islam an introduction to islam تقديم إلى إسلام history of western civilization:...
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ISLAM
An Introduction to Islam
إسالم إلى تقديم
History of Western Civilization: Byzantine Empire Unit 2008-09
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Taj Mahal, India
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Dome of The Rock, Jerusalem
Istanbul, Turkey
Cairo, Egypt
Damascus, Syria
Islamabad, Pakistan
Bombay, India
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rome, Italy
Dublin, Ireland
Guyana-Mosque
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
ContentsThe BasicsDemographics HistoryPracticeEthicsSectsWomen in IslamMosquesIslamic Art
The Basics
What does Islam mean?
Arabic root word is SLM
SLM=Salaam =
Peace
ISLAM = “Willful Surrender” “Willful Submission” MUSLIM = “One who submits to Allah”
The “6” Articles of FaithBelief in the Oneness of Allah (God)
Belief in the Angels created by Allah (God)
Belief in the Revealed Books of Allah (God)
Belief in the Messengers & Prophets of Allah (God)
Belief in the Day of Judgment
Belief in Allah’s (God’s) Sovereignty (control) over Human Destiny & over all Affairs
Islam “A Faith of Human Unity”
It calls all humankind regardless of their race and gender to unite in the worship of the One and Unique creator.
Islam considers all believers as brothers and sisters, and rejects discrimination on the basis of gender, color, race or ethnic background.
Humankind is one family, if one person suffers everyone should help alleviate that suffering
Allah
Allah is the Arabic name for God used by Muslims of the world as well as Arab Christians.
“He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.” (The Qur’an)
Prophets and Scriptures
SOME PROPHETS: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Ishaq, Jacob (Israel), Joseph, Benjamin, Moses, Aaron, David, Solomon, Zakareya, John, Jesus, Muhammad
DIVINE BOOKS: Torah, Zabur (Psalms), Injeel (Gospel), Qur’an
Belief in ALL prophets of GodSource of All Books is GodMain Message of all Prophets: Islam
Muslims Believe Muhammad Is:
•The Last Messenger & Last Messenger & Last ProphetLast Prophet
•The Seal Of The The Seal Of The ProphetsProphets
•The Universal ProphetThe Universal Prophet
Qur’an القرآنThe Holy Book “The Recitation”
Original message is intact, as given by the Prophet in Arabic
23 Years of Revelations (610 - 632 C.E.)
114 Chapters (Suras)– Each begins with the phrase:
“In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.”
الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم
Islam maintains the integrity of original language (Arabic)
Muslims of all language backgrounds recite Islamic verses in Arabic
Sunnah and Hadith
Approvals, disapprovals of the Prophet
Compiled in separate books, known as Hadith books, after the death of the Prophet
Classified from authentic to false.
Sharia & FiqhSharia
– "the path leading to the watering place"
– Islamic Law– covers all aspects of life – politics, society, daily life
Fiqh– "jurisprudence" – the practical rules of the religion – what is required, forbidden, recommended, disapproved or merely permitted
Muslims respect , love and honor Jesus
Jesus is considered a great messenger/ prophet
Jesus was born from the ‘virgin’ MaryJesus is a ‘word’ from GodJesus is mentioned in 25 places in the
Qur’an with names of respect and honor
However, Muslims do not consider Jesus to be of divine nature
What Muslims believe about Jesus
“We believe in Allah (God) and that which was revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the tribes and that which was given to Moses, Jesus and to the Prophets from their Lord; We make NO distinction between any of them, and to Him (God) we submit.” (Qur’an, 3:83)
What the Qur’an says about Jesus
Becoming A Muslim
Simply by saying with conviction…
“La ilaha illa Allah, wa
Muhammad Rasullah.”
…one becomes a Muslim.
This saying means:“There is no true deity, but Allah (God),
and Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of Allah.”
Demographics
So, where are Muslims ?
1.7 billion Muslims worldwide (almost ¼ of the world’s population)
57 countries with Muslims as a majority of the population, including 22 Arab countries.
Country with the largest Muslim population is Indonesia.
Only 18-25% of Muslims are Arabs
World Muslims
Muslims in America2nd most common religion in America
One of the fastest growing religions in the USA
Estimated 7 to 8 million Muslims
Wide variety of ethnic backgrounds/national origins
Not all Muslims are Arabs…not all Arabs are Muslims
History
Prophet Muhammad
Descendant of Ishmael, the first son of Abraham.
Born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 570 AD
Received first revelation at the age 40 through angel Gabriel.
Died in the year 632 AD, after preaching Islam for 23 years.
Prophet Muhammad
Early yearsCaravan experience = worldly
knowledge Marriage to Khadija Message from GabrielPersecution in MeccaJustice & a following in Yathrib
(Medina)Conquest of MeccaSpread of faith
Spread of Islam
Islam, in the tenth century, was the main religion or -- at least -- the religion of the majority of peoples in an area covering more than half of the civilized world.
Stretching over three continents from the Pyrenees and Siberia in West and Northern Europe to the farthest end of Asia, up to China and New Guinea in the East; from Morocco in North Africa to the southern tip of Africa, covering two-thirds of the African continent.
Spread of Islam
What Gandhi Said About Muhammad
“I wanted to know the best of one who holds today’s undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind. I became convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for his pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and his followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his own mission. These and not the sword carried everything before them and surmounted every obstacle. When I closed the 2nd volume (of the Prophet’s biography), I was sorry there was not more for me to read of his great life.” Mahatma Gandhi
The life & property of all people are considered sacred whether a person is Muslim or not.
No Supremacy: All people are equal. “God has no mercy on one who has no
mercy for others.”“None of you truly believes until he wishes
for his brother what he wishes for himself.”
“He who eats his fill while his neighbor goes without food is not a believer.”
“No Arab has any superiority over a non Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab. Nor does a white man have any superiority over a black man, or the black man any superiority over the white man.”
Sayings Of Prophet Muhammad
For 500 to 1000 YearsMuslims Were The World
Leaders inMathematics
Algebra
Arabic Numbers
Geometry
Engineering
Architecture
Arts & Crafts
Calligraphy
Education
Universities
Learning
Knowledge
Exploration
Hygiene
Ethics
Etiquettes
Social Services
Hospitals
Medicine
Law & Justice
Human Rights
Civil Rights
Commerce
Industry
Science
Chemistry
Physics
Biology
Astronomy
Anatomy
Botany
Poetry
Practice
Worship and Obedience
Prayers (Salah)Charity (Zakat)Fasting ( Ramadan)Pilgrimage (Hajj)Any act done according to
Qur’an & Sunnah to please God
The Five Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars Of Islam ( Forms Of Worship )
1) Declaration of Faith (Shahadah)
2) Prayers (Salah)
3) Charity (Zakat)
4) Fasting (Ramadan)
5) Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Declaration of Faith Declaration of Faith (Shahadah)(Shahadah)
To say, believe and testify that…
“La ilaha illa Allah”
“There is no true deity, but Allah (God).”<Denial of other gods—affirmation of the one true God>
الله إال إله ال
Prayers (Salah)
Five Daily Prayers from Dawn to Late Evening regulate a Muslim’s day: dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset & night
Prayers involve ablution, standing, bowing, prostrating, sitting postures
Face Kabbah (in Mecca)Mihrab
Prayers in Arabic.Additional Prayers optional
MosquePlace of Worship
Masjid in Arabic
1st mosque in the world was the Kaabah-- built by Abraham on an order from God.
Three holiest sites in Islam: 1) Masjid al-Haram in Mecca 2) Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina3) Masjid al-Aqsa in JerusalemFriday prayer key day of weekly
gathering
Muezzin– “Caller-to-Prayer”
Minaret– Tower (pictured)--part of
Mosque Recitation/Chant
– Testament of faith & call to prayer
The Call-to-Prayer (Al-adhan)
Ablution (washing) before Prayer
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Charity (Zakat)
Required 2.5% charity on yearly savingsA Muslim must be a charitable personRemoving a stone from the road is charityGreeting with a smile is a charityRedistribution of wealth helps societies &
peopleMuslims are usually motivated to donate
even more as optional charityGod rewards charity givers very
generously in this life and in the hereafter.
Fasting (Ramadan-Siyam)
Ramadan is 9th month in Islamic Lunar calendar
Daily dawn to sunset fast for 30 days (no food or drink)
Eidul-Fitr Holiday at the endThis abstention includes food, drink and
sexual relations. Muslims believe the fasting person
develops a greater understanding of the plight of those who go hungry every day.
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah) once in life time for able Muslims
About 2-3 million Muslims perform Hajj each year from all over the world.
Eidul-Adha: the biggest Muslim Holiday
Eid Prayer – Islamic Holiday
Ethics
Muslim Character & EthicsBe pure, clean, and
soberBe just, noble, and
steadfastShow forgiveness,
be kind and generous
Be optimistic, thankful, and happy
Obey the 10 Commandments
Trust God with all your heart, mind and soul
Faith requires action
Excel in goodness
Enjoin what is right
Forbid what is wrong
Be educated, seek knowledge
Have integrity, be honest and sincere
Be modest, humble and pious
Mankind is One family
If one person suffers, everyone suffers
All life is sacredAll human rights
should be protected
Love one anotherShow moderation
in everything
Love for others what you love for yourself
Take care of orphans, widows & the needy
Defend the weakFree the oppressedFulfill your trusts,
commitments & promises
Be just
Muslim Character & Ethics
Guidance from the Qur’an & Hadith
•Food
•Human Equality
• Justice
•Repel Evil with Goodness
•Suicide and Jihad
FoodForbidden:
•Meat of animals found dead•Blood•Flesh of swine•Alcoholic beverages (such as beer and wine) and intoxicants
•Meat on which name of God is not invoked at time of slaughtering or meat on which some one else’s name is invoked
Permitted: food of the People of the Book
Human Equality in Islam
The Prophet Muhammad said:
“No Arab has any superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab. Nor does a white man have any superiority over a black man, or the black man any superiority over the white man. You are all the children of Adam, and Adam was created from clay.”
Justice in Islam“Do not let your hatred of a people
incite you to aggression.” (Qur’an 5:2)“Do not let ill-will towards any folk
incite you so that you swerve from dealing justly. Be just.” (Qur’an 5:8)
“Oh you who believe, stand up firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be against rich or poor; for God can best protect both. Do not follow any passion, lest you not be just. And if you distort or decline to do justice, verily God is well-acquainted with all that you do.” (Qur’an 4:135)
Repel Evil with Goodness
“Nor can goodness and evil be equal. Repel (Evil) with what is better: Then will he between whom and thee was hatred become as it were thy friend and intimate!” (Qur’an 41:34)
“Those who spend (freely), whether in prosperity, or in adversity; who restrain anger, and pardon (all) men; for God loves those who do good.” (Qur’an 3:134)
Suicide is a Grave Sin
“O ye who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves in vanities: But let there be amongst you traffic and trade by mutual good-will: Nor kill (or destroy) yourselves: for verily God has been to you Most Merciful!”
(Qur’an, 4:29)
No Terrorism (Forbidden in Islam)
Islamic Rulings (Fatwah’s) condemned attacks on September 11, 2001, the London bombings and others– Worldwide Islamic leaders signed on to
these condemnations – Worldwide Islamic Organizations issued
condemnationsMuslim anxiety over religious
misinterpretations– Feel that Islam and Muslims are being
held responsible unfairly for actions of “deviated people.”
Linguistic meaning: “Striving” / “Struggling”
Islamic meaning: Non-violent struggling within oneself for a life of
virtue. Fighting to establish justice, which is a supreme
goal. Rules of Engagement (Fighting) In Islam
~Commanded by Prophet Muhammad Never Kill Innocent People Never Injure Prisoners-of-War Never Kill Animals Never Destroy Crops or Infrastructures Never Mutilate Bodies of Enemies--dead or alive All Prisoners Should be Given Fair Treatment Women & Children Should be Protected From Harm Always Bury the Dead With Respect
Note: 1,400 Years BEFORE Geneva Convention
Islamic Jihad
Sects
Sects within IslamThere are divisions within Islam
– just as in Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism
Two primary sects: Sunni & Shi’a– Sunni: ~85-90%– Shi’a: ~10-15%
including parts of Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan
Third (Minor) sect: Sufism – Mystical order– May include Sunni and Shi'a followers
Sects within IslamSunni & Shi’a Muslims share the most fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith.
Nature of the two divisions:1)Political
•Succession of the Prophet (Political
Leadership)2)Spiritual
•Veneration/worship of Imams (Spiritual Leadership)
Sects within Islam“Sunni” (“Sunnah” root): “one who
follows the traditions of the Prophet” -- “well-trodden path” -- “tradition”1) Successor to the Prophet should have been the most capable leader, NOT based upon bloodlines.This is what occurred.
2) Spiritual leadership is NOT a birthright, born of community trust and respect
Approximately 85-90% of Muslims are from the Sunni branch
Sects within IslamShi’a is from: “Shi’a-t-Ali” -- “partisans” – “Party of Ali”
1) Successor to the Prophet should have been through bloodlines: – First, Ali (son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad)
– Then, through Fatima’s (Ali’s wife and Muhammad’s daughter) children.
2) Spiritual leadership is anointed directly from Allah (God). – Imam is sinless and infallible by nature.
Sects within Islam•Sunni and Shi’a also differ in lesser ways:
•Sunni believe the al-Mahdi (vice-regent of Allah) will arrive at/on Judgment Day
•Shi’a believe al-Mahdi is on earth, “Hidden” and will emerge at/on Judgment Day
•Subgroups/”schools” of Sunni:
•Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanafi, Hanbali (most conservative)
•Subgroups/”schools” of Shi’a:•Ithna ‘Ashariyah (“Twelvers”--the largest), Isma'iliyah and Zaydiyah
Women in Islam
Islamic Teaching About Women
The keys to heaven lay at the feet of the Mother.
Your Mother deserves “3” times the respect, honor, devotion & admiration over the Father
The Prophet said: He who is best to his wife is best in the sight of Allah (God).
The Prophet taught all to be Kind, Gentle & Loving With Women
Pre-Islamic Status Of Women570 A.D. Very male
chauvinistic society No Rights - No
Status No Inheritance No say in marriage Considered
property of husbands
Lost her name Burden on society Her money,
property, belonged to the husband
Not equal to men Given away by
husband Exchanged for
goods & services Traded, bought &
sold Meanwhile… Other nations
doing the same Some Christian
Councils still argued whether women had souls
Women = Men Equal…
– In the sight of God– In belief, prayer,
fasting, charity, pilgrimage
– Rewards & punishments
– Rights & status Right to…
– Inheritance– Initiate Marriage– Initiate Divorce– Choose In Marriage– Keep Her Name– Refuse marriage
proposals
Right to… – Own property– Work– Be educated– Be protected by men– Be respected, loved,
admired Can NOT be traded,
bought, sold All her money is hers All her property is hers Men required to give
dowry in marriage Asset to society Honored in society Integral part of all
societal affairs
Post-Islamic Status Of Women623 A.D.
Islamic Dress Pictures-Women
Hijab
The Hijab primarily refers to a woman's head & body covering
Addresses the norms of modesty, privacy & morality
In the Qur’an: a headscarf or veil is a “khimār” (خمار)
حجاب
The Burqa: most extreme--not even a woman's eyes are visible
Hijab
Afghani Burqa
Iranian Hijab
Hijab Sportswear
Similar head coverings may been seen across cultural lines and throughout history -- see following pages
حجاب
Mosques
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Taj Mahal, India
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Dome of The Rock, Jerusalem
Istanbul, Turkey
Cairo, Egypt
Damascus, Syria
Islamabad, Pakistan
Bombay, India
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rome, Italy
Dublin, Ireland
Guyana-Mosque
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
Islamic Art
Islamic Arts
Islamic Arts
Islamic Arts
اإلسالم العالم إلى ترحيب(Welcome to the world of Islam.)
وشكرا جزيال
(Many thanks.)
سالم مع(Go in Peace.)