiempo pensando en éso, en este momento. Q5: No sé, siempre pienso como, me gusta la idea como de establecerte con alguien, o sea, sea casado o no, pero establecerte con alguien, pero lejos, lejos de la gente que te conoce, en lo posible bien lejos y de la familia también y ser capaz como de formar un mundo aparte, o sea, donde realmente tú sientas que aún cuando haya otra gente digamos, contigo, más personas, sientes que hay un nexo que sólo los une a ellos y no es simplemente el emotivo, el sexual, el que sea, es como una cuestión que se construye de detallitos, que tú cachas que, por ejemplo, que hizo ésto, es por algo, hizo esto otro es por algo, y tú sientes que es éso, hay una, una comunicación bien particular y que le pertenece a la pareja no más y yo creo éso también, como tener, siempre me ha gustado la idea como de establecerte con alguien y tratar como de, idealizo harto, como lo que es ser autosuficiente, que no necesitas demasiadas cosas de afuera, o sea, en lo posible lo que tú hagas funcione con los dos, nada más, sin mucha cosa exterior. Q6: Mira, podría decir que me parece una reverenda estupidez, pero no sé, yo no sé, igual el amor es como complicado, es complicado, o sea, yo creo que tú mismo te has enamorado o por lo menos has sentido atracción por más de alguna, y yo también, por más de alguna mina y siempre eso, nunca es igual, nunca es de la misma manera, o sea, hay como constantes, el tipo de la mina puede ser constante o ciertos gestos o, no sé, el tipo de alguna manera y la forma en que tú te "obsesionas", entre comillas, por la mina. Pero son siempre diferentes, o sea, las formas son diferentes, hay veces en que son como más, te sientes como recontento y otras veces también en que te sientes como, le disfrutas el lado negativo, te deprimes y te aproblemas, pero te gusta, entonces yo no sé. Si en realidad eso de matarse por una mina, qué tipo de amor es ése por una mina no sé, porque hay muchas veces, no sé, yo creo que la mayor parte de, la mayoría de los casos, ese sufrimiento por amor es como medio masoquista, pero la gente lo disfruta, disfruta de ese tipo de pena, la mayor parte de las veces les gusta éso, tener como algún tipo de rollo, sentimentales o emocionales, así que en realidad no comprendo mucho eso de matarse por una mina, como que no lo llego a concebir, en todo caso no creo, no es que yo crea que lo haga, no lo hace sintiéndolo, o sea, por algo se mata, es una decisión más o menos grandota pero no sé, yo creo que hay un momento en que ya pierde, bueno, obviamente ya no disfruta ni su sufrimiento amoroso y le parece todo demasiado insoportable y éso ya yo no sé si puede ser propiamente tal porque ya pierdes toda posibilidad, o sea, ahí sí que ya perdiste toda posibilidad y primero que nada en el amor tú tienes por lo menos de alguna manera, el afán por poseer y ahí en éso está metido el orgullo y, bueno el orgullo, el amor propio y tú aunque no lo logres, tienes siempre como esa cuestión, o sea, estás tratando de sitiar un lugar y si no lo lograste quemar las naves. Q7: Bueno, no sé, conozco a miles, bueno, no miles, pero conozco a ene personas que tienen algún tipo de relaciones. O sea, no sé, no conozco a ninguna que sea, sí, hay una pareja, bueno, era una pareja que la relación de ellos era bien enfermiza, era demasiado negativa, no sé, yo creo que disfrutaban los rollos que tenían uno con el otro así, de rollos macabros, no "que tú me echas a perder la psiquis", andaban deprimidos todo el día, porque te dijo ésto y "tú me dijiste esto otro, pero yo te dije A y tú me entendiste B y ahora estamos hablando de C" y ese tipo de cuestiones no las entiendo, y al mismo tiempo pasaban todo el tiempo juntos, no sé, tú salías y estaban ellos y se apartaban los dos, como que no podían tener amigos, o sea, si estaban ellos no podían tratar con los amigos. Una cuestión, éso es, bueno, de hecho esa es una forma de amor que yo no comprendo. Q8: Bueno, no sé, obviamente no estoy de acuerdo con éso. O sea, yo creo es que hay que distinguir un poco, hay una cuestión que es como infidelidad y que no sé. Cuando se produce en la relación, y la relación al mismo tiempo, la persona lo hace sin tratar de, teniendo la intención de seguir manteniendo la relación, digamos, normal y tiene sus deslices, como quien dice, por ahí, me parece, no me parece bien, obviamente. No me parece bien porque éso es

86 deslealtad que es lo mínimo que se le puede pedir a una persona, por lo menos a tú pareja, un mínimo de lealtad. Si de repente le dio la calentura con otra persona, que después te diga si, hasta aquí no más llegamos y mientras más rápido sea el golpe, mejor, porque estar manteniendo, o sea, mantener una relación para tener como festivos por ahí, no tiene sentido, en realidad no tiene sentido, lo que no implica que uno no puede apreciar, digamos, por aquí, por allá, que te parezca una cosa bien, pero no, tampoco jugar chueco. Q9: Concuerdo plenamente con él, digamos con la lógica del susodicho, la cuestión es que, bueno, es un violador o sea, yo no entiendo muy bien si él trata de justificar el ser un violador con éso, con ese argumento. Bueno, yo en ningún caso estoy de acuerdo con un violador que, no sé, golpee y agarre una mina así, que la vió rica y llegue y la agarra y la tire en una zanja, o sea, no sé, es que como que no hay mucho brillo en el asunto en realidad, así. O sea, me parece penca, bueno, si la mina, obviamente ahí ya hay como una especie de agresión psicológica podría decirse, de parte de la mina y el gallo responde con una agresión física, o sea, no sé, me parece una porquería. Pero, no estoy de acuerdo con que la solución sea violar o que sea una vía justificable, una acción justificable, pero sí concuerdo con esa lógica, o sea, que las minas se, la mayor parte de las veces las mujeres se visten pensando en éso, o sea, en verse bien, no para verse bien precisamente delante de una mina, quieren verse atractivas, quieren llamar la atención y yo no sé si en realidad tienen como un doble pensamiento, o sea, yo no sé si se dan cuenta que ése verse atractivas representa despertar esos instintos básicos en el hombre, parece como si no se dieran cuenta, para ellas verse atractivas es diferente a que tú quieras echar una canita al aire. Como que no tienen, como que tienen esa limitante, no relacionan no sé si éso, lo que a mí me parece una estupidez, o sea, son [estúpidas] y si no es así, es penca, es muy penca, bueno hay minas que sí lo hacen para provocarte y después, no sé, se van por la tangente, o sea, hay minas que son así. No se toman el agüita. Pero yo creo en todo caso que es una, o sea yo creo que uno está demasiado acostumbrado a éso como para llegar a violar a una mina, no sé, sales a la calle y lo ves, prendes la tele y lo ves, o sea, como, no sé es como, ya uno está acostumbrado en realidad y por eso te llaman la atención algunas, no todas. Q10: Básicamente lo mismo, yo diría que sí, es un afán de posesión, o sea, el afán de poseer a otra persona, de sentirla como propiedad de uno, pero no en el sentido, me refiero al sentido de que la sientes tuya, que es para tí, no es para, que existe ese algo particular, que no es para el resto, que no es para el resto de la gente y, obviamente, ese afán de posesión no es, es egoísmo por un lado, pero no es egoísmo por como, en el sentido de acaparar cosas, sino porque tienes un sentimiento que quieres verlo realizado y la única manera de verlo realizado es tener a esa persona cerca, o sea, la única manera de satisfacer ese deseo y ese sentimiento, éso.

SECTION 2: TOPIC: DEATH / MODE: ORAL

INTERVIEW ITEMS 1. What does death mean to you? 2. Which is the commonest idea/attitude you think people have about death? 3. How do you react (or have reacted) to someone's death? 4. What kind of reflections would you expect your relatives/ friends make on the occasion of your death? 5. Which do you consider is the most negative attitude toward death? 6. Which, in your opinion, is the most positive attitude toward death? 7. When you die, what do you think it will happen? 8. How would you comfort a person whose father/mother has just died? 9. After all you have said so far, could you now define death? 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH FEMALE Subject 1 Q1: What does it mean to me? Like some... other than just the end of life? Personally, I don't like to think about death... I have a lot of fear about death. To me it means kind of an end. I think I kind of believe in an after life, but I'm not very sure of it, say, I have reservations about it. I think about... something sort of dark and scary to me. A lot of people aren't scared of death, I'm really scared of death, it means the end of me, the end of existence, but, ...to me is a really scary term. A lot of people think "oh, death, you know, it's just the end of life, and then we start all over again". To me, it's like "oh, the end". Q2: I think a lot of people have the same idea that there is death... people that are maybe... spiritual thing, death is something that have to happen because of a reason, and some other think that are kind of like, if some one young died... there's a reason, there's someone, some god, or something wants somebody to die, so they need someone somewhere, and I try to think of it as something else. I think it is a horrible thing, I think it's an awful, sad thing for some sort of people, for some older people... kind of death like, "ah, you know, finally you leave...". There's different kinds of deaths... that it was an evil that had to happen, so that would be my answer to that.

87 Q3: Actually, it's strange you're talking about this, because I've just found out that a really good friend of mine has just died on Sunday, in the US., and my reaction, if I can remember something, it's absolute sadness, but it's also a shock. How I react to that is shock, just like, it never hits me until later. I, personally, I cried, sadness, I want to be alone, nobody near me. Sadness, shock, fright, and I always think, "some day it's going to happen to me, some day it's going to happen to somebody else... I think it's like loss, it's like death signifies a loss: someone is taken from you and feel like if you have lost something. That feeling you could never going to be all the same, you will never... going to see somebody again. And then I think that the whole realization that anyone can die, anytime, that we are here for a short time and your life can end when you walk down the street and your life can end any time and life isn't that you think, life is every thing when you're alive, but really isn't that much, anyone can just die, I mean, your whole life is not that important and that sounds scary... Obviously, you take anyone's reaction when someone dies is to cry or to be upset, because they've lost somebody, but, it's a weird subject, I mean especially this thing of my friend who's just died, it's been in my head, it's a really strange thing, it's awful, and he just died. Twenty-one years old, playing basketball, died, they've no idea why, they've ....autopsy, every thing, no idea... collapsed...death is like they kind of leave you and then you think there has to be a reason why, some kind of other force who takes somebody away like a twenty-one year old, especially, or when you're five year old, or ten year old, it's a different death, you know, a nine year old dying of cancer, death then is like a relief, you know, finally there can be peace... Q4: On my death. It depends on when, on my life. If I just died now, it would be grief, you know, like my parents, my friend had just died, all they could ever say is that the worst thing that could ever happen to parents is to have their child died, and I know, I've seen a couple of friends, parents who's child have died and I would say that's just the worst grief that you can live... they are taken away from you, at ten or twenty years... but I would say, just sadness and grief and pain. Q5: Probably mine, being so scared of it, I think it's a really bad attitude... scary thing, because it happens to everybody, it's a reality, everybody is going to die and I don't want to go into that... if I died there's a reason for it, and if death comes, it could be the end and the beginning of something else. It shouldn't be looked at as a horrible thing as "every one's going to die...there's no escaping" and going into that, I shouldn't be so scared, it just means that a lot of people don't do a lot of things because they are scared of dying, and you won't take risks because you think you're going to die, and I try to think... take risks... I believe that there is a force that makes someone die, I don't know whether a god...something out there, because I don't think that people just die, I don't think like at five-year old you just die. Why would a ninety-nine year old who is in the hospital in a respirator, he is still alive and a five year old child dies, it doesn't make sense to me, so I like to think that there's is a reason why. I think that the worst attitude to have is fright but, how can you not fear death, because it's unknown and you always have fears of unknown. My attitude is the worst attitude. Q6: The acceptance attitude to death but also the attitude, like I said before, that everyone dies for a reason and just accepting that... you accepted and now you're going to, and don't expect to die but at a hundred years old... something that's going to be part of you life and take risks and do whatever you want and don't have a... evil or dark sides... that's really hard to do, I know it, a lot of people like I know... my friend... his sister... and she's seventeen, and she's so scared that she thinks he's going to come to her in the middle of the night, the ghost of him, and tell her what... take care of his brother... I just remember when I was working at a summer camp and a girl died... she was seventeen and I didn't want to walk by the cabinet she slept in, I don't know why, I was scared of it, i didn't want to... I don't know why I would ever be scared ever if somebody did come back in a spiritual form, I wouldn't be scared of the spirit, that wouldn't do anything to me, they weren't murdered, just a person who died in an accident... I'm scared that something is going to happen, some thing evil. Q7: I'm personally so scared of death and scared of not being M., scared of not having an existence anymore, I'm convinced at the minute I die... I'll get somewhere and I'll be somewhere else and I'll see everyone I knew... happy happy... walking round... I don't know if I believe in me coming back in a form, reencarnation. I believe something is going to happen, because I don't think it's going nothing... sometimes I get those fears like I being lying in a coffin like conscious...a piece of wood over me, staring "oh, my god, I'm dead"... I think still I'm going to think... have a brain and be able to think what's going to happen then... what's going to happen to them. I don't want to know, being nothing is what scares me most... things can happen, but still I'm going to be me, I'm not going to turn in another person. Q8: That's hard. I would say, none of my friends is dead... last year the whole psycho after someone dies...at first people does need people around them. That doesn't mean necessarily to be talking about it, I can't even think...I think people need too be completely de-surrounded by people for about three weeks or so and then I think everybody wants to be alone for another two weeks, so they can actually accept that they are in shock, I don't know, I would just talk to them, I would just be there for there's nothing I would know to talk about... I can't even imagine... the worst thing that could ever happen. How to comfort what...what can I say?... such an awful thing, but just being there, staying there, every single night staying there so that they are not alone... being alone after someone's die...death comes to you, I wouldn't know what to say, just being there and giving them support and care and also giving them space and leaving them alone

88 because I can't always have to be around. Have someone else, in their whole life and never have to deal with that, now they're going to have to deal with it. It's really an awful subject. Q9: I'd like to say... re define it, that it's a good thing. Not a good thing but that it's, you know, some thing that has to happen to everyone, and that it's the end of a life but it could be the start of a new life but just after life... Subject 2 Q1: What does death mean to me? I think to me it's a very scary thing, I'm pretty much agnostic, I'm spiritual but I don't... in a God or in a heaven, so to me death's something very scary because it just means the end of life with nothing really continuing on afterwards. So if a family member would have died or I would have died that would be the end, that would be it, so to me death signifies just the end. Q2: I think that in the United States everyone's scared of death, I think it's a very fearful thing. I think some people believe they're going to go to heaven or... I don't know anyone welcomes death. I think it's...a very scary thing, I think that very few people know anything about death, no one can know what's going to happen when you actually die. Q3: No one I've ever known has ever died, which I think is why I have so much fear, because I've never had to react. It definitively depends on if it was someone who I was close to, I think I would be devastated. I am, I've got deep rooted fear of death because I'm really close to my dad and I don't have anyone else that I'm really close to like I have friends or boyfriends... as my father's... he's been my protector, he's been taking care of me and I never had a mom... the biggest fear... my dad's going to die because if my dad dies, I'm an orphan, I'm alone and so, dad, if he died I'd go crazy... Q4: If I died right now, everybody would be shocked, and I think, in reverse, I said my father is close to me, it would ruin his life if I died, because in many ways I'm his creation, he's put so much energy into me, so much time into me, money, but money isn't you know, and I know he would like to be a grandfather and all this thing, and I think he would be absolutely devastated and all my friends, I think, they would be absolutely shocked because I'm such a person that talks so much of the future and things I want to do with my life, all these future plans and... I'm going to think it's going to be a big tragedy, I think it would be devastating to people. [in the case of dying at an old age] then it would be expected, then it would be natural because everyone has to die at some point, so if you are eighty years old or eighty five years old and you've lived a full life and you're happy, I think that you are ready, I think that your time has come, and you're ready to end or to move on or whatever. My friends would be about to die too. It would be more expected, it would be something some people, they wouldn't be shocked, I guess that at that time of your life it wouldn't be that tremendous shock, it wouldn't be that tremendous...Opportunities are waiting her, because you've lived a complete life, you had a family... I think people would be very, still upset, but people close to you would be more natural. Q5: Thinking of death as a way of continuing on earth, if you believe in reincarnation, if you believe that you're going to come back as another person or as another being, that would be positive, or if you believe in heaven, believe in that, people that have a faith, that you're going to go to heaven when you die, that life continues, I think...scared...because no one can really know, so you can have some deep religious beliefs but you would still have doubts, I will assume. Well, I'd like to [share some of these beliefs], I consider myself to be a spiritual person, I believe there's something bigger out there than what we see... without senses, what we see, what we hear, what we can feel. But I'm terrified, not so much terrified of my own death but of the death of people who I love or that I know, so I might share some, I don't mind... myself being reincarnated into another person but you also, you become part of the ecosystem wherever you are buried or your body lies. Q6: Saying that the one sure thing that you're going to have in your life is that you're going to die, obviously, like if you were born you're going to die, you have to die, it's not the most positive, but I think that with a lack of spirituality, with a lack of religious belief, everything is focused on the life you live up to this moment, day by day by day, and then everything, you know, your life from when you're born till you die, it's not that positive. Q7: It's not that I think of it very often, but I guess, I kind of picture it in one sense just like falling asleep and never waking up but without dreaming, it depends, I think on the way I'd like to die... I think that if you are in a car...or something. I think that the worst way to die is to die if you're wounded or you've been hurt in an accident or, I don't know, even shot or something like that and then you're dying in misery because you... all this pain, I wouldn't want dying in pain... until you lose consciousness and then you die, but until that point I think it would be the worst thing. I think the actual death... it would be the end, be finally, one thing about dying I guess is that it's the worst for the people that are left after you than it is for yourself. I think the saddest thing about death is that... if you're young, all the opportunities you're going to have, it's the saddest thing, all the things that you are going to do like some of my age... it seems that life is so short... such a short amount of time to do all the things that, I don't know, if they have more time. Q8: I think the most you could do it's just listen to that person and let them tell you how they feel because you can't take any one's pain... part of life is pain and there's nothing you can ever say or make that person feel better, you cannot give advice, you can only be there and love that person and listen to that person and give that person your support but you couldn't, there's nothing you can say to make a change. I would probably focus on all the people they still have in their lives, loving them, and that care about them, and that life goes on.

89 Q9: I guess, from what I've said I put death on two categories, I put death in natural death, that's dying when you're older and then I put death in shocking death, that is tragic, like a car accident...rapes, you know, violations and crime, like being knocked down when you're walking home, which is...when I think of death I think of unnatural accidents, unnatural as far as not being your body that's dying... looks like the way I define death is like "OK, you're older, you've lived a full life but it's not OK if you are twenty five year old or if you are forty years" but then again... a terrible reaction, someone I knew who was twenty five and who died of cancer, because that's a natural death as well, but it still seems like it's unfair, so yes, I put death in two categories. Why unfair? I think I still have this idea that you get in this life which consists of ninety years where you are allowed, since, from, a child you're allowed to do these different things, that you are, up to a certain point... your thirties and forties, have a career, you have a job, you do things... to make a difference. As far as my life, I feel like I've been given opportunities but then I have a responsibility that I want to do something with my life...it would be unjust if you haven't been able to fulfill all your hopes, all your dreams, when you have other plans for the future. 2. AMERICAN ENGLISH MALE Subject 1 Q1: To me death, right now -it changes through life- but right now death seems to me some... right now it's nothing more. I have no idea of what comes afterwards and I'm here trying to pass, you know, live and die and see what happens afterwards. Right now it's just finishing the stage or whatever we are in right now. Q2: That it's the most horrible thing that can possibly happen to someone and, whether it's probably engaged with ... if someone's religious... or not but... people that are religious... seems like really have faith in God and still seems to me that they are very fearful of and it's a horrible thing whether it's because their believes are not that strong. I think that the most common idea, it's nothing bad, good neither. Q3: I was just talking to someone about this. I've never really had some really really important friend, like if all people that have died were some distant relatives that I met once. I've really never had to confront that, yet. I don't know. Of course, I would be very sad but at the same time, I don't know how I'd react, at the same time I don't think I'd react in the same sense as someone else, it would be like, it wouldn't be a sadness for them, but more a sadness for me, for everybody that's losing that person because I know... that person, be sad for that person, that wouldn't make sense because he's dead and doesn't know he's dead or else he's dead... in a better place. Q4: I hope they would be sad, I'm sure, they, I assume that they would be really sad because, I don't know, I hope that they would think they are missing... someone, that they'd lost someone, that's a unique person and... played a big part in their lives in the past and is going to... in the future and now is not... it's more just like ... you're losing something... it's almost like people are sad for losing... something they had in their lives... good or bad... just get sad. Q5: Being afraid of it, to be constantly thinking of death. It seems the most bizarre thing to me because I'm still young and people are young and think about that, it's so far away but, I think if someone's happy with their life, really happy with their life... they are not going to be sad about dying... if someone is miserable all their life probably they're going to have a different attitude about dying and think that... things... having an easy time... but that's just fear of death, everybody has some fear of death, certain people have a lot of fear... scared of what's going to happen, the worst thing it could happen, the worst thing it could happen is death... It's not that,... It's just a way of thinking. Q6: Exactly that, that it's, that you really don't know why it is so, why to be afraid at that thing? Just live each day and do what you want and if you... if you can have a, you can have a happy life and die happy then everything you want to accomplish is... Q7: I have no idea, it could be just that's over and you just don't exist and there's nothing and I'm deep down on... religious, but not religious in a way that: "This is God, this is Jesus Christ, this... Buddha, he is God"... If there is a God, there's something more to life than just the fact of you just happen to be here and you just live and then you die and that's that. There's something afterwards but I really can't guess what's going to happen, it's almost like I'm not scared of death but I'm sometimes anxious to see what is it really that's after death, it's weird, I'm definitely to find out, right now, I don't know what would happen. Q8: That one's really hard, because I've never experienced death, so it's hard for me to... somebody else, it's usually like I feel funny and I don't know what to say so usually I just let them know that I'm sorry and if he needs someone to talk to, I'm there, if he wants to talk to me, but I don't like to... happens to me and when it happens to me I don't like to... talk about it, and if I talk about it is because I want to talk to him... come up to me and say: "what happened? Are you OK? Tell me about this and that". I think that it would drive me crazy if my mom and dad died. Specially people that think that they know me and that they know my parents... "I'm sorry", it's a horrible story. I'd expect, I kind of do the same to them... you need someone to talk to... Q9: After what I've said, just and end of, just it could be the end of everything, I think that it's the end of a stage or something afterwards, it's just the ending of what we are, what we are doing, everything we have, it's the ending of that, and you're going to a next point or, that's it.

90 Subject 2 Q1: I think that American Medical Association defines death as a complete and irrevocable cessation of the heart and cessation of the brain functions... also for that definition when the heart and the brain are dead the person is too... Q2: I think that some people believe after they die nothing happens, some people believe that after they die their spirit has some kind of afterlife, sometimes based on how they comported themselves during their lives, sometimes not, and some people believe they are reincarnated or their spirit or some vital part... the liver or appendix, or some common conception about death, I think that some people fear death too much and think some people don't fear it enough and... Q3: Three of my friends in High School died in a plane crash, but it was kind of a funny situation because, well, it wasn't funny, but it was an unusual situation because they weren't very close friends of mine, they were very close friends of friends of mine, but they weren't really that close so it affected me, their death affected me, so I went to the funeral, I felt, I didn't cry, I felt like crying, but there was a lot of hysteria and some of it seemed to me like it wasn't that genuine, I felt like some people grieved to be seen grieving more than they grieved because they were going through grief. It seemed to me, but I didn't say anything and, I don't know, it just seemed to me that some people were over... seemed that some of the things that happened were almost theatrical. Q4: Actually, I had a near death experience once, if you want to hear about. I had a bicycle accident... the police said I was driving at highway speed... and I hit the car and I fractured my skull and fractured my shoulder and fractured my... and I went over the car after, I hit it and... -I was sixteen or seventeen- and I was lying on the street and I felt really really cold, I felt colder than I've ever felt in my life as I was lying in the street and I felt, I was in pain and I couldn't move anything and I thought: "This really sucks", and then the whole, my picture I was looking up and I could see like it was a grey sky and it was the middle of the day and the sky was like... grey and I could see some trees... and then... like a Walt Disney cartoon finishing and there was... "Oh good, no more pain" and then it went Blink! and then I woke up in the emergency room like the next day. I felt like I was possessed by an ice cream. I felt like, it wasn't the temperature sensation of cold. It was an utter and absolute cold, it was like absolute zero. I was cold. Q5: To accept it as an inevitable consequence for living and know that is going to come one day or another and be prepared for that on some subconsciouss level if that's possible and if not, to recognize it, to... it, when other people you know die to grieve and accept it as a process and move on. Q6: For example, sometimes you see an article about a family... whose child, and the child dies and they keep the child's room exactly how it was, you know, they go in the vacuum once a week or they change his sheets on the bed but essentially they keep the room neat and tidy, you know, twelve years after the kid's dead, the room is exactly the same, I think that kind of behaviour is unhealthy. Q7: I think my body will rot. I think I will decompose. I think my family would be unhappy... alive I think my friends would miss me, I hope. Ashes to ashes, dust to dust. No obligations, no schedules, no wings. I'd even go so far as to say that maybe I'd like to be cremated. Q8: I think I would concentrate more on, if I was comforting him and he was a very, on a personal level, I would, I think I'd hold him rather than talk to him. I think that most of the words I'd say would be ill-chosen and inappropriate, you know, I'd say "I'm sorry" and I would be. If I had to say something, I'd say, I think I'd say whatever came to my mind but I would mostly be trying to communicate that I understood how deep their sorrow, how deep their loss was. I think I'd just, and that I was there for them, that I was... something like that. I don't think I'd try to explain or justify. If that was what they wanted, I would talk about whatever they want to talk about, but... I don't think I'd have much to say. Q9: I think that it's a universal experience and some people believe that it's the start of something but personally I just... that it's the end of life and it's a, I take it in purely biological... I don't think there's anything beyond. 3. CHILEAN SPANISH FEMALE Subject 1 Q1: [la muerte] es el fin de una etapa y de una vida. Q2: Después de esta vida hay otra vida. Unos interpretan que la gente que se va al cielo, otros no creen en éso, no creen que hay otra vida, que volvemos a la tierra, ésa es la idea... hay unos que creen, que dicen que creen que hay reencarnación, que uno es la reencarnación de otra persona que ha vivido antes. Q3: Bueno un dolor, un pesar [xxx] para mi ha sido muy doloroso...porque...bueno, ya no tener más a esa persona al lado de uno, sobre todo a las personas que uno quiere, la impotencia de no poderlo revivir, de saber que ya no va a volver nunca más, que nuca más lo vamos a ver, que no vamos a hablar con esa persona, entonces es doloroso...[la muerte] me impresiona, la muerte de cualquier persona, aunque no sea una persona conocida mía. Q4: No sé, algo, no sé si será muy especial, pero al menos a mis hijas les tengo dicho que ellas no más me vean; no quiero que me vea la demás gente, solamente mis hijas, cuando yo me muera no les avisen a nadie hasta que yo esté en el cajón cerrado, que nadie me vea. ¿por qué razón? Porque hay gente que a una no la ha querido ver en vida. ¿Cuál es la razón para que me vea después muerta? Y además que lo encuentro como macabro eso, es como un espectáculo; que vayan y miren a la persona muerta... Yo en general no voy; encuentro como un circo esa cuestión que vaya la gente y

91 diga "quedó así, quedó asá"; no me gusta, me molesta...yo veo que hay mucha gente que nunca se ha preocupado de ir a ver a una persona en vida y ¿cuál es el afán que la vean muerta? Para mi no tiene sentido. Como dicen, "no hay muerto malo ni vivo bueno", entonces después que se muere la persona, "era tan buena la persona", y en vida, "oh, que era terrible". Q5: Rebelarse contra la muerte. Porque encuentro que es como desesperante...que uno se vaya a morir y se desespere, es desesperante rebelarse y no querer morirse. Cuando se toma la muerte con tranquilidad, muere más tranquila la persona, no pasa esa etapa de desesperación. Para mí la tranquilidad es una de las cosas más importantes...sólo le pido a Dios que me dé tranquilidad al morir. No creo que sea [la muerte] aceptada tan fácil; la gente dice, pero yo creo que en el momento de morir, nadie quiere morirse; uno a veces dice "me gustaría morirme", qué sé yo, "no quiero vivir", pero yo pienso que dado el momento, no debe ser fácil saber, sentir que [uno] se va a morir...porque, dejar todo lo que uno tiene ... las personas que uno quiere...yo tengo esta idea, yo pienso en la muerte, pienso que me voy a morir, no me gustaría morirme, nadie yo creo quiere [morirse], pero tampoco pienso que voy a tener que vivir tantos años, pero a mí me pasa una cosa, de repente me pongo a pensar, que [xxx] a mis nietos por ejemplo, si los iré a ver, si los iré a ver casados, si les iré a conocer los hijos; éso me preocupa, pero...me gustaría verlos a todos grandes, entonces, ahí es cuando me da, como te dijera, un poco de desesperación; encuentro que no me gustaría morirme hasta no verlos a todos ya formados, solteros, casados, con hijos; éso me preocupa, no poder ver a mis nietas grandes. Por ejemplo, cualquier día me muriera y no alcanzara a ver a la F. o a la K., que están ya en la edad de lolitas, de verlas ya en la Universidad, qué sé yo; éso me preocupa. Lo otro, lo material no, no me preocupa lo material que voy a dejar [al morir] sino que...mis nietos...ahora que tengo [una] bisnieta, entonces, de repente me da por pensar, digo yo, la N. es bisnieta mía y tiene 5 años, y yo tengo 66, entonces a veces empiezo a sacar la cuenta; hasta qué edad la iré a ver, cuantos años más, ahí pienso cuantos años más iré a vivir, hasta qué edad iré a ver a la N. que es la más chiquitita. Claro que no me amargo ni nada, si no...pero, me hace pensar...no me deprime, porque pienso que es una cosa natural, pero más que nada me gustaría verlas crecer, grandes, verlas casadas, con casa, todas esa cosas. Q6: Morir tranquila. Tener tranquilidad al momento de morirse. Después es una incógnita para mí; no sé lo que va a pasar; sólo Dios no más sabe. Q7: No sé, no me importa...no tengo claro [el concepto]. No puedo imaginarme siquiera qué es lo que va a pasar...sé que [uno] se va morir, todo el proceso de la muerte, sí, pero todo lo que va a pasar después no sé, no tengo muy claro. Q8: Conformarla, darle tranquilidad, pensar que está descansando [la persona muerta], que si se murió es porque su destino... nadie lo puede cambiar el destino...pensar en lo bueno que debe haber tenido esa persona al lado de uno. Darle tranquilidad y conformarla, no más. Q9: Como te dije, la muerte para mi es el fin de una etapa en la vida de las personas, a la cual todos, antes o después, tenemos que llegar, unos primero, otros después, pero es la ley de la vida, eso, no hay otra razón. [la muerte es] el viaje sin retorno. Subject 2 Q1: Bueno, para mi la muerte es como.. diremos un proceso de la vida misma, porque la muerte se origina por haber vivido, si no, no existiría. Porque en realidad pienso que la muerte siempre debería llegar en momentos oportunos, no como llega, en forma sorpresiva. Porque así sería un poco más justa la muerte, que llegaría en quienes realmente necesitan irse y no lo que ha veces hace falta para la vida...final de un proceso...de el haber vivido o la muerte a veces se origina en forma sorpresiva por circunstancias especiales... es provocada por motivos de salud, mala salud, por accidentes... pero la muerte en sí es una cosa a la cual pienso yo que no debiéramos temerle, porque la muerte es una sorpresa dentro de la vida, y la vida misma está muy atada a la muerte, aunque la muerte para nosotros sea algo trágico, sea algo a veces que provoca mucho dolor en las personas, la muerte para mí no existe, porque yo pienso que lo que existe es la vida, porque de la muerte nace otra vida, y así es un devenir constante de este proceso de vivir que nosotros llamamos...toda materia orgánica al disolverse se vuelca en otra vida, vuelve a nacer otra cosa de éso, porque desde que la muerte se termina sufre un período de deterioro el organismo, ya sea vida de seres humanos, vida vegetal, vida animal, todo al terminarse por motivos de muerte...después éso...renacer en otra vida...todo la materia orgánica que se pudre por el proceso de muerte genera otra vida; por éso para mí la muerte es un mito. Q2: La idea más común que tiene la gente es que al morir desaparece todo, se le van los seres queridos, lo que se muere se destruye, se acabó, y éso es el fin. Esa es la idea más común, y por eso la gente sufre tanto, y para mí...la muerte se lleva la materia pero queda algo, es una cosa que el ser humano tiene...el alma está latente siempre después que nosotros sepultamos a un muerto...siempre deja como una huella, como una cosa que él que tiene cierta capacidad no se si espiritual o algún rasgo especial dentro de sí percibe, que ése ser que se fue, que lloramos, que acabamos de sepultar, no se fue para siempre, y siempre está como rondándonos, como presente en nuestras vidas. Q3: En una cosa que yo escribí está mi respuesta... la terminación de una persona, de una materia orgánica cualquiera, no termina con la muerte. Nosotros llamamos muerte...a lo que desaparece de nuestro lado, como un finiquito de todo un proceso que x persona vivió, qué sé yo o, diremos, en un jardín, las plantas que van, se secan, mueren, se marchitan o

92 se destruyen, incluso imagínate un árbol cuando se seca, seco, seco, da vida. Y el árbol murió, pero de sus deshechos nace otra vida. Q4: La muerte se lleva lo querido y se acabó, y se fue la persona y para nunca más y no les queda un solo consuelo a esas personas...la gente que no piensa así es la que piensa que no ve a sus seres queridos, pero piensa que siempre los rondan, que siempre los acompañan, y yo pienso que es así porque el ser humano es una cosa completamente diferente a toda la materia orgánica que existe en el universo, porque piensa, razona, tiene inquietudes, tiene vivencias, en fin, es una cosa muy completa, muy valiosa en el cosmos...la muerte no acaba con el hecho de que la persona deja de existir en determinado momento o rincón de este universo...que todo se acaba con ella...que la muerte se llevó al ser querido y se acabó... Q5: Yo pienso que la materia sufre ese deterioro que vemos con efectos de la muerte, sufre un deterioro físico, de quedarse inmóvil, de quedar inerte y empezar un proceso de descomposición, pero en el mismo momento en que la persona deja de existir, diremos, sus facultades mentales, su corazón se paraliza, y llega la muerte, en ese momento algo ocurre en ese segundo; sale esa parte valiosa del ser humano, esa parte espiritual...y éso nunca muere...yo no creo en la reencarnación...porque para mí la vida y todo lo que trae ese ser humano [el que nace] ha sido en ese momento mismo de la gestación ya...ya penetró esa cosa que la trae...los espermios, qué sé yo, en el proceso mismo de la gestación, ya viene ese ser con eso, y mientras está viviendo ahí en el vientre de la madre está teniendo lo que tiene que tener y cuando nace...no va a venir un espíritu cualquiera y se le va meter para que sea reeencarnado...el espíritu vuela hacia espacios siderales infinitos, pero tiene la facultad de transitar por el espacio, ir, volver, y viajar. Q6: Yo siempre cuando voy, sea quien sea; hace poco desgraciadamente también una amiga mía perdió a su madre. Era un ser que queríamos mucho, se hacía querer , era una buenísima y gran mujer. Entonces yo cuando voy y doy un pésame no lo doy como el común de la gente; yo me acerco al ser querido, lo abrazo, lo estrecho y no digo nada hasta que yo me sereno un poco y ella también y le digo: "no te desesperes, ella ha muerto acá, pero nunca te va a abandonar, siempre te va a estar rondando, siempre te va a acompañar, siempre va a estar espiritualmente su presencia junto a ti". Ese es el pésame que yo doy. Todos me dicen "gracias", y como que sienten un consuelo, íncreíble, yo lo percibo en la gente...una vez, cuando falleció el papá de la tía [x], entonces, había mucha pena yo llego y le doy el pésame a la señora, y le digo, "no te angusties, que él nunca se va a ir de tu lado, siempre va a estar junto a ti, espiritualmente, el espíritu va a vivir junto a ti siempre, hasta que tú estés como dijeron ustedes al principio, "hasta que la muerte los separe", pero tú quedaste ahora aquí, y él siempre te va a rondar, te va a acompañar y va a ser a lo mejor tu guía porque él va a hacer que penetren en tu pensamiento cosas lindas cuando tú estés angustiada, cuando tú estés desesperada...". Q7: En realidad éso ya está en la respuesta... porque yo he reaccionado así frente a personas conocidas; lo que no te he contado es cómo he reaccionado frente a mis seres queridos, que los perdí...en realidad viene ese tremendo espasmo del sufrimiento, de la angustia tremenda... de decirte pero por qué, por qué; porque lo primero que perdí fue mi hermana de 22 años; yo tenía 25, 26...y para mí fue un dolor muy inmenso, muy profundo, no lo podía entender; decía yo, no puede ser si ella está en la flor de la vida, por qué se va, por qué pasó esto...me angustié mucho pero sobre mi angustia, sobre mi dolor, sobre mi pena, yo tenía que ver por mis dos viejos que estaban pero totalmente deshechos, incluso se desmayaron, se abrazaron y se desmayaron; se me fueron los dos al suelo. y en ese momento yo tuve que hacer acopio pero de toda mi serenidad, de toda mi tranquilidad para correr, buscar algo como auxiliarlos y después en el mismo suelo les di a beber una pócima, agua de azahar, volvió mi padre, volvió mi madre, les mojé la carita y ahí ya los pude sentar, y empezar a conformarlos y a decirles que no se podía hacer nada contra la muerte porque es lo único que no puede impedir el hombre; cuando el momento de morir llega, nada...el hombre no ha podido vencer a la muerte; cuando llega el momento en que una persona se va, se va no más...dolorosa por supuesto [la reacción] porque sé que no la voy a ver más, si siempre es dolorosa...es la ausencia lo que la persona llora cuando el ser querido se muere o se va, la falta de su presencia. Q8: Que no lloraran por mí, que no...que trataran de entender...que como yo soy un ser tan apegado a mi familia, es tanto lo que los quiero que nunca voy a dejar de estarlos rondando...capaz que yo los tenga [al lado] por mi pura fuerza de voluntad de querer estar siempre al lado de lo querido; entonces...siempre me van a tener, en algún momento me voy a hacer presente...que me canten cosas hermosas, algo positivo, no canciones de ultratumba ni de evangélicos, no, nada de eso, no...sino alguna de esas canciones comprometidas de Gatti, de Benedetti...y yo iría en el espacio escuchando mi canción...Que pensaran que yo no me he ido y que como les voy a dejar muchos recuerdos, nunca me van a extrañar; voy a estar siempre presente en muchas cosas, junto a todos los que han sentido algún afecto o cariño por mí. Q9: ...la muerte para mí es un mito, no existe...de la muerte nace otra vida, diferente, pero otra vida. Entonces, aún esos despojos de persona, de materia que uno deja, siempre va a crear una nueva forma, va a ir creando formas diferentes pero vida, vida...la parte espiritual siempre va a existir limpia, pura de toda esa materia que pudo haber hecho daño o haber recibido daño...la persona, al morir, se libera de todo éso que le dañó...lo que se va hacia arriba es otra cosa muy diferente, la parte sublime del ser humano, la parte espiritual; éso deja la materia y éso es lo que queda, lo que perdura, lo que nunca deja de rondar a lo que quiere.

93 4. CHILEAN SPANISH MALE Subject 1: Q1: El fin de todo. Tú quieres que me extienda. Yo creo que con la muerte, no veo que haya otra cosa más allá de la muerte, no sé si vienen otras preguntas al respecto, pero a mí me asustaba mucho cuando chico, yo la primera vez que supe de éso me puse a llorar, yo me acuerdo muy claro, en el momento yo estaba con mi mamá y me tenía tomado de la mano, estábamos donde vivíamos en la calle Huérfanos, y me puse a llorar cuando supe mi mortalidad. O sea, era una cosa que nunca tenía yo de conciencia, y yo le dije a mi mamá que yo no me quería morir, pero mi mamá me dijo, era muy pragmática, me dijo que no, que todos teníamos que morir y que no era, y yo lloraba desconsoladamente y con el tiempo me he dado cuenta que es una cosa natural que, no sé, es una parte más allá de la vida. No sé si hay algo más sobre ese mismo tema. Q2: Yo creo que la gente se asusta mucho e inventa cosas sobre la muerte y es muy fácil buscarle un más allá a la cosa, es mi idea, yo creo que, yo mismo, cuando era chico, te abracé la religión que me impusieron ahí, la católica, y creo que la abracé con mucho, bueno, como un niño, con mucha devoción y con mucho entusiasmo y así hice ayunos y cosas y creo que uno agarra papa de las cosas que quiera agarrar papa, es como cuando lo estafan a uno, en el fondo uno se deja estafar, porque uno escucha cosas tan bonitas que le dicen y es tan fácil hacerse rico y prosperar, que uno quiere que los estafen, quiere que lo engañen y éso es, yo creo que la gente busca que la engañen, que alguien le diga, con ropa ad hoc, una facha ad hoc, una forma de lenguaje también muy especial, que le digan que hay un más allá, que uno, si se comporta de determinada forma, va a alcanzar una vida eterna junto a la divinidad y cosas. Q3: Ah, no! Cuando son amistades o gente conocida me impacta, lo lamento. Yo he tenido la desgracia de, se me han muerto dos íntimos amigos míos, uno cuando yo tenía 20 años, mi amigo tenía 19, en un accidente en el cual yo estuve, un accidente automovilístico, y después como a los 25, 26 años se me murió otro amigo, que éramos íntimos, que era el que reemplazó a ése, que era otro carreta íntimo, mi compadre, compadre de boca, gente que yo quería mucho y como todo amigo uno vuelca todas sus emociones, sus inquietudes, sus deseos, sus afanes en el amigo, como también es receptor de lo mismo de la otra persona, es la amistad, la cosa. He estado fatalizado un poco con ese sino de que se me han muerto esa gente. La muerte de mi padre me afectó mucho también, la de mi madre fue especial, en fin, pero yo creo en la muerte más bien uno acompaña al amigo cuando está vivo, o sea, la muerte del padre, de la esposa, del cónyuge, de la amiga, de esas cosas, o sea, yo voy al cementerio a acompañarlos, no al muerto, al muerto, ya no hay nada que hacer, yo no creo en esos mitos, pero sí acompaño al amigo cuando está dolido, como querría que me acompañasen si a mí se me muriera alguien. Q4: Ninguna. Si ya estoy muerto ya, para que quiero más si se acabó ya. Hagan lo que quieran. Yo pienso que deberían cremarme, dicen que es más caro que enterrarlo a uno pero aún así, si es que hay algo que proveer, yo proveería mi incineración y mis cenizas las desparramaran por ahí en el campo, donde sea, en el mar, en cualquier lado, para que no estén molestándose en ir al cementerio. Yo no voy a los cementerios, ni creo en eso, tampoco me gustaría, me da lo mismo en el fondo porque estoy muerto, pero no es mi honda que la gente me vaya a ver al cementerio, ni me deje flores, ni que recen, ni nada, éso. Q5: ¿Cuál es la actitud más positiva? O sea, cómo, no entiendo la pregunta, hay una calificación ahí. Yo creo que no es bueno, o sea, como es el fin de la vida es malo, todos los fines son, o sea, todo lo que termina es malo para lo que está. No lo veo positivo, ahora claro, si se tuviese una enfermedad dolorosa, una cosa, podría ser un alivio, pero eso tendría que verlo cuando lo tuviera, por éso pedir la muerte, la eutanasia, una cosa así, pero como no me ha pasado, no sé, no tengo opinión al respecto, pero en este momento yo creo que es malo, yo me asusto si alguien, si se me viene la muerte. Q6: Tendría que ser un fanático, que pensase que más allá de la vida nos espera algo superior y éso, y si nos espera algo superior, igual, cuál es el apuro, si total nos espera algo superior. Pero como yo no tengo fe, no creo, entonces no se me ocurre, o sea, se me ocurre la muerte, la muerte, el término, todo en sí. Q7: Mira, dentro de las cosas que yo siempre pedía cuando se pedían cosas, cuando yo era católico, hay un montón de cosas que se piden a los santos y estas cosas y yo lo que pedía siempre era una muerte serena. Porque no creo yo, porque pensándolo, como ponerme sereno frente a la muerte, claro, la gente ya cuando condenado a muerte o la van a matar o que se va a morir porque tiene una enfermedad mental tal vez tome una postura, de otra forma tendría una postura distinta, seguramente. Pero en este minuto, donde yo me siento sano, me siento bien, me siento con entusiasmo para seguir y tengo cosas pendientes, entonces pensar en la muerte ahora, no, no, no, claro. Me daría mucho susto. Q8: Es difícil. Hace poco se le murió un hijo a un amigo de nosotros que era tan querido como el padre y realmente no, me vi enfrentado a éso, porque tuve que irlo a saludar y a darle mi pésame y es un momento muy difícil. Creo que lo hice bien, pero lo hice bien en términos de una sinceridad, de decirle no sé qué decirte en estos momentos, creo que con los ojos, con la cara le dije más que ninguna cosa, porque no estaba tan afligido de ver, éso, qué decirle, no sé, no estoy preparado para éso. O sea, lo voy a enfrentar cada vez que tenga que, pero en todo caso confortarlos, ofrecerle todo lo que uno pueda ofrecerle, y qué más le vas a decir, qué le podrían decir a uno si se le muriera un hijo o su mujer. Q9: Mira, para redondearte, si yo creo en una cosa, yo creo, y honestamente si yo tuviese algún poder, si fuese un gobernante o alguien muy influyente, yo suprimiría los cementerios. Yo encuentro una cosa de salvajes, una cosa de

94 gente que no está de acuerdo con la civilización actual. encuentro que enterrar muertos ahora que existe la forma de cremarlos o de que sé yo, incluso de aprovecharlo si se puede, si todos los huesos, esas cosas, se pueden reciclar en forma, se sabe que el pelo y sus distintas... son excelentes fertilizantes, abonos y esas cosas, si éso puede hacerse. Ahora esas cosas de las religiones, es terrible porque hacen todo de la muerte un mito, una cosa, ir conservando los cuerpos, yo no sé qué conservan ahí. Esa parte de los cementerios, esa parte yo la suprimiría, yo la encuentro, yo creo que en cien años más éso va a estar suprimido, esa es una cosa que ya va a ser un recuerdo, la gente atrasada de las épocas, éstos son remanentes que quedan, todavía quedan mausoleos, gente que le hacen unos homenajes. Yo me acuerdo que cuando yo estaba... entré a trabajar al empleo público, había un gallo, judío también -yo soy medio judío también- los padres de él tenían un mausoleo, entonces un día que andaba apurado de plata dijo "Voy a vender". Vendió muy bien el mausoleo, porque siempre hay idiotas que compran esas cosas, sacó a los viejos, los puso en unos nichos de esos perpetuos que duran cien años y baratísimos los nichos, así que le sacó cualquier plata, se compró una casa regia con piscina, con el mausoleo. Encontré yo... pero era de aplaudirlo, yo lo encontré fantástico. Esa es mi opinión que tengo al respecto, de mitificar a la muerte en ese sentido, o sea de hacerle toda una cosa, las demás opiniones serían opiniones religiosas. A los restos [no le asigno ningún valor], a las personas sí. Si uno recuerda a un ser querido, yo recuerdo a muchos seres, mi padre es el ser muerto que más he querido yo... lo recuerdo mucho, a veces hay momentos en que me emociono, cuando estoy solo, cuando alguna cosa me llama a recordarle, pero yo no hago... no voy a hacer un alarde. Mira, voy a llevar flores, me voy a vestir especial, que la gente me vea y que me fotografíen como llevo flores a la tumba de mi padre, esas son vanidades y entonces, todo y esas palafrenarias yo encuentro, no sé, yo no trato de herir a nadie que tenga algún sentimiento o idea religiosa, que son culturales, al respecto. Es mi idea, y es mi opinión en tu entrevista, es lo que yo sinceramente te puedo decir, creo que eso debiera manejarse más civilizadamente. No sé si quieres saber algo más de lo que yo te he dicho. Yo creo que te he dicho todo lo que tengo que decir, si se me quedó algo oscuro, si quieres me lo preguntas. Subject 2 Q1: Muerte para mí es un cese de actividades, donde, el funcionamiento de uno se maneja principalmente en la función cerebral y eso se detiene y ahí uno cae en un estado de... es decir, sueño, una pérdida absoluta de la conciencia. Q2: Más común. Bueno, dentro de lo que yo me rodeo, digamos, se me ocurre que es por la parte religiosa, que se cree en la vida que continúa después en otra forma, el paraíso, digamos lo que indican las religiones, la vida eterna, dentro de la generalidad de la gente. Q3: Bueno, en realidad, es impredecible como, diferentes actitudes, depende de la persona fallecida, es una cuestión totalmente inesperada, digamos que caes en un estado, una actitud así de letargo, no sé, una cosa así, un estado en ese sentido, una torpeza en las labores normales, no sé, la parte afectiva, sentimental, se siente deteriorada, la angustia que viene, ya en el suceso, la actitud normal que le sucede a cualquier persona que ha perdido a una persona conocida, a un ser querido. [Cuando no es una persona conocida] no es tanto, porque lo considero un hecho natural, de la vida cotidiana, por último, dado el grado de amistad que pueda tener con una persona, el grado de conocimiento que puede tener con una persona, no me altera mayormente, como un familiar directo o un amigo. Q4: Bueno, la verdad es que nunca he pensado en algo así, pero me imagino que tratar de que descubran, de lo que hice yo, si es que dejé algo, alguna enseñanza, algo, un punto en mi personalidad que pueda servir para futuras generaciones, que no viví tan de balde, que se reconozca en mí algún hecho que no sea tan vano, éso esperaría. Q5: La indiferencia, que no te altere la muerte de otra persona, de un semejante, ya sea conocido o desconocido. Claro, porque todos somos seres humanos y de alguna forma se supone que por sentido humanitario tiene que haber una actitud de reconocer en otras personas que somos todos personas, que vivimos en una sociedad, que formamos parte de ella, aunque para algunos sea bueno o malo, entonces tiene que conmover que muera un semejante a uno, sea conocido, enemigo, amigo, lo que sea, por el hecho nada más de ser un ser humano. Entonces para mí, es la indiferencia, la indiferencia frente al hecho. Q6: Positivo es justamente éso, o sea reconocer los méritos que ha tenido en su trayectoria la persona que fallece, que a veces no están muy bien claros y a veces no van dirigidos a un beneficio de grandes masas o de multitudes, digamos, sino que basta que radique nada más que en función de las cosas buenas que haya hecho esa persona en su núcleo familiar solamente, personas de su núcleo familiar. Pienso que es algo positivo el hecho de ver que no sólo basta con un bonito entierro, poner una bonita lápida, sino que recordar sus méritos, que ha tenido durante su vida, que ha debido tenerlos, todas las personas. Q7: El suceso mismo, no sé. Yo me planteo en el sentido de que si es por muerte de enfermedad uno tiene un tiempo de acondicionamiento mental, se me ocurre, para prepararse para morir, para recibir [la muerte]. Ahora, si es un accidente violento, intempestivo, la pérdida de... un desmayo, yo presumo por lo que me ha pasado, yo voy a morir por muerte de una enfermedad, ojalá que no sea tan prolongada, entonces, no sé yo, creo que voy a tener un tiempo de preparación para el momento de... se me ocurre, por las enfermedades que yo he tenido, se me ocurre que me va a pasar -a menos que sea por un accidente violento- de acostumbrarme, cuando ya se me empiece a apagar el rayo de luz.

95 Q8: Explicarle, qué sé yo, que es un camino natural de todas las personas porque su naturaleza es ser mortal y que las cosas no se acaban ahí, o sea, lo que importa es los que se quedan vivos, por ejemplo, él es un miembro de la familia, no significa que se destruya la familia, o sea que, hay que recordarlo, sentirlo, emocionarse de repente, pero sacar fuerza y seguir batallando y seguir dándole color a la vida incluso en función a demostrar que ese hecho no lo va a apagar a uno, no lo va a frustrar, no le va a impedir desarrollar sus capacidades. Q9: Redondeando, yo lo tomo como un hecho natural en el cual, no sé si existe una preparación para ello en el sentido personal, se me ocurre que si uno tiene tiempo debería preocuparse un poquito de ordenar sus cosas para, llegado el momento de, incluso la parte material, me refiero... o sea, de no quedar tan desprovisto y crear un compromiso económico a los demás, a los hijos, que se hacen cargo de uno en alguna medida, entonces si uno puede vislumbrar éso, debería hacerlo. Pero el hecho mismo de la muerte tiene que suceder, es imposible impedirlo.

SECTION 3: TOPIC: ECONOMICS - MODE: WRITTEN 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH Phone firms pitch plan for U.S. network [title]. USA Today. April 16, 1993. 1B. The telephone industry offered Thursday to invest $125 billion by 2000 to create a national "door-to-door information network" - if the Clinton administration frees it to develop new products and services. Representatives of the seven regional Bells, the trade association for 1,200 local telephone companies, and the Communications Workers of America presented Vice President Gore with a plan to link every U.S. home and business into a national information system. In return, the industry wants the federal government to remove restrictions preventing the Bell companies from providing long-distance service and manufacturing equipment. The restrictions have been controversial since the 1984 breakup of AT&T created the regional Bell companies. The local companies say removal would allow them to recoup their investments. Roy Neel, the vice president's chief of staff, says Gore reiterated the Clinton administration support for the broad goals of the proposal "to accelerate private investment in the nation's infrastructure." But Gore was not asked to make a commitment relaxing restrictions on the industry - and offered none. "He understands (the issue) is controversial," Neel says. Raymond Smith, chief executive officer of Bell Atlantic, says the proposal marks the first time the local telephone industry has united with "a common vision backed up by a specific commitment" for investment. "We have come together as an industry - management and labor - with a vision for the information age," he says. Smith says the industry would invest $125 billion by the end of the decade and $450 billion by 2015 to create an advanced information network. The network would make possible: ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Telemedicine, providing enhanced diagnostic, research and administrative services to doctors and hospitals as well as improving in-home patient monitoring and care. ♦ Distance learning, linking every school with the Library of Congress and other libraries. ♦ Telecommuting, allowing users to work at home, reducing pollution, energy use and transportation costs. "Information is going to be the raw material of the 21st century, just as coal and steel and iron were of the 19th," says Smith. Competitors of the local telephone industry were quick to criticize the plan. "There is no mystery about who would pay for this - the telephone rate payers," says Peggy Laramie of the National Cable Television Association. AT&T supports the administration's call for an information superhighway. But the long-distance carrier opposes removing long-distance and manufacturing restrictions on the regional Bells as long as they enjoy local monopolies. "We have full-throttle competition in long-distance, but we don't have it in local," says AT&T's Herb Linnen. "If their monopoly goes away, our position is that the restrictions ought to go away, but we're a long way from seeing (that)." 2. CHILEAN SPANISH Una Semana Revuelta [título]. El Mercurio. Santiago-Chile 20 Marzo 1994 - B1 Un tanto revuelta, por decir lo menos, estuvo esta semana. El caso Codelco casi pasa a segundo plano, luego de la suspensión de las transacciones de los títulos de la Compañía de Teléfonos de Chile, no sólo en Santiago, sino también en Nueva York. [...] El caso de la CTC comenzó el martes cuando la compañía decidió impugnar las tarifas telefónicas propuestas por el gobierno para el periodo 94-98. El argumento: ellas afectarían negativamente sus resultados, puesto que la

96 empresa había proyectado un alza de tarifas, mientras que el Gobierno, una baja. Rápidamente, esta determinación provocó una verdadera corrida en los mercados bursátiles de Santiago y Nueva York, lo cual hizo que se decretara la suspensión de las transacciones de la empresa. La medida fue explicada como una manera de proteger a los inversionistas frente a las fuertes variaciones de precios. Esta medida primero se tomó en Estados Unidos, por el intervalo de una hora. Al reanudarse las transacciones, el precio del ADR de CTC cayó nada menos que 13,8 %, cerrando en 110,5 dólares. Nuevamente vino la suspensión de negocios. En Santiago, la Supertintendencia de Valores y Seguros decidió suspender las transacciones pasado el mediodía y hasta el jueves, por estimar que la información entregada pro CTC era incompleta y no permitía conocer el verdadero efecto que las nuevas tarifas tendrían en los resultados de la empresa. La Compañía de Teléfonos, además de considerar que las nuevas tarifas impactan negativamente los resultados de la empresa, también consideró que el Decreto Supremo Nº95 del 9 de marzo en el cual se fijan las tarifas, "no se ajusta a las bases técnico-económicas aprobadas, por lo cual ha impugnado su legalidad mediante una presentación formal ante la Contraloría, solicitándole se abstenga de tomar razón del mismo". La noticia de la suspensión llevó a que el IPSA cayera 1,4 % el martes, ya que la incertidumbre se apoderó de los agentes del mercado. Ello se explica porque varias de las empresas chilenas prontas a tener presencia en Wall Street están sujetas a fijación de tarifas por parte del estado, como son las del sector eléctrico. La Contraloría acogió la impugnación efectuada por CTC y devolvió los antecedentes a la Subsecretaría de Telecomunicaciones para que realizara un reestudio de las mismas. De tal manera que el Gobierno se encuentra preparando el informe solicitado por la Contraloría, pero en ningún caso está negociando con la Compañía de Teléfonos. De acuerdo a un comunicado del Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones, en este marco se tomó la decisión de solicitar a los peritos su opinión sobre algunas materias de tal modo de contar con mayores antecedentes en dicho informe. La Secretaría de Estado dejó muy en claro que la Contraloría ha solicitado un informe sobre los puntos que justificaron la impugnación del decreto tarifario por parte de CTC ante dicho organismo, negando de paso que el decreto en sí hubiese sido rechazado. Por su parte, el ministro de Transporte (sic) y Telecomunicaciones, Narciso Irureta, señaló que el Gobierno no aceptará las presiones de CTC para modificar el decreto sobre las tarifas del sector que regirán durante los próximos cinco años. Indicó, además, que existía una campaña orquestada para impresionar a la opinión pública y al gobierno respecto de los perjuicios que causarían las tarifas sobre los resultados de CTC. A su juicio, la empresa se apresuró en informar mediante hecho esencial a la Supertintendencia y a los mercados bursátiles internacionales que las tarifas telefónicas que se encontraban en Contraloría iban a afectar su rentabilidad. En tanto, la CTC afirmó que el Gobierno cometió algunos errores en los cálculos y que de aquí se deriva la impugnación que efectuó ante la Contraloría. Claudio García, vicepresidente de finanzas de la empresa, explicó a diversos analistas de Wall Street, mediante una teleconferencia, que el ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones estaba buscando información financiera precisa sobre temas que la compañía está reacia a difundir en forma pública. Según trascendió, con las nuevas tarifas, los ingresos para la Compañía podrían reducirse en $34 mil millones. Ello se deduce de la diferencia entre lo que plantea el decreto del Gobierno para las tarifas telefónicas y lo que pide CTC, la cual alcanza a 20 mil pesos por línea. El cálculo se basa en que las autoridades fijaron un ingreso promedio por línea para los próximos cinco años de 120 mil pesos, en tanto que la compañía solicitó uno de 140 mil pesos. Considerando que existirían 1,7 millones de líneas, se llega a la diferencia entre ambas posiciones de $34 mil millones anuales. Levantan Suspensión (sub-title) El viernes, el Superintendente de Valores y Seguros, Daniel Yarur, informó acerca del fin de la suspensión de las transacciones de los títulos de CTC en el mercado local, debido a que la empresa cumplió con el requisito de complementar la información requerida por ese organismo, respecto del efecto que tendrían las nuevas tarifas sobre los resultados de la compañía. El hecho esencial en una de sus partes indica que "informaciones recogidas por agencias de prensa han señalado que hay una diferencia en relación a los ingresos entre el decreto propuesto y el planteamiento de la Compañía del orden de 34 mil millones de pesos anuales. El directorio, ante esa información, advierte que si bien esta apreciación tiene fundamento, es necesario considerar que en atención a que el efecto de las observaciones sometidas a la consideración de la comisión de peritos, no se conocerá hasta que ésta haya entregado su informe, es prematuro entregar una cuantificación de los efectos financieros que eventualmente se pudieran producir". Yarur dijo que con esta información adicional "se ha dado satisfacción a la necesidad que tiene el mercado de contar con información para tomar sus decisiones, sobe base cierta y no de incertidumbre".

97 De esta forma, las acciones de CTC que reiniciaron sus transacciones el viernes pasado, cayeron en 10,74 % en el mercado local con respecto al martes cuando se implantó la suspensión, mientras que en Nueva York el ADR de CTC pasó de US$100,5, precio al que cerró el martes pasado, a US$ 93, lo que implicó una baja de 7,46 %. El mercado bursátil nacional, en general, se vio afectado por el caso de la CTC, ya que se generó un alto grado de incertidumbre respecto a los efectos que pudiera tener en otras acciones, especialmente en las que cotizan ADR o están a punto de hacerlo. Incluso se hablaba de que este hecho podría provocar cierta desconfianza de parte de los inversionistas extranjeros respecto de la seriedad de los instrumentos chilenos que se transan en el mercado norteamericano. Por esta razón estarían a la espera de que se clarifique este tema.

SECTION 4: TOPIC: POLITICS - MODE: WRITTEN 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH A Postwar Agenda. A new balance of power could create prospects for progress in the Arab-Israeli conflict [title]. Henry Kissinger [author]. Newsweek. January 28, 1991. [...] In a real crisis, the top people are very much alone. Many officials head for the foxholes, occasionally throwing out memoranda designed to absolve them of responsibility for their actions. Usually there are only two or three people willing to make tough decisions. President Bush has earned the nation's gratitude for his fortitude in holding the coalition together during the months of buildup, gaining Congressional backing and steering the country to the point where allied and domestic support coincided. But even in the best-planned operation, there are hours in which a leader in his position must wonder why he ever expended so much time and effort trying to get elected. I also thought of the challenges the president will have to face once the war is over. After all, the purpose of victory is to ensure a lasting peace. To that end, The United States should move to implement a number of measures in the immediate aftermath of the war: - An arms-control policy for the gulf to prevent a recurrence of the weapons race that contributed to this conflict. - Some kind of agreement on economic and social development under the auspices of the Gulf Cooperation Council, which embraces the nations of the gulf. Other Arab allies of the Unites States could join this effort, which would be designed to defuse the argument that this is a conflict of rich against poor. - A process to address the original Iraqi-Kuwaiti dispute. Direct negotiations between two countries would be inherently unbalanced, because of the disparity in their size, which has only been compounded by Iraq's invasion pillaging of its neighbor. But some issues are susceptible to legal determination, such as drilling rights or the location of the boundaries. These could be put to the International Court of Justice, while remaining issues are handled within the framework of the Gulf Cooperation Council. - An international program for imposing tough sanctions against terrorism. The world must not again stand impotently transfixed by thousands of hostages. Countries harboring terrorist groups must be confronted with several reprisals, including military measures if other pressures fail. Over the long run, our biggest challenge will be to preserve the new balance of power that will emerge from this conflict. And that will not prove easy, given conventional American thinking about foreign policy. Today, it translates into the notion of "a new world order," which would emerge from a set of legal arrangements and be safeguarded by collective security. The problem with such an approach is that it assumes that every nation perceives every challenge to the international order in the same way, and is prepared to run the same risks to preserve it. In fact, the new order will see many centers of power, both within regions and between them. These power centers reflect different histories and perceptions. In such a world, peace can be maintained in only two ways: by domination or by equilibrium. The United States neither wants to dominate, nor is it any longer able to do so. Therefore, we need to rely on a balance of power, globally as well as regionally. We must prevent situations where the radical countries are tempted by some vacuum every few years, forcing us to replay to the same crises, albeit with different actors. This is why, in the final analysis, all the so-called diplomatic options would have made matters worse. Each would have left Iraq in a military dominant position. None addressed the root problem of the gulf's lack of security, which drew 415,000 Americans into the region in the first place -a deployment that certified the gap in military capability between Iraq and the moderate Arab countries. Any diplomatic solution that did not produce a dramatic reduction of Iraq's military power would have been a victory for Saddam Hussein. From then on, he would not have needed to engage in actual physical aggression. He could have left Iraq's demonstrated superiority speaks for itself, progressively undermining the governments that supported the United States. He would have been able to exploit his position within OPEC to achieve an increase in oil prices, as well as a greater share of production. These two steps

98 would have given Iraq vast additional resources to increase its already huge military buildup, including nuclear and missile programs. The United States would have been left with the choice of keeping major ground forces in the gulf, or of desestabilizing the region by withdrawal. The practical result of the military operations now in motion will be to bring into balance the military capability of Iraq against its neighbors in the gulf. Yet ironically, maintaining equilibrium in the region requires us to navigate between a solution that leaves Iraq too strong and an outcome that would leave Iraq too weak. After all, one of the causes of the present crisis is the one-sided way the Western nations rushed to the defense of Iraq in its war against Iran, forgetting that if Iran was excessively weakened Iraq might become the next aggressor. It would be ironic if another bout of tunnel vision produced an Iraq so weak that its neighbors, especially Iran, seek to refill the vacuum. Ideally, one military goal should be to pull the teeth of Iraq's offensive capability without destroying its capacity to resist invasion from covetous neighbors. We should take care that Scud missiles are not re-introduced. We should prevent Iraq from importing high-technology equipment, including high-performance aircraft with long ranges, and from reacquiring the means to manufacture biological and nuclear weapons. However, Iraq's capacity to defend itself with conventional weapons against ground attack from its neighbors would in the long run not be a threat to stability but a contribution to it. The new balance of power cannot be based on the permanent presence of American ground forces. This was the weakness of diplomatic solutions that would have kept Iraq's military preponderance intact. A major Western force in the areas would inevitably become the target of radical and nationalist agitation. The cultural gap between even the best-behaved American troops and the local population is unbridgeable. After a brief period, American ground forces would be considered foreign intruders. There would be a repetition of our experiences in Lebanon, including terrorism and sabotage. American ground forces should be withdrawn after victory; residual forces should be stationed beyond the horizon -at sea or perhaps at a few remote air bases. Any monitoring of Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait should be done by Arab members of the coalition. Military equilibrium, however, cannot be the sole aim of the American policy in the gulf. It is essential that America learn to become less dependent on oil and generate a viable energy program. We cannot suffer through an energy crisis every decade. We should stress conservation and develop alternative sources of energy, avoiding the self-indulgent attitudes of the 1980s, when plentiful oil caused the search for alternative energy sources to be largely abandoned. We must also remember the possibility of renewed Soviet designs on the region. For the time being, domestic problems keep the Soviets from running any significant foreign risks. But 200 years of Russian expansionism toward the gulf indicate a certain proclivity. And this drive may be compounded as Moscow's preoccupation with its more than 50 million Muslim citizens grows. After some domestic equilibrium is restored, the Kremlin may become more active in the Middle East -especially in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Turkey, which border the Soviet Union. The intensity of that thrust will depend on internal developments within the Soviet Union. If the Muslim republics remain Soviet, Moscow will be wary of Muslim radicalism lest it inflame its own Muslim population. But if the Muslim republics break off and become independent, Moscow will seek favor in the breakaway states by embracing Islamic radicalism -especially if the Muslim world turns more extremist. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, a new balance of power will revive prospects for progress on the Arab-Israeli conflict. A peace progress dominated by Saddam Hussein, or heavily dominated by him, would have been a debacle. For it would have taught the lesson that radicalism, terrorism and force are the road to diplomatic progress in the Middle East. This is why President Bush was right in resisting the linkage of the Kuwait and Palestinian problems. But with Saddam defeated, moderate Arab leaders will gain in stature, America's credibility will be enhanced and Israel will have a breathing space. This new equation should be translated into a major diplomatic effort within a few months of victory. Far for amounting to linkage and a submission to black-mail, such a move, after Saddam has been defeated, should be viewed as an opportunity resulting from the success of the moderate forces. [...] I am very skeptical about an international conference. For United States would be totally isolated at such a forum. The behaviour of France just prior to the gulf war is a small foretaste of what would happen. Instead of being a mediator, America would be maneuvered into the role of Israel's lawyer, while Israel would regard any independent position we took as a betrayal of its interests. No sensible nation would voluntarily throw itself into such a maelstrom. Since everything depends on our influence with Israel anyway, I would prefer a diplomatic process in which the United States the moderate Arab countries and Israel are the principal participants. [...] For its own sake, Israel must find a middle way. And there is no better moment to do that when its most dangerous enemy has been defeated. I do not envy the American negotiator assigned the task of distilling an interim settlement from the confusing passions of the Middle East. Still, with Iraq's military capacity reduced, the moderate Arab leaders, as well as Israel, should be able to turn to the peace process with authority and confidence. President Mubarak of Egypt, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia -and even King Hussein of Jordan, whatever the maneuvers imposed by his vulnerability- are unusually

99 intelligent and prudent. Even President Assad of Syria, by no means a moderate, signed an interim agreement with respect to the Golan Heights which has been in force for 17 years and has been meticulously observed. All these leaders might in the end go along with an intermediate approach as the only way to break an even more dangerous deadlock. And there are surely Israeli leaders, who recognize that a gradual approach will provide their best prospect for a satisfactory outcome -especially when the moderate Arabs are triumphant and radical Arabs are in retreat. America should act as a mediator in this effort, having earned the trust of both sides. Our initial challenge may well be philosophical. The best way to produce a successful negotiation is to advance a new concept, to convince both sides that the proposed new course serves their common interest. If that demonstration cannot be made, no negotiating gimmick can serve as a substitute. 2. CHILEAN SPANISH El Mapa de la Postguerra - Realineamientos para un nuevo orden en el golfo [título]. Carlos Monge [autor] Apsi 378. Santiago de Chile. Febrero - marzo 1991. "Las voces constructivas que se oirán después de la guerra no serán las de los países que tuvieron participación hasta ahora", advirtió, con acento profético, el embajador estadounidense en Brasil, Richard Melton. El mensaje, en realidad dirigido al Planalto, que mantuvo una tozuda neutralidad durante el conflicto, era válido en rigor para naciones de cualquier latitud geográfica: un día la guerra en el Golfo terminaría, con el resultado que fuera, y llegaría la hora de pasar lista a aliados, enemigos e indiferentes. Ya lo dijo Melton: "Para actuar como un miembro del Primer Mundo hay que asumir responsabilidades". [...] Todo vale a la hora de configurar un nuevo ordenamiento planetario, en el que Estados unidos ha asumido el rol de gendarme, tras desaparecer el equilibrio bipolar con el fin de la guerra fría y el hundimiento del sistema soviético. La paradoja, sin embargo, es que el alicaído oso ruso, sacudido por convulsiones internas, ha renacido de sus tempranas cenizas y metió baza en el asunto con una propuesta de paz que -hasta el cierre de esta edición- amenazaba desmantelar el tinglado del escenario bélico como el único posible para dirimir la crisis [...]. Queda por ver, sin embargo, qué hará su contraparte. ¿Es posible desmontar, de un día para otro, una maquinaria militar armada pacientemente siete meses, cuando los generales y estrategas que la dirigen sólo avizoran un triunfo y no han conseguido los objetivos que se plantearon? Suponer esto como posible, sin crujidos en la estructura ni sacudones, es lo mismo que pretender frenar de golpe un auto que marcha a 180 kilómetros por hora. Para Washington, y esto no es un misterio para nadie, la retirada iraquí de Kuwait pasó a ser un objetivo secundario, en la medida en que los acontecimientos tomaron su propia dinámica. Lo esencial -un secreto a voces- fue la destrucción total de la infraestructura militar manejada por el demonizado Sadam Husein [sic]. Para ello no se escatimaron esfuerzos: millares de toneladas de explosivos (18.000 sólo en la primera semana de hostilidades) se arrojaron sobre Irak, haciendo recordar una frase célebre pronunciada por el general Lemay en Vietnam. Aquella que decía que Estados Unidos era capaz de reducir con su tecnología destructiva a cualquier país del mundo a la "edad de piedra". Los otros dos grandes objetivos de la cruzada también son muy claros: por un lado, trazar un nuevo balance del poder en una zona en la que tradicionalmente han existido dos potencias hegemónicas, Irak e Irán, aunque hay otras con apetencias subyacentes; y, por otra parte, dominar los grifos de las riquezas petroleras, objetivo no menos importante que los otros. [...]Arma de doble filo, no obstante, ésta de la guerra. Según el historiador estadounidense Paul Kennedy, los grandes imperios -romano, español, otomano o inglés- entraron en decadencia cuando su necesidad de proyectar su poder militar excedía su capacidad de desarrollar o aun de renovar sus fuerzas productivas. Decadencia a la que el imperio americano, de acuerdo a Kennedy, hizo su ingreso tras la derrota de Vietnam y de la [que] no ha podido liberarse. La era Reagan, se sabe, fue la de recobrar el orgullo perdido mediante un "nuevo patriotismo" exacerbado por Rambos que luchan para devolverle su dignidad a la bandera de las barras y las estrellas. Bush, el hombre de la distensión ante un Este que limó sus dientes, llevó a la práctica el "neoglobalismo" reaganiano en Panamá o en el Golfo Pérsico, movido en este último caso, según asegura el semanario conservador inglés The Economist (nada sospechoso de coqueteos con la Izquierda) por el deseo de "asegurar su reelección en 1992". Barajar y dar de nuevo [subtítulo] Las últimas novedades diplomáticas suponen (pase lo que pase) una redistribución de los naipes. Japón, en principio, ya puso "sí" y "peros" a su anunciado Plan Marshall para la reconstrucción del Medio Oriente, incluido Irak, en la postguerra. [...] Para los nipones, como para muchos países árabes (en especial las seis monarquías que conforman el Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo: Arabia Saudita, Emiratos Arabes Unidos, Kuwait, Omán, Qatar y Bahrein), Sadam [sic] es la "bestia negra" que debe desaparecer del mapa por su eventual capacidad de convertirse en el líder de un renacido panarabismo. Más lejos del escenario inmediato del conflicto, el gobierno sirio de Hafez el - Assad propició a través de un editorial del diario oficialista Al Thawra un golpe de estado, sugiriendo que "el Ejército y el pueblo iraquí deben

100 liquidarlo a sangre fría". Sólo Egipto, con 35 mil soldados en la coalición antiiraquí el Mar Rojo y el Canal de Suez de por medio, podría tolerar su supervivencia. En tanto, los países del Mahgreb (norte de África) y Jordania, con su 60 por ciento de población palestina, tendrían menos problemas aún para soportar este cuadro tras haber simpatizado abierta o soterradamente con la causa de Bagdad. El trago más amargo, en caso de prosperar el camino de desescalada de las tensiones que propone el llamado plan Gorbachov, será sin duda para George Bush, que no sabe si aceptará de buena gana que le roben el papel del sheriff del desierto. Bush iba por Husein [sic], de eso no cabe duda, y es difícil pensar que se ha de conformar con un "borrón y cuenta nueva", luego de haberlo comparado con Hitler, Stalin y decir que era un "peligro para la humanidad" que en un año iba a contar con armas nucleares. "El (Bush) es como el capitán Ahab mirando a Moby Dick. Está completamente obsesionado con Sadam", declaró a Newsweek Edward Said, profesor de Literatura en Columbia y miembro independiente del partido palestino en el exilio. En rigor, esos temores no son sólo propios. Apenas la URSS comenzó a desmarcarse bajo presión del bloque occidental -a juicio de algunos analistas de sectores conservadores del Kremlin y de los mandos del Ejército Rojo-, en varios países del Golfo surgió el temor a un posible eje Bagdad-Teherán-Moscú. Visión maniquea y reduccionista que omite considerar que tanto Irán y la Unión Soviética tienen intereses geopolíticos propios en esa área, y que la extensión del conflicto podría verlos alcanzados por sus llamas. Más aún, improvisados geoestrategas proclamaron que podrían emerger, al cabo de la guerra, dos áreas de influencia: una, soviética, que englobaría a Irán e Irak, y otra, prooccidental, en la que cerrarían filas las monarquías del Golfo y los países árabes de la coalición anti-Bagdad: Siria, Egipto, Marruecos y Pakistán. Estos dos últimos con reservas, pues tanto el rey Hassán como los gobernantes de Islamabad han visto cómo su alineamiento con "los infieles" les ha creado tensiones difíciles de sobrellevar en el plano interno. El esquema no resiste, sin embargo, análisis medianamente informados. Para Irán, a pesar de que su "hombre fuerte", Alí Akbar Hachemi Rafsandjani, viajó el año pasado a Moscú, recomponiendo una relación dañada por la cuestión Afganistán, entre otras, la atea Unión Soviética sigue siendo tan distante como el "Gran Satán" (Estados Unidos) Cierto: Sadam le devolvió en 24 horas a Teherán los territorios conquistados de Chatt - el Arab, tras una larga y penosa guerra de nueve años. Irán le devolvió la mano, aceptando que la fuerza aérea iraquí pusiera a salvo en su territorio a la parte más moderna de su dotación de aviones: al menos 120 MIG 29, Mirage F1 y Sukhoi 24, en cuanto comenzaron los bombardeos aliados, y como carta de reserva bajo la manga. Pero esto no deja de ser un hábil e inteligente ajedrez en el que los dos ex rivales explotan sabiamente sus contradicciones internas. Irán, que prohíja al Ad - Dawa, partido de la oposición islámica iraquí en el exilio, sueña con una mayor ingerencia shiíta en la repartición del poder en Bagdad. E Irak, a su vez con su política de buena vecindad, procura que ganen espacio en la política iraní sectores radicales como los del ex ministro del Interior, Alí Akbar Mohtachemi, que procura enrolarse en la Jihad encabezada por Husein contra el sionismo y el imperialismo. Apuestas fuertes (subtítulo) Irán sale del leprosario y Occidente se arrepiente de haber armado al "monstruo" que detendría la revolución integrista exportada por Jomeini. La historia es lábil, como las alianzas. Turquía, cabeza de puente de Occidente en el área, también juega a ganador, doble o nada, al facilitar la base de Incirlik para el despegue de aviones que bombardean Irak en la versión terrestre de "La Guerra de las Galaxias". "Es muy importante que Turquía nos deje usar sus bases. Esto nos permitirá golpear a Irak por la puerta de atrás", anticipa el general George Christ, antiguo comandante de la Fuerza Móvil (Comando Central) de Estados Unidos. Se ponen a disposición de la alianza también las bases de Mus y Batman. El presidente turco Turgut Ozal adelanta, a su vez, el contenido de la factura que se apresta a pasar por estos servicios. Ankara aspira a encabezar una confederación turca-kurda árabe, que juegue el papel de gendarme regional y restaure a su manera las glorias del imperio otomano, al ser establecida en Irak después del cese de las hostilidades. Su vicepresidente, Kamran Inan, va aún más lejos: recuerda que Turquía, con la represa de Ataturk, controlará las aguas del Eufrates que bajan hacia Siria e Irak. "En los próximos 25 años -subraya- el agua va a tener más importancia que el petróleo, y quince países árabes no tienen una gota de agua". La OLP es otro sector que se involucra a fondo. A despecho del corte de fondos que le significa privarse del flujo de "petrodólares" de los reinos del Golfo toma una firme posición junto a Husein. Sadam ha restaurado el orgullo árabe con su "nasserismo" remozado y, sobre todo, a los ojos de los palestinos, ha puesto el problema de los territorios ocupados en la agenda del debate mundial. En la otra orilla, Israel también es sacudido por la onda expansiva del conflicto. Scuds, autocontención y nuevos enfoques para el problema palestino. El líder laborista Shimon Peres elabora un plan para la región en la postguerra, que incluye reuniones internacionales en las que participen representantes de Gaza y Cisjordania, aunque no a título de la OLP como tal. Idea no muy lejana a la de una conferencia promovida por Francia y la URSS para tratar el tema. Y las secuelas de la guerra se extienden. Desde Argel, donde el Frente de Salvación Islámica cobra nuevos bríos montado en la ola del auge integrista, hasta Fez o Casablanca. Desde Yemen hasta Sudán, con una sola certeza: la de que después de este terremoto el mundo árabe ya no volverá a ser el mismo. Para bien o para mal. Y que un nuevo orden deberá evitar el peligro de una "libanización" de toda la región si se altera el delicado equilibrio de poderes.

101

APPENDIX B: LITERALNESS TEST (SEMANTIC CONFLICT) AND RECOGNITION

NETWORK

SECTION 1.- LOVE 1. American English Female 146 2. American English Male 149 3. Chilean Spanish Female 151 4. Chilean Spanish Male 156 SECTION 2.- DEATH 1. American Eniglish Female 162 2. American English Male 165 3. Chilean Spanish Female 166 4. Chilean Spanish Male 169 SECTION 3.- ECONOMICS 1. American English 171 2. Chilean Spanish 172 SECTION 4.-POLITICS 1. American English 174 2. Chilean Spanish 178

102

SECTION 1. TOPIC: LOVE - MODE: ORAL 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH FEMALE _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ for me Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS when you fall in love Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS when you are in love Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Love to a man is essentially... lust Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I've been in love three times Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY I'm not sure that it was love Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you need trust Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES Physical and sexual attraction just gets mixed into it Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE if you are attracted to the other person RC LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE it was basically [a relationship] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS my first long-term relationship Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY he was the best friend of my friend Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS and we just starting dating Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY we were together for seven months Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY he had a lot of problems Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it was a really bad relationship Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I was looking for a long time Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY I've just spelled my heart out RC CONTAINER FOR THE CONTENT he really broke me down Animateness in Dative LOVE IS WAR I dropped down my friends Animateness in Objective STATES ARE CONTAINERS I was only with him RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY the typical thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [thing] that you see when you come here Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING it's really bad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS everybody drops all their friends RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS when they start dating somebody here Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY to know everything Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS when I broke up [relation] with him Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY this is just a little idea of [him] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS when I was with him Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY when I broke[relation] off Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY There's the end of the story Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY the other important relationship Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I took him RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS and a couple of weeks later Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY when he left... a year later Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY it continued the whole sad story Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY he was a complete bastard Identification Conflict CM not recognised if you don't find the person RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY somebody that I think I can spend the Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY rest of my life with Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS AJOURNEY it's not a small thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS that's great Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you can feel out of love Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I've seen a lot of cases Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS cases when people get married Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY they've been married for ten or fifteen years Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY it's just gone... the love Concreteness in Objective [LOVE IS A RESOURCE] it's just gone... the sparks Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE the want to be together Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS it's so difficult to say [something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's a big decision Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [marriage] does not necessarily mean [something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you don't know what is going to happen Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS if I had children RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS I have friends RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS and see what is like Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING they stop RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY the relationship breaks up Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY at the same time Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY you're in love with a person for a certain length of time Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY [you are in love] till you get really bored of him Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY till they are complete assholes Concreteness ion Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY it lasts forever Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY it's an important part of people's lives Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES things I got to do Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [things I got to] see Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING nobody can live without love Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS HEALTH if I happened to find somebody RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY I'm not after or looking for Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY it's impossible to live without love Concreteness in Objective [LOVE IS A RESOURCE] I don't need love Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS when I finished with him RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY

103 [she] used to be a friend of mine RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS I had this dream Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS dream that really frightened me CAH in Dative CM not recognised I was really violent in the dream Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I had such aggression against this woman Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE O BJECTS If you take risks Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I think it's really silly Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's putting pressure on someone Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS something's going to happen anyway Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS there's no point in trying to kill yourself Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY you won't save [the relation] Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PATIENT you won't change the situation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS there's always the hope Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS every person has to put themselves first Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS you can fall madly in love Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS MADNESS but after that Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY you're going to lose him anyway RC LOVE IS WAR you are not going to gain him Animateness in Objective LOVE IS WAR you're not going to get antything Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES It's really like, ludicrous Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Life is not love Identification Conflict CM not recognised life will always get better Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY when you're in the bottom Concreteness in Locative HAPPY IS UP/ UNHAPPY IS DOWN you can only go up Concreteness in Locative HAPPY IS UP/ UNHAPPY IS DOWN there's no way Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS AJOURNEY what do you get out of it Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS You just lose your life Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR you lose everybody around RC LOVE IS WAR [my parents] have been in love for twenty nine years Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS she seems to do much of the work Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they still have sexual relationships Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they have a really nice relationship Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS she's like really dependent on the love of my father Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS he's given her support in other ways Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS she needs love Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES if I want to be with somebody Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY I'm going to have that person sooner or later RC LOVE IS WAR in this society Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY the women always accepted that Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS man used to take the initiative Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS if the man makes the first move Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR If I really really really fancy them RC LOVE IS WAR if I'm really crazy about them RC LOVE IS MADNESS I'm going to spend ages with them Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY if they don't like me at first Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY then I'm going to make sure they do Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS when they enter a woman Animateness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES/ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART they're are being possessed by the woman Animateness in Objective LOVE IS WAR to use that as an excuse Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS the way women dress Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS it's absolutely disgusting Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS and it shows how stupid and absolutely pathetic men are CAH in Agent CM not recognised That's men's problem Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES It's nothing to do with us Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS she walked in a certain way Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they have certain air about them Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE that doesn't mean that [something] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS that doesn't give them any right Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES she has hanged me by the neck RC LOVE IS WAR he's got a sexual problem Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES this power that she's got hold on me Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR [relation]'s a two-way street Identification Conflict LOVE IS A JOURNEY it's a fifty-fifty thing Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [he can] exert [his power] with someone Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE have fun for a while Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's a natural fact of life Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS You've got to know someone for a long time Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY you keep waiting for the...excitement Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS the rest is just like friendship, companionship Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you need a good base of a friendship Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE SURFACES if you put them together [friendship and love] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you want this guy RC LOVE IS WAR everybody has gone through that lust period Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY you guys have the answer Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS It's a feeling you can't understand sometimes Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS it's just something there that exists Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you can have love for a friend Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES if you've never really experienced it before Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY you just have this idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES you don't know what it is Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [relation] started out being that way RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY

104 I met him at college Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY We just hanged out a lot of time RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS we had the same friends RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES and just ended up doing a lot of things together Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY we spent a year together Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY we had lots of fun Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES that's what happened Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [we] had a good time Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS he couldn't handle the distance Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS it was a good, excellent relationship Concreteness in Objetcive EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I could actually see him RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART he initiated the break-up Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY we were good friends in the beginning Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY he has to make the first move Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR in a lot of situations Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS it doesn't work out Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS in our case Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS from the beginning Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY people who are for me RC LOVE IS WAR I know what I don't like in a person Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I can tell it will work out Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I'm not planning to get married Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY have a family and everything Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS It's a different way of thinking Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS "...you have something wrong with your head" Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES the whole idea of marriage Concreteness in Objective EVENTS/ STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you just want to live your lives together Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY I feel without love Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's a feeling that I would have lost Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR I have some type of feeling Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I have some type of worth for life Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I can live without a male love Concreteness in Objective [LOVE IS HEALTH] I don't need a love for that type of thing at all Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES the thing I do need is companionship Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY at this moment... time of my life Concreteness in Locative LIFE/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY you have to compromise things Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS there is someone else besides you RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY I can do what I want for myself Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS in the older days Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY after the university Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY people that are in the universities Concreteness in Locative THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION [people] just getting out of the universities RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY [suicides] shows that you...are weak CAH in Agent EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT when I see that Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING I see there's something wrong Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you're willing to give your life up Concreteness in Objective LOVE/ LIFE IS WAR you don't get love from him Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it doesn't make sense Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS how can you call that's love Concreteness in Objective [SAYING IS THINKING] somebody that makes such an impact Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT on your life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you miss the chance Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR to continue something further with him Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY my mother makes more [money] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I can find some kind of relationship Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY they've had their problems Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [they've had] their little... and arguments Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS they are even having a better time Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES My parents met in a blind date Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS they were together ever since after that day Concreteness in Locative LOVE/LIFE IS A JOURNEY it's really strange to think [something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS be married for five years Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY you feel head over heels RC STATES ARE CONTAINERS you can't describe [love] Concreteness in Objective STAES ARE OBJECTS when you die Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you go to Heaven Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY somebody besides you RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY you can stay with a person for the RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY rest of your life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I'm going to have that person sooner or later Animateness in Objective LOVE IS WAR you can have fun with somebody Animateness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE OBJECTS if you don't get love from him Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. AMERICAN ENGLISH MALE _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ love is... want Identification Confllict [EXPLICIT METAPHOR] to give/ to receive something Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES

105 [love]'s complete and utter Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS desire from the self Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES to go to the house a lot Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY my undying love for her Concreteness in Objective THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE something like that Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS that was about as far as I went Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY next summer Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I still see her every summer Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY It was pretty much... love Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS that's all Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I seem to have some disagreement on that Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS if they can just get through RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY the difficult initial stages of [relationship] Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY constructing a love relationship Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS which I think is difficult to do Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I can live without a woman RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES at this moment Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY as time goes by Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY the need to have somebody by your side RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY the love from parents, my friends Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES in a romantic sense Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS I had a very good friend at school Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I'm kind of afraid to have fantasies Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I don't want to jinx the relationships Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS we've messed around a little bit Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS we have had tentative relationships Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY there's something between us Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES we've never had a concrete relationship Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY I've never had sex with her Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES never made love to her Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I won't see her RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART until next July Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY that's a long time Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I better try not to think too hard Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS A lot of times Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS when we are having a conversation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I'll start saying something Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY It's kind of strange Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS something is going to work out between us Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS AJOURNEY I am not personally inclined to [suicide] Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTATC to take that course [suicide] Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY at some point Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY in certain circumstances Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I have some friends at school RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES/PERSON FOR STATE [friends] who are in a relationship Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY the girl actually studied down here Concreteness in Locative THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT what he wants to do Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS we are all friends in a group of friends Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS for the last two years Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY they started going out Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY last year Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY about some time in the middle of the first semester Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [they lived together] half of last year Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY he has a very unique personal style Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES there are some things about her Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS from what I've seen and experienced Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY she's a little less monogamous than he is RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES She's a little more inclined to [infidelity] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS she needs intimate contact in her life Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT monogamy excludes anything Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS anything coming in between the relationship Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY the only thing that you can really expect from [somebody] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES the person you're with RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [the only thing] is... exclusiveness Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS it's easy to have opinions like that Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I think it's a little bit/ a lot neurotic Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED opinions like that can grow Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE PLANTS the consciousness tells him funny things Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE PEOPLE he would probably be able to overcome those feelings Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS if he would get to know more women personally Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY feeling their magnetic power around them Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE women who perhaps play games Concreteness in Objective LOVE/ LIFE IS GAMBLING with their magnetic powers of attraction Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE that's a very small area Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS men who play the same game RC LIFE IS GAMBLING to be surrounded by femme fatale RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT love for a life Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY It may be spontaneous Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS if it has to grow RC EVENTS ARE PLANTS it has to develop Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY the underlying conditions Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [conditions] have to develop Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

106 to have some kind of powerful love Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES love needs to develop slowly Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [development] without too much pressure Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [development] can't be too fast Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY love is a relationship between two people Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES a feeling of voluntary obligation CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE It's a feeling that I can't really define or describe Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS what kind it is Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS romantic love CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE that's a rather different...thing Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS It's a feeling you get Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [feeling you get] from doing something Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS my first love experience started Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [experience] started in my last year Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY four years ago Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY I met her at the last semester Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY We started going out RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY going to movies Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY we first [do something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [we go to] each other's parties Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [we] talked a lot Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS going to movies and stuff Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [a fact] which is kind of weird Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS we go to a school Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS we spent a lot of time together/ ridiculous amount of time Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ TIME IS ARESOURCE about two years this happened Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS until I left for here Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY she left last Sunday Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY "...I'm about to go" Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY She's gone for two and a half years Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY it's very weird Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE what's going to happen Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY I spend... my whole... university career with her Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY make sure that [something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you're definitely with the right person RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY if we're apart for a long period of time RC LIFE IS AJOURNEY a long period of time Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY we still have the same feelings for each other Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES that would definitely mean something RC EVENTS ARE SIGNALS I don't say [it means] marriage RC SAYING IS THINKING let's see what happens Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING what happens Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I still havent't met anybody RC LOVE IS AJOURNEY depending on the age Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [to begin] something so serious Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY it has to be... at least long enough Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY to get to know the person Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY a relationship... lasts for a while Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY For me RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I'm the long lasting relationship kind of person RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY At present Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS it's a strange question Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's the first time Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY it's really hard [to be alone] Concreteness in Objectiv e STATES ARE OBJECTS it seems like it is really important Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED a big, big factor Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I can't do without her RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY I've had the feeling Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES as time went on CA LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT I still love her a lot Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I see more myself as an independent person RC KNOWING IS SEEING you don't have to be with someone RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY you can be by yourself RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY it's still really important here, right now Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS in a different way than it was Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS love with plenty of other people RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY when you have a girlfriend RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's kind of like you block out some girls and friends RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT the person you love completely Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES with no one else around RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY and still be completely happy RC STATES ARE OBJECTS being... away from everything RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY a beautiful landscape CAH THE THING FOR THE PEOPLE growing our own food RC [INDIRECT ACTION FOR DIRECT ACTION] doing everything yourself Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS being completely independent Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS at the same time you need friends RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you can't be...completely secluded with someone Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS be secluded or something from the city RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY It's a good question Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS It's a tough question Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I would definitely give up my life RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

107 it's a matter of [doing something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS thinking a lot Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS for a long time Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY "This person's going to die..." Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY It seems completely illogical CAH THE VENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED you're going to kill yourself Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY in order to get away from it Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY a situation when it's possible Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS in my perspective Concreteness in Locative KNOWING IS SEEING I can't keep on living for RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY after a lot of time Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY I just can't see the logic Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING the point in killing yourself Concreteness in Objective ARGUMENT IS AJOURNEY to change the situation Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY something happpended Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS make a difference Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS make it better for you Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's very hard to give an opinion Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS to give an opinion Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS other people's relationships Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES they seem... hard to understand Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS when you are inside... then you understand Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you are inside of them Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you have to be in love Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS to be in love for one time Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY from an outside point of view Concreteness in Objectiv e EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS/ KNOWING IS SEEING [I] wouldn't be interested [in a girl] Concreteness in Locative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART after a while Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY after... two years Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY you start thinking about other girls Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY this is at the same time... you start [doing something] Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY it was a kind of indication Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE SIGNALS this love that was in my relationship Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS there's something going on Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you should look the relationship Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ KNOWING IS SEEING [relationship] looks like Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING there's something wrong with the relation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS there's something going on right now Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [something] that's making [something] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS it's pulling us apart Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I can't really relate to this person's feeling Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I don't have the same urges Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I can manage the fact Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS the fact when I see a girl Concreteness in Locative LIFE SIA JOURNEY [a girl] who gets certain attraction Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE you... should be able to control all that Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE "I have this attraction..." Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES "...I should go ahead with my instincts" Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES "... I should go ahead..." RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY my instincts have never been that strong CAH in Dative THE STATE FOT THE PERSON in the sense that Concreteness in Objective ARGUMENT IS AJOURNEY [love]'s a flood of passion Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS it's a passion for something Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's the way you feel Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS to be completely illogical Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you can receive complete happiness Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES happiness from doing something Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS something that makes no sense at all Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. CHILEAN SPANISH FEMALE _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [el amor] te puede pasar RC A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY [el amor] es un medio para llegar a ciertas cosas Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [el amor] puedes reflejarlo en todo Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE [el amor] te lleva a hacer cosas Concreteness in Instrument LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE El amor puede ser algo bonito que nace entre Concreteness [C]/ [EMOTIONS ARE LIVING BEINGS] dos personas Animateness [A] in Dative uno entrega más de lo que debe Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES cuales son sus metas RC A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY empezó algo [relación] RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY algo bonito [relación] entre nosotros RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES él andaba con otra niña RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [él] me gustaba Humanity in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT me fleche inmediatamente de él RC LOVE IS WAR pero no me pescó Humanity in Objective LOVE IS WAR anduve con otro RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [él y yo] tiramos RC STATES ARE CONTAINERS de ahí en adelante empezamos una relación más abierta Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY me puse las pilas Animateness in Dative LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE

108 voy a conquistarlo [a él] nuevamente Animateness in Objective LOVE IS WAR en la más arrastrada RC LOVE IS WAR hasta aquí llegamos RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY dime si vas a volver conmigo o no RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY igual lucho por él RC LOVE IS WAR [él] era como frío RC [AFFECTION IS WARMTH] el lado bonito, sentimental de la relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la onda más intelectual y a la vez física de la relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me gustaba atraerlo hacia mí RC LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE nunca me sentí como "estoy feliz, RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES plena", como que algo me faltaba MORE IS BETTER me encantó su pinta... RC LOVE IS MAGIC otras cosas me iban ligando a él RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tenía todo lo que [yo] buscaba en un gallo Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [eventos] me fueron uniendo [a él] RC LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE primera vez que teníamos esos sentimientos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES eramos maduros Humanity in Objective [PEOPLE ARE PLANTS] ir hacia el contacto físico Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY llegar virgen al matrimonio Concreteness in Locative A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY el colegio era el mundo Identification Conflict PLACES ARE CONTAINERS [explicit metaphor] el hombre era el pecado mortal Identification Conflict ACTOR FOR THE ACTION [el colegio] era una burbuja Identification Conflict PLACES ARE CONTAINERS [explicit metaphor] entré a la "U" RC PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION al final RC AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY el erotismo lo tenemos todos adentro Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES fue una relación buena pero le faltó mucho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [él] me abrió los ojos a muchas cosas RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT me licencié RC [LOVE IS A STUDY] duramos harto tiempo RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY terminábamos RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY volvíamos a empezar RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY la relación que llegó ahora Concreteness in Agent A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY no me caia muy bien RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT yo andaba con otro niño RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [él] me empezó a gustar Humanity in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT volvimos despues de un mes RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY cuatro años y un mes llevamos Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY nervios en el estómago RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [el amor] es algo rico Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT algo que fue lindo pero fue corto Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [la mujer] maneja [al hombre] Animateness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE la mujer es la que da la pauta RC [INSTRUMENT FOR ACTION] explotar [la mujer] sus atributos RC [PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE RESOURCES] en el hombre tú despiertas instintos CA in Dative [EMOTIONS ARE LIVING BEINGS] despertar sentimientos CA in Dative [EMOTIONS ARE LIVING BEINGS] llegar al punto de violarla... Concreteness in Locative ACTIVITIES ARE PLACES una relación larga Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY tu mundo se cierra RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES y ya no hay más mundo RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES encerrarte en un gallo Concreteness in Locative THE PERSON FOR THE RELATION/ EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS el amor te puede llegar Concreteness in Objective A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY [ella] llegar hasta un grado Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE para entregarme a él Humanity in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES formar una familia... Concreteness in Objective [INSTITUTIONS ARE BUILDINGS] [él] estar conmigo RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY de haberlo perdido [a él] Animateness in Dative LOVE IS WAR le puede sacar provecho a su simpatía Concreteness in Objective [PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES ARE RESOURCES] no sé hasta que punto el amor puede llevarte Concreteness in Instrument LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE el papá no puede ver al gallo RC EYES ARE CONTAINERS FOR EMOTIONS hay mucho amor entremedio Concreteness in Positioner PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no sé cómo se llevan bien también RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [él, está] colgado de las faldas de la mamá RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT se llevan bien ellos así RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY es que uno ve de afuera RC EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS hay que hacerlo de repente, si no RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS uno cae en la tentación Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS uno... gorrea [al hombre] RC KNOWING IS SEEING hay que disfrutar la vida, el momento Concreteness in Objective CONTAINER FOR THE CONTENT [hombres] cargosos, pesados RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT nada que ver RC VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS/ UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING esa persona no entrega nada por ti Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [estar una persona]al límite de la locura Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS MADNESS terminé con él RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY al empezar con él RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY empezamos a pololear RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY terminó con esta otra niña RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY que se termine todo luego RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY el instinto por llegar a ti RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY algo bonito entre nosotros RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ya no hay más mundo RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES

109 el instinto por llegar a ti Inanimateness in Locative LOVE IS WAR [el amor] te puede pasar RC A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la relación] es una locura Identification Conflict LOVE IS MADNESS [explicit metaphor] [para suicidarse por amor] hay que estar muy RC LOVE IS MADNESS chalado[loco] ya el lado bonito, sentimental [de la relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nervios en el estómago RC THE ORGAN FOR THE STATE nervios en el estómago RC THE PART FOR THE WHOLE [ir hacia] el contacto físico RC THE PART FOR THE WHOLE una relación más abierta Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS amor [es] bonito/ malo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS cuando tenís desilusion Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS cuando lo vivís intensamente Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS es todo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS si lo sabís aprovechar Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS lo mejor que te puede pasar Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS En cierta etapa de mi vida Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY fue como lo primordial Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS era como mi fin Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY ahora es como un medio para llegar a ciertas cosas Concreteness in Instrument LOVE IS A JOURNEY no está tan presente en cada momento Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS algo decisivo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS pienso en otras cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en estos momentos Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY es un sentimiento que está en todo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS tú lo reflejai en todo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS es lo que te lleva a hacer algunas cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS lo que te lleva a guiar tu vida hacia determinadas cosas Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY la primera y única vez hasta el momento Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS del pololo que tuve RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [pololo] que me duró cuatro años RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY estuve enamorada durante mucho tiempo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY yo tenía 15 años y el tenía 18 Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS me fleche inmediatamente de X RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS pero no me pescó RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo anduve con otro amigo RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY tener contacto con él Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tener... comunicación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS indirectamente le dije [algo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nos encontramons en una fiesta Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY tiramos RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS de ahí empezamos a andar Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY anduvimos como dos semanas Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY hasta que yo dije basta Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY aquí nos ponemos a pololear Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY esto se acaba Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY empezamos a pololear Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY Fue simpático Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS fue relación de cabros chicos Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised al principio Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY de ahí empezamos a tener una relación Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY un poco más profunda Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS CONTAINERS en mi casa ya le tenían más confianza Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS sin que pasara nada Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS más allá de pololeo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY nada más trascendental Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS después de harto tiempo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY peleamos bien seguido Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tuvimos relaciones Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS de ahí en adelante empezó a ser una relación más abierta Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY después fue igual como medio monótono Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY ya era como lo típico Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nos veíamos en la semana Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY si teníamos tiempo Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY hasta los tres años 6 meses Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY empecé a andar con él Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY terminé con X RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY de ahí se terminó todo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY después volvimos a andar Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY ya me tenía apestada RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT era siempre lo mismo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo no supe nada de él Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me puse las pilas RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS "voy a conquistarlo nuevamente" RC LOVE IS WAR en la más arrastrada Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised lo que yo le había hecho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS aparte de todo Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised lo aguanté Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised estuvimos en varias ocasiones después juntos Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY hasta aquí llegamos Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY de vuelta [de un viaje] me iba a traer una respuesta Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

110 yo te esperaré toda la vida RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY toda la onda Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS igual lucho por él RC LOVE IS WAR de a poco me fui desilusionando Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR me pegue el alcachofazo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me atraía X RC LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE en el sentido Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY le gustaba andar carreteando RC CM not recognised yo no iba a tener límites Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS yo me juntaba con mis amigos RC CM not recognised yo no iba a los carretes Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY que fuera de repente duro RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT a la primera impresión Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me encantó su pinta Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS MAGIC ya eran otras cosas las que me iban ligando a él Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS él tenía todo lo que buscaba en un gallo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS nunca me había pasado Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS que les cayera bien [a mis papás] RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS lo sentimental que no tenia X Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES era como... no frío RC CM not recognised el lado bonito, sentimental Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS cuestiones que yo con X no las había vivido nunca Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Era como otra onda Concreteness in Obective STATES ARE OBJECTS era como la onda más intelectual Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS el aspecto intelectual y a la vez físico Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS yo le tenía que poner el toque de erotismo a la relación Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me gustaba atraerlo hacia mí RC LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE estar con él tanto tiempo Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY en contacto físico Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS nunca me sentí como "estoy feliz, plena" Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES como que algo me faltaba Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES si estuviera probando otra cosa sería mejor RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo tendría más experiencia Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS era la primera vez que teníamos esos sentimientos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nos unía inmediatamente el ámbito físico Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT podía ir al tiro al contacto físico Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY eso fue lo primero que pasó Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY la primera oportunidad que estuvimos juntos Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY no hay más mundo RC CM not recognised todo lo que te decían Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en el colegio Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY llegar virgen al matrimonio Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY [el colegio] era una burbuja Identification Conflict CM not recognised no había más mundo que el colegio Identification Conflict CM not recognised los hombres eran el pecado mortal Identification Conflict CM not recognised erai poco menos que la pécora Identification Conflict CM not recognised cambió totalmente toda la visión que yo tenía Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING cuando entré a la U Concreteness in Locative THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION [relaciones] no eran tan pecaminosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tan pecaminosas como te las pintaban Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING [relaciones] se podían disfrutar Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS al final el erotismo lo tenemos todos adentro Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES hasta que no me sacara el uniforme Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY hasta que no saliera del colegio Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY yo era muy apegada a mi colegio Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT fue una relación buena pero le faltó mucho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS las cosas que estaban pasando Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS sentía que me faltaba más Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la relación me ayudó mucho CAH in Agent CM not recognised me abrió los ojos a muchas cosas RC KNOWING IS SEEING me licencié RC CM not recognised no es bueno vivir con una persona Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS para toda la vida Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY una relación larga Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY al final tú no sabís si es por amor Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY Vai a estar con el gallo RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY tu mundo se cierra ahí y ya no hay más mundo Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised Uno tiene que conocer mucho Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no muchas relaciones cortas Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY podís tener cinco relaciones largas Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY encerrarte en un solo gallo Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised voy a ser feliz toda la vida Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY el amor te puede llegar un día Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY el amor es una cuestión que te llega CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS si hay madurado tú RC AGE IS GROWTH están en condiciones Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised tener una vida juntos Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS puede ser una verdadera lata Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS hasta que grado llegís con la otra persona Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY si llegai a lo sexual Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY no es tanto lo que se quieren Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE la persona que siempre estuviste esperando RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY

111 el amor es una cuestión Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [el amor lo]aprovechai en el momento Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [el amor]te va a durar siempre Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS el amor no es uno solo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Antes de tener a X como pareja Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS soñaba con una relación linda Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS entregarme a él RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS iba a formar una familia Concreteness in Objective CM Not recognised pensando en el futuro Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY en ese momento Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY en el lecho de muerte Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised el hombre de mi vida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS después de un gallo viene otro RC CM not recognised después de una buena viene una mejor Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS pero igual va a ser vida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tenís que vivirla Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hagai lo que hagai Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS por amor a ti mismo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS éso... no lo puedo visualizar Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING no lo puedo medir Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE no lo puedo sopesar con otra cosa Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS me voy a dar cuenta que Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en cuatro años Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY no estaba ni ahí Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY no me ha llegado esa situación Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY yo amo mucho la vida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el otro pierde por X yo habría dado la vida Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR él era más que yo RC STATES ARE OBJECTS estar con vida Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OOBJECTS Ese pololeo es estúpido Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no la deja ir a ninguna parte Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised disfruta totalmente con eso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS terminó con él Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY hace otras cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS eso es malo para ella Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS le puede sacar provecho a su simpatía/ Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS inteligencia/ aspecto físico hasta que punto el amor puede justificar eso CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY hasta qué punto el amor puede llevarte Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY más allá de perder tu amor propio/ orgullo/ Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY valor como mujer demasiado amor por el otro Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES demasiada estupidez tuya Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES yo lo tomo como miedo...a perderlo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS el gallo tiene buena situación económica Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS ella está viendo en él reflejado todo su futuro Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS encuentre otro gallo como él RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY ella ha perdido todo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS ha perdido hasta a su familia Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS al papá no lo pesca RC CM not recognised el papá no puede ver al gallo RC KNOWING IS SEEING perder a tus lazos más directos Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Si uno está siempre ahí Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY una misma le está dando la pauta Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el gallo te está poniendo el gorro Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Una no la ha sabido hacer Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ha aprovechado las oportunidades que ha tenido Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS porque yo lo busqué Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY miles de veces se lo dije Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised me gustó esta galla más de lo que yo pensaba Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE no se que me pasa Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY estoy con problemas existenciales Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no tengo ningún atado Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS son canitas al aire RC CM not recognised que no tengan ninguna ingerencia mayor en la pareja Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS ningún problema Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES a hacer cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS es la que tiene que ser agresiva RC LOVE IS WAR cuales son sus atributos personales Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES para conquistar un hombre RC LOVE IS WAR una mujer que se sabe atractiva Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR va a explotar la mujer sus atributos Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS están expuestas a que les suceda algo en la calle RC LOVE IS WAR si sale a la calle provocando RC LOVE IS WAR en el hombre tú despiertas instintos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES despertar sentimientos/ instintos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES el instinto por llegar a ti Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS WAR

4. CHILEAN SPANISH MALE

112 Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] [el amor] no es una [cosa] Concreteness in Dative STATES ARE OBJECTS el amor no lo puedo explicar en el sentido Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY recuerdo una vez Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en el colegio RC THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT los cursos... que tienes que hacer Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en octavo básico Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY nos hicieron definir [el amor] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS buscando en el diccionario RC CM not recognised y [cosas] así [como buscar en el diccionario] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS se hacía muy dificil definir la [cosa] del amor Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la definición que salía ahí [en el diccionario] Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised [la definición] decía CAH in Agent CM not recognised lo único que me quedaba claro era [algo] Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING la idea de un asunto Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS un asunto de carácter sentimental Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised [el amor] desplazaba tus emociones Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tus emociones [eran desplazadas] de un lado hacia otro RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [desplazamiento de emociones] de ti hacia otras personas Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [cosas] que hacían modificar cierta conducta Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS modificar cierta conducta o actividades tuyas Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES nada más [entendí] Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised no me quedó nada más claro Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING [nada claro] respecto a esa [cosa] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no pienso mucho en eso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS es una cosa [el amor] que tengo como integrada Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no hago una separación entre X e Y Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS separacion entre el amor y el resto de las cosas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [el amor] es una cosa integral Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS para mi Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES el amor puede ser una cosa super barata Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised tenerle amor a ciertas cosas cotidianas Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES una mina que te dejó RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [una mina ] que te dio filo Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised concepto [de amor] se transforma en un montón de cosas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS yo no las ocupo [expresiones como "te amo"] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [ese sentimiento de amor] no cuaja/ no tiene correlato Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [sentimiento] no tiene correlato en mi vida/ experiencia Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS en mi vida/ experiencia Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY hay que remontarse al primer pololeo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY el primer amor que tuve Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY/ PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la primera mina que me gustó RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [ella] tenía como diez años Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [yo] era una guagua así Identification Conflict CM not recognised [ella] me rayaba RC LOVE IS MADNESS eso sería todo [ella me gustaba] RC CM not recognised [el amor] como concretado Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [primer pololeo] no tiene mucha originalidad Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en el fondo Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised un pololeo... casi producido Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS una época en que yo estaba... tranquilo Concreteness in Objective/ Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS yo estaba tranquilo... de la vida RC CM not recognised ya tendria que pasar algo con alguien Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY se estaba yendo el tren ya RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY no pasaba nada RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY tenía estos proyectos RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES miedo al rechazo Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS HPYSICAL CONTACT/ LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE [el pololeo] salió así Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [salió el pololeo] del interés mío Concreteness in Objective/ Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS interés por tener una relación de pareja Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES fiesta a la que van todos tus amigos Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [yo] dando vueltas [en la fiesta] RC CM not recognised me empezaron a agarrar para el gueveo RC CM not recognised en la semana Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS las.. tallas que te echan Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en ese tiempo Concreteness in Objective/ Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [semana] en que pasó ese asunto Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY yo no tuve peros Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [ella] me parecía atractiva RC LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE [ella] era todo lo que uno podía pedir RC CM not recognised da un poco de verguenza decirlo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [el pololeo] de espontáneo tiene re poco Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS se juntaron las cosas así Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no había mina para mi RC CM not recognised y vamos [con el pololeo] Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY

113 atinar con la mina RC CM not recognised Pasó una semana Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS LOVE IS A JOURNEY en una fiesta Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY [la fiesta] fue una cosa muy tirada de las mechas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la cosa funcionó como Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS como una [cosa] super clásica Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [dos personas] cuyo único vínculo es...estar pololeando Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no tiene ninguna [cosa] de más peso [el pololeo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS así que de paso RC CM not recognised [el pololeo] no me dejó mucha marca Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en ese minuto sí [me marcó el pololeo] Concreteness in Objective/Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY la edad que yo tenía, catorce años Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES me ha cambiado mucho la perspectiva sobre eso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en ese tiempo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no es que me diera lo mismo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES lo que iba saliendo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS como se iban dando las cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS ninguna otra cosa podía importar aparte de eso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS "no tenemos plazos, tenemos metas" Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY una cosa así Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tú querías que [la relación] se sostuviera Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS que aguantara la cosa en el tiempo Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY ahora, viéndolo desde esta perspectiva Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en este momento Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY es distinto [lo que creo de la relación] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS de hecho hace más de un año Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no estoy embarcado en ninguna relación Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY [relación] seria CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE como la veo ahora Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS si me embarcara ahora en una cosa Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY la pensaría en la perspectiva de repente de largo aliento Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY uno de repente se mete con alguien Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [uno] sin mayor compromiso Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [relación] algo que se puede deshacer Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en cualquier momento Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY [la relación] puede terminar como empezó Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY cuando tú lo tomas más en serio Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [asunto] asumido como compromiso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS yo tengo una idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no me quiero enredar en serio con alguien RC CM not recognised ahí, en ese caso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tu vas sometiendo a las cuestiones Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nunca ese tipo de cosas [como casarme] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS estoy terminando la carrera Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY una cosa tan burguesa como que me voy a casar Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS voy a juntar la plata RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART el pie de la casa RC CM not recognised en algún tiempo más Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS/ LOVE IS A JOURNEY me voy a ir de la casa RC THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT desde ese punto de vista Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS podría irme a vivir con esa persona Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY pienso en esas cosas con mucho más perspectiva Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS si se restringe a la cuestión de pareja Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised sobre todo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS después... de un tiempo largo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY Tuve un par de relaciones desafortunadas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS hace un tiempo atrás Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY estaba un poco pensando en eso Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY/ STATES ARE OBJECTS tener o no tener relación con otra Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS me ha cambiado totalmente el punto de vista Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS un montón de ideas que tenía sobre eso Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [relación] involucraba más que plazos y ese tipo de cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS como una sensación de estabilidad RC CM not recognised estar bien en el fondo Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES está lleno como de lugares comunes Concreteness in Objective/ Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS relación armónica sin alteraciones Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS si yo la encontraba satisfactoria [la relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS poblarla [relación] de cosas como lindas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS querernos montones Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS eso era el objetivo Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY te va cambiando la mirada sobre el asunto Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en mi caso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

114 como se dan las cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS relación así como pareja o fluida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS pudieras... sacar como algún tipo de provecho Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS como lecciones para la vida Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOR THE PERSON INVOLVED sostener las cuestiones a la fuerza/por buena voluntad Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS lo mejor que puede pasar en una relación Concreteness in Objective/ Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY/ tener casi como momentos que te sean satisfactorios Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES te acuestes con alguien RC THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT no puedes amarrarlo RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT una persona en algún momento se sulfure RC LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE [una persona] no quiera más de la relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS esperar de una relación Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY una química con la otra persona RC LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE [química] se puede romper Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS aproveches [la química] mientras sea buena RC CM not recognised [química] se pueda sostener Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS eso ya escapa a tu competencia Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised escapa a cualquier buena intención que puedas tener Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [yo] encontrar a esa persona RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY [persona] que yo no tengo predefinida RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES me ha pasado en el último tiempo Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY la persona que tenía que llegar RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY en un momento que era propicio Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS cumplía con una parte de la fantasía Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS concretar algo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ver como se daba [la relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no sale el resto Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la fantasía se me desarma Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS por que he tenido dos...relaciones de pareja Concreteness in Objective/ Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [relaciones] comenzaron siendo super vitales CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [relaciones] se fueron diluyendo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no te haces demasiadas expectativas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS sigo cayendo un poco en la trampa Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS cuando empiezo una relación Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY cuando estoy cerca de creer [algo] RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY todo va a ser distinto Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS ya estás mucho más aterrizado en éso Concreteness in Locative RATIONAL IS DOWN las fantasías van por el lado sexual Concreteness in Objective/ Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS no le voy a echar la culpa a las parejas que he tenido Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [morir por amor] puede ser lindo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS para mi no corre Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ LIFE IS A RACE apostar todo por una relación RC LIFE IS GAMBLING quedar botado RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT/ UNHAPPY IS DOWN quedar como con toda la intención Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS viviré cosas más intensas Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE puedo como hacerme una idea de lo terrible que es Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS hasta ese punto [de matarse] Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY soluciones para lo que sea están descartadas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS el miedo que le tengo a la muerte Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES cualquier idea Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS relaciones muy neuróticas CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [relaciones] muy a la francesa CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED no encuentro RC KNOWING IS SEEING una decisión tan estúpida CAH in Dative STATE/ EVENT ARE OBJECTS has colocado toda tu esperanza/ilusiones/porven Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [colocar ilusiones, etc.] en manos de otra persona Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS esa persona te lo deshecha RC STATES ARE OBJECTS pobreza espiritual RC STATES ARE RESOURCES no tienes nada [esperanzas, ilusiones] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no tienes nada que hacer Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES nada justifica [el suicidio] CAH in Agent CM not recognised no voy a dar explicaciones Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES si algún día intento algo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS va a llegar el momento [de suicidarme] Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY no me voy a atrever a hacer determinada cosa Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me ha pasado con varios amigos cosas parecidas Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [a X] lo tengo un poco más de cerca RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT mientras más duran los pololeos Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY más ajeno me siento de las relaciones de esas personas RC CM not recognised relaciones de esas personas Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no soy de meterme demasiado en la intimidad de la gente Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES intimidad de la gente Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES gente... dada a hacer demasiadas confidencias Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS pololea hace más de un año con X persona Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY teníamos una relación bien como próxima RC EMOIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT los que pasa es que... Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS por varias razones y entre ellas... el pololeo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [pololeo] que tiene este muchacho Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES nos hemos distanciado un poco RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT en el tiempo que yo lo conocía Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS por ahí una aventurilla Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

115 problemas de... acercamiento con las mujeres RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tenía ese rollo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS un tipo desenvuelto en general RC CM not recognised se tomaron su tiempo antes de comenzar Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS están pololeando todavía Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY han tenido su par de quiebres Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES a él le ha servido montones Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES él lo necesitaba montones Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS están ahí [pololeando] Concreteness in Locative LOVE IS A JOURNEY [este otro amigo] tenía una cosa parecida Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS se puso pololear Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS / CONTAINERS [el tipo] peló su cable con la polola RC LOVE IS MADNESS dedicó parte importante de su vida a la relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS se desvinculó un poco de su casa, los estudios RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT es una [cosa] super fuerte Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT perdí un poco el contacto con él RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT pasa ésto Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY uno a la larga está bien RC CM not recognised en los momentos más críticos Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY está sujeta al tipo de relación que tengas Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES estás con alguien RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY hay relaciones que son tan vagas como estar con alguien Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tú tienes alguna afinidad con alguien Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES éso no es garantía de nada más Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised entonces por ese lado no Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY la infidelidad siempre está en función de [algo] CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no hay un patrón básico Concreteness in Objective EVETNS ARE,OBJECTS la infidelidad... de los pololeos típicos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS me pareció por una parte que era una especie de tradición Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la infidelidad no era una cosa muy grave Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [la infidelidad] es parte de tu libertad/ tu derecho Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tu libertad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES moverte en la vida independientemente Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY pero por otro lado Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY tenía que vivir esa cuestión Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tenía que afrontar el hecho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la pareja mía Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS [pareja] se metía con otra persona Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS al final Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY si tengo que ser como honesto en el asunto Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS me afecta/ me choca un poco RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tu libertad para enfrentar la vida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS me coloco más a la defensiva RC LOVE IS WAR trato... de dar por sentado [algo] CAH in Dative CM not recognised nada es demasiado firme, demasiado estable Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [relación] se pueda quebrar con ese tipo de cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me ha pasado Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY que no pueda seguir la relación de pareja Concreteness in OBjective LOVE IS A JOURNEY es complicado Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tienes como un poco el temor Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [temor] de que esa cosa pueda repetirse Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no puedes sacarte de la cabeza [algo] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES te molesta RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT como un hábito así un deporte RC CM not recognised podría pasarlo por alto RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me afecta montones Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBEJCTS me complica cada vez que hablo sobre eso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS estoy de acuerdo con [cosas] CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS muchas de las cosas que dices ahí Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo me siento de alguna forma agredido RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tengo claro también que [debo reprimirme] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES permanentemente estar reprimiendo los deseos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES desde ese punto de vista RC KNOWING IS SEEING hay algo así como lo que dices tú de deshumanización Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS existe esto de sentir [algo] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES que tú no puedes hacer lo que te gustaría Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS esa como comunicación paradójica que te plantean Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS se te están ofreciendo de alguna forma RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART uno siente una especie de agresión Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES/ EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT agresiones son parte natural Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la forma que tienes de relacionarte Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tú también estás agrediendo a otra gente RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT que uno tenga una pinta increíble Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES en la medida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS uno pueda estar despertando... interés/ deseos CAH in Dative STATES ARE PEOPLE [deseos] básicos en el resto de la gente Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES qué haces tú frente a ese tipo de provocación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS te dejes de reprimir RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT vas a perder el juicio Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [reprimirse] es parte de la forma de comunicarte Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

116 y relacionarte con la gente nada más Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE PEOPLE/ CONTAINERS/ tiene cierta lógica lo que hace Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS que yo pueda seguir su ejemplo Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY se está respondiendo a una agresión RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT se está evitando responder a otras CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE PEOPLE es una cuestión como comprensible Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no por eso la voy a respaldar Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT muy a pesar mío Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT desde que me acuerdo Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY pensando en eso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS toda esa paja de esta cosa psicoanalítica Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la civilización tiene que reprimir deseos CAH in Dative EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT sino no [la civilización] anda CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE mi vida no andaría CAH in Dative EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT si yo no reprimiera el deseo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tengo el mismo rollo de antes Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [el amor] no es algo que tenga definido/ preestablecido Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES en mi caso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [el amor] se va definiendo CAH in Dative STATES ARE OBJECTS van ocurriendo cosas/ me van ocurriendo cosas Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY en la vida Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS yo tenía como una visión de lo que era Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING no pensaba en el amor así en abstracto Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS tenía una visión en torno a qué sería una relación ideal Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES una cosa como chora, buena, bonita Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS me he planteado justamente el hecho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el peor daño que me podría hacer RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT a partir de eso Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY tú puedes sacar conclusiones Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS decir lo positivo o lo malo que ha sido Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT ya no lo veo en términos de una definición Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING [definición] a partir de la cual yo actúo Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY creo en algunas cosas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS poder establecer cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS mucho de eso es absolutamente inmanejable Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la mayoría de las cosas en este minuto son... inmanejables Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [el amor es] un afán de posesión Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES LOVE IS WAR un afán Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [el amor es] una cosa sí Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [el amor] es un deseo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBEJCTS deseo de poseer a otra persona RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART No estoy hablando en el sentido de Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY poseerla, de quererla para ti [la persona] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [el amor ] es un sentimiento egoísta Concreteness in Objective THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE existe como una especie de connotación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS connotación de propiedad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES se establece una relación amorosa Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS yo la veía, nos veíamos, nos vimos RC SPECIFIC IS GENERAL así se fue dando la cosa Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [cosa] un poco complicada Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS te da miedo todo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la idealizas [la relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS todo es super sagrado RC CM not recognised "ah, aquí hay perlas escondidas" RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS te llenas la cabeza de cuestiones Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES cuestiones que no tienen mucho sentido Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY tengo buenos recuerdos de éso Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [relación] tiene su lado bueno Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS el primer amor Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY uno establece las diferencias Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS mantenerla [relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS después casarte y todo eso Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY te ves una vida Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING una vida Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [pensar en matrimonio] siempre me pareció curioso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [relaciones] deberían ser largas Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY una relación dura lo que tiene que durar no más Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY más de dos días no la aguantas [la relación] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no aguantas a la persona RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES hay relaciones...que te funcionan re bien Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no sientes ningún tipo de incomodidad Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT esa sensación desagradable Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [sensación] de "qué hacer, qué digo..." Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Estás todo el tiempo [sintiendo algo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS sintiéndote responsable de la otra persona Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [relación] seria CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE [relación] tiende a ser larga Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY en este momento Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no tengo la cabeza ocupada con nadie Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no gasto mucho tiempo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

117 [no gasto tiempo] pensando en eso Concreteness in Objective TIME IS A RESOURCE me gusta la idea de [de hacer algo] Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT como de establecerte con alguien Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS establecerte... lejos de la gente/ familia Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS ser capaz como de formar un mundo aparte RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [mundo] donde realmente tú sientas [algo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS aunque haya otra gente... contigo RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY hay un nexo que sólo los une a ellos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [nexo] emotivo/ sexual Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [relación es] una cuestión que se construye de detallitos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [ella] hizo ésto/ hizo esto otro Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [hacer esto/ otro] es por algo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hay una...comunicación bien particular Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [comunicación] que le pertenece a la pareja Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES lo que es ser autosuficiente Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no necesitas demasiadas cosas de afuera Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS lo que tú hagas funcione con los dos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS sin mucha cosa exterior Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [suicidio] me parece una reverenda estupidez Concreteness in Objective THE EVENT FOT THE PEOPLE INVOLVED has sentido atracción por más de alguna RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT eso nunca es igual [la atracción] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS hay como constantes Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY el tipo de la mina puede ser constante Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS la forma en que tú te "obsesionas" Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS entre comillas RC CM not recognised las formas son diferentes Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS hay veces en que [formas] son como [algo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS otras veces también en que te sientes como Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS le disfrutas el lado negativo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS te deprimes RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT pero te gusta Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT la mayoría de los casos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [sufrimiento por amor es] masoquista CAH in Dative EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [sufrimiento] medio masoquista CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE [la gente] disfruta de ese tipo de pena Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT la mayor parte de las veces Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [matarse] no lo llego a concebir Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en todo caso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [matarse] es una decisión más o menos grandota Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS hay un momento en que Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS ya no disfruta ni su sufrimiento Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT le parece todo demasiado insoportable Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT pierdes toda posibilidad Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS GAMBLING ahí si que ya perdiste toda posibilidad Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS primero que nada Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY en el amor Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [en el amor] tienes... el afán por poseer Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ahí en éso está metido el orgullo/ amor propio CAH in Dative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS el amor propio Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES aunque no lo logres [el amor] Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS WAR tienes siempre como esa cuestión Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES estás tratando de sitiar un lugar RC LOVE IS WAR quemar las naves RC LOVE IS WAR conozco a miles RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [personas] que tienen algún tipo de relaciones Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES relación de ellos era bien enfermiza CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [relación] era demasiado negativa CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED disfrutaban los rollos que tenían Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES rollos que tenían uno con el otro Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES rollos macabros CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PEOPLE "que tú me echas a perder la psiquis" Concreteness in Objective THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT andaban deprimidos todo el día RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT pasaban todo el tiempo juntos RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY no podían tener amigos Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS una forma de amor Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS hay una cuestión que es como infidelidad Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Cuando [infidelidad] se produce en la relación Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS la relación al mismo tiempo Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS seguir manteniendo la relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [relación] normal RC THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [persona] tiene sus deslices... por ahí Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A JOURNEY [lealtad] es lo mínimo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [lealtad] se le puede pedir a una persona Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tu pareja RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART un mínimo de lealtad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE RESOURCES le dio la calentura con otra persona Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES hasta aquí no más llegamos RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY mientras más rápido sea el golpe RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT mantener una relación Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tener como festivos por ahí [en la relación] RC LOVE IS A JOURNEY no tiene sentido Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS por aquí, por allá CL EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ OCNTAINERS

118 jugar chueco RC LIFE IS GAMBLING la lógica del susodicho Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES justificar el ser un violador...con ese argumento Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en ningún caso estoy de acuerdo Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [mujer que se ve] rica RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT no hay mucho brillo en el asunto Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS en realidad Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS agresión psicológica RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [agresión] de parte de la mina RC EVETNS ARE OBJECTS el gallo responde con una agresión física RC ACTING IS SAYING [violar] sea una vía justificable Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la mayor parte de las veces Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS las mujeres se visten pensando en éso... en verse bien Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS verse bien precisamente delante de una mina RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT verse atractivas RC LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE llamar la atención RC CAUSING IS CALLING tienen como un doble pensamiento Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES despertar esos instintos básicos en el hombre CAH in Dative STATES ARE PEOPLE tú quieras echar una canita al aire RC CM not recognised (idiom) tienen esa limitante Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no relacionan no sé si éso Concreteness in Objective EVETNS ARE OBJECTS son [estúpidas] RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART minas que si lo hacen para provocarte RC LOVE IS PHYSICAL FORCE se van por la tangente Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY No se toman el agüita RC CM not recognised (idiom) llegar a violar a una mina Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY sentirla [persona] como propiedad de uno RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la sientes tuya RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES que es para tí Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES existe ese algo particular Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [algo] que no es para el resto de la gente Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES resto de la gente RC CM not recognised tener un sentimiento Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [afán] es egoísmo por un lado Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS quieres verlo realizado [al sentimiento] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la única manera de verlo realizado Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING tener a esa persona cerca RC EMOTONAL EFFECT IS PHYSOCAL CONTACT satisfacer ese deseo y ese sentimiento CAH in Dative THE STATE FOR THE PERSON

SECTION 2. TOPIC: DEATH - MODE: ORAL 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH FEMALE _______________________________________________________________________________________________Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What does it mean to me Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS other than just the end of life Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY I don't like to think about death Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON I have a lot of fear about death Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [death] means kind of an end Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY I kind of believe in an after life Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I have reservations about it Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES something sort of dark and scary to me Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a lot of people aren't scared of death Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON [death] means the end of me/of existence Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY we start all over again RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY people have the same idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES there is death Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS death is something [that has to happen] Concreteness in Obective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS there's a reason Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I try to think of [death] as something else Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [death] is a horrible/awful/sad thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS finally you leave RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY there's different kinds of deaths Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS an evil that had to happen Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS that would be my answer to that Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's strange you're talking about this Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I've just found out [an event] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a friend of mine Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES if I can remember something Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [the reaction]'s absolute sadness Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [the reaction]'s also a shock Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [death]never hits me until later Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death]'s like loss Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS someone is taken from you RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY you will never see somebody again RC KNOWING IS SEEING the whole realization that anyone can die Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a short time Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS your life can end Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY anyone's reaction Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

119 they've lost somebody Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's a weird subject Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS this thing of my friend who's just died Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's been in my head Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES they've no idea why Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES they kind of leave you RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY there has to be a reason why Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS other force who takes somebody away CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY it's a different death Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS death then is like a relief Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS finally there can be peace Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY on my death Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY it depends on when, on my life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY it would be grief Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS all they could ever say Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS the worst thing that could ever happen Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS to have their child died Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I've seen a couple of friends RC KNOWING IS SEEING the worst grief that you can live Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES they are taken away from you RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY at ten or twenty years Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY probably mine [attitude] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's a really bad attitude Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I don't want to go into that [subject] Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY if death comes CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death] could be the end and the beginning Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY of something else [death] shouldn't be looked at as a horrible thing Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING there's no escaping RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY people don't do a lot of things Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they are scared of dying CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON you won't take risks Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS there is a force that makes someone die CAH in Agent DEATH IS A PERSON something out there Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY it doesn't make sense to me Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS the worst attitude to have Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES you always have fears of unknown Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES the acceptance attitude Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS just accepting that Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS something that's going to be part of your life Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY do whatever you want Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS that's really hard to do [to accept it] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS he's going to come to her RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY in the middle of the night Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY the ghost of him Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES if somebody did come back RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY in a spiritual form Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS that wouldn't do anything to me CAH in Agent DEATH IS A PERSON a person who died in an accident Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY scared of not having an existence Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES at the minute I die Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I'll get somewhere and I'll be somewhere else RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY I believe in me coming back RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY I get those fears Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES being nothing is what scares me Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES that's hard [the question] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS people does need people around them RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT they can actually accept [a state] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS they are in shock Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY there's nothing I would know to talk about Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS what can I say? Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS death comes to you CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY giving them support and care Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS giving them space Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS in their whole life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY never have to deal with that [somebody's death] CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON it's really an awful subject Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [death]'s a good thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death] could be the start of a new life Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death]'s a very scary thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS nothing really continuing on afterwards RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death]'s a very fearful thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they're going to go to heaven RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY anyone welcomes death CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON few people know anything about death Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I have so much fear Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES someone who I was close to RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT I would be devastated RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL EFFECT I've got deep rooted fear of death Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I'm really close to my dad RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT I don't have anyone else CAH in Dative PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS he's been taking care of me Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS

120 the biggest fear Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [if he died] I'd go crazy RC LOVE IS MADNESS everybody would be shocked RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [my death] would ruin his life Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT in many ways I'm his creation RC CM not recognised he's put so much energy/time into me Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES he would be absolutely devastated RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT a person that talks so much Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS things I want to do with my life Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a big tragedy Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death] would be expected CAH in Dative DEATH IS APERSON [death] would be natural Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS everyone has to die at some point RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY you've lived a full life Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS your time has come CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you're ready to end or to move on RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY my friends would be about to die Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY at that time of your life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY opportunities are waiting her CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you've lived a complete life Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you had a family Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS a way of continuing on earth Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY you're going to come back RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY people that a have a faith Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES life continues Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY you can have some deep religious beliefs Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES you would still have doubts Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES there's something bigger out there Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY than what we see RC KNOWING IS SEEING my own death Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS the death of people Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you become part of the ecosystem Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS the one sure thing that you're going to have Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES in your life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY a lack of spirituality/of religious belief Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES everything is focused on the life Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING day by day Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY your life from when you're born till you die Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I kind of picture it Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING [I picture it] in one sense Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS falling asleep Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I think on the way I'd like to die Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS that the worst way to die Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you've been hurt in an accident Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you're dying in misery/in pain Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you lose consciousness Concretenesss in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS until that point [when you die] Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY one thing about dying Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS people that are left after you RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY the saddest thing about death Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS all the opportunities you're going to have Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS things that you are going to do Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS life is so short Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY a short amount of time Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY they have more time Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY you can't take any one's pain Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES part of life is pain Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY you cannot give advice Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS give that person your support Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS to make a change Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I would probably focus on [an aspect] Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING all the people they still have Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS life goes on Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY I put death on two categories Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I put death in natural/ shocking death Concreteness in Objective/ Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS looks like the way I define death Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING you've lived a full life Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death] still seems like it's unfair CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON I still have this idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES you get in this life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS AJOURNEY [life]consists of ninety years Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS AJOURNEY ninety years where you are allowed Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS AJOURNEY to do these different things Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS up to a certain point [allowed to do something] Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY have a career/ a job Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS to make a difference Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS as far as my life [is concerned] Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY I've been given opportunities Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I have a responsibility Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES I want to do something with my life Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS to fulfill all your hopes/ dreams Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS you have other plans Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

121 plans for the future CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY

2. AMERICAN ENGLISH MALE _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ to me Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [death] changes through life Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY death seems to me Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ KNOWING IS SEEING I have no idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES what comes afterwards Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I'm trying to pass RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY live and die and see what happens afterwards Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death] is finishing the stage Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death] is the most horrible thing Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS thing that can possibly happen Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [thing] happen to someone Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES their believes are not that strong Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it's nothing bad, good neither CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON distant relatives RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT I've really never had to confront [a person's death] CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON at the same time Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS I'd react in the same sense as someone else Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY a sadness for them Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES everybody that's losing that person RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES that wouldn't make sense Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS in a better place RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY they are missing... someone RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES that they'd lost someone RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [a person]played a big part in their lives Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS in the past/in the future Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY you're losing something RC PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES something they had in their lives Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS being afraid of [death] CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON [death] is so far away Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY if someone's happy with their life Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES they're going to have a different attitude Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES an easy time Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY that's just fear of death Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON everybody has some fear [of death] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES what's going to happen Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY the worst thing it could happen Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it's just a way of thinking Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS to be afraid at that thing [death] CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON do what you want Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS you can have a happy life Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES everything you want to accomplish Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I have no idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES it could be just that's over Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY there's nothing Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS there's something more to life Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS you just happen to be here Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS AJOURNEY there's something afterwards Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY to see what is it really that's after death Concreteness in Locative KNOWING IS SEEING that one's really hard [the question] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I don't know what to say Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS it would drive me crazy [if my mom and dad died] RC LOVE IS MADNESS it's a horrible story Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS after what I've said Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY [death] could be the end of everything Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death]'s the end of a stage Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY you're going to a next point Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY American Medical Association defines death CAH in Objective INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE a complete and irrevocable cesation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS cesation of the heart Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised the heart and the brain are dead CAH in Dative THE PART FOR THE WHOLE nothing happens Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY their spirit has... afterlife CAH in Dative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [afterlife] based on how they comported themselves Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE SURFACES during their lives Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY some people fear death CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON too much/enough [fear] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [they] died in a plane crash Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY a funny situation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS they weren't very close friends of mine RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT their death affected me Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON I went to the funeral Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY there was a lot of hysteria Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES some of it seemed to me[not]genuine Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING they were going through grief Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS

122 I didn't say anything Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS some of the things that happened Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I had a near death experience Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY near-death Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY I had a bicycle accident Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS I was in pain Concreteness in Locative LIFE IAS A JOURNEY no more pain Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS the next day Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY it was an utter and absolute cold Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS it was like absolute zero Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS to accept it [death] Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON [death] is going to come one day or another CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY be prepared for [death] Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised on some subconsciouss level Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES to recognize [death] Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON accept it as a process and move on RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY you see an article about a family RC KNOWING IS SEEING twelve years after the kid's dead Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY that kind of behaviour is unhealthy Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS my family would be unhappy CAH in Dative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART no obligations Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no schedules Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no wings RC CM not recognised I'd even go so far as to say[something] Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY on a personal level Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES most of the words I'd say Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [words]would be ill-chosen and inappropriate Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised if I had to say something Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES whatever came to my mind Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES how deep their sorrow/their loss was Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES whatever they want to talk about Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS I'd have much to say Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [death]'s a universal experience Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [death]'s the start of something Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [death]'s the end of life Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY there's anything beyond Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY

3. CHILEAN SPANISH FEMALE _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [la muerte] es el fin de una etapa y de una vida Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY después de esta vida hay otra vida Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la gente se va al cielo RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY volvemos a la tierra RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY uno es la reencarnación de otra persona Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES que ha vivido antes un dolor Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS un pesar Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [x] ha sido muy doloroso Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tener a esa persona RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS persona al lado de uno RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY [persona] no va a volver RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la muerte] me impresiona CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON la muerte de cualquier persona Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES gente la ha querido ver RC KNOWING IS SEEING en vida Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY no me gusta RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT me molesta RC CM not recognised yo veo que [x] Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING cuál es el afán Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no tiene sentido Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS rebelarse contra la muerte CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON encuentro que [x] [= pienso que] Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING que uno se vaya a morir Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY cuando se toma la muerte con tranquilidad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no pasa esa etapa Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la tranquilidad es una cosa Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES sólo le pido a Dios CAH in Dative CM not recognised [Dios] me de tranquilidad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS sea [la muerte] aceptada CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON la gente dice RC CM not recognised en el momento de morir Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY dado el momento Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [momento [sea] fácil Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised sentir que uno va a morir Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY dejar todo lo que uno tiene RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY dejar las personas que uno quiere RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY yo tengo esta idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES nadie ...yo creo... quiere morirse Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

123 me pasa una cosa Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY iré a ver a mis nietos RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY verlos a todos grandes RC KNOWING IS SEEING ahí es cuando Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY me da un poco de desesperación Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no alcanzaré a ver Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY verlas [a mis nietas] en la Universidad Concreteness in Locative KNOWING IS SEEING están ya en la edad de lolitas Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY tengo [una] bisnieta RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS empiezo a sacar la cuenta RC CM not recognised hasta qué edad la iré a ver Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY no me amargo ni nada RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT es una cosa natural Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS más que nada me gustaría Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tener tranquilidad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES es una incógnita para mi Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no sé lo que va a pasar Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY no tengo claro [el concepto] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES darle tranquilidad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES está descansando [la persona muerta] RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY nadie puede cambiar el destino Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY lo bueno que debe haber tenido esa persona Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS una etapa en la vida Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [etapa] a la cual todos...tenemos que llegar Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la ley de la vida Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised no hay otra razón Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [la muerte es] el viaje sin retorno Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la muerte es]un proceso de la vida Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY la muerte se origina por haber vivido CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON la muerte siempre debería llegar CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY sería un poco más justa la muerte CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON [la muerte] llegaría en quienes Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [quienes]necesitan irse RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY lo que ha veces hace falta para la vida Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS final de un proceso Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la muerte] es provocada CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON la muerte en sí es una cosa Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no debiéramos temerle a la muerte CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON la muerte es una sorpresa Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECST la vida misma está muy atada a la muerte Concreteness in Objective DEATH IS A PERSON lo que existe es la vida Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS de la muerte nace otra vida CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON un devenir constante Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [materia orgánica] se vuelca en otra vida Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS vuelve a nacer otra cosa de eso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la muerte se termina Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY renacer en otra vida CAH in Dative CM not recognised [la materia] genera otra vida CAH in Dative CM not recognised la muerte es un mito Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS se le van los seres queridos RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY se acabó Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la muerte] es el fin Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY la gente sufre tanto Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la muerte se lleva la materia Concreteness in Objective/ CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY/ DEATH IS A PERSON una cosa que el ser humano tiene Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES el alma está latente Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [el fallecido] deja como una huella RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY algún rasgo especial dentro de sí Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ese ser que se fue RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY [ser] que lloramos RC CM not recognised está como rondándonos [el alma] CAH in Agent CM not recognised [el ser muerto está] presente en nuestras vidas CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY en una cosa... está mi respuesta Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS lo que desaparece de nuestro lado RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY un árbol... da vida CAH in Agent CM not recognised de sus deshechos [del árbol]nace otra vida CAH in Dative CM not recognised la muerte se lleva lo querido CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON se fue la persona RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY para nunca más Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY no les queda un solo consuelo a esas personas Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES no ve a sus seres queridos RC KNOWING IS SEEING [los seres queridos]los acompañan RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY el ser humano es una cosa Identification Conflict PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS [el ser humano] tiene inquietudes/ vivencias Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES en fin Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY [el ser humano] es una cosa muy completa/ muy valiosa Identification Conflict PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la muerte no acaba con CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY la persona deja de existir... en éste momento Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY o rincón de este universo la muerte se llevó al ser querido CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY la materia sufre ese deterioro CAH in Dative CM not recognised y llega la muerte CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY

124 sale esa parte valiosa del ser humano Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES eso nunca muere CAH in Dative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES todo lo que trae ese ser humano [el que nace] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ya penetró esa cosa Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [eso] que la trae Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ya viene ese ser con eso Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY no va a venir un espíritu CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY el espíritu vuela CA in Dative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tiene la facultad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES una amiga mía perdió a su madre RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS [ella] se hacía querer Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS doy un pésame Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS ella ha muerto acá Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY nunca te va a abandonar Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY te va a estar rondando/ te va a acompañar CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY siempre va a estar... su presencia junto a ti CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY sienten un consuelo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES yo lo percibo en la gente Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT había mucha pena Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES él nunca se va a ir de tu lado RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY el espíritu va a vivir junto a ti CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY hasta que la muerte los separe CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY tú quedaste ahora aquí RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY él... te va a acompañar/ va a ser tu guía CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY que penetren en tu pensamiento cosas lindas Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES eso ya está en la respuesta Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised frente a personas RC CM not recognised viene ese tremendo espasmo del sufrimiento Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY la angustia tremenda Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES un dolor muy inmenso/ muy profundo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES ella está en la flor de la vida Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY sobre mi angustia/ mi dolor/ mi pena Concreteness in Locative PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tenía que ver por mis dos viejos RC CM not recognised estaban pero totalmente deshechos RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT tuve que hacer acopio pero de toda mi serenidad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES volvió mi padre/ mi madre RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY no se podía hacer nada contra la muerte CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON es lo único que no puede impedir el hombre CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON el momento de morir llega CAH in Agent LIFE IS A JOURNEY el hombre no ha podido vencer a la muerte CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON es la ausencia lo que la persona llora Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la falta de su presencia Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY yo soy un ser tan apegado a mi familia RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT es tanto lo que los quiero Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES fuerza de voluntad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS me voy a hacer presente Concreteness in Agent CM not recognised canciones comprometidas CAH in Dative THE WORK FOR THE AUTHOR yo iría en el espacio escuchando mi canción RC CM not recognised les voy a dejar muchos recuerdos Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY voy a estar siempre presente en muchas cosas Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS los que han sentido algún afecto o cariño por mi Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES despojos de persona RC CM not recognised [la materia] va a crear una nueva forma CAH in Agent STATES ARE OBJECTS la parte espiritual... va a existir limpia/ pura Concreteness in Objective THE PART OF THE WHOLE la persona... se libera de todo eso que le dañó RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT lo que se va hacia arriba RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY la parte sublime/ espiritual Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES

4. CHILEAN SPANISH MALE _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ el fin de todo Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY que me extienda [en el tema] Concreteness in Locative DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY que haya otra cosa Concreteness in Objective STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS más allá de la muerte Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY si vienen otras preguntas Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY a mí me asustaba mucho[la muerte] CAH in Dative DEATH IS A PERSON cuando chico RC AGE IS GROWTH la primera vez [que supe de éso] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS supe de éso Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS me puse a llorar RC CM not recognised me acuerdo muy claro Concreteness in Objective KNOWING IS SEEING en el momento Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY supe mi mortalidad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tenía yo de conciencia Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES todos teníamos que morir Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo lloraba desconsoladamente Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [la muerte] es una cosa natural Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS es una parte más allá de la vida Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY hay algo más sobre ese mismo tema Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS

125 la gente inventa cosas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [cosas] sobre la muerte Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECT buscarle un más allá Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la cosa [la muerte] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS es mi idea Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS abracé la religión Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la religión que me impusieron Concreteness in Objective STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ahí [cuando niño] Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY con mucha devoción/ entusiasmo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS hice ayunos y cosas Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS uno agarra papa de las cosas Concreteness in Objective STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en el fondo [uno se deja estafar] Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY uno escucha cosas tan bonitas Concreteness in Objects EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hacerse rico Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la gente busca que la engañen Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY una forma de lenguaje Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hay un más allá Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY si [uno] se comporta de determinada forma Concreteness in Objective STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [uno]va a alcanzar una vida eterna Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY vida eterna junto a la divinidad CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [la muerte de amigos] me impacta Concreteness in Instrument EVENTS ARE OBJECTS he tenido la desgracia Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS fatalizado con ese sino Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS dos íntimos amigos míos RC CM not recognised yo tenía 20 años Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS un accidente en el cual yo estuve Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY era el que reemplazó a ése [amigo muerto] RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS uno vuelca todas sus emociones/inquietudes Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES /deseos/afanes en el amigo [uno]es receptor de[deseos/afanes,etc.] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES la muerte de mi padre me afectó mucho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la [muerte]de mi madre fue especial Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en la muerte Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [en la muerte]uno acompaña al amigo Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY la muerte del padre/la esposa/la amiga Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ya no hay nada que hacer Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS al amigo cuando está dolido RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT para que quiero más Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES si se acabó ya Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY hagan lo que quieran Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hay algo que proveer Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo proveería mi incineración Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS gente me vaya a ver al cementerio RC CM not recognised hay una calificación ahí [en la pregunta] Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no es bueno [morir] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS es el fin de la vida Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY todo lo que termina Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY todo lo que termina es malo para lo que está Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no lo veo positivo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS si se tuviese una enfermedad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES [la muerte]podría ser un alivio Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS éso tendría que verlo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS pedir la muerte Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no me ha pasado [estar enfermo terminal] Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY una cosa así Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no tengo opinión Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES en este momento Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY si se me viene la muerte CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY más allá de la vida Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [más allá] nos espera algo superior Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY yo no tengo fe Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES se me ocurre la muerte Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS dentro de las cosas [que yo pedía] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS yo siempre pedía [cosas] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo pedía siempre una muerte serena Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ponerme sereno frente a la muerte Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [gente que]la van a matar/se va a morir Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY tiene una enfermedad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES tome una postura Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS de otra forma Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised tendría una postura distinta Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS en este minuto Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY [ahora]donde yo me siento sano Concreteness in Locative EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT me siento con entusiasmo Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES entusiasmo para seguir Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY tengo cosas pendientes Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY me daría mucho susto Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES me vi enfrentado a [la muerte de un amigo] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS darle mi pésame Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES una sinceridad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS no sé que decirte Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS para redondearte [el punto] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS

126 si yo tuviese algún poder Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES alguien influyente RC CM not recognised una cosa de salvajes Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS esa es una cosa [los cementerios] Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS va a ser un recuerdo Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised la gente atrasada de las épocas RC HISTORY IS A JOURNEY hacen unos homenajes Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS entré a trabajar al empleo público Concreteness in Loactive CM not rtecognised andaba apurado de plata Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised le sacó cualquier plata [a la venta] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS yo lo encontré fantástico [el negocio] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS mi opinión que tengo al respecto Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES mitificar a la muerte Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS hay momentos en que me emociono Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOUSNEY alguna cosa me llama a recordarle CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no voy a hacer un alarde Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS no trato de herir a nadie RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTAC T [nadie] que tenga algún sentimiento/idea Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES en tu entrevista Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised eso debiera manejarse más civilizadamente Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised todo lo que tengo que decir Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS se me quedó algo oscuro Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OB JECTS [la muerte]es un cese de actividades Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS uno cae en un estado de sueño Concreteness in LOCATIVE STATES ARE OBJECTS una pérdida absoluta de la conciencia Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS CONTAINERS dentro de lo que yo me rodeo Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised la parte religiosa Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS vida que continúa después en otra forma Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY lo que indican las religiones CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la vida eterna Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY es una cuestión totalmente inesperada Concreteness in Objective STATES/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS una torpeza en las labores normales Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la parte afectiva/ sentimental Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [la parte afectiva] se siente deteriorada Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la angustia que viene Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY ya en el suceso Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY persona que ha perdido a una persona conocida RC PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS [la muerte es] un hecho natural Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el grado de amistad/conocimiento Concreteness in Objective LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE [amistad] que pueda tener con una persona Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [la muerte de un desconocido]no me altera mayormente Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS un familiar directo RC CM not recognised que descubran lo que hice yo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS si es que dejé algo Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY un punto en mi personalidad Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES se reconozca en mí algún hecho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS que no te altere la muerte de otra persona CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE OBJECTS tiene que haber una actitud Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS reconocer en otras personas que somos todos personas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS que vivimos en una sociedad Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY que formamos parte de ùna sociedad] Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS la indiferencia frente al hecho Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS reconocer los méritos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS los méritos que ha tenido Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [una persona] en su trayectoria Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY a veces no están muy bien claros [los méritos] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [los méritos]van dirigidos a un beneficio Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS beneficio de grandes masas Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE las cosas buenas que haya hecho esa persona Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS en su núcleo familiar Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised recordar sus méritos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ha debido tenerlos [méritos] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES uno tiene un tiempo Concreteness in Objective TIME IS AMONEY prepararse para morir Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY recibir [la muerte] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS lo que me ha pasado Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY voy a morir por muerte de una enfermedad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS las enfermedades que yo he tenido Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES se me empiece a apagar el rayo de luz Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised [la muerte]es un camino natural de todas las personas Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY las cosas no se acaban ahí Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY los que se quedan vivos RC LIFE IS A JOURNEY el es un miembro de la familia Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised que se destruya la familia Concreteness in Objective EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT sacar fuerza y seguir batallando Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES seguir dándole color a la vida Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised ese hecho no lo va a apagar a uno RC CM not recognised yo lo tomo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [un hecho] en el cual Concreteness in Locative LIFE IS A JOURNEY uno tiene tiempo Concreteness in Objective TIME IS MONEY ordenar sus cosas Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised llegado el momento de [morir] Concreteness in Objective LIFE IS A JOURNEY

127 la parte material Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised crear un compromiso económico a los demás Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS si uno puede vislumbrar eso Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [el hecho] de la muerte es imposible impedirlo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

128

SECTION 3. TOPIC: ECONOMICS - MODE: WRITTEN 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ telephone industry offered...to invest Concreteness [C]/ THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE Animateness [A] RESPONSIBLE Humanity [H] in Agent the industry...create[something] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE door-to-door information network RC CONDUIT METAPHOR Clinton administration frees[telephone industry] CAH in Agent/ Objective THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [government] frees [industry] to develop CAH in Agent/ Dative ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE to link every US home and business into a Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR national information system industry wants [something] CAH in Dative THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE the federal government to [do something] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [government] remove restrictions CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE restrictions preventing [something] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE companies...providing...service CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [companies provide] long-distance service CAH in Agent/ RC CONDUIT METAPHOR the break-up of AT & T Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE [break-up] created the Regional Bell Companies CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE companies say [something] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [event] would allow [companies] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [companies] recoup their investment CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE administration's support for...goals CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE to accelerate private investment Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE restrictions on the industry Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE the proposal marks the first time CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE Concreteness in Objective industry has united CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE a common vision RC UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING a common vision backed up CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE PEOPLE [commitments] backed up[something] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE we have come together RC ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE the industry would invest[figure] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE advanced...network RC ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE the network would make possible [something] RC CONDUIT METAPHOR Telemedicine, providing enhanced CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE diagnostic Telemedicine...improving in home- CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE Distance learning, linking CAH in Agent CONDUIT METAPHOR/ every school with the Library RC EVENTS ARE PEOPLE Telecommuting, allowing user CAH in Agent CONDUIT METAPHOR/ to work at home EVENTS ARE PEOPLE Telecommuting...reducing pollution, CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE information [be] raw material Identification Conflict CONDUIT METAPHOR (explicit metaphor) Competitors of ...industry RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED [competitors] were quick to criticize [x] RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED [industries] Competitors of CAH in Agent ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE AT & T supports [something] CAH in Agent THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE AT & T supports [call] CAH in Agent CONDUIT METAPHOR Concreteness in Objective information superhighway RC CONDUIT METAPHOR long-distance carrier RC CONDUIT METAPHOR [carrier] opposes [x and y] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE [government] removing restrictions CAH in Agent ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE on the [companies] Concreteness in Objective [companies] enjoy local monopolies CAH in Dative THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [We have] competition... RC ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE competition in long-distance [market] Concreteness in Locative ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE [companies'] monopoly goes away Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE restrictions ought to go away Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS A RACE __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________

2. CHILEAN SPANISH __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations SC Recognition Network [RN] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Una semana revuelta Concreteness in Dative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [el caso] casi pasa a segundo plano Concreteness in Positioner BEHIND IS LESS la suspensión de las transacciones Concreteness in Objective UNCOMPLETION IS UP/ COMPLETION IS DOWN el caso ...comenzó el martes RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS la compañía [CTC]decidió impugnar las tarifas Concreteness [C]/ INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Animateness [A]/ Humanity [H] in Agent [tarifas] propuestas por el Gobierno CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [tarifas] afectarían ... resultados Concreteness in C/O ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES [CTC] proyectado un alza de tarifas CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE

129 alza de tarifas Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN [Gobierno] proyectado [algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE baja de tarifas Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN una ...corrida en los mercados bursátiles Concreteness in Locative INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS proteger a los inversionistas frente a Concreteness in Causer ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE las fuertes variaciones de precio PHYSICAL DAMAGES esta medida se tomó... en Estados Unidos. Concreteness in Objective CAUSATION IS EMERGENCE [precio] cayó...13,8%, Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN vino la suspensión de negocios Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS UNCOMPLETION IS UP/ COMPLETION IS DOWN Supertintendencia decidió[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la información entregada Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR información entregada por CTC CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE efecto que las ...tarifas tendrían Concreteness in Causer [C]/ ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE en los resultados de la empresa Concreteness in Objective [O] PHYSICAL DAMAGES [CTC] considerar que[algo] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE tarifas impactan ...en los resultados de la empresa Concreteness in C/O ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES el Decreto... en el cual se fijan las tarifas Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES Concreteness in Locative [Decreto] no se ajusta a las bases tecnico-económicas Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES Concreteness in Locative [CTC] presentar ante la Contraloría CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [CTC] solicitándole [a Contraloría] tomar razón del [decreto] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE se abstenga [Contraloría] de tomar razón del [decreto] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Contraloría acogió la impugnación CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Estado fija] tarifas CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Contraloría] devolvió los antecedentes a la Subsecretaria CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Subsecretaría] realizara reestudio CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el Gobierno se encuentra preparando el informe ' CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [informe] solicitado por Contraloría CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Gobierno] negociando con [CTC] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE un comunicado del Ministerio de Transportes CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Secretaría... dejó muy en claro[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la Secretaría] negando que[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [decreto] rechazado [Contraloría] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el Gobierno no aceptará[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE las presiones de CTC CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [impresionar] al Gobierno CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE CTC se apresuró en informar[algo] a la Superintendencia CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [CTC se apresuró en informar a los mercados bursátiles CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE CTC afirmó[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el Gobierno cometió algunos errores CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Ministerio] estaba buscando información CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE CTC está reacia a[hacer algo] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE lo que pide CTC CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE autoridades fijaron un ingreso CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE CTC solicitó [un ingreso] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE CTC cumplió con el requisito CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [organismo] requiere [información] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el directorio advierte[algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la consideración de la comisión CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la comisión] entregue informe CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la necesidad que tiene el mercado CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [mercado] tomar sus decisiones CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Ellos esperan enfrentar una CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la Corte podría demorar CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [recurso] presentado ante la Corte CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE los efectos [que tarifas podrían] tener en otras acciones Concreteness in C/O ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES el efecto de las observaciones Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES los efectos financieros Concreteness in Objective ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES el mercado... afectado por el caso Concreteness in C/O ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES [tarifas] iban a afectar rentabilidad Concreteness in C/O ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE PHYSICAL DAMAGES las empresas... están sujetas a [event] Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES fijación de tarifas Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES en este marco se tomó la decisión Concreteness in Locative ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES se fijan las tarifas [en el decreto] Concreteness in Objective / ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES Concreteness in Locative [el] sector eléctrico Concreteness in Locative ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES tomar decisiones sobre base cierta Concreteness in Locative ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES el cálculo se basa en [event] Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES Concreteness in Locative las autoridades fijaron un ingreso Concreteness in Objective ACTIVITIES ARE SURFACES tener presencia en Wall Street Concreteness in Locative INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS instrumentos que se transan en Concreteness in Locative INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS precio al que [ADR] cerró el martes Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS la tarifas...que se encontraban Concreteness in Objective/ INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS en Contraloría Locative cerrando en US$110,5 Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS [acciones] cayeron en 10,74% en el Concreteness in Objective/ INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS mercado local Locative CTC efectuó [impugnación] ante la contraloría Concreteness in Locative INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS

130 [ingresos] reducirse en [figure] Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN lo que implicó una baja de 7,46% RC MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN [acciones] cayeron en 10,74% Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN el IPSA cayera 1,4% Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN el fin de las transacciones RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS según trascendió RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS lo que plantea el decreto CAH in Agent SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC ENTITIES ARE PEOPLE impresionar a la opinión pública CAH in Dative SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC ENTITIES ARE PEOPLE las acciones ...reiniciaron sus transacciones CAH in Agent SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC ENTITIES ARE PEOPLE el hecho indica que [x] CAH in Agent SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC ENTITIES ARE PEOPLE [mercado] tomar sus decisiones sobre base cierta CAH in Agent SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC ENTITIES ARE PEOPLE informaciones recogidas por Concreteness in Objective/ CONDUIT METAPHOR agencias de prensa CAH in Agent CONDUIT METAPHOR ministerio estaba buscando informacion CAH in Agent/ CONDUIT METAPHOR Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR difundir [temas] en forma publica Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR [informaciones] han señalado que [x] Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR Levantan suspensión Concreteness in Objective UNCOMPLETION IS UP/ COMPLETION IS DOWN se implantó la suspensión Concreteness in Objective UNCOMPLETION IS UP/ COMPLETION IS DOWN se clarifique el tema Concreteness in Objective UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING Secretaría dejó muy en claro [x] Concreteness in Objectiv UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING se tomó la decisión Concreteness in Objective CAUSATION IS EMERGENCE pasado el mediodía Concreteness in Objective TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT existía una campaña orquestada para [x] RC [PLANNED ACTIONS ARE MUSICAL WRITINGS] a juicio [del ministro] Concreteness in Objective PEOPLE ARE CONTAINERS OF STATES las empresas...tener presencia en Concreteness/Animateness SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC INFLUENCE IS Wall Street in Positioner PHYSICAL ACTION de aquí se deriva la impugnación Concreteness in Objective ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY observaciones sometidas a Concreteness in C/O ARGUMENT IS WAR la incertidumbre se apoderó de Concreteness in C/O STATES ARE ENEMIES/ los agentes del mercado EMOTIONAL IS DOWN se generó un alto grado de incertidumbre Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE PHYSICAL FORCES el caso ...comenzó el martes RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

131

SECTION 4. TOPIC: POLITICS - MODE: WRITTEN 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations Semantic Conflict [SC] Recognition Network [RN] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a new balance of power Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS balance...could create prospects for progress CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER progress in conflict RC CM not recognised the top people RC HIGHER IS BETTER top people are very much alone RC CM not recognised officials head for the foxholes RC CM not recognised [officials] throwing out memoranda RC CM not recognised tough decisions Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS nation's gratitude CAH in Dative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [Bush would be] holding the coalition together RC/ Concreteness in Objective CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS during the buildup Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [Bush would be] gaining Congressional backing RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED steering the country to the point Concreteness in Objective/ POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Locative the point where allied and domestic support coincided Concreteness in Locative/ POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Objective a leader in his [Bush's] position Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [leader] expended so much time and effort Concretness in Objective TIME IS MONEY challenges the president will have to face Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS after all Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS the purpose fo victory CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER [victory tought] to ensure a lasting peace CAH in Dative/Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER to that end Concreteness in Locative AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY The United States should move CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [The United States should] implement...measures CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE in the immediate aftermath of the war Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/CONTAINERS arms-control RC OBJECT USED FOR USER policy for the gulf RC THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT policy...to prevent [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER weapons race CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER [recurrence of the weapons race] contributed to...conflict CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER economic and social development Concreteness in Objective POLITICS IS A JOURNEY development under...the auspices of...Council CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Council] embraces the nations of the gulf CAH in Agent/Dative INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Arab allies of the Unites States could join this effort CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE effort...designed Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS effort...to defuse the argument Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS this is a conflict of rich against poor RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART A process to address the...dispute CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER the original Iraqui-Kuwaiti dispute CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Direct negotiations Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS negotiations between two countries CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE negotiations...would be inherently unbalanced Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS disparity...compounded Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised pillaging of [Iraq'] neighbor CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE issues are susceptible Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS legal determination CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER [issues] could be put to [Court] Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ Locative PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION remaining issues Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS issues are handled Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS within the framework Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS imposing... sanctions Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS tough sanctions Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ OBJECT USED FOR USER sanctions against terrorism Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE The world stand impotently CAH in Dative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART world...transfixed by thousands of hostages CAH in Dative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART Countries harboring terrorist groups CAH in Agent/Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Countries...must be confonted with several reprisals CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE reprisals, including...measures Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS if other pressures fail Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Over the long run Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY our biggest challenge RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART to preserve the new balance of power Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS balance...will emerge from this conflict Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative conventional American thinking CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [thinking] translates into ...notion Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised new world order RC THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION order...would emerge from ...arrangements Concreteness in Objective/LocativeEVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [order] be safeguarded by collective security CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE PEOPLE

132 such an approach RC POLITICS IS A JOURNEY approach...assumes that [something] CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER every nation perceives [something] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE every challenge to...order CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER [every nation] is prepared to run ...risks/ preserve [order] CAH in Dative/Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE order will see [something] CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER centers of power Concreteness in Locative/ CM not recognised Objective centers reflect [something] Concreteness in Objective OBJECT USED FOR USER [centers'] perceptions CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER centers of power...within /between regions Concreteness in Objective/ PLACES ARE CONTAINERS Locative peace can be maintained Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS peace can be maintained...by domination Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [peace maintained] by equilibrium Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS The United States [does not] want to dominate CAH in DativeAgent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE The United States [is not] able to do [something] CAH in DativeAgent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE we need to rely on a balance RC/Concreteness in Locative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS to rely on[something] globally Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS to rely on [something] regionally Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS we must prevent situations Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS situations where [some things happen] Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS radical countries CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE countries are tempted by some vacuum CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [situations are] forcing us to [do something] RC/ CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER/ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [we] replay to the same crises RC/ Concreteness in Objective WHOLE FOR THE PART/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS albeit with different actors RC CM not recognised in the final analysis Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY diplomatic options...made matters worse CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER [options] left Iraq in a...position CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY [no option] addressed [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER the root problem RC CM not recognised the gulf's lack of security CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER lack of security...drew [figure of] Americans CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER Americans [were drawn] into the region RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART in the first place Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY a deployment that certified [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER the gap...between Iraq and...Arab countries CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Iraq's] military capacity/power CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE the moderate Arab countries CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE diplomatic solution...did not produce [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER a dramatic reduction CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED reduction of Iraq's military power Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS reduction of...power Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS diplomatic solution...would have been a victory for Saddam Hussein RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED [Hussein] engage in actual physical aggression RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED Iraq's...superiority CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE superiority speaks for itself CAH in Agent CM not recognised [superiority] progressively undermining...governments Concreteness in Objectives EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS governments that supported the United States CAH in Agent/Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Hussein is] able to exploit his position Concreteness in Objective/ CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [Hussein's] position within OPEC RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED [Hussein would] achieve an increase in oil prices RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED a greater share of production Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS These two steps Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Iraq [is given] resources CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE resources to increase [Iraq's] military buildup Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTIONS ARE BUILDINGS/ CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE buildup, including ...programs Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS United States [be] left with...choice CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [United States] keeping...ground forces CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [United States] desestabilizing the region CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [United States'] withdrawal CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE operations now in motion Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS result [is] to bring into balance the military capability of Iraq Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS military capability of Iraq against its neighbors in the gulf CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE maintaining equilibrium...requires [Americans] to do [something] CAH in Agent/Dative/ RC OBJECT USED FOR USER/ WHOLE FOR THE PART [Americans]navigate between a solution...and an outcome CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iraq too strong/too weak CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE After all Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY the one-sided way Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Western nations rushed to the defense of Iraq CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE defense of Iraq in its war against Iran CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Western nations] forgetting[something] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iran was excessively weakened CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iraq might become the next aggressor CAH in Dative/Objective INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE another bout of tunnel vision RC SEEING IS KNOWING

133 vision produced [something] Concreteness in Objectives EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [Iran would] seek to refill the vacuum CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE one military goal Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY to pull the teeth of Iraq's offensive capability CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE destroying [Iraq's] capacity CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Iraq's] resist invasion CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE invasion from covetous neighbors CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE We should take care that Scud missiles are not re-introduced RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART we should prevent Iraq from [doing something] RC/ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART/ CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Iraq's] reacquiring the means CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Iraq would] manufacture...weapons CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iraq's capacity to defend itself CAH in Dative/Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE in the long run Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY [Iraq's capacity would] not be a threat to stability CAH in Datives/ RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ OBJECT USED FOR USER/ THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED [balance of] based on...presence Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS the weakness of diplomatic solutions CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER solutions...kept Iraq's military preponderance intact CAH in Agent/Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER/ INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [a Western force] become the target of agitation CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE cultural gap between...American troops and the local population RC CONDUIT METAPHOR the best-behaved American troops RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART cultural gap...is unbridgeable RC CONDUIT METAPHOR after a brief period Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS our experiences in Lebanon RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART experiences including terrorism and sabotage Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS forces should be withdrawn CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE residual forces should be stationed CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE forces...stationed beyond the horizon RC CM not recognised forces...stationed...at sea RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE monitoring...by Arab members of the coalition CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE military equilibrium RC STATES ARE OBJECTS equilibrium...cannot be the sole aim Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY aim of the American policy in the gulf CAH in Agent/ INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE American policy in the gulf Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative America[would]learn to become less dependent on oil CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [America would] generate a viable energy program CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE We cannot suffer through an energy crisis RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART We should stress conservation RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [we should] develop alternative sources of energy RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [we] avoiding the self-indulgent attitudes RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART self-indulgent attitudes of the 1980 CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER plentiful oil caused [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER the search for alternative energy sources Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY search...to be largely abandoned Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Soviet designs on the region CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE renewed soviet designs on the region Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative For the time being Concreteness in Objective TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT domestic problems keep the Soviets from [doing something] RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [Soviets] running any significiant foreign risks RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART Russian expansionism toward the gulf CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Russian] proclivity CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE This drive may be compounded Concreteness in Objective POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Moscow's preoccupation grows CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE domestic equilibrium is restored Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Kremlin may become more active in the Middle East CAH in Agent/ RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION the intensity of that thrust RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT intensity...will depend on internal developments Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative developments within the Soviet Union CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION if the Muslim republics CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE republics remain Soviet CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Moscow will be wary of [something] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Muslim radicalism CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [radicalism] inflame [Russian] Muslim population CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE United States would be totally isolated CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE at such a forum Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS The behaviour of France CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE behaviour...prior to the gulf war Concreteness in Objective POLITICS IS A JOURNEY behaviour is a small taste RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT [America] being a mediator CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [America would] be maneuvered into [a] role CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE the role of [America being] Israel's lawyer CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Israel would regard [something] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE any independent position we took RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART

134 a betrayal of [Israel's] interests CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE sensible nation CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [nation] voluntarily throw itself into [something] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE into such a maelstrom Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative everything depends on our influence RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART United States/Arab countries/ Israel are...the principal participants CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE for[Israel's] own sake CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Israel must find a middle way CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Israel's] most dangerous enemy has been defeated CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [American negotiator] distilling [a] settlement from... passions RC CM not recognised an interim settlement Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS confusing passions of the Middle East CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iraq's military capacity reduced CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Arab leaders/ Israel] turn to the peace process CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE with authority and confidence maneuvers imposed by [King Hussein of Jordan's] vulnerability RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED agreement ...has been in force Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS agreement has been... observed Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS if the Muslim republics break off CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE if the Muslim republics ...became independent CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Moscow[would] seek favor in...states CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE the breakaway states CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Moscow's] embracing Islamic radicalism CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Muslim world turns more extremist CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE balance... will revive prospects for progress CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER progress on the Arab-Israeli conflict Concreteness in Objective/ POLITICS IS A JOURNEY Locative A peace progress dominated by Saddam Hussein RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED peace progress... heavily dominated by [Hussein] RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED peace process...would have been a debacle RC CM not recognised peace process... would have taught the lesson CAH in Agent EVETNTS ARE PEOPLE radicalism, terrorism and force are the road to diplomatic progress Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY in the Middle East Bush was right in resisting [something] RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED the linkage of the Kuwait and Palestinian problems CAH in Dative/ RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART Saddam defeated RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED moderate Arab leaders will gain in stature RC MORE IS UP America's credibility will be enhanced CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Israel will have a breathing space CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE equation ...translated into ...diplomatic effort RC CM not recognised [translation done] within...months Concreteness in Objective/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Locative Far for amounting to linkage Concreteness in Objective MORE IS UP [moderate forces] submission to black-mail CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE such a move[diplomatic effort] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE move...be viewed as an opportunity RC/ Concreteness in Objective SEEING IS CONSIDERING success of the moderate forces CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE leaders ...go along with an intermediate approach Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [intermediate/ gradual] approach Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY [leaders] break an even more dangerous deadlock Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS aproach will provide [something] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER moderate Arabs are triumphant CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE radical Arabs are in retreat CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [America] earned the trust CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE the trust of both sides CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Our initial challenge may well be philosophical RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART to produce a ...negotiation Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a succesful negotiation CAH in Agent/Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER to advance a new concept Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS [our challenge] to convince both sides CAH in Agent/Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE to convince both sides that [something] CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS the proposed new course serves their common interest Concreteness in Locative POLITICS IS A JOURNEY CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE if that demonstration cannot be made Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS no...gimmick can serve as a substitute Concreteness in Objective OBJECT USED FOR USER/EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. CHILEAN SPANISH _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instantiations SC CM _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ El mapa de la postguerra Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Realineamientos para un nuevo orden en el golfo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION las voces constructivas CAH in Entity PART FOR THE WHOLE/CONDUIT METAPHOR [voces] que se alzan CAH in Agent PART FOR THE WHOLE/CONDUIT METAPHOR [voces] de los países CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [países] que tuvieron participación en la guerra CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE

135 el mensaje...dirigido al Planalto Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ CAH in Dative/Locative CONDUIT METAPHOR Planalto...mantuvo una tozuda neutralidad CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Planalto mantuvo una...neutralidad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS llegaría la hora CA in Agent TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT [la hora de] pasar lista a [países] aliados CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el nuevo orden mundial Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [nuevo orden] así lo requiere CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE ya lo dijo X Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [país] miembro del Primer Mundo CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el primer Mundo RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [miembro] asumir responsabilidades CAH in Agent STATES ARE OBJECTS [Arabia Saudita] permitir [evento] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Turquía] dejar que [evento suceda] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE centros ciclónicos RC CM not recognised "Tormenta en el desierto" RC CM not recognised [Siria] adherir... a [evento] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Siria] adherir...con reparos... Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la formación de una "Armada Concreteness in Objectiv e EVENTS ARE OBJECTS "Armada invencible" CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Armada...dispuesta a [hacer algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE restaurar el...derecho internacional Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el violado derecho internacional Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Por último RC ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY si no hay más remedio RC POLITICAL PROBLEMS ARE ILLNESSES se puede hacer un aporte en caja RC CM not recognised [aporte] como los de Alemania y Japón CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE todo vale RC ACTIONS ARE VALUABLE RESOURCES a la hora de [hacer algo] RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS configurar un nuevo ordenamiento planetario RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [ordenamiento] en el que Estados Unidos [hace algo] RC EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS Estados Unidos ha asumido el rol de gendarme CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [evento ocurre] tras [evento] RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ JOURNEYS desaparecer el equilibro RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS equilibrio bipolar RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el fin de la guerra fría RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS guerra fría RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el hundimiento del sistema soviético RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el alicaído oso ruso RC/CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ SYMBOL FOR THE REPRESENTED INSTITUTION oso ruso...sacudido por convulsiones internas Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE OBJECTS [oso] ha renacido RC/ CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ SYMBOL FOR THE REPRESENTED INSTITUTION [oso] renacido de sus tempranas cenizas RC LIFE IS FIRE tempranas cenizas RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS [oso] metió baza en el asunto RC/ CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ SYMBOL FOR THE REPRESENTED INSTITUTION [oso] metió baza en el asunto con una propuesta de paz Concreteness in Objective/Locative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS propuesta...amenazaba desmantelar [algo] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE el tinglado del escenario bélico Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS el único [tinglado] posible para dirimir la crisis Concreteness in Locative EVENT ARE CONTAINERS aceptación [de propuesta] por...Irak CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE por parte de Irak RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [aceptación] implica un giro radical en la situación Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS eventual retirada [de Irak] de...Kuwait CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [retirada] eliminaría [algo] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE el casus belli* que determinó [algo] CAH in Agent EVENTS ARE PEOPLE resoluciones de la ONU CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLERESPONSIBLE cheque en blanco para...acciones de la Coalición RC CM not recognised acciones de la Coalición CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Coalición liderada por el Pentágono CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE queda [evento] por ver RC KNOWING IS SEEING qué hará su contraparte CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE desmontar una maquinaria militar RC ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES maquinaria militar armada RC ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES los generales y estrategas que...dirigen [la maquinaria] RC ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES [generales y estrategas] sólo avizoran un triunfo RC KNOWING IS SEEING/ EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS [generales y estrategas] no han conseguido los objetivos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Suponer ésto [un hecho] como posible Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS sin crujidos en la estructura ni sacudones Concreteness in Objective ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES [es lo mismo que] frenar de golpe un auto que marcha a 180 kkm p/h RC EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT para Washington CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE esto no es un misterio para nadie RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART la retirada iraqí de Kuwait CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [retirada iraquí] pasó a ser un objetivo secundario Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ JOURNEYS en la medida en que Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS los acontecimientos tomaron su propia dinámica Concreteness in Objectives EVENTS/ STATES ARE OBJECTS un secreto a voces RC CONDUIT METAPHOR destrucción total de la infraestructura militar Concreteness in Objective ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES [infraestructura] manejada por...Hussein Concreteness in Objective/ ORGANIZATIONS ARE MACHINES RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED demonizado Saddam Hussein RC SYMBOL FOR REPRESENTED

136 no se han escatimado esfuerzos Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Estados Unidos era capaz de reducir...a cualquier país CAH in Agent/ Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE. Estados Unidos...con su tecnología destructiva CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS tecnología destructiva CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER reducir a cualquier país Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTIONS ARE OBJECTS reducir...país... a la "edad de piedra" RC CM not recognised grandes objetivos de la cruzada Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS por un lado RC ARGUMENTS ARE OBJECTS un nuevo balance del poder Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS han existido dos potencias Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS potencias hegemónicas CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE potencias...con apetencias subyacentes CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE dominar los grifos de las riquezas petroleras RC OBJECT USED FOR USER arma de doble filo... ésta de la guerra Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS arma de doble filo...ésta de la guerra Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS los grandes imperios Concreteness in Entity INSTITUTIONS ARE OBJECTS [imperios] entraron en decadencia CAH in Dative/ INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS su necesidad [de los imperios] CAH in Dative THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLERESPONSIBLE [imperios] proyectar su poder militarmente CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [necesidad] excedía...capacidad Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE CONTAINERS desarrollar/ renovar sus fuerzas productivas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Decadencia a la que el imperio americano hizo su ingreso CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE ingreso [a la decadencia] Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS tras la derrota de Vietnam Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS imperio...no ha podido liberarse [de derrota] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la era de] recobrar el orgullo perdido Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS mediante un "nuevo patriotismo" Concreteness in Instrument STATES ARE OBJECTS patriotismo exacerbado por Rambos que luchan RC SYMBOL FOR REPRESENTED devolverle...dignidad a la bandera Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS CAH in Dative la distención Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised [distención] ante un Este CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE un Este que limó sus dientes Humanity in Agent COUNTRIES ARE PEOPLE [Bush] llevó a la práctica el "neoglobalismo" reaganiano Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS "neoglobalismo" ...en Panamá o en el Golfo Pérsico Concreteness in Objective/RC EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/CONTAINERS/ PLACE FOR INSTITUTION [Bush] movido en este último caso RC CM not recognised según asegura el semanario CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el semanario conservador inglés The Economist CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [semanario] nada sospechoso de [algo] CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE coqueteos [del semanario] con la Izquierda CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Bush] movido por el deseo Concreteness in Causer STATES ARE OBJECTS el deseo [de Bush] de asegurar su reelección en 1992 Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Barajar y dar de nuevo RC LIFE IS GAMBLING Las últimas novedades diplómaticas Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS [novedades] suponen [algo] CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE PEOPLE una redistribución de los naipes RC LIFE IS GAMBLING Japón...puso"sí" y "peros" a su...plan CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Concreteness in Objectives/ EVENTS ARE OBJECTS/ CONTAINERS Concreteness in Locative Japón, en principio [hizo algo] Concreteness in Objective DISCOURSE IS A JOURNEY reconstrucción del Medio Oriente CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE reconstrucción...incluído Irak CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE reconstruccion...en la postguerra Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS Para los nipones RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART para muchos países árabes CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLERESPONSIBLE monarquias que conforman el Consejo CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Saddam es la "bestia negra" IC EXPLICIT METAPHOR [bestia] que debe desaparecer del mapa RC CM not recognised un renacido panarabismo CAH in Dative EVENTS ARE PEOPLE Más lejos del escenario inmediato del conflicto RC PLACE FOR EVENT el gobierno sirio de ...Assad CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [gobierno] propició...un golpe de estado CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [gobierno] propició a traves de un editorial [algo] Concreteness in Locative CONDUIT METAPHOR golpe de estado CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [gobierno] sugiriendo que [algo] CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE "el Ejército y el pueblo iraquí deben liquidarlo [a Hussein] CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE liquidar [a Hussein] RC CM not recognised [liquidar a Hussein] a sangre fría RC [AFFECTION IS WARMTH] Sólo Egipto..podría tolerar CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Egipto] en la coalición antiiraquí CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE su supervivencia [del gobierno egipcio] CAH in Entity INSTITUTIONFOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE los países del Mahgreb CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE población palestina CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE REPRESENTED [países] tendrían menos problemnas CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE tendrían problemas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [países] soportar este cuadro CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [países] haber simpatizado...con la causa de Bagdad CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [países] haber simpatizado abierta o soterradamente CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE la causa de Bagdad CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE

137 El trago más amargo...será para... Bush RC CM not recognised en caso Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [en caso] de prosperar el camino Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS el camino de desescalada Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS desescalada de las tensiones Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS que propone [el plan Gorbachov] CAH in Agent OBJECT USED FOR USER sin duda Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS de buena gana Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS que le roben el papel [ a Bush] RC LIFE IS A PLAY el papel del sheriff del desierto RC CM not recognised Bush iba por Hussein RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED de eso[un estado] ...no cabe duda Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS no cabe duda Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [Bush] conformarse con [algo] RC STATES ARE CONTAINERS un"borrón y cuenta nueva" RC CM not recognised [Hussein] era un "peligro para la humanidad" RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART en un año Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [Hussein] iba a contar con armas nucleares RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED declaró a Newsweek Edward Said CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE profesor...en Columbia RC THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION partido palestino CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE en el exilio Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS En rigor Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS la URSS comenzó a desmarcarse CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [URSS] desmarcarse bajo presión RC CM not recognised [presión] del bloque occidental CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE juicio de...analistas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS sectores conservadores del Kremlin CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [sectores] del Kremlin RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE mandos del Ejército Rojo Concreteness in Objective [INSTITUTIONS ARE VEHICLES] en varios países del Golfo surgió [algo] Concreteness in Objective/LocativeEVENTS ARE CONTAINERS/ OBJECTS surgió el temor Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [temor] a un posible eje CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE eje Bagdad- teherán-Moscú Concreteness in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION Visión maniquea y reduccionista CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER [visión] omite considerar que [algo] CAH in Dative OBJECT USED FOR USER Irán y la Unión Soviética tienen intereses geopolíticos propios CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [ Irán y la URSS] tienen intereses Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la extensión del conflicto Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la extensión del conflicto podría [ver algo] CAH in Dative THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED/ SEEING IS KNOWING [Irán y la Unión Soviética] alcanzados por sus llamas CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE llamas [alcanzar algo] RC CM not recognised Más aún, Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS improvisados geoestrategas RC CM not recognised podrían emerger...dos áreas de influencia Concreteness in Objective/LocativeEVENTS ARE CONTAINERS/ OBJECTS al cabo de la guerra Concreteness in Locative CM not recognised una,[área] Soviética Concreteness in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [área de influencia] englobaría a Irán Concreteness in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [área] en la que cerrarían filas las monarquías.... y los países árabes Concreteness in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [monarquías] cerrarían filas Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la coalición anti-Bagdad Concreteness in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [países] cerrarían filas...con reservas Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS Hassán/ gobernantes de Islamabad han visto [evento] RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED alineamiento [de Hassán/ gobernantes] RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED alineamiento con "los infieles" RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED alineamiento...ha creado tensiones RC CM not recognised tensiones difíciles de sobrellevar Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS tensiones...en el plano interno Concreteness in Locative STATES ARE CONTAINERS El esquema no resiste...análisis Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE CONTAINERS análisis medianamente informado RC THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED para Irán CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE "hombre fuerte" [de Irán] RC POLITICS IS WAR el año pasado Concreteness in Objective TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT [Alí] recomponiendo una relación dañada Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS recomponiendo una relación dañada Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS la cuestión Afganistán Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS la atea Unión Soviética CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Unión soviética sigue siendo CAH in Dative LIFE IS A JOURNEY Unión soviética sigue siendo tan distante CAH in Dative EMOTIONAL EFFECT IS PHYSICAL CONTACT el "Gran Satán" (Estados Unidos) RC [SYMBOL] Saddam le devolvió...a Teherán los territorios conquistados CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE en 24 horas Concreteness in Locative TIME IS PLACE una larga y penosa guerra Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS [guerra] de nueve años RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS Irán le devolvió la mano CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Irán] aceptando que CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE La Fuerza Aérea iraquí CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Fuerza Aérea] pusiera a salvo [algo] RC STATES ARE OBJECTS la parte más moderna de...dotación de aviones [de Fuerza Aérea] RC INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS como carta de reserva bajo la manga RC LIFE IS GAMBLING

138 Pero ésto no deja de ser un hábil e inteligente ajedrez Concreteness in Dative EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ajedrez en el que [evento ocurre] RC EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS los dos ex [países] rivales CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE rivales explotan sabiamente [algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE contradicciones internas [de países] Concreteness in Locative INSTITUTIONS ARE CONTAINERS [dos países] explotan... sus contradicciones internas Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Irán, que prohija al X [un partido político] Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Irán sueña con Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE mayor ingerencia shiíta CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [ingerencia] en la repartición del poder Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [la política] de buena vecindad Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Irak] procura [algo] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE ganen espacio...sectores radicales CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE espacio en la política iraní Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS política iraní CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Alí] procura enrolarse en la Jihad RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED Jihad encabezada por Hussein RC CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED Jihad...contra el sionismo y el imperialismo RC/CAH in Dative CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED/ INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE apuestas fuertes RC LIFE IS GAMBLING Irán sale del [lugar] Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Iran sale del leprosario CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Occidente se arrepiente CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [Occidente]haber armado al "monstruo" Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE ["monstruo"] que detendría Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [detener] la revolución integrista exportada por Jomeini CAH in Dative/Agent THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED/ CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED La historia es lábil Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS Turquía, cabeza de puente de Occidente en el área RC CM not recognised Turquía...también juega a ganador, doble o nada CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE/ RC LIFE IS GAMBLING [Turquía] facilitar la base de X CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE aviones que bombardean Irak OBJECT USED FOR USER versión terrestre de "La Guerra de las Galaxias" Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS que Turquía nos deje usar sus bases CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Esto nos permitirá golpear a Irak Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE golpear a Irak por la puerta de atrás Concreteness in Locative THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION anticipa el general...Christ RC CONDUIT METAPHOR Fuerza Móvil Concreteness in Objective CM not recognised [bases] se ponen a disposición RC STATES ARE OBJECTS a disposición de la alianza CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE El presidente turco...adelanta [información] Concreteness in Objective CONDUIT METAPHOR el contenido de la factura Concreteness in Locative CONDUIT METAPHOR factura que se apresta a pasar [el presidente] por estos servicios RC CM not recognised Ankara aspira a encabezar una confederación RC/ Concreteness in Objective CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED/ THE EVENT FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED confederación turca-kurda árabe CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE confederación...juegue [papel] CAH in Agent/ RC INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE LIFE IS GAMBLING [confederación sea] gendarme regional CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la confederación] restaure las glorias CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE las glorias del imperio otomano CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE a su manera [de la confederación] CAH in Entity INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la confederación] al ser establecida en Irak Concreteness in Objective INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [el cese] de las hostilidades Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS vicepresidente...va aún más lejos RC EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS [Turquía] controlará las aguas del Eufrates CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE en los próximos 25 años Concreteness in Objective TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT [vicepresidente] subraya RC CM not recognised [el agua] va a tener... importancia Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS quince países árabes no tienen una gota de agua RC THE WHOLE FOR THE PART la O.L.P es otro sector Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS la O.L.P...se involucra a fondo CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [involucrarse] a fondo Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS [la O.L.P.] a despecho de [algo] Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [OLP] privarse del flujo de "petrodólares" RC CM not recognised flujo...de los reinos del Golfo CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [O.L.P.] privarse de [algo] Humanity in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [la O.L.P.] toma una firme posición [junto a Husein] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [tomar] una posición Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Sadam ha restaurado el orgullo Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS el orgullo árabe Concreteness in Objective THE WHOLE FOR THE PART con su "nasserismo" remozado [de Sadam] Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS sobre todo Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS a los ojos de los palestinos RC KNOWING IS SEEING/ THE WHOLE FOR THE PART [Hussein] ha puesto el problema Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS [Sadam] puesto el problema...en la agenda Concreteness in Locative EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS debate mundial CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE En la otra orilla RC CM not recognised Israel también es sacudido Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE Israel...es sacudido por la onda expansiva del conflicto RC CM not recognised autocontención [de los países frente al problema] Humanity in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE

139 nuevos enfoques para el problema palestino Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS Peres elabora un plan Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS plan...incluye [eventos] Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE CONTAINERS reuniones en las que [eventos ocurran] Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS participen representantes...no a título de la OLP como tal CAH in Dative INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE idea no muy lejana Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS [a otra] [idea] de una conferencia Concreteness in Entity STATES ARE OBJECTS [conferencia] promovido por Francia y la U.R.S.S. CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [conferencia] promovida Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS para tratar el tema Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS las secuelas de la guerra Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS secuelas...se extienden Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS el Frente de Salvación Islámica cobra nuevos bríos CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE [el Frente] montado en la ola Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS ola del auge integrista Concreteness in Objective EVENTS ARE OBJECTS una sola certeza Concreteness in Objective STATES ARE OBJECTS después de este terremoto RC CM not recognised [el mundo árabe] ya no volverá a ser el CAH in Dative THE WHOLE FOR THE PART mismo[nuevo orden] deberá evitar el libanizamiento] CAH in Agent INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE el peligro de una "libanización" Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS "libanización de toda la región RC THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION si se altera el delicado equilibrio de poderes Concreteness in Entity EVENTS ARE OBJECTS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________