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The Role of Genomics in ModeofAction Based Risk Assessment Ivan Rusyn, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA

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Page 1: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

The Role of Genomics in Mode‐of‐Action Based Risk 

Assessment 

Ivan Rusyn, M.D., Ph.D.Associate Professor

Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Page 2: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

The genomes of more than 180 organisms have been sequenced since 1995. The Quick Guide includes descriptions of these organisms and has links to sequencing centers and scientific abstracts.

Genomenewsnetworks.org

Page 3: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Toxicogenomics: A routine component of the toxicology investigation

DATA

“Traditional”toxicological evaluation

Modified from Agilent Technologies® and other sources

Page 4: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Submitted by: Jack Vanden Heuvel, PhD

BIOCARTA PATWAY: Basic mechanism of action of PPARα, PPARβ(δ) and PPARγ and effects on gene expression

Cytoscape‐generated NETWORK(also referred to as INTERACTOME)

KEGG PATWAY: PPAR signaling

Ligand            Transcription                    TargetFactor                            Gene 

High‐Dimension Low Sample Size Data

SmartMoney.com

Page 5: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

1983 1996 2007 2009

Page 6: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Risk Assessment: The evaluation of scientific information on:•the hazardous properties of environmental agents,•the dose‐response relationship, and •the extent of human exposure to those agents

The product of the risk assessment is a statement regarding the probability that populations or individuals so exposed will be harmed and to what degree

Hazard assessmentDose‐response assessmentExposure assessment

Risk characterization

Laboratory and field observations of 

adverse health effects and exposures to particular agents

Information on extrapolation methods for high to low dose, and animal to human

Field measurements, estimated exposures, characterization of 

populations

Hazard Assessment(Does the agent cause the 

adverse effect?)

Dose‐Response Assessment(What is the relationship 

between dose and incidence in humans?)

Exposure Assessment(What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?)

Risk Characterization(What is the estimated incidence of the adverse 

effect in a given population?)

Development of regulatory optionsDevelopment of regulatory options

Considerations:•Public health•Statutory/Legal•Political•Economic•Social factors

Considerations:•Public health•Statutory/Legal•Political•Economic•Social factors

AGENCY DECISIONS AND ACTIONSAGENCY DECISIONS AND ACTIONS

RESEARCH RISK ASSESSMENT RISK MANAGEMENT

Modified from National Research Council, 1983

Page 7: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Hazard Assessment: The process of determining whether exposure to a stressor can cause an increase in the incidence of specific adverse health effects (e.g., diseases, cancer, birth defects) and whether the adverse health effect is likely to occur in humans

Sources of DataoStudies in humans:

• controlled exposures in volunteers• epidemiological data

oStudies in animals:• sub‐chronic, chronic and cancer bioassay studies• reproductive and developmental studies• other endpoint‐specific studies

oStudies in model organisms and cell‐based systems:• genotoxicity evaluation• studies of the toxicity pathways

Toxicokinetics                                       Toxicodynamics

MODE OF ACTION:a sequence of key events 

and processes, starting with interaction of an agent and a cell, proceeding through operational and anatomical changes, and resulting in a 

pathological change

Modified from www.epa.gov

Page 8: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Dose‐Response Assessment:A determination of the relationship between the magnitude of an administered, applied, or internal dose and a specific biological response (measured or observed incidence or change, or the probability of occurrence or change)

Identify one or more principal studies and critical effects

Derive Reference Dose/Concentration:RfD (RfC) = POD / (U1 x U2 x U3)

Evaluate Mode of Action (MOA)

Animal to human dose conversion:scaling or pharmacokinetic modeling with pharmacodynamic adjustment

Derive POD (LED01, BMDL10, etc.) and Slope Factor (e.g., 0.01/POD)

Select Uncertainty/Adjustment Factors:•Intraspecies•Interspecies •Subchronic‐to‐Chronic Duration •Database•LOAEL‐to‐NOAEL

Identify NOAEL or LOAEL, or “Point of Departure (POD)”

MOA unknown Low Dose Linear

Low DoseNon‐linear

NON‐CANCERRisk Assessment

CANCERRisk Assessment

Modified from National Research Council, 2009

Page 9: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Exposure Assessment:• The process of measuring or estimating the magnitude, frequency, and duration of human exposure to an agent in the environment, or estimating future exposures for an agent that has not yet been released

• An exposure assessment includes some discussion of the size, nature, and types of human populations exposed to the agent, as well as discussion of the uncertainties in the above information

MODE OF ACTION:a sequence of key events 

and processes, starting with interaction of an agent and a cell, proceeding through operational and anatomical changes, and resulting in a 

pathological change

Modified from www.epa.gov

Page 10: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Current Efforts to Utilize Toxicogenomic Data in Risk 

Assessment:

• Toxicogenomics informs Mode of Action analysis

• Toxicogenomics informs Dose‐Response 

• Toxicogenomics informs interspecies extrapolations 

• Toxicogenomics informs intraspecies variability

• TK/TD linkages informed by Toxicogenomic data  

Page 11: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Potential uses of toxicogenomics data in chemical screening and risk assessment

EPA/600/R‐09/028F  September 2009

Page 12: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

From: Natsoulis et al. Molecular Systems Biology 4:175 (2008)

Toxicogenomics data informs chemical prioritization

Compile a large database of data on “known” toxicants  profile an “unknown” agent

Page 13: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Toxicogenomics data informs Mode of Action analysis

EPA/600/R‐09/028F  September 2009

Page 14: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Toxicogenomics data informs Mode of Action analysis

businessradar.it

Dibutyl Phthalate:Male Reproductive Developmental Toxicant

Known Modes of Action:odecrease in fetal testicular testosterone (T)odecrease in Insulin‐like 3 (Insl3) expression 

Page 15: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

EPA/600/R‐09/028F  September 2009

Toxicogenomics data informs Mode of Action analysis

Case study of Dibutyl Phthalate Risk Assessment research questions:oDo the toxicogenomic data inform the mechanisms and/or modes of action? oDo the toxicogenomic data inform interspecies toxicodynamic differences? oDo the toxicogenomic data inform dose‐response?

Study Strain/species Dibutyl Phthalate dose Treatment interval Microarray RT‐PCR Tissues studied

Liu et al. (2005) Rat (SD) 500 mg/kg/day Gestation Days 12‐19 Affymetrix® Yes Testis

Thompson et al.(2005)

Rat (SD) 500 mg/kg/day(½ ‐24 hrs) on GD 18‐19; or 

GD 19Affymetrix® Yes Testis

Plummer et al. (2007)

Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/dayGDs 12.5‐15.5; 

12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5Agilent® Yes

Testis (whole and anatomical regions)

Idh1LhgcrNr4a1SqleStc1Tpm1

Cdkn1cCrabp2Ddit4Dhcr7Dusp6Fabp3Frag1FthfdGrb14Gstm2Hsd3b1

Cyp11a1Cyp17a1Scarb1DdcFdx1Myh6Prdx3StarSvc5

Cyp51

Alas1Aldh2DbiFads1Fdft1FdpsFdxrGsta3HMGcrHmgsc1Idi1Stc2

InhaMe1Nr0b1Pebp1Por

Sc4molScp2

36 65

93Liu et al. (2005)

Thompson et al. (2005) Plummer et al. (2005) Dibutyl Phthalate:Male Reproductive System Toxicity (in the Rat)

Modes of Action:odecrease in fetal testicular testosterone (T)odecrease in Insulin‐like 3 (Insl3) expressionogrowth and differentiationotranscriptionocell adhesionoWnt signalingocytoskeleton remodeling

Newly identified putative pathways

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Toxicogenomics data informs INTERspecies differences(Mode of Action considerations)

Heat map of the expression profile of probe sets in rat and human hepatocytes treated with coumarin

Limited overlap in response to Wy‐14,643 at individual gene level but major overlap at pathway level

Gene‐by‐gene comparisons Gene‐by‐gene vs. pathway comparisons

Upregulated genes Downregulated genes

Gene Ontology Gene Set Analysis

Rakhshandehroo et al., PLoS One. 2009 Aug 27;4(8):e6796Uehara et al., Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Dec 29;54(2):218‐227

Page 17: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Toxicogenomics data informs INTRAspecies differences(Mode of Action considerations)

~6,500

 gene

sAcute treatment induced/All StrainsApoptosisActivation of MAPK signalingProtein phosphorylationIncrease enzyme catalytic activitySub‐chronic repressed/All StrainsTCA cycleAcyl‐CoA metabolismCytoskeleton biogenesis

Treatment‐independent/Strain‐specG protein‐coupled signalingTGFb3 receptor signalingIon channel activityCalmodulin bindingRNA polymerase transcriptionCell migration

Sub‐chronic induced/All StrainsActivation of metabolism (aldehyde dehydrogenase activ.)Innate immune responseG protein‐coupled signalingCytokine productionCell growth

Page 18: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Toxicogenomics data informs Dose‐Response(Mode of Action considerations)

Rouquie et al. Toxicol Sci. 2009 May;109(1):59‐65NOAEL

LOAEL

LOAEL

NOAEL

Standard and Toxicogenomic NOAELs for Rat Testicular Toxicity Induced by Flutamide

No Observed Transcriptional Effect Level

Establishing NOTEL:Human BEAS‐2B bronchial 

epithelial cells were exposed to the genotoxic carcinogen N‐hydroxy‐PhIP (N‐hydroxy‐2‐

amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4’5‐b] pyridine at doses spanning 6 orders of 

magnitude

Zarbl et al., Chem Biol Interact. 2010 (In press)

Page 19: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

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KEGG00100biosynthesis of steroids

Pathway Dose Response ProfilesBisphenol A exposure (male rat testis gene expression)

µg/kg/day

µg/kg/dayData from Naciff et al., Tox Sciences (2005)

Toxicogenomics data informs Dose‐Response(Mode of Action considerations)

Page 20: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical

Normal and Patho-biology

-omics

Genetics

Data                                                      Analysis                                                         Knowledge 

Toxicogenomics data is an integral part of Mode of Action evaluation

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1983 1996 2007 2009

EPA’s NextGen Risk Assessment:oWhat currently available new data and knowledge are not now used in risk assessment but potentially should be? oHow can this new type of information best be incorporated into risk assessments and utilized to inform risk managers? oWhat new policies and procedures are needed? oHow can we ensure the redesigned process is scientifically robust, consistent across assessments and matched to the risk context?

oWhat is adverse or with what confidence can we predict disease or increased susceptibility based on molecular events?oHow will exposure response be characterized?oHow will variability and uncertainty be evaluated?

Page 22: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical
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ACToRToxCast

NTP Study Reports

ToxRefDB 

Sending The Data To The Cyberspace: Who Will Find It?

Chemistry Space ‐Omics Data Space

HTS Data Space

In Vivo Toxicity Data Space

Page 24: The Role of Genomics in Mode-of-Action Based Risk Assessment · (2007) Rat (Wistar) 500 mg/kg/day GDs 12.5‐15.5; 12.5‐17.5; or 12.5‐19.5 Agilent® Yes Testis (whole and anatomical