byzantine civilization

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Byzantine civilization THE NEW ROME

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Page 1: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine civilization THE NEW ROME

Page 2: Byzantine civilization

Index

Byzantine historic context

Byzantine architecture

Justinian architecture

Dome construction

Material used in construction

Features of byzantine architecture

Byzantine furniture

Hagia Sophia

St. vitale

St. mark Venice

Dark age

Conclusion

Page 3: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine civilization

By the time Constantine became the Caesar of the roman empire, the empire had split in the half.

The western roman empire centered in Rome.

The eastern roman empire of byzantine.

Byzantium “New Rome” was later renamed Constantinople and now called Istanbul.

The eastern empire, or byzantine empire became strong and stable in 6th century under emperor Justinian.

Lasting 1000 years, with a great cultural history.

It fell to the Turks in 1453.

Page 4: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine architecture

Early byzantine architecture was as a continuation of roman architecture.

Characterized especially by massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and spires and extensive use of glass.

A distinct style gradually emerged which imbued certain influences from the near east and used the Greek cross plan in church architecture

Page 5: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine architecture

Building increased in geometric complexity

brick and plaster were used in addition to stone in the decoration of important public structure.

Classical orders were used more freely.

mosaic replaced carved decoration.

Complex domes rested upon massive piers, and windows filtered to softly illuminate interiors.

Page 6: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine architecture

The most distinctive feature was the domed roof.

The dome which had always been a traditional feature in the east, became the prevailing motif of byzantine architecture, which was a fusion of the domical construction with the classical columnar style.

Page 7: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine architecture

To allow a dome to rest above a square base, either of two devices was used: the squinch (an arch in each of the corners of a square base that transforms it into an octagon ) or the pendentive.

Domes of various types were now placed over square compartments by means of “pendentives”, whereas in Roman architecture domes were only used over circular or polygonal structure.

Page 8: Byzantine civilization

The central plan church

Another category was the central plan church. This type featured a uniform arrangement around a center. Such were mostly used as burial monuments and baptisteries.

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Byzantine dome construction

The dome were frequently constructed of bricks or some light porous stone, such as pumice, or even of pottery, as at S. Vitale, Ravenna.

Byzantine domes and vaults were, it is believed, constructed without temporary support.

Page 10: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine dome construction

The mystical quality of the light that floods the interior has fascinated visitors for centuries.

the windows create the illusion that the dome is resting on the light that comes through then—like a “floating dome of heaven”.

In the byzantine style the exterior closely corresponds with the interior.

Windows were formed in lower portion of the dome

Page 11: Byzantine civilization

Materials used in construction

The system of construction in the concrete and brickwork adopted by the Byzantines from roman.

The decorative character of external facades depended largely on the arrangement of the facing bricks, which were not always laid horizontally, but sometimes in the chevron or herringbone pattern, and in many other similar designs, giving great variety to the façades.

Page 12: Byzantine civilization

Features of Byzantine Architecture

Greek Roman and oriental elements in architecture and its decoration

Greco-Roman

Columns, arches, vaults, domes over square base

Oriental(Eastern)

Rich ornamentation, rich use of color, mosaic, poly chrome marble and stone work

Play of light indoors

Page 13: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine furniture

Early Christian and Byzantine furniture was of two distinct types. The common people had very little furniture.

The few items they had were lightly built and usually designed so that they could be easily folded and put away, leaving additional space in cramped environments.

Church and palace furniture, however, was built of solid, heavy timber, designed to last, and designed for the space it was to occupy.

Page 14: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine furniture

Palace Furniture

Byzantine palace furniture can still be seen in museums today.

The throne of Queen Marie, for example, is skillfully turned and richly carved.

The back is inlaid with silver embossed in an intricate design.

Palace furniture included heavy, carved and pillared chairs, tables with inlaid worktops, cabinets and storage chests.

Page 15: Byzantine civilization

Byzantine furniture

Chests, Stools, Tables & Beds

Chests were also used by the common people, and were often fitted with locks and keys.

Folding stools were popular. These could be build entirely of wood, a combination of wood and fabric or, occasionally, from metal.

Folding tables were also much used as they were portable and easily moved out of the way when not in use.

Beds could be folding stretchers, simple sleeping platforms, frames strung with cords - or just a mattress on the ground.

Page 16: Byzantine civilization

Justinian architecture

Justinian’s era is a landmark in the evolution of byzantine architecture.

The most important achievement of this period was the emergence of a new architectural type, the domed basilica, which fused elements of the two building types the prevailed in the church building in the 4th and 5th

centuries.

Page 17: Byzantine civilization

The basilica

A new architectural form was adopted for these new Christian edifices ; the basilica, widely used in the roman world for judicial, commercial, military and ritualistic purpose

This was a rectangular hall, internally divided by two or four series of columns, ending with an elevated chancel at the east end.

Basilicas could accommodate large congregations.

this is the basilica and the central plan edifice.

Page 18: Byzantine civilization

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia is one of the most important monuments of world architecture. Every byzantine emperor of any importance has associated his name with the history of the monument.

Dedicated to the divine wisdom.

Page 19: Byzantine civilization

Hagia Sophia

Is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica later a mosque and now a museum in Istanbul, turkey.

“church of holy wisdom”, chief church in Constantinople

Rebuilt by Justinian between A.D. 532-537 after Constantine’s original was burnt down in riot.

Page 20: Byzantine civilization

Hagia Sophia

Architects were Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles

Reconciled basilica and central plans

Central dome 101 feet in diameter Pendentives mad.

dome appear “suspended from by a chain form heaven” because of 40 windows

Page 21: Byzantine civilization

Style of Hagia Sophia

Large dome in center of the structure

Four massive pillars arranged in a square

This was a unique feature to the Hagia Sophia

The dome was the main focus of the Byzantine Church for the remainder of the empire

Page 22: Byzantine civilization

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia, in many ways similar to the pantheon, it is large, domed.

In the Pantheon, everything was clear, understandable, in H. Sophia architectural form becomes blurred, soften, mosaics covered upper parts of the wall, the lower parts are richly patterned marble.

Where there are no marble or mosaic, there are windows, hundreds.

The dome sits on a row of windows.

Page 23: Byzantine civilization

Hagia Sophia

Page 24: Byzantine civilization

San vitale, Ravenna, 547AD.

The monument is a central plan octagonal edifice,

one of the imperial buildings in the Constantinople.

Page 25: Byzantine civilization

St. mark’s Venice

Constructed in 830.

Had ritualistic values.

5 domes, each carried on 4 piers.

Page 26: Byzantine civilization

How to recognize Byzantine church ?

Ground plan could be basilican, cruciform, circular or polygonal

Main entrance from the west

Altar at the eastern end of the church

Principal building material was brick, arranged in decorative pattern or covered in plaster

Roofs were either tiled or covered by sheets of lead

Brilliant mosaic work in the interiors(most recognizable feature)

Exterior – rather plain, with austere entrances flanked by blind arcades

Domes supported on pendentives

Page 27: Byzantine civilization

How to recognize a Byzantine church?

Mosaics

Predominant colors of mosaic – blue gold

Few columns – unrestricted view of the interior mosaic art

Subject depicted – scenes from the holy bible or the imperial court

Page 28: Byzantine civilization

How to recognize a byzantine church?

Magical impression of light and depth conveyed by mosaics – heavenly ambience

Columns and capitals – classical prototypes

Carving of the capitals – deeply incised lines and drilled holes- strong black and white effect

Dome – structural feature

No human figures in byzantine carved decoration

Wind blown acanthus leaves were a popular subject

Page 29: Byzantine civilization

Dark age

The byzantine empire started fallen down during the middle ages

Byzantine empire was struggling over architectural, religious, and loosing their land.

The buildings were not built as principals

The emperor’s were busy in wars so they could not give attention to their kingdom.

Page 30: Byzantine civilization

conclusion

Byzantine empire had its own journey

It has the very great cultural history

And it also had the dark side Where there’s down fall in every way

At the end no matter where you live in the world today, you know that if you go for more, there are chances you will loose what you have behind.

Page 31: Byzantine civilization
Page 32: Byzantine civilization

sources

En.Wikipedia.org

www.study.com