The Design of a Carbon Neutral Airport

Joel HannahDanielle Hettmann

Naseer RashidChris Saleh

Cihan Yilmaz

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

2

Project Definitions• Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): “Gases that trap heat in the

atmosphere”1

• Inventory: “accounting of the amount of GHGs emitted to or removed from the atmosphere over a specific period of time”1

• Climate Change: major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer due to human-made and natural factors

• Dispersion: process of air pollutants spreading over a wide area in the ambient atmosphere

• Carbon Neutral:  no net release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount offset relative to a baseline quantity2

3Sources:

1. U.S. EPA, Climate Change

2. American Institute of Architects, 2010

What are Emissions? Greenhouse Gases

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)*• Methane (CH4)*• Nitrous Oxide (N2O)*• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)*• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)*• Perfluorocarbons (PFC)*

Particulates• Carbon Monoxide (CO)• Lead (Pb)• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)• Fine Particulate (PM2.5)• O-zone (O3)• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)• Coarse Particulate (PM10)

4*GHG included in the Kyoto Protocol (UN 1998)

Source: ACRP Report 11, Transportation Research Board

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009

83.00%

13.00%

4.50% 2.20%

2009 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas(percentages based on CO2 equivalent)

CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs, PFCs & SF6

5

Greenhouse Gases and Temperature

Source: EPA, 2011 with data from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2010 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010

6

Increase in Air Traffic

Aviation accounts for: 3.63% of U.S. GHG Emissions (U.S. EPA 2007)1 and 2% of global CO2 Emissions (IPCC, 2004)2

Direct impact of emissions into the atmosphere, Emissions concentrated in high traffic areas

Sources: 1 ACRP Report 11, Transportation Research Board 2009

2 Putting Aviation's Emissions in Context, International Civil Aviation Organization

3 Federal Aviation Administration, October 2011

1980

1982

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1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

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2006

2008

2010

0

1

2

3

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Enplanements at U.S. Airports

Year

Pass

enge

rs(in

Mill

ions

)

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

6.00

7.00

8.00

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11.00

12.00

Scheduled Passenger Flights at U.S. Airports

YearSc

hedu

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Flig

hts

(in M

illio

ns)

7

Current Legislation: Kyoto Protocol

• The Kyoto Protocol is an environmental treaty with the goal of reducing climate change through the stabilization anthropogenic emissions

• Protocol commits to reduce or trade emissions and targets domestic air travel related emissions

• 191 countries have ratified the protocol as of September 2011

• United States is only remaining signatory to not have ratified the treaty

• US Administration belief that lack of quantitative emission commitments for developing countries is not equal treatment, therefore have not signed

Source: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Status of Kyoto Protocol Ratification, 2011

STERN, 2007

8

Current Legislation: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

• NAAQS established by the USEPA • Standards established to place limits on

particulate emissions in outdoor spaces • Non-attainment: defined as areas where air

pollution levels persistently exceed the national ambient air quality standards 

• Increased particulate emissions will jeopardize the ability of the US to stay below non-attainment standards

Source: Kumar, Sherry, & Thompson , 2008

EPA, 2011

Airport Operations

9

General Idea:

• Passengers flow-in in cars/buses/mass-

transit/airplanes

• passengers leave on airplanes/mass

transit

Case Study:

• Metropolitan Washington Airports

Authority (MWAA) – Washington Dulles

International Airport

• 127 airline gates

• Concourse A,B,C,D,Z

• AeroTrain system

• Mobile Lounges

• Four Runways

Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2011

10

Dulles International:

•Economy Parking Lots serviced by MWAA controlled

shuttle buses

•Airport is serviced by two major roadways: Route 28

and the Dulles Toll road (Route 267).

•Ground access vehicles include personal vehicles,

taxis, buses, and mass transportation

•Economy Lot

•Daily Garage 1

•Daily Garage 2

•Hourly Lot

•Valet Parking

•24,000 public parking spaces

Source: MWAA, 2011

Ground Access

Bottlenecks

• Bottlenecks occur: • In flow of aircraft (delays – gate push back,

departure congestion, taxi times)• In flow of ground access vehicles (congestion

on roads servicing airports and delays, increased idling time at arrivals/departures)

• Bottlenecks cause an increase in emissions through increased engine use time

• Optimization of airport flow would assist in overall reduction of GHG emissions

11

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

12

Stakeholders

Primary StakeholdersFederal Government, Local

Government, NGOs 

Supply Regulations

Secondary StakeholdersAirport Management, Air Carriers,

Service Providers, Ground Transportation, Airport Services

Conform to Regulations

Tertiary StakeholdersPassengers, Employees, Surrounding Communities Bystanders

13

14

Stakeholder Views

• Tension• Business v. Environmental

• Too many possible owners• Government, Airport

Mangers, Air Carriers, NGOs, etc.

• Long-term effects• Global climate change

• Makes things difficult• No motivation to change

current airport operations

Business Decision Environmental Impact

• Only thinks about the money (profit)

• Thinks about what’s safe for the surrounding communities

• Will make decisions based on cost (cheaper the better)

Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)

• The cost of emitting extra CO2 at any point in time.

• Convincing people why this problem matters:• Average cost = $43 USD per metric ton of CO2 • Higher the price, the more noticed the problem will

get

15Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007

Stakeholder Interactions

Major Stakeholder Groups: • Regulators• Capital Improvement Bill

Payers• Airport Service Boundary• Airport Operational

Boundary• Local Economy and

Community

16

Stakeholder Interactions: Emissions

• RED path shows emissions loop

• Long term, weak feedback

• Emissions generated within Airport Operational Boundary

• Impact local community through noise and emissions

• Local Community votes for local government which have influence on nominations to airport board

17

Stakeholder Interactions: Financial

• ORANGE path shows financial loop

• Airports depend on both capital and operating revenues to pay for capital projects and operating expenses1

• Interactions between passengers, local communities, and business

• strongest response time due to financial decisions and can have runaway growth since other loops are weak

18

Source: 1 - Introduction to Airport Finance, Schaar, 2011

Stakeholder Interactions: Legislative

GREEN: government/capital improvement funding

• MWAA serves as airport Manager for Dulles

• 13-member Board of Directors for MWAA

• 5 members – VA• 3 members – DC• 2 members – MD• 3 members –

President• Regulators provide

legislation for aviation which must be enforced

19

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

20

Problem

• Current State:• Legislation exists for air quality and emissions;

anticipate a national standard for aviation emissions

• Conflicting Stakeholder opinion; no ownership of problem identified

• Desired State: Carbon Neutral Airport• To reduce the impact of stationary and non-

stationary GHG emissions within the airport paradigm on global environment

21

Need

• A tool to collect and report GHG emissions for stationary and non-stationary sources at airports • Monitor emissions• Verify compliance• Analyze data to identify sources to reduce

emissions output

22

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

23

Mission Requirements

• The system shall report total aviation related CO2 emissions for stationary and non-stationary sources

• The system shall account for aviation related emissions within the boundary of the landing/takeoff (LTO) cycle around the airport.

• The system shall report GHG emissions by source. • The system shall calculate emissions within 1.1%

accuracy for each emissions source.*• The system shall provide structure for additional

GHGs to be calculated.* Accuracy based on magnitude of calculations.

24

Scope

25

• Geographically limited to the Landing Take-off (LTO) cycle

• 12-nautical mile (NM) radius

• Mixing Altitude: 3,000 feet above ground

• Vertical region of atmosphere where pollutant

mixing occurs

• Pollutants released above 3000 feet generally do

not mix with ground level emission, no impact on

local area below

• Tool is limited to only CO2 emissions

• Non-Airplane sources of GHGs are limited to the airport paradigm

Source: USGS, 2011

FAA, 2011

Landing-Take Off Cycle (LTO)

26

• LTO refers to the number of

aircraft that land and then takeoff

• LTO is divided into 5 segments

• Approach

• Taxi-idle

• Takeoff

• Climbout

• Ground

Source: Port of Seattle Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - 2006

27

Airport Operations: Stationary Sources

• Boilers• Facility Boilers • Heating Boilers• Fuel Boilers

• Waste Management Activities• Waste Disposal• Incinerators

• Training Fires • Construction Activities

28

Airport Operations: Non-Stationary Sources

• Aircrafts • Auxiliary Power Units

(APUs) • Ground Access Vehicles

• Public transportation – Bus – Train – Subway

• Taxis• Vans • Shuttles • Rental Cars • Personal Vehicles

• Ground Support Equipment (GSE)• Tugs & Tractors • Fuel Tankers• Ground Power Units • Buses • Container Loader • Transporters • Air Starter • Catering Vehicles • Passenger Boarding Stairs • Pushback tugs

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

29

Method of Analysis - AIT

30

EquationsGAV and GSE: Emissions =

Aircrafts: Emissions = +

Stationary Sources: Emissions =

i = GAV/GSE source j = aircraft (landing) k = aircraft (takeoff) m = stationary sourcef = amount of fuel consumed E = emissions index

Emissions indices from: • U.S. Energy Information

Administration (EIA)• U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA)• U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE)

31

32

Inputs: GAV and GSE

Amount of Fuel Consumed fi

• Total burned• Distance, Average Fuel Burn Rate

(FBR)

Emissions Index Ei

• Type of fuel burned

Emissions =

33

Inputs: Aircrafts

Amount of Fuel Consumed fj, fk

• Total fuel consumption, phase of flight (landing j, takeoff k)

• Aircraft model, phase of flight• Operating time, phase of flight

Emissions Index Ej, Ek

• Type of fuel• Type of aircraft

Emissions = +

34

Input: Stationary Sources

Amount of Fuel Consumed fm

Emissions Index Em

• Type of fuel and substances burned

• Source function (boilers, incinerator, etc.)

Emissions =

Preliminary Results: B757

Aircraft:• 1 landing, 1 takeoff: 4795 kg Jet-A fuel• 30,076.88 kg CO2

Ground Support Equipment: • 11 sources• 36.7409 kg CO2

35

Aircrafts

36

Ground Support Equipment

37

38

Limitations

• Methane (CH4)*• Nitrous Oxide (N2O)*• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)*• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)*• Perfluorocarbons (PFC)*• Dispersion • Helicopters

• not included in IPCC LTO methodology

• Dulles Airport has less than 10 helicopters/year

*GHG included in the Kyoto Protocol (UN 1998)

Source: EPA, 2009

83.00%

13.00%4.50% 2.20%

2009 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas(percents based on CO2 equivalent)

CO2 CH4N2O HFCs, PFCs & SF6

39

Risk: Data Availability

• Most data is not public• Mitigation:

• Use distributions from previous inventories (Seattle, Denver) to determine source types

• Use accepted averages for calculations by source type

40

Risk: Data Reliability

• Inaccurate Inputs• Inaccurate Calculations• Mitigation:

• Use previous inventory inputs and results to compare with AIT results. (Seattle, Denver)

• Consult MWAA

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

41

Carbon Neutral Airport

• Aims to remove as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they add to it

• Tiered approach to reduce carbon emissions through the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency technologies

42

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Offset

Strategy

Source: The Carbon Neutral Company

Proposed Alternatives: GAV and GSE

Ground Access• Reduce Energy Need:

• Implement a ride share program to encourage carpooling

• Combined Rental Car Shuttle: currently eight companies run their own shuttle to/from terminal

• Public transportation • Metro (Slated to Open 2013)• Hybrid buses

Ground Support• New energy technologies

• Electric, Hybrid, Hydrogen and Propane ground support vehicles & equipment

43

Proposed Alternatives: Aircraft and Stationary Sources

Aircraft• Alternative fuels

• Hydrogen• Compressed natural gas• Biodiesel

• Fixed ground power• Air traffic management

• Continuous descent approach (CDA)

• Shorter taxiing times

Stationary Sources• Renewable energy sources

• Solar Energy • Wind Energy

• Innovative design• Energy efficient terminals • Energy efficient buildings

44

Source: Civil Aviation Authority

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

45

Design of Experiment1. Collect emissions data from AIT 2. Analyze data to determine largest contributions of emissions3. Implement proposed alternatives to reduce emissions from inputs 4. Provide recommendations for system optimization

Sample Optimization Requirement: “The airport shall have reduced net CO2 emissions by 50% compared

to 2005 level by 2050.”

46

Weights

Payoff Difficulty Cost

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Agenda

• Context• Stakeholder Analysis• Problem Statement and Need Statement• Mission Requirements and Scope• Method of Analysis • Design Alternatives• Design of Experiment• Project Plan

47

WBSDesign of a Carbon Neutral Airport

1.0 Planning

1.1 Context

1.2 Stakeholder Analysis

1.3 Problem

1.4 Need

1.5 Scope

1.6 Requirements

2.0 Design / Method of

Analysis

2.1 Research

2.2 CONOPS

2.3 Develop Tool

2.4 Analyze Tool

2.5 Enhance Tool

3.0 Implement

3.1 Apply Tool

3.2Analyze Results

3.3 Formulate Goals/Limits

3.4 Develop Mitigation Strategies

4.0 Deliver

4.1 Preliminary Project Plan

4.2 Final Project Plan

4.3Poster

4.4IEEE Conference Paper

4.5 Presentations

4.6 Competitions

5.0 Management

5.1 WBS

5.2 Budget

5.3 Weekly Activity Summary

5.4Timesheets

5.5 360 Evaluation

48

Plans for SYST 495• Design and Code Simulation

• Finalize emissions indices and vehicle specific factors for AIT inputs (WBS 2.3)

• Test and Validate Simulation• Input data from Denver International and Seattle Tacoma Inventory

Results to AIT, compare output from AIT to actual (WBS 2.4, WBS 2.5)• Finalize Design of Experiment

• Research European GHG goals, formulate suggestions for proposed US GHG goals (WBS 3.3)

• Run Simulation and Analyze Results• Apply AIT to Dulles Airport: Analyze output, compare with formulated

goals (WBS 3.1, WBS 3.2)• Conduct Sensitivity Analysis (using Value Hierarchy) (WBS 3.4)• Define Final Design and Develop Recommendations (WBS 3.4)

49

Schedule

50

Project Budget

51

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 350

200

400

600

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1000

1200

1400

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1800

Earned Value Management

Budgeted Cost of Work PerformedActual Cost of Work PerformedEarned Value

Week

Num

ber o

f Hou

rs

1 3 5 7 9 11 130

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Cost and Schedule Performance Indexes

Cost Performance Index (CPI)Schedule Performance Index (SPI)Baseline

Week

Inde

x Va

lues

Questions

52

Back Up

53

Project Budget

54

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 360

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Earned Value Management

Budgeted Cost of Work Performed Actual Cost of Work Performed Earned Value

Week

Num

ber o

f Hou

rs

Project Budget

55

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Cost and Schedule Performance Indexes

Cost Performance Index (CPI) Schedule Performance Index (SPI) Baseline

Week

Inde

x Va

lues

Fuel Type Units (select) AircraftGround Support

Ground Access

Stationary Sources

(select) - 0 0 0 0 0Avgas Gallons 0 8.37 0 0 0Biodiesel - B10 Gallons 0 0 0 0 0Biodiesel - B100 Gallons 0 0 8.12 8.12 0Biodiesel - B2 Gallons 0 0 8.13 8.13 0Biodiesel - B20 Gallons 0 0 9.64 9.64 0Biodiesel - B5 Gallons 0 0 9.94 9.94 0Coal (Commercial) Kilograms 0 0 0 0 95.35Coal (Cooking) Kilograms 0 0 0 0 83.73Coal (Electric) Kilograms 0 0 0 0 95.52Coal (other) Kilograms 0 0 0 0 93.98Crude Oil Gallons 0 0 0 0 74.54Diesel Gallons 0 0 10.15 10.15 0Diesel Fuel (No. 1 and No. 2) Gallons 0 0 10.15 10.15 0Ethane Gallons 0 0 59.59Ethanol - E10 (Gasohol) Gallons 0 0 8.02 8.02 0Ethanol - E100 Gallons 0 0 0 0 0Ethanol - E85 Gallons 0 0 1.34 1.34 0Heavy Fuel Oil (No. 5, 6 fuel oil), Bunker Fuel Gallons 0 0 0 0 78.8Jet A, JP-8 Gallons 0 8.32 0 0 70.88Jet Fuel, Kerosene Gallons 0 9.57 9.57 9.57 0Kerosene Gallons 0 0 0 0 72.31Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Gallons 0 0 4.46 4.46 0Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Gallons 0 0 5.79 5.79 0Methanol - M100 Gallons 0 0 0 0 0 56

Methanol - M85 Gallons 0 0 0 0 0Middle Distillate Fuels Gallons 0 0 0 0 73.15Motor Gasoline Gallons 0 0 8.91 8.91 0Motor/Auto Gasoline Gallons 0 0 8.81 0 0Municipal Solid Waste MMBu 0 0 0 0 41.7Natural Gas BTU 0 0 9.57 9.57 0Natural Gas (average HHV - 1029 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 54.01Natural Gas (HHV 1000-1026 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 52.91Natural Gas (HHV 1025-1050 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 53.06Natural Gas (HHV 1050-1075 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 53.46Natural Gas (HHV 1075-1100 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 53.72Natural Gas (HHV 975-1000 Btu/scf) BTU 0 0 0 0 53.06Natural Gas flared BTU 0 0 0 0 54.71n-Butane BTU 0 0 0 0 64.95On-Road Diesel Fuel Gallons 0 0 0 0 0Petroluem Coke Pounds 0 0 0 0 102.12Plastics Portion of MSW short ton 0 0 0 0 2539.8Propane BTU 0 0 5.74 5.74 63.07Refinery (Still) Gas Gallons 0 0 0 64.2Residual Fuel (No. 5 and No. 6 Fuel Oil) Gallons 0 0 11.79 11.79 0sobutane BTU 0 0 0 0 65.07Tires/Tire Derived Fuel - 0 0 0 0 85.97Unspecified LPG Gallons 0 0 0 0 62.28Waste Oil Gallons 0 0 0 0 9.98Waste Oil Blended with Distillate Fuel Oil Gallons 0 0 0 0 71.28Waste Oil Blended with Residual Fuel Oil Gallons 0 0 0 0 66.53

Fuel Type Units (select) AircraftGround Support

Ground Access

Stationary Sources

57

StationarySource Name Class Fuel Type

Emissions Index

Amount of Fuel Burned Unit

58

Ground Access VehiclesSource Name Class Fuel Type

Emissons Index

Amount Fuel Unit Quantity

Shuttles Bus Diesel 3

59

Results

Total: 0 kg

Aircraft: 0 kg Ground Access: 0 kgSource Name Class CO2 (kg) Source Name Class CO2 (kg)

Ground Support: 0 kg Stationary Sources 0 kgSource Name Class CO2 (kg) Source Name Class CO2 (kg)

Emissions Totals

60

61

Boilers, Heaters, G18(Cubic Feet)

Incinerator(pounds of

waste)

Heaters(Gallons)

Live-Fire Training(Gallons)

Fuel OilBoilers

(Gallons)

Diesel Oil Emergency Gen/Pumps

(Gallons)

NOx(Tons)

VOC(Tons)

Jan 2004 33,411,666 1,346 8,075 0 2,844 0 0.87 0.10

Feb 2004 25,965,261 1,650 5,002 0 2,297 0 0.67 0.08

Mar 2004 32,631,225 1,264 6,451 7,344 1,443 0 0.85 0.19

Apr 2004 20,607,285 1,180 5,038 13,396 1,417 0 0.58 0.24

May 2004 10,646,344 1,335 0 14,033 394 0 0.30 0.22

Jun 2004 4,473,012 1,228 0 5,702 0 255 0.19 0.10

Jul 2004 9,274,677 1,438 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.03

Aug 2004 11,097,589 1,642 0 0 0 155 0.30 0.03

Sep 2004 10,861,127 964 0 0 0 176 0.30 0.03

Oct 2004 16,467,455 1,600 4,024 0 323 105 0.45 0.05

Nov 2004 20,459,656 1,277 4,084 0 1,142 50 0.54 0.06

Dec 2004 46,503,552 1,408 8,572 0 2,080 105 1.21 0.13

242,398,849 16,332 41,246 40,475 11,940 846 6.48 1.27

Emission Factors are shown here for reference only.ng 4.71E-05 6.00E-07 8.65E-05 5.58E-06 7.62E-06inc 3.00E+00 2.50E+00 1.00E+01 3.00E+00 7.00E+00pro heat 1.40E-02 1.80E-05 1.90E-03 4.70E-04 4.00E-04LFT 6.22E-03 2.00E-05 3.39E-02 2.75E-02 1.02E-01oil 2.00E-02 7.20E-02 5.00E-03 5.56E-04 2.00E-03diesel 3.71E+00 4.15E-01 8.92E-01 2.03E-01 1.88E-01

Nox SOx CO VOC PM

12 Month Total

PROPANENATURAL GAS

Month Year

WASHINGTON DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTMETROPOLITAN WASHINGTON AIRPORTS AUTHORITY

OIL Monthly Emissions

September-04MONTHLY - 12 MONTH CONSECUTIVE TOTALS

AIR PERMIT: NATURAL GAS / PROPANE / HEATING FUEL / DIESEL FUEL

62

WASHINGTON DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WASHINGTON DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTTOTAL OPERATIONS, PASSENGERS, MAIL AND FREIGHT ACTIVITIES TOTAL OPERATIONS, PASSENGERS, MAIL AND FREIGHT ACTIVITIES

CALENDAR YEARS CALENDAR YEARS (Continued)

TOTAL PASSENGERS MAIL (000 LBS) FREIGHT (000 LBS) OPS DOMESTIC INT'L TOTAL DOMESTIC INT'L TOTAL DOMESTIC INT'L TOTALTotal Flights Passengers Mail Freight

* 1962 8,016 52,846 0 52,846 637.1 0.0 637.1 961.3 0.0 961.3* 1963 90,674 640,506 26,053 666,559 5,856.0 584.2 6,440.2 12,706.5 647.2 13,353.7* 1964 131,726 728,092 54,158 782,250 6,454.1 760.3 7,214.4 14,972.6 1,305.6 16,278.2* 1965 158,883 920,431 74,018 994,449 8,565.2 850.0 9,415.2 18,628.8 4,725.7 23,354.5* 1966 181,793 1,078,611 96,114 1,174,725 8,991.5 1,178.3 10,169.8 17,987.2 6,137.8 24,125.0* 1967 212,153 1,427,471 137,141 1,564,612 17,686.2 1,087.2 18,773.4 18,917.4 7,114.2 26,031.6* 1968 213,610 1,602,370 171,372 1,773,742 30,425.0 1,135.0 31,560.0 20,486.3 8,355.8 28,842.1* 1969 224,295 1,928,139 248,063 2,176,202 30,427.4 1,595.8 32,023.2 24,107.0 12,901.6 37,008.6* 1970 184,226 1,869,194 288,269 2,157,463 27,175.8 2,519.7 29,695.5 23,542.0 15,389.2 38,931.2* 1971 194,647 1,881,330 363,979 2,245,309 24,335.7 4,486.0 28,821.7 27,197.7 20,381.0 47,578.7

** 1972 208,972 1,992,426 487,174 2,479,600 24,518.8 3,612.0 28,130.8 33,448.3 17,995.1 51,443.4** 1973 204,048 2,083,104 561,889 2,644,993 26,271.2 4,090.3 30,361.5 39,035.1 19,048.3 58,083.4** 1974 184,701 2,004,265 552,945 2,557,210 32,577.3 3,665.6 36,242.9 45,223.8 23,446.5 68,670.3** 1975 177,673 2,000,486 527,921 2,528,407 30,023.6 2,960.2 32,983.8 35,833.8 32,244.3 68,078.1** 1976 187,720 2,251,090 590,405 2,841,495 27,567.5 2,665.7 30,233.2 36,941.6 30,880.0 67,821.6** 1977 186,391 2,267,313 600,469 2,867,782 34,120.3 4,120.5 38,240.8 36,579.0 34,125.5 70,704.5** 1978 177,121 2,518,207 671,747 3,189,954 39,440.0 6,479.7 45,919.7 40,186.8 35,091.2 75,278.0** 1979 172,974 2,857,578 667,476 3,525,054 41,617.3 6,516.9 48,134.2 38,894.8 33,916.0 72,810.8** 1980 165,420 2,086,214 538,184 2,624,398 40,442.7 6,945.8 47,388.5 25,786.1 28,951.4 54,737.5** 1981 155,348 1,888,556 436,029 2,324,585 34,575.1 5,156.5 39,731.6 25,966.3 26,870.0 52,836.3** 1982 148,964 2,247,602 362,331 2,609,933 31,465.2 2,992.5 34,457.7 34,214.7 23,161.7 57,376.4** 1983 165,000 2,651,147 368,642 3,019,789 30,390.2 3,665.9 34,056.1 53,987.7 27,010.1 80,997.8** 1984 174,099 3,136,247 419,524 3,555,771 33,297.2 4,635.0 37,932.2 68,903.5 31,310.1 100,213.6** 1985 208,333 4,538,446 698,831 5,237,277 40,191.7 7,868.9 48,060.6 66,225.0 39,529.2 105,754.2** 1986 278,307 8,394,046 737,849 9,131,895 43,727.9 13,160.2 56,888.1 89,173.7 43,470.3 132,644.0** 1987 289,167 9,980,146 970,065 10,950,211 55,019.0 14,850.8 69,869.8 143,778.7 64,507.2 208,285.9** 1988 230,973 8,649,910 1,036,727 9,686,637 64,853.5 14,192.4 79,045.9 197,081.5 90,891.7 287,973.2

1989 224,885 9,224,290 1,174,801 10,399,091 68,907.9 17,040.8 85,948.7 176,118.4 83,970.8 260,089.21990 242,209 9,042,829 1,395,260 10,438,089 71,625.3 18,052.5 89,677.8 209,538.7 86,353.3 295,892.01991 264,579 9,406,407 1,555,921 10,962,328 65,909.5 14,964.7 80,874.2 208,548.4 71,820.0 280,368.41992 276,666 9,408,027 2,122,802 11,530,829 77,826.2 19,482.3 97,308.5 244,114.7 94,712.4 338,827.11993 267,837 8,500,717 2,486,474 10,987,191 86,499.6 19,511.1 106,010.7 299,232.8 124,374.8 423,607.61994 284,880 8,946,588 2,744,198 11,690,786 84,862.9 18,174.8 103,037.7 341,216.0 165,583.1 506,799.11995 308,144 9,652,858 2,790,799 12,443,657 98,624.7 15,706.7 114,331.4 362,174.6 167,189.7 529,364.31996 322,969 10,095,340 2,798,688 12,894,028 106,723.8 15,649.6 122,373.4 378,414.7 181,131.3 559,546.01997 339,564 10,697,389 3,060,472 13,757,861 108,592.7 18,811.3 127,404.0 416,472.7 228,463.8 644,936.51998 382,184 12,444,662 3,301,680 15,746,342 111,338.8 18,492.8 129,831.6 427,881.1 223,939.6 651,820.71999 465,915 16,054,958 3,742,371 19,797,329 122,787.5 21,769.6 144,557.1 415,212.2 232,191.9 647,404.12000 456,436 15,872,660 4,232,033 20,104,693 114,584.8 22,489.9 137,074.7 416,761.5 292,557.4 709,318.92001 396,886 14,020,710 3,981,609 18,002,319 75,327.3 18,869.6 94,196.9 375,224.8 260,244.0 635,468.82002 372,636 13,145,607 4,089,556 17,235,163 26,792.7 19,223.2 46,015.9 386,888.3 283,438.2 670,326.52003 335,397 12,928,047 4,022,334 16,950,381 24,486.3 14,839.3 39,325.6 329,480.1 260,395.7 589,875.82004 469,635 18,213,886 4,654,966 22,868,852 22,962.1 8,741.8 31,703.9 339,705.2 313,632.8 653,338.02005 509,652 22,128,747 4,923,371 27,052,118 22,496.4 8,667.0 31,163.4 319,339.1 317,639.4 636,978.52006 379,571 17,787,488 5,232,874 23,020,362 14,563.2 12,855.1 27,418.3 324,806.2 421,345.6 746,151.82007 382,943 18,792,173 5,945,355 24,737,528 6,681.8 16,435.4 23,117.2 346,930.5 420,706.8 767,637.32008 360,292 17,638,090 6,238,690 23,876,780 11,745.1 17,449.6 29,194.7 300,134.6 406,798.2 706,932.82009 340,367 16,964,895 6,248,446 23,213,341 9,272.3 12,960.9 22,233.2 261,650.0 361,672.8 623,322.8

* CY 1962 - 1971 domestic passengers include international military passengers.** CY 1972 - 1988 international passengers include U. S. military passengers.