Chapter NineUnit Two/AP World HistoryMs. Tully

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND

ORTHODOX EUROPE

Enjoyed global popularity in 6 th/7 th C

Global contraction European phenomenon

Common culture/religion for Europe spread North

Great Schism of 1054Series of contractions

& expansions

CHRISTENDOM – THIRD WAVE CIVILIZATION

Byzantium Constantinople 330 C.E.Division of Eastern/Western Roman Empire Division

of Eastern/Western EuropeEast wealthier, stronger Byzantine Empire Conscious preservation of Greco-Roman pastHellenism + Roman Empire + Christianity =

Byzantine Empire

BUILDING ON THE ROMAN PAST

High levels of political, economic, cultural activity from 500-1450 C.E.

Center for interregional trade

Frequent Invasions & Conflicts

Greek instead of Latin

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Most significant ruler desire to restore Roman glory

Heavily influenced by his wife Theodora

Codificiation of Roman Law

Renovation of Constantinople Hagia Sophia

Reconquered western land weakened empire

JUSTINIAN (R. 527-565)

BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN

HAGIA SOPHIA

Centralized authority in ConstantinopleEmperor head of state and church

casearopapsim Elaborate centralized bureaucracyRoman style militaryState-controlled economyPrimary concern defense against

Islamic invadersEmpire’s strength/size reduced

BYZANTINE POLITICS

Fundamental differences from start

New doctrinal issues emerge

1054 – Mutual excommunication (Patriarch and Pope Leo IX)

Great Schism Church splits into two traditions: Greek/Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism

THE SPLIT BETWEEN EASTERN & WESTERN CHRISTIANITY

Emperor also “Patriarch” of Orthodox church

Networks of bishops and monasteries

Numerous churches, iconography

Spread to Balkans, Russia

EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY

Decline begins after 1054 (Schism)1071: Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks take territoryEmergence of independent Slavic kingdoms in

Balkans 1204: Western Crusaders sack Constantinople1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks

THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Slavic language & culture dominated Eastern EU

Orthodox Missionaries – Cyril & Methodius (864 CE)

Conflict between Catholicism and Orthodoxy

Large influx of Jews

THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

Scandanavian trade routes develop in 6th/7th C

Formation of Kievan Rus’ 855 CE @ Kiev

Vladimir I converted kingdom to Christianity Formation of Russian Orthodox Church

THE EMERGENCE OF THE KIEVAN RUS’

TRADE ROUTES

Largest single state in EuropeYaroslav – Last great Kievan princeByzantine influence – court spectacle, luxury/ceremony, church traditions

Religious influence in art – icons, illuminated manuscripts, literature

Rise of boyars (aristocrats)

POLITICS AND RELIGION IN KIEVAN RUS’

Decline began in 12 th C

Influenced by Byzantine decline

Mongol Invasions (1237-1238) & (1240-1241) Tartars

Orthodox Christianity & Russian culture remain Third Rome

KIEVAN DECLINE

Byzantine Empire Participated actively in interregional trade Constantinople: great trading city, connection

between East and West Maintained strong empire despite rapid surge of

Islam, as well as developing cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity

Kievan Rus’ Dependent on Byzantium as main trading connection Period of decline and isolation when Byzantium

declines and Mongols invade East cut off from western contacts, which stifles

economic, political, and cultural growth. This will occur just as the West will begin to grow and strengthen.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns?

How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?

In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to a wider world? Consider political, cultural, economic connections.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS