THE ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM

The Endocrine System is a collection of glands that produces

hormones that regulates your body's growth, metabolism, and

sexual development and function. The hormones are released into

the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs throughout

your body.

What are the different glands that compose the Endocrine system and the hormones that

they secrete?

GlandsGlands – special organs – special organs in the body that make in the body that make and store fluids that and store fluids that

the body needsthe body needs

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HORMONE – chemical substance that controls growth and development and functions of the body.

- fluid that is directly release in the bloodstream.

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Hypothalamus GlandHypothalamus Gland

it is a part of the brain that serves as it is a part of the brain that serves as a link between the endocrine system a link between the endocrine system and the nervous system.and the nervous system.

The hormones it secrets stimulate or The hormones it secrets stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland from inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing its hormones.releasing its hormones.

The hypothalamus senses when the The hypothalamus senses when the level of a certain hormone is low.level of a certain hormone is low.

Hormone:Hormone:

Oxytocin – it stimulates the contraction Oxytocin – it stimulates the contraction of of the uterus when the the uterus when the

mother is in labor.mother is in labor.

- responsible for the release - responsible for the release

of milk from the breastof milk from the breast

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

known as the known as the master glandmaster gland because because it produces several hormones that it produces several hormones that control the function of the other control the function of the other glands. But it is under the control of glands. But it is under the control of the hypothalamus gland.the hypothalamus gland.

Hormones:Hormones:

Growth hormone – stimulates bone growthGrowth hormone – stimulates bone growth Thyroid-stimulating hormone – controls Thyroid-stimulating hormone – controls the metabolism and growth and the metabolism and growth and development of the bodydevelopment of the body◊ ◊ Prolactin – promotes milk production in Prolactin – promotes milk production in mothersmothers◊ ◊ Sex gland stimulating hormoneSex gland stimulating hormone

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

Is a small endocrine gland located Is a small endocrine gland located near the center of the brainnear the center of the brain

Hormone:Hormone:

Melatonin – promotes the development Melatonin – promotes the development

of the ovaries and testesof the ovaries and testes

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

are stimulated by the thyroid- are stimulated by the thyroid- stimulating hormone from the stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland in order to produce pituitary gland in order to produce the secretions.the secretions.

Hormones:Hormones:

Thyroxin – controls or regulates how Thyroxin – controls or regulates how fast the body burns up fast the body burns up food to produce energy food to produce energy or metabolic rateor metabolic rate - stimulates the growth and - stimulates the growth and mental developmentmental development◊ ◊ Calcitonin – decreases the amount Calcitonin – decreases the amount of calcium in the bloodof calcium in the blood

The Parathyroid GlandsThe Parathyroid Glands

are composed of four small glands in are composed of four small glands in the neck.the neck.

Hormone:Hormone:

Parathormone – increases the amountParathormone – increases the amount of calcium in the bloodof calcium in the blood - it stimulates the - it stimulates the

intestines to speed up intestines to speed up absorption of calciumabsorption of calcium

- also stimulates the - also stimulates the bones to release morebones to release more calcium into the bloodcalcium into the blood

The Thymus GlandThe Thymus Gland

is an organ found in the chest. It is is an organ found in the chest. It is found above and in front of the found above and in front of the heart.heart.

Babies are born with large thymus Babies are born with large thymus but when they reached adulthood, but when they reached adulthood, the thymus has nearly disappeared.the thymus has nearly disappeared.

Hormone:Hormone:

Thymosin – stimulates the Thymosin – stimulates the development of the lymphatic tissues development of the lymphatic tissues of the lymphatic system which help of the lymphatic system which help the body fight against diseases and the body fight against diseases and producing antibodiesproducing antibodies

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

are two small organs each found on are two small organs each found on top of the kidneytop of the kidney

Hormones:Hormones:

Aldosterone – helps regulate metabolismAldosterone – helps regulate metabolism

and maintain water and maintain water

balancebalance

◊ ◊ Adrenaline – helps the body cope withAdrenaline – helps the body cope with

emergenciesemergencies

◊ ◊ Cortisol – helps the body fight infectionsCortisol – helps the body fight infections

PancreasPancreas

is a gland in the abdomen near the is a gland in the abdomen near the stomach. It has a group of special stomach. It has a group of special cells that secrete hormones called cells that secrete hormones called the the Islets of LangerhansIslets of Langerhans. These . These groups of cells in the Islets of groups of cells in the Islets of Langerhans are called Langerhans are called Alpha cells Alpha cells and the beta cells.and the beta cells.

Hormone:Hormone: Alpha cells secrete:Alpha cells secrete:

- Glucagon- Glucagon – stimulates the liver to – stimulates the liver to change the stored glycogen to glucose to change the stored glycogen to glucose to release it into the blood.(raises blood release it into the blood.(raises blood sugar level)sugar level)

◊ ◊ Beta Cells secrete:Beta Cells secrete:- Insulin- Insulin – facilitates the transport of – facilitates the transport of

glucose into the cells. (lowers blood sugar glucose into the cells. (lowers blood sugar level)level)

* These 2 hormones are important in * These 2 hormones are important in maintaining the normal sugar or glucose maintaining the normal sugar or glucose level in the blood.level in the blood.

Gonads or sex glandsGonads or sex glands

The primary reproductive organs of The primary reproductive organs of the male and female, the ovaries and the male and female, the ovaries and testes.testes.

Male hormoneMale hormone

Testosterone – stimulates the Testosterone – stimulates the production of sperm and promotes production of sperm and promotes the development of the secondary the development of the secondary sex characteristics such as sex characteristics such as broadening of shoulders, muscular broadening of shoulders, muscular development and the growth of development and the growth of beard and moustache.beard and moustache.

Female hormones:Female hormones:

Estrogen – responsible for the Estrogen – responsible for the development of the development of the secondary sex characteristics,secondary sex characteristics,such as development of the such as development of the breasts and widening of hipsbreasts and widening of hips

◊ ◊ Progesterone – regulates the uterus lining Progesterone – regulates the uterus lining during menstruation, also during menstruation, also

regulates the maintenance regulates the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancyof the uterus during pregnancy

GLANDS HORMONES

HYPOTHALAMUS - Oxytocin

PITUITARY-Growth Hormone

-Prolactin

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone

-Sex-gland stimulating hormone

PINEAL - Melatonin

THYROID -Thyroxin

-Calcitonin

PARATHYROID - Parathormone

THYMUS - Thymosin

ADRENAL -Aldosterone - Adrenaline - Cortisol

PANCREAS -Insulin - Glucagon

GONADS (Sex Glands)A. TESTES (Male)

B. OVARIES (Female)

- Testosterone

- Estrogen - Progesterone

DISEASES DISEASES

Giantism/GigantismGiantism/Gigantism DwarfismDwarfism AcromegalyAcromegaly HypothyroidismHypothyroidism HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism CretinismCretinism DiabetesDiabetes

GiantismGiantism//GigantismGigantism

-excessive growth-excessive growth

and height (2.4 -2.7 m)and height (2.4 -2.7 m)

significantly above significantly above

average causedaverage caused

by over-production by over-production

of of growth hormone

DwarfismDwarfism

- lack of - lack of growth hormone, usually due, usually due

to malfunction of the to malfunction of the

pituitary glandpituitary gland MidgetMidgets-adults withs-adults with

height of less than height of less than

4 ft 10 in (1.2 m)4 ft 10 in (1.2 m)

Acromegaly Acromegaly

- A chronic disease of - A chronic disease of

adults marked by adults marked by

enlargement of the bones enlargement of the bones

of the extremities, face, of the extremities, face,

and jaw that is caused and jaw that is caused

by overactivity of theby overactivity of the

pituitary gland.pituitary gland.

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism

- underproductivity of the- underproductivity of the

thyroid due to thyroid due to lack of lack of

iodineiodine in the diet that is in the diet that is

necessary for the necessary for the

production of thyroid glandproduction of thyroid gland

- - goitergoiter (enlargement of(enlargement of

the thyroid glands)the thyroid glands)

Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism

- overproductivity of - overproductivity of

thyroid gland.thyroid gland.

-Symptoms are increased -Symptoms are increased

appetite, weight loss, appetite, weight loss,

dry skin, toxic goiter dry skin, toxic goiter

development and the development and the

eyes bulgingeyes bulging

CretinismCretinism

- a deficiency in - a deficiency in

thyroxin duringthyroxin during

the development ofthe development of

a fetus which causesa fetus which causes

short in height andshort in height and

mentally retardedmentally retarded

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

Pancreas producesPancreas produces

little or no insulin.little or no insulin. HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia

(too much sugar,(too much sugar,

lack insulin)lack insulin) HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia

(less sugar, too (less sugar, too

much insulin)much insulin)

Proper CareProper Care

Take a bath regularly or wash the Take a bath regularly or wash the body organs as often as possible.body organs as often as possible.

Eat the right kind of food.Eat the right kind of food. Avoid eating too much sweet and Avoid eating too much sweet and

fatty foods.fatty foods. Drink lots of liquids.Drink lots of liquids. Have enough rest and sleep.Have enough rest and sleep. Have a regular exercise.Have a regular exercise.