sustainability in airport design towards carbon...

SUSTAINABILITY IN AIRPORT DESIGNtowards carbon neutral + sustainable design

SNC-LAVALIN

Nantes- Notre Dame Des Landes – a case study

Nantes- Notre Dame Des Landes – a case study

The Government of France took a position to be exemplary in the fight against global warming and environmental protection.

DGAC requirements of Bid and compliance with Grenelle Treaty

A paradigm shift, where carbon emissions take center stage

A realization that going green won’t hurt competitiveness

Notre Dame Des Landes will be a milestone project. The first airport facility with Carbon neutrality as it’s goal

Our philosophy is that it isn’t more expensive to invest in energy savings than to waste energy for which we will have to pay a high price, and that sustainable development isn’t a burden, but a tremendous opportunity for investment, productivity gains and increased purchasing power.

NDDL – 4 Million Passengers - Inaugural

NDDL – 9 Million Passengers - 2065

The High Environmental Quality (HQE®) Approach1

Environmental options and targets prioritization

Highly Efficient (HE) for targets:

Relationship to the environment

Integrated selection of products, systems and processes

Energy management

Water management

Works Waste management

Continuing Performances, maintenance and sustainability

Water quality

Low environmental impact work site

Thermal, Acoustics, Visual and Olfactory Comforts

Air quality

Efficiency Targets2

Relation to the environment

Climatic adaptation: wind, rainfall, sun and air quality

Protection from both the rain and sun: covered Plaza, buildings orientated to the trees and vegetation to act as windbreaks, large roof overhangs, wind’s action minimized by elevation differences…

Natural ventilation promotion: openings on the façades, ventilation and light shafts to generate thermal drafts and protection from Jet fuel in interior of terminal building

Visual Comfort: wide visibility and open views from the Air Terminal Building

Relation to the environment

Consistency with the regions sustainable development agenda while limiting the constraints on the community

Reduction of the requirements by using the site’s resources:

Solar radiation brings and abundant natural lighting, reducing needs in electrical power

Reclaimed rainwater collection for irrigation and cleaning and returned to the ground by seepage

Wastewater treated by a self-contained drainage system (wastewater treatment plant)

Relation to the environment (continued)

Adjusting each façade to its orientation characteristics

Pivotal importance of all intensely directional elements (wind and sun effects) and the desired views quality: each façade has its own characteristics (windows and openings or opaque treatment)

Conservation of the site’s natural features

The project incorporates and maintains existing vegetation wherever possible

The “bocage” (terrain of mixed woodland and pasture) canvass is maintained by the use of dense tree planting

Wetlands with aquatic plants recollect water and release back into it’s natural catchment area.

Numerous plant species foster biodiversity

Balanced Earthworks over life of concession so no material is brought into site or removed.

Maintaining biomass


Sustainability: achieving a flexible building through design and technical networks:

The building’s service life depends on its flexibility to adapt to its needed uses, evolutions and it’s materials inherent durability. Flexibility is a decisive driver for the choice of the construction process

Inside: light convertible partitioning and only distribution core kernels (stairs, elevators shafts) are concrete (for building stability)

Technical networks independent from dividing walls and ceilings for easy future expansions

Technical galleries located underneath the basement floors for ease of future reconfigurations

Mitigate Environmental Impacts

Emphasis on methods, products and materials releasing/embodying less CO2

Limiting the amount of consumed resources, environmental pollutants, air and water pollution, and waste

Preference given to use of local materials to limit transportation and favour local industries and promote a sense of place

Comparative chart (equivalent CO2 /UF over a period of 55 years) for decision making

Comparative table of structural works materials’ CO2 emissions and embodied energy for decision making

Selections based on: thermal and acoustic properties, durability, use of local resources, low energy consumption, easy implementation, easy servicing, durability, use of fully or partially recycled materials

Integrated selection of products, systems and processes (cont.)

Health: a key driver in materials and products selection for both construction and life service phases

Use of products with low pollutant emissions and containing fewer hazardous materials:

urea-formaldehyde compounds are avoided and formaldehyde emissions grading are taken into account

chemical treatments are avoided (chrome and arsenic)

heavy metals or ethylene-glycol derivatives are avoided

sourcing of alternatives for noxious graded materials

Indicators: Environmental grading of materials according to XP- P 01-010 standard, INIES Database, ADEME Carbon footprint, KBOB-eco bau- IPB Swiss database

Low VOC materials resulting in improved Indoor air quality


Energy Management

« Neutral Energy » achievement goal for all buildings and the whole aerodrome

Careful design of building envelope’s performance to limit energy requirements

Air treatment, heating and comfort cooling:

Heat production through a wood cogeneration plant with two wood furnaces and a natural gas furnace back-up with material grown onsite

Heated areas restricted to the areas where travelers spend the most time and temperature limited to 13ºC in transit areas, ad-hoc local complement treatment (by lamellar heating ceiling panels)

Favored systems include: low temperature radiant heating, radiant ceilings able to function both as heating or cooling systems, radiant heating for larger volumes (circulation and waiting areas), high occupancy rate premises have pre-heated new air injected (double flow ventilation with regenerator)

Air conditioning is avoided, summer cooling done by ground-coupled heat exchanger and additionally by cooling floors and ceilings or by a passive ventilation system

Lighting and electrical power

Envelope designed to maximize natural lighting: lighting needs are already optimized

Use of low voltage high efficiency lights (fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights)

Lighting controlled by the Building Management System (BMS), occupation and motion sensors and daylight sensors

Power requirements less than 8 W/m²

Equipment chosen for it’s reduced consumption needs: elevators, escalators and pedestrian conveyors have intermittent functioning modes with detectors (40% of energy reduction and reduction in servicing and an extended service life)

Exterior and airfield light marking and signing use low voltage lighting and LEDS

Domestic hot water supply

Heat losses avoid during the distribution process by producing hot water in close proximity to points of use

Energy Management (continued)

High Efficient targets

Energy management (continued):

Ventilation

Emphasis on Natural ventilation

Use of operable light shafts on the roof for summer thermal draft

Air renewal via mechanical assistance according to occupational loads data, with variable flow fans connected to BMS.

Heat recovery ventilation system with superior performance recovery rates of 80%. Ventilation exchange modulated according to needs (area sensors and detectors, air quality probes)

Result is reduced ventilation electrical consumption, while providing and controlling throughput flows at or in excess of regulatory flows and improved indoor air quality

Renewable energies

Integrated solar energy production by 7,300m² of amorphous roof photovoltaic cells with 160kW peak capacity and over 0.75 GW-h annual production

Controlling energy consumption

SunWood energy reactor system

Natural gas back-up

ENERGY POSITIVE PLATFORM

Electricity

Fuel

General services

Passenger services

Aircraft servicesLoading premises

Ground handling

vehicles

Passengers transfer

Road sweepers

Vehicles

Firefighters

Electric generating sets

Diesel fuel

Fuelling truck

Cooling (hot water)

Ventilation

Lighting

Office automation

Remote indication

Check-in

Elevators, escalators

Baggage inspection

Baggage belts

Control tower

Apron lighting

Bridges

400Hz power supply

PCA ???

JET A1 fuel (commercial aviation)

in fuel farm

Avgas (light aviation)

Fuel oil

SOLAR PANNELS

COGENERATION FURNACE

Water Management

Water Management

water saving devices in common washrooms, personnel washrooms and restaurants areas:

toilets reduced flow flushing system

waterless urinals

flow limiting, timed shut-off of, presence-detection valves and fittings finishes

water networks pressure limited to 3 bars

consumptions regular follow-up, water loss control measures

green areas planted with drought tolerant and indigenous species, sprinkling systems pluviometric-regulated or timer-automated

restrooms’ lavatories’ grey water reclaimed and treated to be used by toilets’ flushing system

rain water partially reclaimed for outdoor sprinkling and floor cleaning and used as back-up for the toilets’ flushing system

Rainwater

aerodrome designed with integrated permeable zones in the landside development (dense tree planting and semi-permeable surfaces to allow rainwater return seepage)

Roof rain waters partly reclaimed for outdoor sprinkling and floor cleaning, remaining used for return seepage (via ditches in the landscaped parking lots)

Wastewater

airport’s wastewaters completely treated by alternative sanitation an onsite vegetation an lagoons. Solid waster incinerated onsite.

wastewater disposal downsized by re-using lavatories’ grey waters for the toilets

Variables

Drinking water consumption

Non drinking water consumption

Percentage of non drinking water needs covered by reclaimed rain waters

Water Management (cont.)

Water Quality

Pipes, tanks and cisterns use materials that are compatible with the nature and quality of the water they hold

Drinking water and waste water storages will be separated.

The grey water network will be labelled and differentiated from the drinking water network. All distribution points of non drinking water will be labelled

Materials selection is adapted to the water’s treatment type to avoid corrosion. Cold drinking water is not treated

Alternative treatments are preferred to chemical treatments (filtration, ionisation)

Considerations:

Water: physical and bacteriological qualities, temperature

Networks corrosion levels

Recycling

Identification: Work waste identified and graded by type to facilitate their separation and value

Occupancy: Recycling premises dimensioned according to amount, value and source separation possibilities.

Flows: Waste flows optimized to avoid type crossovers, and users or deliveries interference

Considerations: temporary storage capacity in relation to daily output, autonomy, packaging protection against nuisances or proliferation in storage areas, collection route (distance, dimension, manoeuvrability, interaction with other flows)

Tools: Operational Planning for waste volume evaluation per type and location, collection volume and transfer rate to the main waste collection point, main waste collection removal rates capacity and subsequent treatment, recycling or disposal lines

Continuing Performances, Maintenance and Sustainability

Servicing requirements taken into account at the design phase

Materials selection according to their durability and resistance to weathering, damage and vandalism vs. cost

Regular service operations can be done by non specialized personnel, without any specialized tools. Servicing can be performed without user service or operational disruptions

Easy cleaning operations due to materials and finishes quality, facilitated accessibility and design with O+M in the forefront:

windows accessible inside and outside by platform lifts/suspended scaffolding

roof photovoltaic cells only require access to their inverters and roofs are accessible from staircases

fabric panels dropped ceilings do not require any maintenance since there are no networks or lighting systems underneath and up the ceiling

the cleaning of exterior and interior walls do not call for toxic chemicals.

Technical installations are reliable, easily accessed, easy to use and can be controlled easily

The hot and cold networks are split up to allow for servicing only in required areas without disruption to other zones

A Building Management System (BMS) allows for ventilation, lighting, water consumption and heating and cooling systems operations and monitoring:

Comfort levels by areas

Consumptions measurements per type of use and area or system

Monitoring and control of all functions, especially sanitary fittings (filters status, networks pressure and temperature status)

Commissioning of devices enabling to detect over-consumptions of occupied areas, individual regulation of some spaces according to occupation rates (retail, offices) and intermittent use management

Air velocity and air quality measurement systems will be installed for continual evaluation of IAQ.

Things that are measured are improved

Continuing Performances Maintenance and Sustainability (cont.)

Lighting equipment will be simple, robust, easy to source and easily accessible without disrupting passengers’ comfort, and highly efficient

Consumption is optimized by use of motions sensors, light sensors and timers to pilot the controlled areas

Computerized maintenance management system

For conveyance devices such as escalators, moving walkways, elevators and automatic doors, a monitoring system is proposed to control electrical consumption and avoid wear/breakdowns

A preventive maintenance policy is recommended, via a computerized maintenance management system allowing for:

The best possible prevention/correction ratio in relation to the managed equipment and availability goals

A better planning of scheduled interventions and maintenance

Decision support for equipment renewal

Continuing Performances Maintenance and Sustainability (cont.)

Low Environmental Impact Work Site

Commissioning of a Green Plan to limit the worksite’s environmental impacts:

Identification and rating of worksite wastes for recycling

Commissioning of a waste management plan

Definition of a management method to facilitate waste pick-up and identification (per type of waste: hazardous or not)

Minimum of 40% of waste are to be recycled

Operational procedures to reduce waste production at the source

Mitigation of acoustic and visual annoyances during the works

Guarantee a clean worksite with limited dust emissions and soil erosion

Thermal Comfort

Winter comfort:

Landside:

Areas landside are buffer areas, enclosed but not heated and protected from wind and rain.

Highly efficient building envelope allow users to benefit from a satisfactory comfort with a temperature over 55ºF even without heating

The check-in area benefits from ceiling radiant heating panels and. Strategically placed Radiant totems will give travelers the temporary comfort they need

The security area has an efficient envelope and is heated at 66ºF. Connection from the check-in area through an air curtain and an airlock entrance allows exit to this differentiated zone

Airside:

Comfort zone with heating floors and make-up air treatment achieving a minimum 66ºF temperature

Space flexibility in retail areas: heating is done by radiant ceiling panels (3m high)

The Passengers Terminal: Sustainable Design & Construction

Landside: transition area, buffer zone between indoors and outdoors

Airside: departure, holding and comfort areas

Plaza: waiting/greeting and walk-through areas

Winter Comfort

AIRSIDE AREA

Heated zone

LANDSIDE AREA

Non heated zone

Area heated by heating floor

+ boosted by make-up air heating as needed

Non heated area

Heating as needed

Heating as needed via

ceiling panel heatingBaggage claimCheck-inSafety

Summer comfort:

Landside:

Plaza side openings and natural thermal ventalation/light shafts ensure comfort

The resulting temperature in this area does not exceed 85ºF for more than 50 hours per annum in the plaza area and 27 hours for the check-in area (the initial set limit being 66 hours defined in the bid)

Passive means employed to obtain summer comfort include:

- closed side façades (for aircraft noise mitigation), horizontal window shutters for protection from the sun, large roof overhangs and glass panes with a 0.34 solar factor

- façade over the plaza: large higher openings and complete sun protection due to deep soffit

- roof light shafts: open for natural hot air removal, solar radiation control via operable modular EFTE panels

Thermal Comfort (continued)

Summer comfort (continued)

Landside (continued):

The security area is a comfort zone treated via a ground-coupled heat exchanger. Resulting temperature does not exceed 85ºF throughout the year.

Airside:

Ground-coupled heat exchanger air treatment or passive thermal ventilation cooling with localized cooling via ceiling cooling panels

Resulting temperature does not exceed 82ºF throughout the year more than 44 hours as per requirements

Passive principles for building comfort include:

- concrete floors for thermal mass inertia and intermediate concrete or wood floors

- over-insulated roofs and large roof overhangs to reduce solar gain

- double glazing (0.34 solar factor panes) on North-East façade, limited window openings on South-West façade, roof light shafts: solar radiation managed by operable EFTE panels (0.07 solar factor)

Thermal Comfort (continued)


Rainwater reclamation tank

Wood structure building

Large roof overhangs

Photovoltaic solar panels

Light shaft and natural ventilation

Efficient wooden framing facades

Combined heat & power production & wood furnace

Heating

Electrical

Power

Electrical Power

Natural

ventilation

Ground-coupled heat exchanger for ventilation

Photovoltaic canopies over mid/long term parking lot

Favorable orientation


Summer comfort

Floor thermal

mass

RETAIL SHOPS

Cooling ceilings

Ground temperature ≈ 12°CGround-coupled heat exchanger system

Natural hot air

extraction

Air

recyclingCooled air

supply

AIRSIDE AREAGround-coupled heat exchanger

treatment

LANDSIDE AREANatural ventilation

June inclination

66°

Natural

ventilation

Acoustics Comfort

Space layout optimized to mitigate acoustic nuisances

Safety, baggage and check-in areas remote and separated from waiting and retail areas

Technical rooms and baggage make-up at airside ground level are remote from waiting areas

No opening windows on any airside facades, except over the plaza to avoid acoustic nuisances from outdoor noise

Efficient façades insulation

Considerations:

Standardized acoustic insulation between interior areas as well as from exterior areas (air and impact noise)

Equipment functioning resulting noise level measurements

General noise level and reverberation time measurements in all types of areas and rooms

Visual Comfort

Natural lighting heavily utilized for both comfort and reduced electrical consumption

All circulation, check-in and waiting areas benefit from views and light from North-East and South-West façades. Both of these have windows yet are protected from the sun either by their exposition of by large roof overhangs

Roof light shafts bring a light into central spaces like retail and offices areas

Solar radiation management to avoid glaring: EFTE pads control light shafts and can include geometric patterns adjustable to interior requirements

Visual Comfort

Artificial lighting is optimized to comply to energy saving goals without diminishing ambiance and function

Low consumption lights are used (fluorescent, fluo-compacts, LED) wherever possible

Adjusted lighting levels: for circulation areas a minimum of 150 lux, for retail areas a minimum of 300 lux for products and 500 lux for cashiers and for office areas, 250 lux

Olfactory Comfort and Air Quality

Measures for both olfactory comfort and air quality are similar, hence treated in a same manner.

Those measures include:

Management of pollution sources: selection of building and maintenance materials to reduce VOC and formaldehyde emissions, no mineral wool installed without proper retaining screens

Management of pollutants : protection of air intake points (jet and automobile fuel), optimization of odours removal

Reduction of interior pollution by adapted air circulation: air change rate adapted to performed activities and occupation load

In a Nut Shell3


Simplicity in Design

Consistent with the natural environment

« High Environmental Quality » , BBC.

Constructive dispositions :

Energy needs limitations: comfort level adapted to performed activities

Summer comfort catered to by natural means (ground-coupled heat exchanger ventilation during heat waves, natural ventilation during the rest of the warm season), abundant zenithal (top) natural lighting throughout the building

Sun protection devices

Use of wood (flooring, frames, facades)

Limitation of needs

Optimization of heated volumes and areas

Optimization of controlled comfort zones, limited to dwelling areas (holding, departure areas)

Abundant natural lighting and efficient envelope

Natural ventilation

Construct expansions on a “Just in time” basis

Power Production

Use of wood as building material: significant reduction of primary energy consumption, 100% of heating energy needs covered

Cogeneration based on wood use: reduction of dependency to external electrical network thanks to the local production of electrical power on site

Photovoltaic solar energy production and use: a fully “energy positive” site


Carbon dioxide neutralization

Wood use in construction: trees planted

Water management

Water saving treatments to downsize drinking water consumption

Rain water reclamation for irrigation and floor cleaning

Lavatories grey water reclamation for toilet use

Return seepage of rainwater and sewage waters after treatment

Other Considerations

Emphasis on public transit, trams, bike routes, pedestrian paths to


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