Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands

Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands

The endocrine system includes all of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by those glands.

The glands are controlled directly by stimulation from the nervous system as well as by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones produced by other glands.

Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland Pineal GlandPineal Gland PancreasPancreas Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland Gonads GlandGonads Gland Thymus GlandThymus Gland

HypothalamusHypothalamus

LocationLocation:-:-The hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a part of is a part of the brain located the brain located anterior to the anterior to the brain stem and brain stem and inferior to inferior to the thalamus. the thalamus.

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:- 1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and 1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and

Oxytocin that are transported to the Oxytocin that are transported to the posterior pituitary for release.posterior pituitary for release.

2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety 2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety of releasing and inhibiting factors.of releasing and inhibiting factors.– TRH thyrotrophic releasing hormoneTRH thyrotrophic releasing hormone– GHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormoneGHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormone– CRH Corticotropin releasing hormoneCRH Corticotropin releasing hormone

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland LocationLocation:-Pituitary gland is located beneath hypothalamus.:-Pituitary gland is located beneath hypothalamus.

Posterior PituitaryPosterior Pituitary Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:- :-

Stores & releases 2 hormones Stores & releases 2 hormones produced in hypothalamus:produced in hypothalamus:– Antidiuretic hormoneAntidiuretic hormone

((ADH/vasopressinADH/vasopressin) which ) which promotes Hpromotes H220 conservation 0 conservation by kidneysby kidneys

– OxytocinOxytocin which stimulates which stimulates contractions of uterus contractions of uterus during parturition & during parturition & contractions of mammary contractions of mammary gland alveoli for milk-gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex.ejection reflex.

Hypothalamus

cells of thehypothalamus Axon

Anteriorpituitary

Posteriorpituitary

HORMONE ADH Oxytocin

TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands,uterine muscles

Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

Secretions And Functions:-Secretions And Functions:- Growth hormoneGrowth hormone ((GHGH) promotes growth, protein ) promotes growth, protein

synthesis, & movement of amino acids into cellssynthesis, & movement of amino acids into cells

Thyroid stimulating hormoneThyroid stimulating hormone ( (TSHTSH) stimulates ) stimulates thyroid to produce & secrete Tthyroid to produce & secrete T4 4 & T& T33

Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneAdrenocorticotrophic hormone ( (ACTHACTH) stimulates ) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosteroneadrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone

Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormoneFollicle stimulating hormone ( (FSHFSH) stimulates growth ) stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & sperm productionof ovarian follicles & sperm production

LuteinizingLuteinizing hormonehormone ( (LHLH) causes ovulation & ) causes ovulation & secretion of testosterone in testessecretion of testosterone in testes

ProlactinProlactin ( (PRLPRL) stimulates milk production by ) stimulates milk production by mammary glands mammary glands

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands LocationLocation:-:-

The adrenal The adrenal glands are a pair of glands are a pair of roughly triangular roughly triangular glands found glands found superior to the superior to the kidneys:kidneys:

outer is cortex outer is cortex inner is medullainner is medulla

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

– Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex– Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-

MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids– AldosteroneAldosterone which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb

NaNa++ and secrete K and secrete KGlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids

– CortisolCortisol which inhibits glucose utilization & which inhibits glucose utilization & stimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibits inflammation, stimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibits inflammation, Supresses the immune systemSupresses the immune system

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla:-Adrenal Medulla:- Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:- Secretes Epinephrine and NorepinephrineSecretes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

– "fight or flight" response"fight or flight" responsecauses:causes:

– Increased respiratory rate Increased respiratory rate – Increased HR & cardiac outputIncreased HR & cardiac output– General vasoconstriction which increases venous returnGeneral vasoconstriction which increases venous return– Glycogenolysis & lipolysisGlycogenolysis & lipolysis

Thyroid GlandThyroid GlandLocationLocation:-:-Is located Is located

just below just below the larynxthe larynx

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

Secretions & Functions:-Secretions & Functions:- Secretes TSecretes T44 & T & T33 which set BMR & are which set BMR & are

needed for growth, developmentneeded for growth, development Secretes Calcitonin which lowers Secretes Calcitonin which lowers

blood calcium levelsblood calcium levels

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands

Location:-Are 4 Location:-Are 4 glands embedded glands embedded in lateral lobes of in lateral lobes of thyroid glandthyroid gland

Secretion & Secretion & Function:-Function:-Parathyroid Parathyroid hormonehormone ( (PTHPTH) ) – Elevates blood Elevates blood

CaCa2+2+ levels levels

PancreasPancreas

LocationLocation:-Are scattered clusters of :-Are scattered clusters of endocrine cells in pancreasendocrine cells in pancreas

Contain Contain alphaalpha & & beta cellsbeta cells

SecretionsSecretions:-:- Alphas secrete Alphas secrete glucagon glucagon in response in response

to low blood glucose during periods to low blood glucose during periods of fastingof fasting– Stimulates Stimulates glycogenolysisglycogenolysis & & lipolysislipolysis – Increases blood glucoseIncreases blood glucose

PancreasPancreas

Betas secrete Betas secrete insulininsulin in in response to low response to low blood glucoseblood glucose– Promotes entry Promotes entry

of glucose into of glucose into cellscells

– & conversion of & conversion of glucose into glucose into glycogen & fatglycogen & fat

– Decreases Decreases blood glucoseblood glucose

PancreasPancreas

Pineal GlandPineal Gland LocationLocation:-:- Is located in Is located in

basal basal forebrain near forebrain near thalamusthalamus

Secretes Secretes melatoninmelatonin in in response to response to activity of activity of hypothalamushypothalamus

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

Melatonin is involved in aligning Melatonin is involved in aligning physiology with sleep/wake cycle & physiology with sleep/wake cycle & seasonsseasons– Secreted at night & is inhibited by lightSecreted at night & is inhibited by light– Inhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) in many Inhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) in many

animals animals

Thymus GlandThymus Gland Location:- Location:- It is a It is a

triangular organ found triangular organ found with the lungswith the lungs

Secretion & FunctionSecretion & Function:-:-Produces thymosin, Produces thymosin, Responsible for Responsible for maturation of T-maturation of T-lymphocytes in childhoodlymphocytes in childhood

It protects the body It protects the body throughout the life throughout the life

from pathogens.from pathogens.

Gonads: Reproductive HormonesGonads: Reproductive Hormones

GonadsGonads ( (testestestes & & ovariesovaries) secrete steroid ) secrete steroid hormones hormones

Location:-Location:-Ovaries:-Ovaries:- Ovaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvic Ovaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvic

body and superior to uterus in females.body and superior to uterus in females.TestesTestes:-:- Testes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotum Testes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotum

of males.of males.