The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireThe Spread of Civilization in The Spread of Civilization in

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Chapter NineChapter Nine

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireEmperor Emperor ConstantineConstantine 4th century 4th century C.E.C.E., ,

founded founded Constantinople – Constantinople – disassembled Roman disassembled Roman buildings & recreated buildings & recreated them in new capitalthem in new capital

Roman Empire divided Roman Empire divided Capitals at Rome & Capitals at Rome &

ConstantinopleConstantinople Constantinople – use Constantinople – use

of Greek language of Greek language from 6th century onfrom 6th century on

-Attempted to reconquer Italy-Attempted to reconquer Italy-Slavs, Persians attack from east-Slavs, Persians attack from east-Building projects - Hagia Sophia-Building projects - Hagia Sophia-Legal codification-Legal codification-Constant external threats-Constant external threats

Arab MuslimsArab MuslimsBulgarsBulgars

Result: Center of empire shifts to eastResult: Center of empire shifts to east

The Byzantine Empire under Justinian

Justinian's Justinian's Achievements:Achievements:

Byzantine Society and PoliticsByzantine Society and Politics

Emperors resemble Chinese Emperors resemble Chinese rulersrulers Court ritualCourt ritual Head of church and state Head of church and state

Sophisticated bureaucracySophisticated bureaucracy Open to all classesOpen to all classes

Provincial governorsProvincial governors Economic controlEconomic control

Regulation of food prices, tradeRegulation of food prices, tradeSilk productionSilk production

Trade network - Trade network - Asia, Russia, Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, AfricaScandinavia, Europe, Africa

ArtsArts Creativity in architectureCreativity in architecture

Mosaic of Justinian

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of ConstantinopleThe Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople  “They were not able to believe that there could be so rich a town in the “They were not able to believe that there could be so rich a town in the

whole world, those high walls and mighty towers, those luxurious palaces whole world, those high walls and mighty towers, those luxurious palaces

and lofty churches.” and lofty churches.” Geoffrey de VillehardoinGeoffrey de Villehardoin  Constantinople was the greatest city of Christendom in the Middle Ages.  Constantinople was the greatest city of Christendom in the Middle Ages.  

The Split Between Eastern and Western The Split Between Eastern and Western ChristianityChristianity

Patriarch Michael (Head of Church & State in Byzantine Empire)Patriarch Michael (Head of Church & State in Byzantine Empire) 1054 - attacked Catholic Pope Leo IX over church differences, especially the 1054 - attacked Catholic Pope Leo IX over church differences, especially the

use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Patriarch's letter addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." Patriarch's letter addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." Pope excommunicated Patriarch Michael on July 16, 1054, but notice took 3 Pope excommunicated Patriarch Michael on July 16, 1054, but notice took 3

months to arrive & Pope Leo had died - invalidatedmonths to arrive & Pope Leo had died - invalidated Michael issued excommunication of Pope in responseMichael issued excommunication of Pope in response EFFECT: later Popes ally with the Normans (French) against the EmpireEFFECT: later Popes ally with the Normans (French) against the Empire

The Empire's Decline – beginning in 11th centuryThe Empire's Decline – beginning in 11th century Seljuk Turks - Take most of Asian provincesSeljuk Turks - Take most of Asian provinces 1071 - Manzikert - Byzantine defeat1071 - Manzikert - Byzantine defeat

Slavic states emerge – Christianity expands Slavic states emerge – Christianity expands

Appeal to West brings crusadersAppeal to West brings crusaders 1204 - Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople1204 - Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople

1453 - Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks1453 - Constantinople taken by Ottoman TurksBy 1461 – Byzantine empire is goneBy 1461 – Byzantine empire is gone

Eastern Europe and the migration Eastern Europe and the migration of the Slavic Peoples - 7of the Slavic Peoples - 7thth century century

When the Slavs arrived is uncertainWhen the Slavs arrived is uncertainThey mixed with peoples like the Huns, the Bulgars, and the Magyars; They mixed with peoples like the Huns, the Bulgars, and the Magyars; & created 3 distinct Slavic groups& created 3 distinct Slavic groups

1) Western Slavs: 1) Western Slavs: Kingdoms of Poland & Bohemia; Kingdoms of Poland & Bohemia; converted to Catholicism by German missionaries in the 9-10th centuriesconverted to Catholicism by German missionaries in the 9-10th centuries

2) Southern Slavs in the Balkans2) Southern Slavs in the Balkans Serbs converted to Orthodox Christianity and hence linked to Byzantine Serbs converted to Orthodox Christianity and hence linked to Byzantine

cultural traditioncultural tradition Slovenes and Croats became Roman Catholic and were more European Slovenes and Croats became Roman Catholic and were more European

orientedoriented

3) Eastern Slavs and the Origins of Kievan Rus – 63) Eastern Slavs and the Origins of Kievan Rus – 6 thth century:  century:  contact with the Vikings who traded along Russian rivers from the Baltic to contact with the Vikings who traded along Russian rivers from the Baltic to

the Black and Caspian Seas and built cities like Novgoradthe Black and Caspian Seas and built cities like Novgorad Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern The Spread of Civilization in Eastern EuropeEurope

Influence through conquest, conversion, tradeInfluence through conquest, conversion, tradeCompetition from Catholics and Orthodox GreeksCompetition from Catholics and Orthodox GreeksCzechs, Hungary, Poland establish regional monarchies Czechs, Hungary, Poland establish regional monarchies Jews flee from western EuropeJews flee from western Europe

The Emergence of Kievan Rus'The Emergence of Kievan Rus' Slavic from AsiaSlavic from Asia

Iron working, extend agricultureIron working, extend agricultureMix with earlier populationsMix with earlier populationsFamily tribes, villages, KingdomsFamily tribes, villages, KingdomsAnimistic religion(s)Animistic religion(s)

Vladimir IVladimir I (980-1015) (980-1015)Converts to Orthodoxy – WHY?Converts to Orthodoxy – WHY?Controls churchControls church

Orthodox cathedral in Russia

East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, c. 1000

Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus'Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus'

What is the name of “boyars” in Western Europe?

Influenced by Byzantine Influenced by Byzantine patternspatternsOrthodox influenceOrthodox influence Ornate churchesOrnate churches IconsIcons MonasticismMonasticismArt, literature dominated by the Art, literature dominated by the church & royal familieschurch & royal familiesFree farmers predominantFree farmers predominantBoyarsBoyars, landlords – own serfs, landlords – own serfs Less powerful than in the Less powerful than in the

WestWest

Kievan Decline – Kievan Decline – beginning 12 th centurybeginning 12 th century

Rival governmentsRival governments Succession strugglesSuccession struggles

Asian conquerorsAsian conquerorsMongols (Tartars)Mongols (Tartars)

Starting in13th centuryStarting in13th centuryconquer territory, but did not rule directlyconquer territory, but did not rule directly

Traditional culture survivesTraditional culture survives

The End of an Era in Eastern EuropeThe End of an Era in Eastern Europe Mongol invasions usher in new periodMongol invasions usher in new period East and West further separatedEast and West further separated

What was one of the things that the Mongols brought to Europe?